THE COST OF GROWING APPLES
Two factors have always operated to deter many persons from taking up
fruit growing as a business or even as a side issue on the farm, and
they will probably continue to be an obstacle for more time to come.
These are the comparatively large investment required and the
necessarily long period of waiting before paying returns can be
obtained. Farmers who have not gone into the business of fruit growing
because they could not afford this heavy investment or to wait so long
for returns have been wise. Others who, though lacking the necessary
capital, still have planted heavily have learned to their sorrow the
importance of capital in the business both for the original investment
and to carry the enterprise. And yet with sufficient capital and the
proper conditions there is no more attractive or profitable line of
agriculture than fruit growing.
Who knows what it costs to grow an orchard to bearing age? Or what it
costs to produce a barrel of apples? We venture to say that very few
persons do. Because of the large investment both in fixed and in
working capital it is most important to know these costs. Moreover an
accurate knowledge of the financial conditions and facts in any
business is of first importance to intelligent management. For these
reasons every grower ought to keep careful records of the cost and
income from each field or orchard every year in order to determine as
accurately as possible what his crops have cost him per unit and per
acre and what rate of interest he has realized on his investment. As
farming becomes more intensive competition increases, costs multiply,
and the margin of profit on any given unit becomes smaller. It
therefore becomes increasingly necessary to have accurate records on
the cost of production.
FACTORS IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION.--The value of records depends on
their accuracy and on their completeness. There are a great many
factors which enter into the cost of production. For convenience these
may be classified as cash costs and labor costs. Labor charges should
include the work of both men and teams at a rate determined by their
actual cost or by a careful estimate. Man labor costs are easily
reckoned, as they are either simple cash or cash plus board and
certain privileges, the value of which should be estimated in cash.
The value of horse labor is more difficult to determine. It is made up
of interest on valuation, depreciation, stable rental, feed, care,
etc. A fair estimate of this cost is $10 a month or $120 a year for a
horse. Cash costs are interest on the investment and on the equipment
in machinery, etc., or rental of the same, taxes, a proper share of
the general farm expenses such as insurance and repairs of buildings,
telephone, etc., the cost of spraying material, packages, fertilizers,
etc.
There are many ways of keeping such a record. Any method which
accomplishes the result in a convenient and accurate manner is a good
one. It will usually be found necessary to keep a cash account or day
book, entering all items in enough detail to make possible their later
distribution to the proper field or crop, and also to keep a diary of
all labor. Any form of diary will answer the purpose, but one which
has ruled columns at the right side of the page in which to indicate
the crop or field worked upon, and the number of hours worked is more
convenient and therefore more desirable.
AN EXAMPLE.--For a number of years the author has kept such records on
his farm in western New York. As an illustration of the method and in
order to give the reader a general idea as to what the costs above
referred to are likely to be we venture to give the following tables.
It must be remembered, however, that practically everyone of the above
mentioned factors varies with the conditions under which the orchard
is managed and that these figures are not _an_ average but _one_
average and on one farm. True averages are arrived at only by bringing
together a large number of figures. In any case, the question of cost
is essentially an individual problem on every farm. These figures are
of value only as an example of the method and the cost on one farm
under its own special conditions.
The orchard for which the following figures were given was set in the
spring of 1903, and the records begin with that year and end with
1910, covering a period of eight years in all. Throughout this period
other crops have been grown between the tree rows, thereby offsetting
to a large extent the cost of growing the orchard. Forty trees at the
north end of the orchard are pears, but they have received
substantially the same treatment as the apples and have not affected
the cost. In 1904, 211 plum trees were set as fillers one way. The
apple trees were set 36 by 36 feet apart, so that, filled one way, the
trees stand 18 by 36 feet apart. The orchard is ten rows wide and
forty-seven long, containing in all 467 trees.
BRINGING TO BEARING AGE.--The first of the following tables is given
as a sample of one year's records, that of 1907, on this orchard in
order to show both the manner in which the costs were made up and what
the items amounted to in one year:
FIELD A--1907. FIFTH YEAR
Total Hours Cost Cost
hours Total per acre per per
Operation Man Horse cost Man Horse acre 100
Mulching 3 6 $1.05 .455 .91 $0.16 $0.22
Pruning 11 ... 1.65 1.67 ... .25 .35
Cultivating 1 7 7 1.75 1.06 1.06 .26 .38
Cultivating 2 10 10 2.50 1.51 1.51 .38 .54
Cultivating 3 6 6 1.50 .91 .91 .23 .32
Plowing in fall 47 94 16.45 7.12 14.25 2.50 3.52
Banking trees 12 ... 1.80 1.82 ... .27 .39
Harrowing 21 42 7.35 3.18 6.36 1.11 1.58
--- --- ------ ----- ----- ----- -----
Total lab. cost. 117 165 $34.05 17.73 25.00 $5.16 $7.30
4 loads manure at $1.50 6.00 .91 1.29
Equipment charge 1.15 .174 .25
Taxes 5.29 .801 1.13
Interest 38.48 5.83 8.23
------ ------- ------
Total cost $84.97 $12.875 $18.20
INCOME, COST AND PROFIT ON BEANS--FIELD A--1907
Income Cost Profit
75 bushels at $1.50 $112.50
31/2 tons pods at $6 21.00 $133.65 $94.50 $38.85
LOSS ON FIELD A--1907
Total Per acre
Net income from beans $38.85 $5.89
Cost of orchard 84.97 12.87
------ ------
Loss $46.12 $6.98
A summary of the cost of the orchard, the net income from the crop,
the income from the orchard and the profit and loss by years for the
eight years follows:
SUMMARY OF COSTS FOR EIGHT YEARS, FIELD A
Net Income
Crop income from Cost of 6.6 acres
Year grown from crop orchard orchard Profit Loss
1903 Corn $ 15.17 ... $109.87 ... $ 94.70
1904 Beans 42.57 ... 216.16 ... 173.59
1905 Beans 43.13 ... 83.78 ... 40.65
1906 Beans 120.90 ... 80.14 $40.76 ...
1907 Beans 38.85 ... 84.97 ... 46.12
1908 Corn 37.68 ... 64.22 ... 26.54
1909 Oats and
strawberries 100.61 $27.88 84.73 43.76 ...
1910 Wheat 60.70 38.65 96.35 3.00 ...
------- ------ ------- ------ -------
Totals $459.61 $66.53 $620.22 $87.52 $381.60
Net loss on field for eight years $294.08
Average annual loss 38.76
Total cost an acre, exclusive of income 124.27
Total cost an acre, including income 44.55
Total net cost a hundred trees 62.97
Total net cost an apple tree 1.37
Total net cost an apple tree, exclusive of income 3.80
Total labor cost an acre 35.09
Total cash cost an acre 89.19
We find that this orchard has cost $124.27 an acre during the eight
years of its life, but that the $79.72 an acre of crops grown in the
orchard has brought this cost down to $44.55 an acre. It is safe to
say that the orchard would have cost even more than it did had it not
been for the crops, for many operations charged directly to the crops
would of necessity have been charged to the trees. The cost a hundred
trees does not mean much, as it often happens that not all the trees
are covered by an operation and as the number of trees an acre greatly
affects these costs.
We have another and younger orchard upon which a record has been kept.
This orchard of five acres contains 126 standard apple trees,
"filled" both ways with 375 peach trees. It was set in the spring of
1908, so that the trees have grown four seasons. The permanents
(apples) are set 36 by 40 feet apart, so that, with the peaches
between, the trees stand 18 by 20 feet apart. A crop of beans has been
grown between the tree rows each season. The first season a full seven
rows, twenty-eight inches apart, were planted in the wider space; the
second and third season six rows, and the last season only four rows.
The crop has been very good each year until the last. One application
of manure, one crop of clover and one seeding of rye have been plowed
under, and in addition a liberal amount of commercial fertilizer has
been used with each crop. This year the peach trees bore their first
crop. The record of the four years is as follows:
SUMMARY OF THE COST OF A FOUR-YEAR-OLD APPLE AND PEACH ORCHARD
Net Income
Crop income from Cost of
Year grown from crop orchard orchard Profit Loss
1908 Beans $63.37 ... $130.12 ... $62.75
1909 Beans 66.70 ... $85.03 ... 18.33
1910 Beans 79.81 ... 83.39 ... 3.58
1911 Beans 53.20 $46.05 61.95 $37.30 ...
------- ------ ------- ------ ------
Totals $267.08 $46.05 $360.49 $37.30 $84.66
Total cost an acre, exclusive of income $72.10
Total cost an acre, including income 9.47
Total net cost a hundred trees 4.73
Total net cost an apple tree .376
Total net cost an apple tree, exclusive of income 2.86
These figures show a still lower cost of growing trees to bearing age.
After paying all expenses connected with the growing of the trees,
including the interest on the land at $150 an acre, and deducting the
net profit from the crops of beans and the sales from the first crop
of peaches we find that the growing of the trees has cost us $9.47 an
acre, or 371/2 cents an apple tree at four years old. Had no crop been
grown in the orchard it would have cost us at least $62.89 an acre
after deducting the income from the first peach crop. The peach trees
are now at full bearing age, and should show a good profit from this
time on. Possibly at five and certainly at six years of age this
orchard will entirely have paid for itself. The only possible further
charge which could be made against this orchard is the crop income
which might have been obtained from the land had the trees not been
there. We estimated that the presence of the trees cut down the crop
of beans from the land 30 per cent. As the average net income from
beans was $13.35 an acre this would amount to $4 an acre a year--an
insignificant sum.
IN BEARING.--Having given the reader an idea of the probable cost of
bringing an orchard to bearing age, it may be well also to give the
cost of producing apples in a mature apple orchard. Our bearing apple
orchard consists of 6.1 acres containing 234 trees. About one-half of
the trees, or 110, are 36 years old. The remainder are nearly 50 years
of age. As they are all in one block and handled together, the charges
cannot well be separated. One hundred and thirty-four of the trees are
Baldwins, 44 Twenty Ounce, 40 Tompkins County Kings, and the remainder
odd varieties. For the whole period of ten years the orchard has had
very good care and attention.
A cover crop was not sown every year, but when it was used the charge
was made against the orchard. The manure charge, omitted because of
uncertainty as to the exact amount applied and as to its real value,
is the only thing lacking in this table.
Two or three sprayings have been made every year. Until 1909, Bordeaux
mixture and Paris green were used, but since then the commercial
brands of lime sulphur and arsenate of lead have taken their place,
nearly doubling the cost of the spray material. The average cost of
the material for spraying has been $2.50 per acre, or nearly three and
one-half cents per barrel of apples harvested. In 1910 this cost was
$3.92 per acre and seven cents a barrel.
TABLE SHOWING THE ITEMS OF EXPENSE IN PRODUCING APPLES IN A SIX ACRE
ORCHARD
-------+------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------
| | | | 5% | | | |
| Cover|Spraying| | int. | Equip.| O'vh'd| Labor | Total
Year | crop |mat. | Bar. |on inv.|charge |charge | cost | cost
-------+------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------
1902 | |$6.64 |$117.88|$27.45 |$25.00 |$2.97 |$339.45 |$519.39
1903 | |11.22 | 164.92| 28.88 | 25.00 | 2.88 | 249.55 | 482.56
1904 | |10.50 | 109.90| 30.50 | 25.00 | 3.93 | 180.55 | 360.38
1905 |$6.10 |12.45 | 88.80| 30.50 | 25.00 | 3.40 | 158.06 | 324.31
1906 | |14.85 | 112.35| 33.06 | 25.00 | 4.78 | 211.76 | 401.80
1907 |10.00 |16.85 | 79.80| 35.56 | 25.00 | 4.89 | 192.30 | 364.40
1908 | | 9.75 | 205.45| 37.76 | 30.09 | 5.09 | 293.50 | 583.55
1909 | 8.68 |19.26 | 196.35| 41.97 | 38.98 | 5.91 | 280.78 | 591.93
1910 | |23.89 | 116.90| 45.75 | 32.39 | 5.58 | 175.26 | 399.77
1911 |10.50 |27.08 | 206.38| 45.75 | 32.39*| 5.53* | 275.00*| 602.63
-------+------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------
10 yr. av. $15.25 $139.87 $35.73 $28.37 $4.78 $235.62 $463.07
Av. per acre 2.50 22.93 5.86 4.65 .78 38.63 75.92
Av. per bbl .036 .327 .084 .066 .011 .552 -1.08
* Partly estimated, records not yet complete.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The cost of the package has varied from 28 to 38 cents and has
averaged about 321/2 cents, or $22.93 per acre. Of course the latter
amount varies greatly with the crop.
Interest has in all cases been figured at five per cent., but as the
price of the land has varied from $90 an acre at the beginning of the
period to its present valuation of $160,00 an acre, due both to its
improvement and to a general increase in the price of land, the
amount of interest has also varied. The same is true of the equipment
charge which has steadily increased each year. The average valuation
of the land for the ten-year period was $117.15 an acre. This means an
annual interest charge of $5.86 per acre, or 81/2 cents a barrel. The
equipment charge, which is interest, repairs, and depreciation on the
machinery used in the orchard, amounts to more than 61/2 cents a barrel,
or $4.65 per acre. Taxes and insurance on the buildings distributed
per acre for the farm average $.78 per acre, or a trifle over one cent
per barrel. These costs have also increased in the last few years.
Labor is the largest single item. For the first four years this was
estimated on the basis of the cost for the last six years, for which
more careful records were kept. It is computed at its actual cost to
us on the farm, which was 151/2 cents an hour for men and 131/2 cents an
hour for horses. This amounts to $4.25 per day for man and team. The
cost of the labor to grow, pick, pack, and market a barrel of apples
was 55 cents, or $38.63 per acre with an average yield of 70 barrels
per acre.
To sum up these items of cost we find that taking the average of ten
years with an annual crop of 427 barrels, or 70 per acre, on 6.1 acres
of old apple orchard that the costs per barrel have been as follows:
spray material, $.036; packages, $.327; interest on the land, $.084;
use of equipment, $.066; taxes, $.011; labor, $.552; and a total of
$1.08 per barrel. If the estimated cost of manure, six cents a barrel
be added, the total will be $1.14. As we have said, these costs per
barrel vary with the crop. When our yield was 100 barrels per acre the
cost per barrel was only $.99, but when it was 34 barrels per acre
this cost rose to $1.73 per barrel. In 1910 we grew a crop of 55
barrels per acre for $1.20 per barrel.
It may be of interest to some to know what the income and profit were
on this orchard. For this purpose we give the following table showing
the yield, income, cost, and net profit for each of the ten years, and
the average:
Yield in Income Income Cost Net Profit
bbls. bbls. inc. culls per bbls. inc. culls
Year per A. only and drops bbl. alone and drops
1902 103 $1.96* $1.46* $.83 $1.13 $.63
1903 71 1.90 2.23 1.11 .79 1.12
1904 51 1.66 1.78 1.15 .51 .63
1905 49 2.30 2.68 1.10 1.20 1.58
1906 53 1.96 2.25 1.25 .71 1.30
1907 34 3.49 4.10 1.73 1.76 2.37
1908 96 2.03 2.32 .99 1.04 1.33
1909 92 3.00 3.38 1.06 1.94 2.32
1910 55 2.69 3.03 1.20 1.49 1.83
1911 100 2.06 2.32 .99¤ 1.07¤ 1.33¤
----------------------------------------------------------------------
10 yr.
av. 70 2.15 2.47 1.08 1.07 1.39
* In arriving at these incomes different divisors were used. Two
hundred barrels of the crop were sold in bulk and these were not
used in getting the average income from barrels only, but were used
in getting the average income including culls and drops.
¤ Partly estimated, records not yet being complete for the season.
THE END
OUTING
HANDBOOKS
¶ Each book deals with a separate subject and deals with it
thoroughly. If you want to know anything about Airedales an OUTING
HANDBOOK gives you all you want. If it's Apple Growing, another OUTING
HANDBOOK meets your need. The Fisherman, the Camper, the
Poultry-raiser, the Automobilist, the Horseman, all varieties of
outdoor enthusiasts, will find separate volumes for their separate
interests. There is no waste space.
¶ The series is based on the plan of one subject to a book and each
book complete. The authors are experts. Each book has been specially
prepared for this series and all are published in uniform style,
flexible cloth binding, selling at the fixed price of seventy cents
per copy.
¶ Two hundred titles are projected. The series covers all phases of
outdoor life, from bee-keeping to big game shooting. Among the books
now ready are those described on the following pages.
OUTING PUBLISHING COMPANY
OUTING MAGAZINE Yachting OUTING HANDBOOKS
141-145 WEST 36th ST. NEW YORK 122 S. MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO
=THE AIREDALE. By Williams Haynes.= The book opens with a short
chapter on the origin and development of the Airedale, as a
distinctive breed. The author then takes up the problems of type as
bearing on the selection of the dog, breeding, training and use. The
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"_A splendid book on the breed and should be in the hands of
every owner of an Airedale whether novice or breeder._"--_The
Kennel Review._
"_It ought to be read and studied by every Airedale owner and
admirer._"--_Howard Keeler, Airedale Farm Kennels._
=APPLE GROWING. By M.C. Burritt.= Mr. Burritt takes up the question of
the profit in apple growing, the various kinds best suited to
different parts of the country and different conditions of soil,
topography, and so on. He discusses also the most approved methods of
planning a new orchard and takes up in detail the problems connected
with the cultivation, fertilization, and pruning. The book contains
chapters on the restoration of old orchards, the care of the trees,
their protection against various insect-enemies and blight, and the
most approved method of harvesting, handling and storing the fruit.
=THE AUTOMOBILE--Its Selection, Care and Use. By Robert Sloss.= This
is a plain, practical discussion of the things that every man needs to
know if he is to buy the right car and get the most out of it. The
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"_It is the one book dealing with autos, that gives reliable
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=BACKWOODS SURGERY AND MEDICINE. By Charles S. Moody, M.D.= A handy
book for the prudent lover of the woods who doesn't expect to be ill
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=CAMP COOKERY. By Horace Kephart.= "The less a man carries in his
pack, the more he must carry in his head," says Mr. Kephart. This book
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etc.--Eggs--Bread-stuffs and Cereals--Vegetables--Soups--Beverages and
Desserts.
"_Scores of new hints may be obtained by the housekeeper as well
as the camper from Camp Cookery._"--_Portland Oregonian._
"_I am inclined to think that the advice contained in Mr.
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York Herald._
"_The most useful and valuable book to the camper yet
published._"--_Grand Rapids Herald._
"_Camp Cookery is destined to be in the kit of every tent
dweller in the country._"--_Edwin Markham in the San Francisco
Examiner._
=CAMPS AND CABINS. By Oliver Kemp.= A working guide for the man who
wants to know how to make a temporary shelter in the woods against the
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=EXERCISE AND HEALTH. By Dr. Woods Hutchinson.= Dr. Hutchinson takes
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=THE FINE ART OF FISHING. By Samuel G. Camp.= Combines the pleasure of
catching fish with the gratification of following the sport in the
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"_Will encourage the beginner and give pleasure to the expert
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=FISHING KITS AND EQUIPMENT. By Samuel G. Camp.= A complete guide to
the angler buying a new outfit. Every detail of fishing kit of the
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=THE HORSE--Its Breeding, Care and Use. By David Buffum.= Mr. Buffum
takes up the common, every-day problems of the ordinary horse-user,
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=MAKING AND KEEPING SOIL. By David Buffum.= This deals with the
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=THE MOTOR BOAT--Its Selection, Care and Use. By H.W. Slauson.= The
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=NAVIGATION FOR THE AMATEUR. By Capt. E.T. Morton.= A short treatise
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=OUTDOOR SIGNALLING. By Elbert Wells.= Mr. Wells has perfected a
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=PRACTICAL POULTRY KEEPING. By R.B. Sando.= The chapters outlined in
this book are poultry keeping and keepers, housing and yarding,
fixtures and equipment, choosing and buying stock, foods and feeding,
hatching and raising chicks. Inbreeding, caponizing, etc., What to do
at different seasons. The merits of "secrets and systems", The truth
about common poultry fallacies and get-rich-quick schemes. Poultry
parasites and diseases. A complete list of the breeds and subjects is
attached. It is in effect a comprehensive manual for the instruction
of the man who desires to begin poultry raising on a large or small
scale and to avoid the ordinary mistakes to which the beginner is
prone. All the statements are based on the authors own experience and
special care has been taken to avoid sensationalism or exaggeration.
=PROFITABLE BREEDS OF POULTRY. By Arthur S. Wheeler.= Mr. Wheeler has
chapters on some of the best known general purpose birds such as Rhode
Island Reds, Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Mediterraneans, Orpingtons,
and Cornish, describing the peculiarities and possibilities of each.
There are additional chapters on the method of handling a poultry farm
on a small scale with some instructions as to housing the birds, and
so forth, and also a chapter on the market side of poultry growing.
=RIFLES AND RIFLE SHOOTING. By Charles Askins.= Part I describes the
various makes and mechanisms taking up such points as range and
adaptibility of the various calibers, the relative merits of lever,
bolt and pump action, the claims of the automatic, and so forth. Part
II deals with rifle shooting, giving full instruction for target
practice, snap shooting, and wing shooting.
=SCOTTISH AND IRISH TERRIERS. By Williams Haynes.= This is a companion
book to The Airedale and deals with the origin of the breeds, the
standard types, approved methods of breeding, kenneling, training,
care and so forth, with chapters on showing and also on the ordinary
diseases and simple remedies.
=SPORTING FIREARMS. By Horace Kephart.= This book is devided into two
parts, Part I dealing with the Rifle and Part II with the Shotgun. Mr.
Kephart goes at some length into the questions of range, trajectory
and killing power of the different types of rifles and charges and
also has chapters on rifle mechanisms, sights, barrels, and so forth.
In the part dealing with shotguns he takes up the question of range,
the effectiveness of various loads, suitability of the different types
of boring, the testing of the shotguns by pattern, and so forth.
=TRACKS AND TRACKING. By Josef Brunner.= After twenty years of patient
study and practical experience, Mr. Brunner can, from his intimate
knowledge, speak with authority on this subject. "Tracks and Tracking"
shows how to follow intelligently even the most intricate animal or
bird tracks. It teaches how to interpret tracks of wild game and
decipher the many tell-tale signs of the chase that would otherwise
pass unnoticed. It proves how it is possible to tell from the
footprints the name, sex, speed, direction, whether and how wounded,
and many other things about wild animals and birds. All material has
been gathered first hand; the drawings and half-tones from photographs
form an important part of the work, as the author has made faithful
pictures of the tracks and signs of the game followed. The list is: The
White-Tailed or Virginia Deer--The Fan-Tailed Deer--The Mule-Deer--The
Wapiti or Elk--The Moose--The Mountain Sheep--The Antelope--The
Bear--The Cougar--The Lynx--The Domestic Cat--The Wolf--The Coyote--The
Fox--The Jack Rabbit--The Varying Hare--The Cottontail Rabbit--The
Squirrel--The Marten and the Black-Footed Ferret--The Otter--The
Mink--The Ermine--The Beaver--The Badger--The Porcupine--The
Skunk--Feathered Game--Upland Birds--Waterfowl--Predatory Birds--This
book is invaluable to the novice as well as the experienced hunter.
"_This book studied carefully, will enable the reader to become
as well versed in tracking lore as he could by years of actual
experience._"--_Lewiston Journal._
=WING AND TRAP-SHOOTING. By Charles Askins.= The only practical manual
in existance dealing with the modern gun. It contains a full
discussion of the various methods, such as snap-shooting, swing and
half-swing, discusses the flight of birds with reference to the
gunner's problem of lead and range and makes special application of
the various points to the different birds commonly shot in this
country. A chapter is included on trap shooting and the book closes
with a forceful and common-sense presentation of the etiquette of the
field.
"_It is difficult to understand how anyone who takes a delight
in hunting can afford to be without this valuable
book._"--_Chamber of Commerce Bulletin, Portland, Ore._
"_This book will prove an invaluable manual to the true
sportsman, whether he be a tyro or expert._"--_Book News
Monthly._
"_Its closing chapter on field etiquette deserves careful
reading._"--_N.Y. Times._
=THE YACHTSMAN'S HANDBOOK. By Commander C.S. Stanworth, U.S.N. and
Others.= Deals with the practical handling of sail boats, with some
light on the operation of the gasoline motor. It includes such
subjects as handling ground tackle, handling lines and taking
soundings, and use of the lead line; handling sails, engine troubles
that may be avoided, care of the gasoline motor and yachting
etiquette.
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| Typographical errors corrected in text: |
| |
| Page 12: 'together with is long season' replaced with |
| 'together with its long season' |
| Page 32: prunned replaced with pruned |
| Page 36: profiable replaced with profitable |
| Page 65: humous replaced with humus |
| Page 82: 'it must be sour' corrected to |
| 'it must not be sour' In sentence referring |
| to lime which is used to reduce acidity |
| (sourness). |
| Page 88: prsent replaced with present |
| Page 105: tisses replaced with tissues |
| Page 107: 'carried over the winter cankers' corrected to |
| 'carried over the winter in cankers' |
| Page 126: Jose replaced with Jose |
| Page 163: (table) Syraying replaced with Spraying |
| Page 163: (table) Syraping replaced with Spraying |
| Page 164: 'The factors have always operated to deter' |
| corrected to 'Two factors have always operated |
| to deter' |
| |
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