Isle of Man_The 2006 CIA World Factbook

11.19 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Israel

6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Italy

10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jamaica

6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Japan

9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jersey

9.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Jordan

2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kazakhstan

9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kenya

14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kiribati

8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, North

7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Korea, South

5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kuwait

2.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan

7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Laos

11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Latvia

13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lebanon

6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lesotho

28.71 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liberia

23.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Libya

3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Liechtenstein

7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Lithuania

10.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Luxembourg

8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macau

4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Macedonia

8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Madagascar

11.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malawi

19.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malaysia

5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Maldives

7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mali

16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Malta

8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Marshall Islands

4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Martinique

6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritania

12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mauritius

6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mayotte

7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mexico

4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of

4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006

est.)

Moldova

12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Monaco

12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mongolia

6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Montenegro

9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)

Montserrat

7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Morocco

5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mozambique

21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Namibia

18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nauru

6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nepal

9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands

8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Netherlands Antilles

6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Caledonia

5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

New Zealand

7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nicaragua

4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niger

20.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Nigeria

16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Niue

NA deaths/1,000 population

Norfolk Island

NA deaths/1,000 population

Northern Mariana Islands

2.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Norway

9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oman

3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pakistan

8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Palau

6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Panama

5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Papua New Guinea

7.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Paraguay

4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Peru

6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Philippines

5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Pitcairn Islands

NA deaths/1,000 population

Poland

9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Portugal

10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Puerto Rico

7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Qatar

4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Reunion

5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Romania

11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Russia

14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Rwanda

16.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Helena

6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Lucia

5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006

est.)

Samoa

6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

San Marino

8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe

6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Saudi Arabia

2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Senegal

9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Seychelles

6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sierra Leone

23.03 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Singapore

4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovakia

9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Slovenia

10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Solomon Islands

3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Somalia

16.63 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

South Africa

22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Spain

9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sri Lanka

6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sudan

8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Suriname

7.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Svalbard

NA deaths/1,000 population

Swaziland

29.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sweden

10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Switzerland

8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Syria

4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Taiwan

6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tajikistan

8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tanzania

16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Thailand

7.04 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Togo

9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tokelau

NA deaths/1,000 population

Tonga

5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago

10.57 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tunisia

5.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkey

5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turkmenistan

8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands

4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Tuvalu

7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uganda

12.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Ukraine

14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Arab Emirates

4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United Kingdom

10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

United States

8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uruguay

9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Uzbekistan

7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vanuatu

7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Venezuela

4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Vietnam

6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Virgin Islands

6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Wallis and Futuna

NA deaths/1,000 population

West Bank

3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Western Sahara

NA deaths/1,000 population

World

8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Yemen

8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zambia

19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Zimbabwe

21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

======================================================================

@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure

Afghanistan

$122.4 million (2005 est.)

Albania

$56.5 million (FY02)

Algeria

$3 billion (2005 est.)

Angola

$2 billion (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

$4.3 billion (FY99)

Armenia

$135 million (FY01)

Australia

$17.84 billion (2005 est.)

Austria

$1.497 billion (FY01/02)

Azerbaijan

$121 million (FY99)

Bahamas, The

Bahrain

$627.7 million (2005 est.)

Bangladesh

$1.01 billion (2005 est.)

Barbados

Belarus

$420.5 million (2006)

Belgium

$3.999 billion (2003)

Belize

$19 million (2005 est.)

Benin

$100.9 million (2005 est.)

Bermuda

$4.03 million (2001)

Bhutan

$8.29 million (2005 est.)

Bolivia

$130 million (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

$234.3 million (FY02)

Botswana

$325.5 million (2005 est.)

Brazil

$9.94 billion (2005 est.)

Brunei

$290.7 million (2003 est.)

Bulgaria

$356 million (FY02)

Burkina Faso

$74.83 million (2005 est.)

Burma

$39 million (FY97)

Burundi

$43.9 million (2005 est.)

Cambodia

$112 million (FY01 est.)

Cameroon

$230.2 million (2005 est.)

Canada

$9,801.7 million (2003)

Cape Verde

$7.18 million (2005 est.)

Central African Republic

$16.37 million (2005 est.)

Chad

$68.95 million (2005 est.)

Chile

$3.91 billion (2005 est.)

China

$81.48 billion (2005 est.)

Colombia

$3.3 billion (FY01)

Comoros

$12.87 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

$103.7 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the

$85.22 million (2005 est.)

Costa Rica

$83.46 million (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire

$246.6 million (2005 est.)

Croatia

$620 million (2004)

Cuba

$694 million (2005 est.)

Cyprus

$384 million (FY02)

Czech Republic

$2.17 billion (2004)

Denmark

$3,271.6 million (2003)

Djibouti

$29.05 million (2005 est.)

Dominica

Dominican Republic

$0 (2002 est.)

East Timor

$4.4 million (FY03)

Ecuador

$650 million (2005 est.)

Egypt

$2.44 billion (2003)

El Salvador

$161.7 million (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea

$152.2 million (2005 est.)

Eritrea

$220.1 million (2005 est.)

Estonia

$155 million (2002 est.)

Ethiopia

$295.9 million (2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Faroe Islands

Fiji

$36 million (2004)

Finland

$1.8 billion (FY98/99)

France

$45 billion FY06 (2005)

French Guiana

Gabon

$253.5 million (2005 est.)

Gambia, The

$1.55 million (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip

Georgia

$23 million (FY00)

Germany

$35.063 billion (2003)

Ghana

$83.65 million (2005 est.)

Greece

$5.89 billion (2004)

Grenada

Guatemala

$169.8 million (2005 est.)

Guinea

$119.7 million (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau

$9.46 million (2005 est.)

Guyana

$6.48 million (2003 est.)

Haiti

$25.96 million (2003 est.)

Honduras

$52.8 million (2005 est.)

Hong Kong

Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA

Hungary

$1.08 billion (2002 est.)

Iceland

India

$19.04 billion (2005 est.)

Indonesia

$1.3 billion (2004)

Iran

$4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Iraq

$1.34 billion (2005 est.)

Ireland

$700 million (FY00/01)

Israel

$9.45 billion (2005 est.)

Italy

$28,182.8 million (2003)

Jamaica

$31.17 million (2003 est.)

Japan

$44.31 billion (2005 est.)

Jordan

$1.4 billion (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan

$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya

$280.5 million (2005 est.)

Kiribati

Korea, North

$5,217.4 million (FY02)

Korea, South

$21.06 billion FY05 (2005 est.)

Kuwait

$3.01 billion (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan

$19.2 million (FY01)

Laos

$11.04 million (2005 est.)

Latvia

$87 million (FY01)

Lebanon

$540.6 million (2004)

Lesotho

$41.1 million (2005 est.)

Liberia

$67.4 million (2005 est.)

Libya

$1.3 billion (FY99)

Lithuania

$230.8 million (FY01)

Luxembourg

$231.6 million (2003)

Macedonia

$200 million (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar

$329 million (2005 est.)

Malawi

$15.81 million (2005 est.)

Malaysia

$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Maldives

$45.07 million (2005 est.)

Mali

$106.3 million (2005 est.)

Malta

$38.168 million (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

$19.32 million (2005 est.)

Mauritius

$12.04 million (2005 est.)

Mexico

$6.07 billion (2005 est.)

Moldova

$8.7 million (2004)

Mongolia

$23.1 million (FY02)

Montenegro

$2.306 billion

Morocco

$2.31 billion (2003 est.)

Mozambique

$78.03 million (2005 est.)

Namibia

$149.5 million (2005 est.)

Nauru

Nepal

$104.9 million (2005 est.)

Netherlands

$9.408 billion (2004)

New Caledonia

New Zealand

$1.147 billion (FY03/04)

Nicaragua

$32.27 million (2005 est.)

Niger

$44.78 million (2005 est.)

Nigeria

$737.6 million (2005 est.)

Norway

$4,033.5 million (2003)

Oman

$252.99 million (2004)

Pakistan

$4.26 billion (2005 est.)

Palau

Panama

$150 million (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea

$16.9 million (2003)

Paraguay

$53.1 million (2003 est.)

Peru

$829.3 million (2003 est.)

Philippines

$836.9 million (2005 est.)

Poland

$3.5 billion (2002)

Portugal

$3,497.8 million (2003)

Qatar

$723 million (FY00)

Romania

$985 million (2002)

Russia

Rwanda

$53.66 million (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

$700,000 (FY00/01)

Sao Tome and Principe

$581,729 (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia

$18 billion (2002)

Senegal

$117.3 million (2005 est.)

Serbia

$14.85 million

Seychelles

$14.85 million (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone

$14.25 million (2005 est.)

Singapore

$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)

Slovakia

$406 million (2002)

Slovenia

$370 million (FY00)

Solomon Islands

Somalia

$22.34 million (2005 est.)

South Africa

$3.55 billion (2005 est.)

Spain

$9,906.5 million (2003)

Sri Lanka

$606.2 million (2005 est.)

Sudan

$587 million (2001 est.) (2004)

Suriname

$7.5 million (2003 est.)

Svalbard

$5.501 billion

Swaziland

$41.6 million (2005 est.)

Sweden

$5.51 billion (2005 est.)

Switzerland

$2.548 billion (FY01)

Syria

$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data

that may understate actual spending

Taiwan

$7.93 billion (2005 est.)

Tajikistan

$35.4 million (FY01)

Tanzania

$21.2 million (2005 est.)

Thailand

$1.775 billion (FY00)

Togo

$29.98 million (2005 est.)

Tokelau

$66.72 million

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

$66.72 million (2003 est.)

Tunisia

$356 million (FY99)

Turkey

$12.155 billion (2003)

Turkmenistan

$90 million (FY99)

Turks and Caicos Islands

$192.8 million

Tuvalu

Uganda

$192.8 million (2005 est.)

Ukraine

$617.9 million (FY02)

United Arab Emirates

$1.6 billion (FY00)

United Kingdom

$42,836.5 million (2003)

United States

$518.1 billion (FY04 est.) (2005 est.)

Uruguay

$371.2 million (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan

$200 million (FY97)

Vanuatu

Venezuela

$1.61 billion (2005 est.)

Vietnam

$650 million (FY98)

West Bank

Western Sahara

$992.2 million

World

aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide has increased in

the beginning of the 21st century, with the largest increase in the

US; a rough estimate for 2005 is $1.2 trillion (at puchasing power

parity) (2005 est.)

Yemen

$992.2 million (2005 est.)

Zambia

$121.7 million (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe

$124.7 million (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 2 November, 2006

======================================================================

@2068 Dependent areas

Australia

Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos

(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald

Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France

Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French

Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,

Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and

Futuna

note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Netherlands

Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand

Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway

Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom

Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,

British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,

Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South

Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States

American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,

Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa

Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin

Islands, Wake Island

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered

the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a

political relationship with all four political units: the Northern

Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US

(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands

signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21

October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact

of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau

concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1

October 1994)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

======================================================================

@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan

most Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been repatriated,

but thousands still remain in Iran, many at their own choosing;

Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal

areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other

illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani

and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary

encroachments; regional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements

with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Albania

the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the

rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the

peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian

groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"

but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands

of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other

developed countries

Algeria

Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and

rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; most of the

approximately 102,000 Western Saharan Sahrawi refugees are sheltered

in camps in Tindouf, Algeria; Algeria's border with Morocco remains

an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other

of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve

relations, Morocco, in mid-2004, unilaterally lifted the requirement

that Algerians visiting Morocco possess entry visas - a gesture not

reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed

bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize

southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of

about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern

Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in

southeastern Morocco

American Samoa

none

Andorra

none

Angola

many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in

neighboring states

Anguilla

none

Antarctica

Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty

Summary in government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,

France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some

overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many

other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made

no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);

no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and

150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in

Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their

continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

Antigua and Barbuda

none

Arctic Ocean

some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Argentina

Argentina continues to assert its claims to the

UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia

and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly

occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to

seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially

overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly

region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus

of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics

trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;

uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera

Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with

Argentina in question; action by the joint boundary commission,

established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and

demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field

(Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending

Armenia

Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in

Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied

16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly

ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;

about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in

Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through

Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains

closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in

Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands

of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Aruba

none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Indonesian groups challenge Australia's

claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters

to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the

region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

Atlantic Ocean

some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia

East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the

disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split

hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development

Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute

hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see

also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express

concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical

mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and

maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia

submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the

Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margin from both

its mainland and Antarctic claims

Austria

Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of

the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin

nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic

Azerbaijan

Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in

Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied

16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were

driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic

Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia;

Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to

Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,

and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on

equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth

allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in

disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on

dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the

Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of

their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The

disagrees with the US on the alignment of the maritime

boundary; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees

fleeing economic privation and political instability

Bahrain

none

Baker Island

none

Bangladesh

discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small

section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both

countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border

trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the

porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall

off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint

Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are

missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha

Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;

Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Barbados

in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to

compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding

award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and

Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian

waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;

joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves

Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela

to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the

Caribbean Sea

Bassas da India

claimed by Madagascar

Belarus

1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over

unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing

border security; the whole boundary with Latvia and more than half

the boundary with Lithuania remains undemarcated; discussions toward

economic and political union with Russia proceed slowly

Belgium

none

Belize

Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely

uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS seeks to

revive the 2002 failed Belize-Guatemala Differendum that created a

small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in

Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and

substantial US-UK financial package

Benin

Benin and Burkina Faso military clash in 2006 over sections of

riverine boundary involving disputed villages and squatters; much of

Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains

undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin as a

consequence of a 2004 joint task force to resolve maritime and land

boundary disputes, but clashes among rival gangs along the border

persist; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the

boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary

stones

Bermuda

none

Bhutan

approximately 105,000 Bhutanese have lived decades as

refugees in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High

Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to

expel Indian separatists

Bolivia

Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the

Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead

unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for

Bolivian natural gas and other commodities

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and

Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along

the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia

on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to

maritime access that hinder ratification of the 1999 border agreement

Botswana

commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve

small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the

Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana

residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango

hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built

electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to

find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long

supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between

Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,

thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited

Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island

none

Brazil

unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay

borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal

narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;

uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the

Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting

tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend

its maritime continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory

Mauritius and Seychelles claim the

Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001 the former

inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1965 and now

residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the

right to repatriation; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an

immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the

exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to

the largest island in the chain;

British Virgin Islands

none

Brunei

in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in

their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have

stalemated prompting consideration of international legal

adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is

in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone

encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but

makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002

"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has

eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally

binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria

none

Burkina Faso

two villages are in dispute along the border with

Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;

Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and

Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local

fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering

Ivoirian rebels

Burma

over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic

groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite

continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain

with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic

rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens

flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and

Burmese troops; in 2005 Thailand sheltered about 121,000 Burmese

refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese

hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;

environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern

over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the

Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation

from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote

Burmese uplands

Burundi

Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated

political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces

continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the

boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and

Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural

resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but

localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000

peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;

although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as

of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in

western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia

Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to

check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute

sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai

encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with

Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;

Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear

temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004,

Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions

re-erected missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Cameroon

ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and

maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,

which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally

and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of

the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of

the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime

boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined

coordinates and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and

Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria

initially rejected cession of the Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed,

but much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria

and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to

ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger

and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Canada

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon

Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the

disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater

cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing

the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans

Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Cape Verde

none

Cayman Islands

none

Central African Republic

about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002

civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic

skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral

populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad

since the expulsions of residents from Darfur in 2003 by

Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military, about 200,000 refugees

remain in eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the

Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from

cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern

Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad

Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which

also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Chile

Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the

Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead

unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to

Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its

latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line

with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean

Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British

claims; action by the joint boundary commission, established by

Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the

disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo

Sur) remains pending

China

in 2005, China and India began drafting principles to resolve

all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes

together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate

discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,

and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures

have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's

largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under

the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and

Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does

not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in

1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India

as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the

Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,

Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct

of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the

Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by

some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of

facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil

companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint

accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China

occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and

Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both

Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu

Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East

China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain

islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute

with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is

considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens

of thousands of North Koreans; China and Russia prepare to demarcate

the boundary agreed to in October 2004 between the long-disputed

islands at the Amur and Ussuri; demarcation of the China-Vietnam

boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary

delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,

implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and

Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of

hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan

Province

Christmas Island

none

Clipperton Island

none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

none

Colombia

Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and

against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary

involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the

Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;

dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands

near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,

guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its

neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with

over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into

neighboring states

Comoros

claims French-administered Mayotte

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

heads of the Great Lakes states

and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and

militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of

the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring

states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in

the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over

14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri

refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into

Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the

remainder in the DRC expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DRC and

Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address

accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the

DRC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases

to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad

Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in

the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Congo, Republic of the

about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing

internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the

Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in

the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is

indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands

none

Coral Sea Islands

none

Costa Rica

in September 2005, Costa Rica took its case before the

ICJ to advocate the navigation, security, and commercial rights of

Costa Rican vessels using the Río San Juan over which Nicaragua

retains sovereignty

Cote d'Ivoire

rebel and ethnic fighting against the central

government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out

foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted

in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote

d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;

the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of

supporting Ivorian rebels

Croatia

discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over

several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime

access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the

Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would

have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and

several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as

a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform

to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and

commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close

cross-border ties with Croatia

Cuba

US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual

agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Cyprus

hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto

autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot

Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the

1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in

Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and

south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots

later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on

24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities

voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve

the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the 30-year

division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus

Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,

Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body

of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the

north

Czech Republic

in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the

restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech

Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten

Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with

their expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II; Austrian

anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian

border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in

the Czech Republic

Denmark

Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;

Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe

Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue

to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty

dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between

Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti

Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with

"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to

various factions in Somalia; thousands of Somali refugees await

repatriation in UNHCR camps in Djibouti

Dominica

Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge

Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other

island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human

habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the

Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive

Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large

portion of the Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic

increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the

Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico

to find work

East Timor

UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has

maintained about 1,000 peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East

Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and

delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary

especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia

and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral

island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the

northern maritime boundaries; many refugees who left East Timor in

2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia

and East Timor agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the

boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly

outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002

Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia has hampered creation of a

southern maritime boundary with Indonesia

Ecuador

organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate

across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to

flee into Ecuador in 2004

Egypt

Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular

areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along

the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt

is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since

the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in

October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with

Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to

some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who

largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition

as refugees

El Salvador

in 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled

on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El

Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite Organization of American

States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full

demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling

advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf

of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador

continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ

decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea

in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement

of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf

of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over

an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined

maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi

allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been

pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the

sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a

maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea

Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002

Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,

but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,

accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation;

Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed

technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are

addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000

war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented

immediately without modifications; in 2005 Eritrea began severely

restricting the operations of the UN Peacekeeping Mission to

Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitoring the 25km-wide Temporary

Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000; Sudan sustains over 110,000

Eritrean refugees and accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel

groups

Estonia

in 2005, Russia refuses to sign the 1996 technical border

agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a unilateral

declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses;

Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population

in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for

realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty

that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the

Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of

the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen

border rules

Ethiopia

Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002

Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,

but mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing prevail,

preventing demarcation despite international intervention; Ethiopia

refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors

made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed,

including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war;

Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately

without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and

no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia

where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the

unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland"

secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked

Ethiopia; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have

been delayed by civil war

Europa Island

claimed by Madagascar

European Union

as a political union, the EU has no border disputes

with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land

boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and

maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and

maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area -

consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention

implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free

movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in

Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into

EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1

May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,

France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal,

Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as

part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area

since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current

membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take

part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect

to police and criminal matters; the 10 new member states that joined

the EU in 2004 eventually are expected to participate in Schengen,

following a transition period to upgrade their border controls and

procedures

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Argentina, which claims the

islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in

1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK

continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands

because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources

have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full

independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'

fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute

Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends

beyond 200 nm

Fiji

none

Finland

various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia

and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish

Government asserts no territorial demands

France

Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,

Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros

claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial

dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of

French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica

(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,

east of New Caledonia

French Guiana

Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and

Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana

French Polynesia

none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

French claim to "Adelie Land" in

Antarctica is not recognized by the US

Gabon

UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the

sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to

establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only

a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who

fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

Gambia, The

attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms

smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern

Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west

African states

Gaza Strip

West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with

current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement

- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;

Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip

in August 2005

Georgia

Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common

border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime

boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as

the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in

Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a

peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered

throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;

boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups

in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the

Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the

alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany

none

Ghana

Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked

in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by

referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the

government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks

between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant

Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Glorioso Islands

claimed by Madagascar

Greece

Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their

complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the

Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of

the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Greenland

managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans

Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and

Greenland

Grenada

none

Guadeloupe

none

Guam

none

Guatemala

Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain

forests of Belize's border region; Organization of American States

(OAS) is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that

created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime

corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed

Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package;

Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US

Guernsey

none

Guinea

conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in

neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in

domestic instability; Sierra Leone has pressured Guinea to remove

its forces from the town of Yenga, occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau

attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms

smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in

Senegal's Casamance region

Guyana

all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by

Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana

has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims

before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with

Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of

land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute

over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration

under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of

the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Haiti

since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization

Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite

efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic

privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican

Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims

US-administered Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

none

Holy See (Vatican City)

none

Honduras

in 1992, International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the

delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El

Salvador-Honduras border, but despite Organization of American

States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full

demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling

advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf

of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El

Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the

ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims

Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a

joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in

the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is

attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in

1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute

over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Hong Kong

none

Howland Island

none

Hungary

in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special

social and cultural benefits - and voted down a referendum to extend

dual citizenship - to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring

states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue

between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its

portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the

Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external

border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland

Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'

fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute

Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends

beyond 200 nm

Iles Eparses

Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan

de Nova Island: claimed by Madagascar

Tromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius

India

since China and India launched a security and foreign policy

dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute

over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear

proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to

Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and

confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse

tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005

earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of

the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with

portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),

India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern

Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in

Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly

militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the

impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the

Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;

UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has

maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not

recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;

disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to

defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,

in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed

boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;

Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat

State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small

section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in

both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal

cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists

through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to

fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with

Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay

of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks

cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam

separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint

Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed

boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep

out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities

from Nepal

Indian Ocean

some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia

East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,

survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the

boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in

2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia

and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral

island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a

northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and

Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but

outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan

islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the

hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile

confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil

block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to

and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia

and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime

boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam

Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants

create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a

problem in the Malacca Strait

Iran

Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries

to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a

maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the

mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute

Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran

stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of

the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq

coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;

Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction

disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;

Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland

Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that

the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Isle of Man

none

Israel

West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current

status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -

permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;

Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier

along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel

withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four

settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is

Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan

Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce

Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor

ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated

incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the

region

Italy

Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of

thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and

northern Africa

Jamaica

none

Jan Mayen

none

Japan

the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,

Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as

the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril

Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by

Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to

signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;

Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)

occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both

Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto

(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic

zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon

prospecting

Jarvis Island

none

Jersey

none

Johnston Atoll

none

Jordan

2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending

demarcation

Juan de Nova Island

claimed by Madagascar

Kazakhstan

in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and

Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation

with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with

Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant

seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the

Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water

column among any of the littoral states

Kenya

Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's

north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to

approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who

flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's

Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; the Kenya-Somalia border is open to

pastoralists and is susceptible to cross-border clan insurgencies;

Kenya's administrative limits extend beyond the treaty border into

the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle

Kingman Reef

none

Kiribati

none

Korea, North

China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of

thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and

political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty

of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of

boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military

Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has

separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime

disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea

supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks

(Tok-do/Take-shima)

Korea, South

Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide

Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;

periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit

Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks

(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Kuwait

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime

boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the

Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan

delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in

Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan;

delimitation of 130 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by

serious disputes around enclaves and other areas

Laos

Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to

check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of

demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over several areas

along Mekong River and Thai squatters; concern among Mekong

Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong

River will affect water levels

Latvia

Russia refuses to sign the 1997 boundary treaty due to

Latvian insistence on a unilateral clarificatory declaration

referencing Soviet occupation of Latvia and territorial losses;

Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in

Latvia; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime

boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil

exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's

external border, Latvia must implement the strict Schengen border

rules

Lebanon

Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of

Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim

Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978

Lesotho

none

Liberia

although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel

groups, warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil

unrest persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in

Guinea, 72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000

in Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in

Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in

Liberia (UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia;

the Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian

rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

Libya

Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern

Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant

disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in

southern Libya

Liechtenstein

in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the

restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech

Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property

Lithuania

Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their

boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty

ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania

operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling

from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still

conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external

border, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has

not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania,

primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons

Luxembourg

none

Macau

none

Macedonia

ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the

boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia

and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject

the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Madagascar

claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,

and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)

Malawi

disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake

Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Malaysia

Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands

together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly

Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the

South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is

not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;

Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the

national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on

conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;

disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,

Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, maritime

boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties

agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ

awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and

Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the

hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile

confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil

block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim

southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with

Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now

dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003,

Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed

offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated

prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's

land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy

remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Maldives

none

Mali

none

Malta

none

Marshall Islands

claims US territory of Wake Island

Martinique

none

Mauritania

Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in

recent years

Mauritius

Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered

British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who

reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no

right to patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin

Island

Mayotte

claimed by Comoros

Mexico

prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices

and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing

arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem

nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world

from illegally crossing the border with Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of

none

Midway Islands

none

Moldova

Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to

monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region

which remains under OSCE supervision

Monaco

none

Mongolia

none

Montenegro

ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the

boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia

and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of

boundary with Montenegro

Montserrat

none

Morocco

claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty

remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in

effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have

failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;

Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,

Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de

Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions

have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting

limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002

rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from

the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching

areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Mozambique

none

Namibia

border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes

with Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu

marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest

Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on

Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of

the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004

Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to

build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing

a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the

river

Nauru

none

Navassa Island

claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing

Nepal

joint border commission continues to work on small disputed

sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter

border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal

cross-border activities

Netherlands

none

Netherlands Antilles

none

New Caledonia

Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia

claimed by France and Vanuatu

New Zealand

asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross

Dependency) [see Antarctica]

Nicaragua

Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and

against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary

involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the

Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the

1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite

resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca,

which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over

navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica

Niger

Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant

dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with

Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded

the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation

treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria

boundaries

Nigeria

ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and

maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission

to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with

demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in

Lake Chad in the north; following the UN-brokered Greentree

Agreement of 12 June 2006, Nigeria, in completion of the 2002 ICJ

decision on the Cameroon-Nigerian land boundary, handed sovereignty

of the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon on 14 August; all Nigerian

military forces have reportedly withdrawn from the region but

Nigeria will continue to maintain a police and administrative

presence in the southeastern "transition zone" for a period of up to

two years; Nigeria pledges to provide for the resettlement of those

Bakassi residents who wish to remain Nigerian citizens; the ICJ

ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial

Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but

imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a

sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an

island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in

implementation; a joint task force was established in 2004 that

resolved disputes over and redrew the maritime and the 870-km land

boundary with Benin on the Okpara River; only Nigeria and Cameroon

have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the

delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and

Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Niue

none

Norfolk Island

none

Northern Mariana Islands

none

Norway

Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud

Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia

and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents

Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits

within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Oman

boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in

2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al

Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public

Pacific Ocean

some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Pakistan

various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously

have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the

October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains

the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial

dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China

(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir

and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and

Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers

since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic

Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and Pakistan

instituted a cease-fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005 restored bus

service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has

taken its dispute on the impact of India's building the Baglihar Dam

on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for

arbitration and in general the two states still dispute Indus River

water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare discussions on a

maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion

of the disputed the Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of

Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's

Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, had

repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and had undertaken a census

to count the remaining million or more, many of whom remain at their

own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to

control the border with Afghanistan and stem organized terrorist or

other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan

and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary

encroachments

Palau

border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,

Indonesia

Palmyra Atoll

none

Panama

organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate

within the border region with Panama

Papua New Guinea

relies on assistance from Australia to keep out

illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including

goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and

secessionists

Paracel Islands

occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

Paraguay

unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay

borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal

narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations

Peru

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral law

to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundary

along the parallel of latitude to an equidistance line which favors

Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have

penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru does not support Bolivia's

claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor

through Chile along the Peruvian border

Philippines

Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the

Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,

also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002

"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has

eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally

binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in

March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,

and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic

activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant

claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the

Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of

attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf

Pitcairn Islands

none

Poland

as a member state that forms part of the EU's external

border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Portugal

Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the

territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the

1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Puerto Rico

increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the

Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year

looking for work

Qatar

none

Reunion

none

Romania

Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over

Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea

maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes

Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border

through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law

extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians

in Romania, to which Romania had objected

Russia

in 2005, China and Russia ratified the treaty to divide up

the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, representing the

final portion of their centuries-long border disputes; the

sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri,

Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern

Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the

Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by

Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty

formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree

on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary

and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas

such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge

in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance

boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no

consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute

their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights

beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty

zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia

(Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the

Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial

demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996

border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the

two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations

referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia

demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia;

Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the

boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the

now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within

Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their

boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty

ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania

operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling

from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still

conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external

border, to strict Schengen border rules; delimitation of land

boundary with Ukraine is complete, but states have renewed

discussions on demarcation; the dispute over the maritime boundary

between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov

remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and

on-going expert-level discussions; discussions toward economic and

political union with Belarus advance slowly; Kazakhstan and Russia

boundary delimitation ratified November 2005 and demarcation is

underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary

Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea

Rwanda

Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic

groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various

government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,

transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the

Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and

natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but

localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC

and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to

address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels

and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means

and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees

lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia

Saint Helena

none

Saint Kitts and Nevis

joins other Caribbean states to counter

Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a

criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its

EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Lucia

joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's

claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under

UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf

over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

none

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

joins other Caribbean states to

counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human

habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to

extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the

Caribbean Sea

Samoa

none

San Marino

none

Sao Tome and Principe

none

Saudi Arabia

despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation

of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah

Treaty is almost complete; Saudi Arabia still maintains the

concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the

border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary

with Iran; the United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook published a map and

text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, as stipulated

in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the grounds that the

agreement was not formally ratified

Senegal

The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese

citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence,

cross border raids, and arms smuggling

Serbia

the final status of the Serbian province of Kosovo remains

unresolved and several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim

Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) have administered the

region since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting

and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo independence; the

international community had agreed to begin a process to determine

final status but contingency of solidifying multi-ethnic democracy

in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse

demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the

2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia

and Montenegro delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and

Herzegovina, but sections with Serbia along the Drina River remain

in dispute

Seychelles

together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos

Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

Sierra Leone

domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,

warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and

Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms

trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN

Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000

peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures

Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since

1998

Singapore

disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh

water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,

bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca

Island/Pulau Batu Putih - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island

dispute within three years; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005

to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining

unresolved areas north of Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in

the Malacca Strait

Slovakia

Hungary amended its status law extending special social and

cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, to which

Slovakia had protested; consultations continue between Slovakia and

Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a

member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia

must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Slovenia

the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,

which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to

Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in

dispute; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external

border, Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to

curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe

while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Solomon Islands

Australian Defense Force leads the Regional

Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) at the invitation

of the Solomon Islands' Government to maintain civil and political

order and reinforce regional security

Somalia

"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to

landlocked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional

states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek support from

neighboring states in their secessionist aspirations and in

conflicts with each other; Ethiopia has only an administrative line

with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances

with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Somali Interim

Government, which plans eventual relocation from Kenya to Mogadishu;

rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically

spills over into Kenya

South Africa

South Africa has placed military along the border to

stem the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape

political persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the

location of the boundary in the Orange River

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Argentina, which claims

the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by

force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica

entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK

assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in

the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in

extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea

ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or

maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves

(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal

claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and

150 degrees west

Spain

in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by

referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared

sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks

between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant

Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over

the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de

Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and

surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of

illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not

recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based

on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and

the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Spratly Islands

all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,

Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the

Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone

that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has

not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the

"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"

which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code

of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the

Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine

seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Sri Lanka

none

Sudan

the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel

militia fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all

of its border states that provide shelter for fleeing refugees and

cover to disparate domestic and foreign conflicting elements; since

2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about

200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; large numbers of

Sudanese refugees have also fled to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, the

Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

southern Sudan provides shelter to Ugandans seeking periodic

protection from soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army; Sudan

accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to

demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by

civil and ethnic fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary

extends into the southern Sudan, creating the "Ilemi Triangle";

Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer triangular areas that

extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd

Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is

economically developing the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of the Treaty

Line; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water

and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations from

the Central African Republic along the border

Suriname

area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and

Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a

triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a

historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitration

to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of

the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Svalbard

despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their

maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights

beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Swaziland

none

Sweden

none

Switzerland

none

Syria

Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong

UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone

since 1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights;

international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and

intelligence personnel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; 2004

Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan

Taiwan

involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,

Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;

the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China

Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code

of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands

are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,

China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims

to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and

Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East

China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting

Tajikistan

boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of

Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing

claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands, but neither state has

published maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced;

talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove

minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with

Kyrgyzstan

Tanzania

disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake

Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Thailand

separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim

southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia

to stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced

border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue

on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over

several areas along Mekong River and Thai squatters; despite

continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain

with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic

rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and

Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;

Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and

obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia

by ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand

- to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops -

resulting in Thailand sheltering about 120,000 Burmese refugees in

2005; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric

dam construction on the Salween River near the border;

environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about

China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the

Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province

Togo

in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint

commission continues to resurvey the boundary

Tokelau

none

Tonga

none

Trinidad and Tobago

Barbados will assert its claim before the UN

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that the northern limit of

Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into

its waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to challenge

this boundary as it may extend into its waters as well

Tromelin Island

claimed by Mauritius

Tunisia

none

Turkey

complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece

in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria

and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper

Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of

Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over

Nagorno-Karabakh

Turkmenistan

cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;

bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and

contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation of

land boundary with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabed

delimitation remains stalled

Turks and Caicos Islands

have received Haitians fleeing economic and

civil disorder

Tuvalu

none

Uganda

Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic

groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government

forces; Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)

into the southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;

LRA forces have attacked Kenyan villages across the border

Ukraine

1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to

unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing

border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is

complete and parties have renewed discussions on demarcation; the

dispute over the maritime boundary between Russia and Ukraine

through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite

a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level

discussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs

posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria

Region, which remains under OSCE supervision; in 2004 Ukraine and

Romania took their dispute over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy

(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ for

adjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation

canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

United Arab Emirates

the United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook published

a map and text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, as

stipulated in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the grounds

that the agreement was not formally ratified; boundary agreement was

signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including

Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of

the agreement and maps showing the alignment have not been

published; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island,

which Iran occupies

United Kingdom

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by

referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement between

the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal

participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproves

of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and

Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean

Territory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965;

most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK

citizenship but no right to patriation in the UK; UK rejects

sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South

Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic

Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean

claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the

Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

United States

prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded

practices and infrastructure in the border region strain

water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up

efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other

parts of the world from crossing illegally into the US from Mexico;

illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti and the

Dominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida by sea;

1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits

Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with

Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and

around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and

Canada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities

crossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree

on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased

from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area

can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa

Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has

reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of

any other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges

none

Uruguay

uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the

Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with

Argentina

Uzbekistan

prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan

and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya

river states; delimitation with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation

underway; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is

hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas

Vanuatu

Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by

Vanuatu and France

Venezuela

claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in

Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has

expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before

the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that

Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into

their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los Monjes islands and

maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized

illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's

shared border region resulting in several thousand residents

migrating away from the border; US, France, and the Netherlands

recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves Island,

which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a

large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis,

Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest

Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation and

other states' recognition of it

Vietnam

southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to

check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese

squatters and armed encroachments along border; after years of

Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary markers,

in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement

with Vietnam that settled all but a small portion of the land

boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is

hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004,

Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing

markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam

boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary

delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,

implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also

claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with

China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the

Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in

the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally

binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;

Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the

Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,

the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine

seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Virgin Islands

none

Wake Island

claimed by Marshall Islands

Wallis and Futuna

none

West Bank

West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current

status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -

permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;

Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier

along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel

withdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August

2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce

Supervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem,

monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated

incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the

region

Western Sahara

Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose

sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has

remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN

Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts

to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected

all brokered proposals

World

stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international land

boundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies,

areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;

ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states

into separate political entities as much as history, physical

terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes

arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed

limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and

joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide

for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and

territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to

violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of

political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today

less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and

territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and

unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border

activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial

disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they

may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural

clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial

fragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or in

rivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundary

conflict; other sources of contention include access to water and

mineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable

land; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify their

international boundaries and to resolve territorial and resource

disputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so much

between the armed forces of independent states as between stateless

armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local

populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant

refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental

degradation

Yemen

Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands

awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; Saudi Arabia still maintains

the concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the

border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;

Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a

security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in

sections of the boundary

Zambia

in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana

and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de

facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited,

Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Zimbabwe

Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has

placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of

Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;

Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to

plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi

River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly

delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

======================================================================

@2075 Ethnic groups (%)

Afghanistan

Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,

Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

Albania

Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,

Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)

note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from

1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria

Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the

minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the

mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also

Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural

heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for

autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has

offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools

American Samoa

native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white

1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)

Andorra

Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other

6% (1998)

Angola

Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed

European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla

black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,

other 1.5% (2001 Census)

Antigua and Barbuda

black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina

white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed

white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white

groups 3%

Armenia

Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%

(2001 census)

Aruba

mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia

Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria

Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,

Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or

unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

Azerbaijan

Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,

other 3.9% (1999 census)

note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh

region

Bahamas, The

black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain

Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

Bangladesh

Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados

black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%

Belarus

Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian

2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)

Belgium

Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize

mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other

9.7%

Benin

African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,

Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda

black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,

unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)

Bhutan

Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of

several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Bolivia

Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)

30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other

0.6% (2000)

note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid

confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,

including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil

white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black

6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified

0.7% (2000 census)

British Virgin Islands

black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Brunei

Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria

Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including

Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Burkina Faso

Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,

Fulani

Burma

Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian

2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Burundi

Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,

Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia

Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon

Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,

Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other

African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada

British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European

15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed

background 26%

Cape Verde

Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands

mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of

various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic

Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,

Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Chad

200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane

(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,

Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are

Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,

Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000

French citizens live in Chad

Chile

white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China

Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,

Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island

Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%

note: no indigenous population (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia

mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed

black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros

Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

over 200 African ethnic groups of

which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,

Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about

45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the

Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,

Europeans and other 3%

Cook Islands

Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island

Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)

Costa Rica

white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,

Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire

Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes

16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000

Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)

Croatia

Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,

Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)

Cuba

mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus

Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)

Czech Republic

Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%

(2001 census)

Denmark

Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,

Somali

Djibouti

Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian

Dominica

black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib

Amerindian

Dominican Republic

mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%

East Timor

Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese

minority

Ecuador

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,

Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt

Egyptian 98%, Berber, Nubian, Bedouin, and Beja 1%, Greek,

Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

El Salvador

mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%

Equatorial Guinea

Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni

(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea

Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea

coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Estonia

Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian

1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)

Ethiopia

Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,

Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

British

Faroe Islands

Scandinavian

Fiji

Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian

admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas

Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland

Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma

0.2%, Sami 0.1%

France

Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,

Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana

black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,

Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia

Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,

metropolitan French 4%

Gabon

Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang,

Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000,

including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The

African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola

10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip

Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia

Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,

other 2.5% (2002 census)

Germany

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of

Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Ghana

African 98.5% (includes Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%,

Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)

Gibraltar

Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,

North Africans

Greece

Greek 98%, Turkish and other 2%

note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in

Greece

Greenland

Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish

and others 12% (2000)

Grenada

black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East

Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe

black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,

Chinese less than 5%

Guam

Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,

white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,

mixed 9.8% (2000 census)

Guatemala

Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish

called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam

7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,

other 0.1% (2001 census)

Guernsey

UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from

other European countries

Guinea

Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Guinea-Bissau

African 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca

14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana

East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,

and mixed 7%

Haiti

black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City)

Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,

black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong

Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary

Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001

census)

Iceland

homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,

population of foreign origin 6%

India

Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays

7.5%, other 26%

Iran

Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,

Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq

Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland

Celtic, English

Isle of Man

Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Israel

Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born

22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly

Arab) (2004)

Italy

Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and

Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and

Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica

black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,

mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan

Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,

Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)

note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan

in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil

(2004)

Jersey

Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white

6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Jordan

Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan

Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek

2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

Kenya

Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii

6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and

Arab) 1%

Kiribati

Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Korea, North

racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese

community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South

homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait

Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,

other 7%

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,

Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Laos

Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung

(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic

Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia

Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian

2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)

Lebanon

Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but

rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be

called Phoenicians

Lesotho

Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia

indigenous African 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,

Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,

Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of

immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%

(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya

Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,

Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein

Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Lithuania

Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or

unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)

Luxembourg

Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,

Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European

(guest and resident workers)

Macau

Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)

1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)

Macedonia

Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,

Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Madagascar

Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers

(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -

Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,

Creole, Comoran

Malawi

Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,

Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia

Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,

others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Maldives

South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,

Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta

Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,

with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Marshall Islands

Micronesian

Martinique

African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,

East Indian and Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania

mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Mauritius

Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,

Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte

Mexico

mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly

Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of

nine ethnic Micronesian and

Polynesian groups

Moldova

Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,

Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)

note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco

French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia

Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,

other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Montenegro

Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,

other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%

Montserrat

black, white

Morocco

Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique

African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and

others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia

black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%

to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%,

Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru

Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European

Nepal

Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,

Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other

32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Netherlands

Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin

mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)

(1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles

mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East

Asian

New Caledonia

Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,

Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand

European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander

4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)

Nicaragua

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black

9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger

Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri

(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200

French expatriates

Nigeria

Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more

than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and

politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo

(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue

Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,

Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island

descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New

Zealander, Polynesian

Northern Mariana Islands

Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,

Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Norway

Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman

Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,

Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan

Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir

(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their

descendants)

Palau

Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)

69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,

Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%

(2000 census)

Panama

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and

mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea

Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay

mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Peru

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white

15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines

Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,

Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,

other 25.3% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands

descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their

Tahitian wives

Poland

Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,

other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Portugal

homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African

descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less

than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico

white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,

Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar

Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion

French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania

Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,

German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Russia

Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,

Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Rwanda

Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena

African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis

predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,

and Lebanese

Saint Lucia

black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian

6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa

Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and

Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino

Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe

mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan

slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract

laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children

of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia

Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal

Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka

3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia

Serb 66%, Albanian 17%, Hungarian 3.5%, other 13.5% (1991)

Seychelles

mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone

20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,

other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves

who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),

refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of

Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore

Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000

census)

Slovakia

Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,

Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Slovenia

Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or

unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands

Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,

other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia

Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs

30,000)

South Africa

black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,

Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)

Spain

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka

Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,

Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census

provisional data)

Sudan

black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname

Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their

ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the

19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,

"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in

the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)

10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard

Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%

(1998)

Swaziland

African 97%, European 3%

Sweden

indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami

minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,

Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland

German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other

Syria

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan

Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,

aborigine 2%

Tajikistan

Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,

other 2.6% (2000 census)

Tanzania

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting

of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,

and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Thailand

Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo

African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,

and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau

Polynesian

Tonga

Polynesian, Europeans

Trinidad and Tobago

Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed

20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Tunisia

Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey

Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan

Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands

black 90%, mixed, European, or North

American 10%

Tuvalu

Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda

Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi

6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro

3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,

Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine

Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan

0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian

0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

United Arab Emirates

Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South

Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)

8% (1982)

note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom

white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh

4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani

1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)

United States

white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and

Alaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%

(2003 est.)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US

Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American

descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican

origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group

(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay

white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically

nonexistent)

Uzbekistan

Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak

2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu

Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Venezuela

Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,

indigenous people

Vietnam

Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome

1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)

Virgin Islands

black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,

mixed 3.5% (2000 census)

Wallis and Futuna

Polynesian

West Bank

Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara

Arab, Berber

Yemen

predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia

African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe

African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and

Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

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@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan

afghanis per US dollar - 541 (2005), 48 (2004), 49

(2003), 41 (2002), 66 (2001)

note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized

at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate

varied widely from the official rate

Albania

leke per US dollar - 102.649 (2005), 102.78 (2004), 121.863

(2003), 140.155 (2002), 143.485 (2001)

Algeria

Algerian dinars per US dollar - 73.276 (2005), 72.061

(2004), 77.395 (2003), 79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001)

American Samoa

the US dollar is used

Andorra

euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886

(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)

Angola

kwanza per US dollar - 88.6 (2005), 83.541 (2004), 74.606

(2003), 43.53 (2002), 22.058 (2001)

Anguilla

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7

(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)

note: fixed rate since 1976

Antigua and Barbuda

East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7

(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)

note: fixed rate since 1976

Argentina

Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9037 (2005), 2.9233

(2004), 2.9006 (2003), 3.0633 (2002), 0.9995 (2001)

Armenia

drams per US dollar - 457.69 (2005), 533.45 (2004), 578.76

(2003), 573.35 (2002), 555.08 (2001)

Aruba

Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2005), 1.79

(2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001)

Australia

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598

(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)

Austria

euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886

(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,727.1 (2005),

4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001)

note: on 1 January 2006 Azerbaijan revalued its currency, with 5,000

old manats equal to 1 new manat

Bahamas, The

Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1

(2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001)

Bahrain

Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2005), 0.376 (2004),

0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002), 0.376 (2001)

Bangladesh

taka per US dollar - 64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004), 58.15

(2003), 57.888 (2002), 55.807 (2001)

Barbados

Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2

(2003), 2 (2002), 2 (2001)

Belarus

Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,150 (2005), 2,160.26

(2004), 2,051.27 (2003), 1,790.92 (2002), 1,390 (2001)

Belgium

euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886

(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)

Belize

Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2

(2003), 2 (2002), 2 (2001)

Benin

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04

(2001)

Bermuda

Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged

to the US dollar)

Bhutan

ngultrum per US dollar - 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583

(2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001)

Bolivia

bolivianos per US dollar - 8.0661 (2005), 7.9363 (2004),

7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002), 6.6069 (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

marka per US dollar - 1.5727 (2005), 1.5752

(2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002), 2.1857 (2001)

note: the marka is pegged to the euro

Botswana

pulas per US dollar - 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499

(2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412 (2001)

Brazil

reals per US dollar - 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771

(2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577 (2001)

British Virgin Islands

the US dollar is used

Brunei

Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902

(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001)

Bulgaria

leva per US dollar - 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327

(2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847 (2001)

Burkina Faso

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US

dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),

733.04 (2001)

Burma

kyats per US dollar - 5.761 (2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764

(2003), 6.5734 (2002), 6.6841 (2001)

note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates

ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar,

and by year-end 2005, the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US

dollar

Burundi

Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,138 (2005), 1,100.91

(2004), 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001)

Cambodia

riels per US dollar - 4,092.5 (2005), 4,016.25 (2004),

3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001)

Cameroon

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar

- 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04

(2001)

Canada

Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004),

1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001)

Cape Verde

Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.67 (2005),

88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001)

Cayman Islands

Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October

2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs

(XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),

696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001)

Chad

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -

527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04

(2001)

Chile

Chilean pesos per US dollar - 560.09 (2005), 609.37 (2004),

691.43 (2003), 688.94 (2002), 634.94 (2001)

China

yuan per US dollar - 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.277

(2003), 8.277 (2002), 8.2771 (2001)

Christmas Island

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),

1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095

(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)

Colombia

Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,320.75 (2005), 2,628.61

(2004), 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63 (2001)

Comoros

Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 395.6 (2005), 396.21

(2004), 435.9 (2003), 522.74 (2002), 549.78 (2001)

note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677

Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Congolese francs per US dollar -

437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002), 206.62

(2001)

Congo, Republic of the

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)

per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99

(2002), 733.04 (2001)

Cook Islands

New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),

1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)

Costa Rica

Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 477.79 (2005), 437.91

(2004), 398.66 (2003), 359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US

dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),

733.04 (2001)

Croatia

kuna per US dollar - 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035

(2003), 7.8687 (2002), 8.34 (2001)

Cuba

Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93

note: Cuba has three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso

(CUP), the convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although

the dollar is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the

official exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC

(0.93 CUC per $1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals

can buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban

pesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP

and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Cyprus

Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004),

0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), 0.6431 (2001), Turkish lira per US

dollar - 1.36 (2005), 1.426 million (2004), 1.501 million (2003),

1.507 million (2002), 1.226 million (2001)

Czech Republic

koruny per US dollar - 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004),

28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002), 38.035 (2001)

Denmark

Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004),

6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001)

Djibouti

Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2005), 177.72

(2004), 177.72 (2003), 177.72 (2002), 177.72 (2001)