Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 74.
987 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 625.
988 M. Merkel, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 243.
989 J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_, p. 215.
990 Ch. Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), pp. 8, 203
_sq._
991 James Teit, “The Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,”
_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North
Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.
992 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 322.
993 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_2
(Innsbruck, 1871), §§ 176, 580; _Mélusine_, 1878, col. 79; E.
Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p. 91.
994 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 35; Theophrastus, _Characters_, “The
Superstitious Man”; Theocritus, _id._ vi. 39, vii. 127; Persius,
_Sat._ ii. 31 _sqq._ At the siege of Danzig in 1734, when the old
wives saw a bomb coming, they used to spit thrice and cry, “Fi, ti,
fi, there comes the dragon!” in the persuasion that this secured
them against being hit (Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen
Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), p. 284).
For more examples, see J. E. B. Mayor on Juvenal, _Sat._ vii. 112;
J. E. Crombie, “The Saliva Superstition,” _International Folk-lore
Congress_, 1891, _Papers and Transactions_, pp. 249 sq.; C. de
Mensignac, _Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat_
(Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 50 _sqq._; F. W. Nicolson, “The Saliva
Superstition in Classical Literature,” _Harvard Studies in Classical
Philology_, viii. (1897) pp. 35 _sqq._
M171 Cut hair and nails kept against the resurrection.
995 Garcilasso de la Vega, _First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the
Yncas_, bk. ii. ch. 7 (vol. i. p. 127, Markham’s translation).
_ 996 Mélusine_, 1878, coll. 583 _sq._
_ 997 The People of Turkey_, by a Consul’s daughter and wife, ii. 250.
998 M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 68.
999 G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), p. 214.
1000 M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halbreligiöse Bruderschaft bei den
Marokkanern,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für
Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1886, p. (680).
1001 Le P. A. Jaussen, _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris,
1908), p. 94 note 1.
1002 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und
Gewohnheiten_, p. 139; F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem innern und äussern
Leben der Ehsten_, p. 491.
1003 L. F. Sauvé, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_ (Paris, 1889), p. 41.
1004 Miss A. H. Singleton, in a letter to me, dated Rathmoyle House,
Abbeyleix, Ireland, 24th February 1904.
1005 Dr. Antoine Petit, in Th. Lefebvre, _Voyage en Abyssinie_, i. 373.
1006 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 342 _sq._
(Leyden, 1892).
1007 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For Tribe of Central Africa,”
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-86) p.
230.
M172 Cut hair and nails burnt to prevent them from falling into the hands
of sorcerers.
1008 A. D’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale_, ii. 93; Lieut.
Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, i. (1872) p. 197; J. Dawson, _Australian
Aborigines_, p. 36. The Patagonians sometimes throw their hair into
a river instead of burning it.
1009 L. F. Sauvé, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_, p. 170.
1010 Z. Zanetti, _La Medicina delle nostre donne_ (Città di Castello,
1892), pp. 234 _sq._
1011 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 99;
Miss Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, p. 447; R. H.
Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), p. 83; A. F.
Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 286; David
Livingstone, _Narrative of Expedition to the Zambesi_, pp. 46 _sq._;
W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 365. In some parts of New
Guinea cut hair is destroyed for the same reason (H. H. Romilly,
_From my Verandah in New Guinea_, London, 1889, p. 83).
1012 W. H. Furness, _The Island of Stone Money, Uap of the Carolines_
(Philadelphia and London, 1910), P. 137.
1013 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 451.
1014 W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_
(Brisbane, 1903), p. 21.
1015 Captain R. Fitzroy, _Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His
Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle_, i. (London, 1839). pp. 313
_sq._
1016 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.
1017 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_2
(Innsbruck, 1871), p. 28, §§ 177, 179, 180.
1018 U. Jahn, _Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern_ (Breslau, 1886), p.
15; _Mélusine_, 1878, col. 79; E. Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p.
91.
1019 E. H. Meyer, _Indogermanische Mythen_, ii. _Achilleis_ (Berlin,
1877), p. 523.
1020 P. Lowell, _Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm, a Sketch of Korea_
(London, Preface dated 1885), pp. 199-201; Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and
her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), ii. 55 _sq._
M173 Inconsistency in burning cut hair and nails.
M174 Hair is sometimes cut because it is infected with the virus of
taboo. In these cases hair-cutting is a form of purification. Hair
of mourners cut to rid them of the pollution of death.
1021 Above, p. 276.
1022 Above, pp. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156.
1023 W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, ii. (1873) p. 268.
1024 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 795.
1025 F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l’Amérique du Sud_, v. (Paris, 1851) p. 46.
1026 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 34.
1027 See G. A. Wilken, _Über das Haaropfer und einige andere
Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesiens_, pp. 94 _sqq._
(reprinted from the _Revue Coloniale Internationale_, Amsterdam,
1886-87); H. Ploss, _Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker_,2 i.
289 _sqq._; K. Potkanski, “Die Ceremonie der Haarschur bei den
Slaven und Germanen,” _Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in
Krakau_, May 1896, pp. 232-251.
1028 Above, p. 261.
1029 Above, pp. 111 _sqq._
1030 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London,
1822), ii. 205.
1031 H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 426 _sq._
1032 L. F. Alfred Maury, “Les Populations primitives du nord de
l’Hindoustan,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IVme
Série, vii. (1854) p. 197.
1033 Lucian, _De dea Syria_, 53.
1034 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 160.
1035 W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania,
1899; privately printed), p. 28.
1036 B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” _Globus_,
lxxxix. (1906) p. 198.
1037 Miss A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_ (London,
1906), pp. 165, 166, 167.
1038 J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre
Nachbarn,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, x. (1878) p. 395. Children
who are born in an unusual position, the second born of twins, and
children whose upper teeth appear before the lower, are similarly
exposed by the Akikuyu. The mother is regarded as unclean, not so
much because she has exposed, as because she has given birth to such
a child.
1039 Monier Williams, _Religious Thought and Life in India_, p. 375.
1040 Strabo, xii. 2. 3, p. 535; Pausanias, viii. 34. 3. In two paintings
on Greek vases we see Apollo in his character of the purifier
preparing to cut off the hair of Orestes. See _Monumenti inediti_,
1847, pl. 48; _Annali dell’ Instituto di Corrispondenza
Archeologica_, 1847, pl. x.; _Archaeologische Zeitung_, 1860, pll.
cxxxvii. cxxxviii.; L. Stephani, in _Compte rendu de la Commission
archéologique_ (St. Petersburg), 1863, pp. 271 _sq._
M175 People may be bewitched by means of their spittle. Hence people take
care of their spittle to prevent it from falling into the hands of
sorcerers.
1041 C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” _Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie_, ix. (1877) pp. 177 _sq._
1042 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), pp. 392 _sq._
1043 B. C. A. J. van Dinter, “Eenige geographische en ethnographische
aanteekeningen betreffende het eiland Siaoe,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xii. (1899) p. 381.
1044 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 27; _id._, _Native Tribes
of South-east Australia_, p. 365.
1045 E. Dieffenbach, _Travels in New Zealand_ (London, 1843), ii. 59.
1046 Rev. J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, p. 209; _id._, in _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131.
1047 C. le Gobin, _Histoire des Isles Marianes_ (Paris, 1700), p. 52. The
writer confesses his ignorance of the reason of the custom.
1048 C. de Mensignac, _Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le
crachat_ (Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 48 _sq._
1049 Vahness, reported by F. von Luschan, in _Verhandlungen der Berliner
Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1900,
p. (416).
1050 K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 9
_sq._
_ 1051 Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) pp. 83 _sq._
M176 Precautions taken by chiefs, kings, and wizards to guard their
spittle from being put to evil uses by magicians.
1052 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 365.
1053 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 99.
1054 C. Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), p. 8.
1055 A. Raffenel, _Voyage dans l’Afrique occidentale_ (Paris, 1846), p.
338.
1056 C. de Mensignac, _op. cit._ p. 48.
_ 1057 Mission Evangelica al reyno de Congo por la serafica religion de
los Capuchinos_ (Madrid, 1649), p. 70 verso.
1058 R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge
(Leipsic, 1889), p. 13.
1059 F. W. Christian, _The Caroline Islands_ (London, 1899), pp. 289
_sq._
1060 R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, i.2 (London, 1822) pp. 127, 138.
M177 Use of spittle in making a covenant.
1061 J. Raum, “Blut und Speichelbünde bei den Wadschagga,” _Archiv für
Religionswissenschaft_, x. (1907) pp. 290 _sq._
M178 Certain foods are tabooed to sacred persons, such as kings, chiefs,
priests, and other sacred persons.
1062 Above, pp. 13 _sq._
1063 Porphyry, _De abstinentia_, iii. 18.
1064 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, ii. 170.
The blood may perhaps be drunk by them as a medium of inspiration.
See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 381
_sqq._
1065 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 336.
1066 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858), p.
198.
1067 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 21.
1068 J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 526 _sqq._, from
information furnished by the Rev. J. Roscoe.
1069 G. Watt (quoting Col. W. J. M’Culloch), “The Aboriginal Tribes of
Manipur,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887)
p. 360.
1070 T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 306.
_ 1071 Indian Antiquary_, xxi. (1892) pp. 317 _sq._; (Sir) J. G. Scott and
J. P. Hardiman, _Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States_, part
ii. vol. i. p. 308.
1072 “Die Pschawen und Chewsuren im Kaukasus,” _Zeitschrift für
allgemeine Erdkunde_, ii. (1857) p. 76.
1073 A. Senfft, “Ethnographische Beiträge über die Karolineninsel Yap,”
_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xlix. (1903) p. 54. In Gall, another
village of the same island, the people grow bananas for sale, but
will not eat them themselves, fearing that if they did so the women
of the village would be barren (_ibid._).
M179 Knots and rings not worn by certain sacred persons. Knots loosed and
locks unlocked at childbirth to facilitate delivery.
1074 Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 6 and 9. See above, p. 13.
1075 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 87 _sq._
1076 J. Hillner, _Volksthümlicher Brauch und Glaube bei Geburt und Taufe
im Siebenbürger Sachsenlande_, p. 15. This tractate (of which I
possess a copy) appears to be a programme of the High School
(_Gymnasium_) at Schässburg in Transylvania for the school year
1876-1877.
1077 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiac eorumque lingua, vita, et
religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 494.
1078 W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_ (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 108.
1079 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 518.
1080 J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxvi. (1892) p.
114; C. M. Pleyte, “Plechtigheden en gebruiken uit den cyclus van
het familienleven der volken van den Indischen Archipel,” _Bijdragen
tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xli.
(1892) p. 586.
1081 H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i.
98.
1082 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 170.
1083 J. G. F. Riedel, “Alte Gebräuche bei Heirathen, Geburt und
Sterbefällen bei dem Toumbuluh-Stamm in der Minahasa (Nord
Selebes),” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, viii. (1895)
pp. 95 _sq._
1084 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 606
_sq._
M180 On the principles of homoeopathic magic knots are impediments which
tie up the mother and prevent her from bringing the child to the
birth. All locks, doors, drawers, windows, etc. opened in order to
facilitate childbirth.
1085 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 692.
1086 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, pp. 433 _sq._
1087 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte
Überlieferungen im Voigtlande_, pp. 435 _sq._; A. Wuttke, _Der
deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 p. 355, § 574.
1088 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of
Scotland_, p. 37. note 1.
1089 Festus, p. 56, ed. C. O. Müller.
1090 G. F. D’Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” _Indian
Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.
1091 H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en
hare Bevolking,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvi. (1896) p. 503. Compare A. L. van Hasselt,
_Volksbeschrijving van Midden Sumatra_, p. 266.
1092 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk
leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 117.
1093 H. K[ern], “Bijgeloof onder de inlanders in den Oosthoek van Java,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880)
310; J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,”
_Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_,
xxxvi. (1892) pp. 120, 124; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken,
die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en
opvoeding hunner kinderen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 253.
1094 A. W. P. V. Pistorius, _Studien over de inlandsche huishouding in de
Padangsche Bovenlanden_ (Zalt-Bommel, 1871), pp. 55 _sq._; A. L. van
Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_ (Leyden, 1882), p.
266; J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen
Selebes en Papua_ (the Hague, 1886), pp. 135, 207, 325.
1095 Th. Bérengier, “Croyances superstitieuses dans le pays de
Chittagong,” _Missions Catholiques_, xiii. (1881) p. 515.
1096 Damien Grangeon, “Les Chams et leurs superstitions,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 93.
1097 A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” _Indian
Antiquary_, xxxi. (1902) p. 378.
1098 B. Pilsudski, “Schwangerschaft, Entbindung und Fehlgeburt bei den
Bewohnern der Insel Sachalin,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 759.
1099 E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 39.
1100 R. Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_ (London, 1908), p. 169.
M181 On the principles of homoeopathic magic the crossing of the legs is
also thought to impede childbirth and other things.
1101 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 59. Compare Hippocrates, _De morbo
sacro_, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρί; ταῦτα γὰρ
πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι (vol. i. p. 589, ed. Kühn, Leipsic, 1825,
quoted by E. Rohde, _Psyche_,3 ii. 76 note 1).
1102 Ovid, _Metam._ ix. 285 _sqq._ Antoninus Liberalis, quoting Nicander,
says it was the Fates and Ilithyia who impeded the birth of
Hercules, but though he says they clasped their hands, he does not
say that they crossed their legs (_Transform._ 29). Compare
Pausanias, ix. 11. 3.
1103 A. Strausz, _Die Bulgaren_ (Leipsic, 1898), p. 293.
1104 F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. 303.
M182 Knots are supposed to prevent the consummation of marriage. Knots
loosed in the costume of bride and bridegroom in order to ensure the
consummation of the marriage. Knots tied by enchanters to render the
bridegroom impotent.
1105 J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 897, 983; J. Brand, _Popular
Antiquities_, iii. 299; J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of
Scotland_, pp. 302, 306 _sq._; B. Souché, _Croyances, présages et
traditions diverses_, p. 16; J. G. Bourke, in _Ninth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 567.
1106 J. G. Dalyell, _ll.cc._
1107 Rev. Dr. Th. Bisset, in Sir John Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of
Scotland_, v. (Edinburgh, 1793) p. 83. In his account of the second
tour which he made in Scotland in the summer of 1772, Pennant says
that “the precaution of loosening every knot about the new-joined
pair is strictly observed” (Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii.
382). He is here speaking particularly of the Perthshire Highlands.
1108 Pennant, “Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii.
91. However, at a marriage in the island of Skye, the same traveller
observed that “the bridegroom put all the powers of magic to
defiance, for he was married with both shoes tied with their
latchet” (Pennant, “Second Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton’s _Voyages
and Travels_, iii. 325). According to another writer the shoe-tie of
the bridegroom’s _right_ foot was unloosed at the church-door (Ch.
Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 232).
1109 Eijüb Abela, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in
Syrien,” _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins_, vii. (1884)
pp. 91 _sq._
1110 Georgeakis et Pineau, _Folk-lore de Lesbos_, pp. 344 _sq._
1111 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 288-292.
M183 Use of knots at marriage in the island of Rotti.
1112 “Eenige mededeelingen betreffende Rote door een inlandischen
Schoolmeester,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 554; N. Graafland, “Eenige
aanteekeningen op ethnographisch gebied ten aanzien van het eiland
Rote,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxiii. (1889) pp. 373 _sq._
M184 Knots may be used to inflict disease.
1113 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 533.
1114 M. Jastrow, _The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, pp. 268, 270.
1115 J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 307.
_ 1116 Al Baidawī’s Commentary on the Koran_, chap. 113, verse 4. I have
to thank my friend Prof. A. A. Bevan for indicating this passage to
me, and furnishing me with a translation of it.
1117 E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 293. The Tahitians
ascribed certain painful illnesses to the twisting and knotting of
their insides by demons (W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i.
363).
M185 Knots may be used to cure disease.
1118 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 48.
1119 C. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 83 sq.; R.
Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_ (London, 1908), pp. 164 _sqq._
1120 R. Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. 168 _sq._
1121 E. O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_ (London, 1882), ii. 319.
1122 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 531.
1123 R. C. Maclagan, M.D., “Notes on Folklore Objects collected in
Argyleshire,” _Folk-lore_, vi. (1895) pp. 154-156. In the north-west
of Ireland divination by means of a knotted thread is practised in
order to discover whether a sick beast will recover or die. See E.
B. Tylor, in _International Folk-lore Congress_, 1891, _Papers and
Transactions_, pp. 391 _sq._
1124 R. Chambers, _Popular Rhymes of Scotland_, New Edition, p. 349.
Grimm has shewn that the words of this charm are a very ancient
spell for curing a lame horse, a spell based on an incident in the
myth of the old Norse god Balder, whose foal put its foot out of
joint and was healed by the great master of spells, the god Woden.
See J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 i. 185, ii. 1030 _sq._ Christ
has been substituted for Balder in the more modern forms of the
charm both in Scotland and Germany.
1125 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), i. 279.
M186 Knots may be used to win a lover or capture a runaway slave.
1126 Virgil, _Ecl._ viii. 78-80. Highland sorcerers also used three
threads of different colours with three knots tied on each thread.
See J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 306.
1127 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_2 (Berlin, 1897), p.
163.
1128 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 263.
1129 C. Velten, _Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli_ (Göttingen, 1903), p.
317.
M187 Knots tied by hunters and travellers.
1130 David Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_ (Edinburgh, 1875), p.
147.
_ 1131 Gríhya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 432, part
ii. p. 127 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix., xxx.).
1132 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_ (London,
1857), pp. 217 _sq._
1133 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_ (Saigon, 1885), pp. 23 _sq._
1134 Vetter, in _Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_,
xii. (1893) p. 95.
M188 Knots and locks used as protective amulets in Russia and elsewhere.
1135 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 388-390.
1136 Ovid, _Fasti_, ii. 577 _sqq._; compare W. Warde Fowler, _Roman
Festivals of the Period of the Republic_, pp. 309 _sq._
_ 1137 Geoponica_, i. 14.
1138 M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 115.
1139 M. Abeghian, _op. cit._ p. 91.
1140 V. Titelbach, “Das heilige Feuer bei den Balkanslaven,”
_Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xiii. (1900) p. 3.
1141 A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen
Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 9.
1142 C. J. R. Le Mesurier, “Customs and Superstitions connected with the
Cultivation of Rice in the Southern Province of Ceylon,” _Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society_, N.S., xvii. (1885) p. 371.
1143 J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 307.
1144 J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 231 (Bohn’s edition); R. Hunt,
_Popular Romances of the West of England_, p. 379; T. F. Thiselton
Dyer, _English Folk-lore_, pp. 229 _sq._ On the other hand the
Karaits, a Jewish sect in the Crimea, lock all cupboards when a
person is in the last agony, lest their contents should be polluted
by the contagion of death. See S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der
Krim,” _Globus_, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143.
1145 Extract from _The Times_ of 4th September 1863, quoted in
_Folk-lore_, xix. (1908) p. 336.
1146 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 98.
M189 The magical virtue of a knot is always that of an impediment or
hindrance whether for good or evil.
1147 H. Runge, “Volksglaube in der Schweiz,” _Zeitschrift für deutsche
Mythologie und Sittenkunde_, iv. (1859) p. 178, § 25. The belief is
reported from Zurich.
1148 J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and
Islands of Scotland_, p. 174; _id._, _Superstitions of the Highlands
and Islands of Scotland_, p. 241.
1149 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 208.
1150 R. F. Kaindl, “Volksüberlieferungen der Pidhireane,” _Globus_,
lxxiii. (1898) p. 251.
1151 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), pp. 89 _sq._ The tying and
untying of magic knots was forbidden by the Coptic church, but we
are not told the purposes for which the knots were used. See _Il
Fetha Nagast o legislazione dei re, codice ecclesiastico e civile di
Abissinia_, tradotto e annotato da Ignazio Guidi (Rome, 1899), p.
140.
M190 The rule that at certain magical and religious rites the hair should
be loose and the feet bare is probably based on a fear of the
impediment which is thought to be caused by any knot or
constriction. Custom of going on certain solemn occasions with one
shoe on and one shoe off.
1152 For examples see Horace, _Sat._ i. 8, 23 _sq._; Virgil, _Aen._ iii.
370, iv. 509; Ovid, _Metam._ vii. 182 _sq._; Tibullus, i. 3. 29-32;
Petronius, _Sat._ 44; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3. 3; Columella, _De re
rustica_, x. 357-362; Athenaeus, v. 28, p. 198 E; Dittenberger,
_Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum_,2 Nos. 653 (lines 23 _sq._) and
939; Ch. Michel, _Recueil d’inscriptions grecques_, No. 694. Compare
Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 518, “_In sacris nihil solet esse
religatum._”
1153 Ovid, _Fasti_, iii. 257 _sq._
1154 Thucydides, iii. 22.
1155 Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 133.
1156 Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 689 _sq._
1157 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 129 _sqq._: Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonaut._ i. 5
_sqq._; Apollodorus, i. 9. 16.
1158 Artemidorus, _Onirocrit._ iv. 63. At Chemmis in Upper Egypt there
was a temple of Perseus, and the people said that from time to time
Perseus appeared to them and they found his great sandal, two cubits
long, which was a sign of prosperity for the whole land of Egypt.
See Herodotus, ii. 91.
_ 1159 Gazette archéologique_, 1884, plates 44, 45, 46 with the remarks of
De Witte and F. Lenormant, pp. 352 _sq._ The skin on which the man
is crouching is probably the so-called “fleece of Zeus” (Διὸς
κώδιον), as to which see Hesychius and Suidas, _s.v._; Polemo, ed.
Preller, pp. 140-142; C. A. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, pp. 183 _sqq._
Compare my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.
1160 Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 517 _sqq._
1161 I. Goldziher, “Der Dîwân des Garwal b. Aus Al-Hutej’ a,”
_Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xlvi.
(1892) p. 5.
M191 The intention of going with one shoe on and one shoe off on such
occasions seems to be to free the man so attired from magical
constraint and to lay it on his enemy.
1162 See Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 370: “_In ratione sacrorum par
est et animae et corporis causa: nam plerumque quae non possunt
circa animam fieri fiunt circa corpus, ut solvere vel ligare, quo
possit anima, quod per se non potest, ex cognatione sentire._”
1163 Livy, i. 18. 7.
1164 “_UNUM EXUTA PEDEM quia id agitur, ut et ista solvatur et implicetur
Aeneas_,” Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 518.
M192 Rings also are regarded as magical fetters which prevent the egress
or ingress of spirits.
1165 “On a Far-off Island,” _Blackwood’s Magazine_, February 1886, p.
238.
1166 Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._ v. 5. 28, p. 662, ed. Potter;
Jamblichus, _Adhortatio ad philosophiam_, 23; Plutarch, _De
educatione puerorum_, 17. According to others, all that Pythagoras
forbade was the wearing of a ring on which the likeness of a god was
engraved (Diogenes Laertius, viii. 1. 17; Porphyry, _Vit. Pythag._
42; Suidas, _s.v._ Πυθαγόρας); according to Julian a ring was only
forbidden if it bore the names of the gods (Julian, _Or._ vii. p.
236 D, p. 306 ed. Dindorf). I have shewn elsewhere that the maxims
or symbols of Pythagoras, as they were called, are in great measure
merely popular superstitions (_Folk-lore_, i. (1890) pp. 147
_sqq._).
1167 This we learn from an inscription found on the site. See Ἐφημερὶς
ἀρχαιολογική, Athens, 1898, col. 249; Dittenberger, _Sylloge
inscriptionum Graecarum_,2 No. 939.
1168 Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 657 _sq._
M193 Rings worn as amulets against demons, witches, and ghosts. Reason
why the Flamen Dialis might not wear knots and rings.
1169 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2
p. 3.
1170 J. Scheffer, _Lapponia_ (Frankfort, 1673), p. 313.
1171 R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 89; _id._, “Viehzucht
und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 386.
1172 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 13, 16.
1173 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 143.
1174 M. Merker, _op. cit._ pp. 200 _sq._, 202; compare, _id._ p. 250.
1175 Above, p. 267.
1176 Above, pp. 32, 51.
1177 Above, p. 31.
1178 De la Borde, “Relation de l’origine, etc., des Caraibes sauvages,”
p. 15, in _Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en
l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1684).
1179 A considerable body of evidence as to rings and the virtues
attributed to them has been collected by Mr. W. Jones in his work
_Finger-ring Lore_ (London, 1877). See also W. G. Black,
_Folk-medicine_, pp. 172-177.
1180 Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 8. See above, p. 14.
1181 Marcellinus on Hermogenes, in _Rhetores Graeci_, ed. Walz, iv. 462;
Sopater, _ibid._ viii. 67.
1182 Demosthenes, _Contra Androt._ 68, p. 614; P. Foucart, _Le Culte de
Dionysos en Attique_ (Paris, 1904), p. 168.
1183 H. A. Oldfield, _Sketches from Nipal_ (London, 1880), ii. 342 _sq._
M194 The Gordian knot was perhaps a royal talisman.
1184 Arrian, _Anabasis_, ii. 3; Quintus Curtius, iii. 1; Justin, xi. 7;
Schol. on Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 671.
1185 Public talismans, on which the safety of the state was supposed to
depend, were common in antiquity. See C. A. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_,
pp. 278 _sqq._, and my note on Pausanias, viii. 47. 5.
M195 The savage confuses words and things, and hence regards his name as
a vital part of himself, and fancies that he can be magically
injured through it.
1186 On the primitive conception of the relation of names to persons and
things, see E. B. Tylor, _Early History of Mankind_,3 pp. 123
_sqq._; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_
(Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 165 _sqq._; E. Clodd, _Tom-tit-tot_ (London,
1898), pp. 53 _sqq._, 79 _sqq._ In what follows I have used with
advantage the works of all these writers.
1187 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), p. 343.
1188 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington,
1899) p. 289.
1189 A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) pp. 61 _sq._
1190 Professor (Sir) J. Rhys, “Welsh Fairies,” _The Nineteenth Century_,
xxx. (July-December 1891) pp. 566 _sq._
M196 The Australian savages keep their names secret lest sorcerers should
injure them by means of their names.
1191 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 377;
compare _id._ p. 440.
1192 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 469, note.
1193 C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_ (London, 1889), p. 280.
1194 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 736.
1195 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 133.
1196 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 46.
1197 J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 94. The
writer appears to mean that the natives feared they would die if any
one, or at any rate, an enemy, learned their real names.
1198 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 139;
compare _ibid._ p. 637; _id._, _Northern Tribes of Central
Australia_, pp. 584 _sq._
M197 The same fear of sorcery has led people to conceal their names in
Egypt, Africa, Asia, and the East Indies.
1199 E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” _Mélusine_,
viii. (1897) coll. 226 _sq._
1200 Mansfield Parkyns, _Life in Abyssinia_ (London, 1868), pp. 301 _sq._
_ 1201 Grihya Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 50, 183,
395, part ii. pp. 55, 215, 281; A. Hillebrandt, _Vedische Opfer und
Zauber_, pp. 46, 170 _sq._; W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_,
p. 162, note 20; D. C. J. Ibbetson, _Outlines of Punjáb Ethnography_
(Calcutta, 1883), p. 118; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore
of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 24, ii. 5; _id._,
_Natives of Northern India_ (London, 1907), p. 199.
1202 A. B. Ellis, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_, p. 109.
1203 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 98.
1204 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuples de la Sénégambie_ (Paris,
1879), p. 28.
1205 E. Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nías_ (Milan, 1890), p. 465.
1206 T. C. Hodson, “The _genna_ amongst the Tribes of Assam,” _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 97.
1207 C. de Sabir, “Quelques notes sur les Manègres,” _Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie_ (Paris), Vme Série, i. (1861) p. 51.
1208 A. Schadenburg, “Die Bewohner von Süd-Mindanao und der Insel Samal,”
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xvii. (1885) p. 30.
1209 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p.
455; J. W. Meerburg, “Proeve einer beschrijving van land en volk van
Midden-Manggarai (West-Flores), Afdeeling Bima,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxiv. (1891) p. 465.
1210 F. Kauffmann, _Balder_ (Strasburg, 1902), p. 198.
M198 The South and Central American Indians also keep their names secret
from fear of sorcery.
1211 This I learned from my wife, who spent some years in Chili and
visited the island of Chiloe.
1212 E. R. Smith, _The Araucanians_ (London, 1855), p. 222.
1213 E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_ (London, 1883), p.
220.
1214 F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of
Colombia,” _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, N.S.,
vii. (1885) p. 790.
1215 Dr. Cullen, “The Darien Indians,” _Transactions of the Ethnological
Society of London_, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 265.
1216 A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l’État de Panama,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, vi. (1887) p. 44.
1217 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, i. 462.
M199 Similar superstition as to personal names among the Indians of North
America.
1218 H. R. Schoolcraft, _The American Indians, their History, Condition,
and Prospects_ (Buffalo, 1851), p. 213. Compare _id._, _Oneóta, or
Characteristics of the Red Race of America_ (New York and London,
1845), p. 456.
1219 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 217.
1220 J. G. Bourke, “Notes upon the Religion of the Apache Indians,”
_Folk-lore_ ii. (1891) p. 423.
1221 A. S. Galschet, _The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas_
(_Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum,
Harvard University_, vol. i. No. 2), p. 69.
1222 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_ (Washington, 1877), p. 315.
1223 G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_, p. 194.
_ 1224 Relations des Jésuites_, 1633, p. 3 (Canadian reprint, Quebec,
1858).
1225 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 162. Compare A. P.
Reid, “Religious Beliefs of the Ojibois or Sauteux Indians,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 107.
M200 Sometimes savages, though they will not utter their own names, do
not object to other people’s doing so.
M201 Men who will not mention their own names will yet invite other
people to do so for them.
1226 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London, 1880), p. 289.
1227 H. W. Grainge, “Journal of a Visit to Mojanga on the North-West
Coast,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, No. i. p. 25
(reprint of the first four numbers, Antananarivo and London, 1885).
1228 J. G. Bourke, “Medicine-men of the Apaches,” _Ninth Annual Report of
the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 461.
1229 R. C. Mayne, _Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island_
(London, 1862), pp. 278 _sq._
1230 J. G. Bourke, _On the Border with Crook_, pp. 131 _sq._
1231 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna, 1784), ii. 498.
1232 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington,
1899) p. 289.
1233 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, p. 221. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge,
“Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 172 _sq._ The
custom is reported for the British settlements in the Straits of
Malacca by T. J. Newbold (_Political and Statistical Account of the
British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca_, London, 1839, ii.
176); for Sumatra in general by W. Marsden (_History of Sumatra_,
pp. 286 _sq._), and A. L. van Hasselt (_Volksbeschrijving van
Midden-Sumatra_, p. 271); for the Battas by Baron van Hoëvell (“Iets
over ’t oorlogvoeren der Batta’s,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch
Indië_, N.S., vii. (1878) p. 436, note); for the Dyaks by C. Hupe
(“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,”
_Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. p. 250), and W.
H. Furness (_Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, Philadelphia, 1902,
p. 16); for the island of Sumba by S. Roos (“Bijdrage tot de Kennis
van Taal, Land en Volk op het Eiland Soemba,” p. 70, _Verhandelingen
van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_,
xxxvi.); and for Bolang Mongondo, in the west of Celebes, by N. P.
Wilken and J. A. Schwarz (“Allerlei over het land en volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356).
1234 J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 187. If a Motumotu man
is hard pressed for his name and there is nobody near to help him,
he will at last in a very stupid way mention it himself.
1235 O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der
Umgebung von Finschhafen,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889)
p. 12. Compare M. Krieger, _Neu Guinea_ (Berlin, 1899), p. 172.
1236 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902)
p. 279. The Nufoors are a Papuan tribe on Doreh Bay, in Dutch New
Guinea. See _id._, in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) p. 287.
1237 J. Graf Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee_
(Brunswick, 1899), p. 78; P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner
der Gazellehalbinsel_ (Hiltrup bei Münster, preface dated Christmas,
1906), pp. 237 _sq._
1238 J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of
South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xx. (1891) p. 131.
1239 V. L. Cameron, _Across Africa_ (London, 1877), ii. 61.
1240 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The Last of the Masai_ (London, 1901),
pp. 48 _sq._ Compare Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_
(London, 1902), ii. 826 _sq._; M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin,
1904), p. 56.
1241 P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für
Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxiv. (1889) p. 258.
1242 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 29.
1243 E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Note on the Southern Ba-Mbala,” _Man_,
vii. (1907) p. 81.
M202 Sometimes the prohibition to mention personal names is not permanent
but temporary and contingent.
1244 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 43.
1245 Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper
Congo River,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxix.
(1909) pp. 128, 459.
1246 R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 198.
1247 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 73.
M203 In order to avoid the use of people’s own names, parents are
sometimes named after their children, uncles and aunts after their
nephews and nieces, and so forth. The common custom of naming
parents after their children seems to arise from a reluctance to
mention the real names of persons addressed or directly referred to.
1248 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, iii. 545. Similarly among the
Dacotas “there is no secrecy in children’s names, but when they grow
up there is a secrecy in men’s names” (H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian
Tribes_, iii. 240).
1249 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902)
p. 278.
1250 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xl. (1896) pp. 273 _sqq._
1251 G. Mansveld (Kontroleur van Nias), “Iets over de namen en Galars
onder de Maleijers in de Padangsche Bovenlanden, bepaaldelijk in
noordelijk Agam,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xxiii. (1876) pp. 443, 449.
1252 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 208.
1253 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 202.
1254 L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmapootra Valley,” _Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 52, 69,
compare 46.
1255 H. Callaway, _Religious System of the Amazulu_, part iii. p. 316,
note.
1256 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 5 _sq._ Compare _id._, _Tribes and Castes
of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, ii. 251.
1257 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 216-219; E. B. Tylor, “On a Method of
Investigating the Developement of Institutions,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xviii. (1889) pp. 248-250 (who refers to
a series of papers by G. A. Wilken, “Over de primitieve vormen van
het huwelijk,” published in _Indische Gids_, 1880, etc., which I
have not seen). Wilken’s theory is rejected by Mr. A. C. Kruijt
(_l.c._), who explains the custom by the fear of attracting the
attention of evil spirits to the person named. Other explanations
are suggested by Mr. J. H. F. Kohlbrugge (“Naamgeving in Insulinde,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170), and by Mr. E. Crawley
(_The Mystic Rose_, London, 1902, pp. 428-433).
1258 For evidence of the custom of naming parents after their children in
Australia, see E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery
into Central Australia_ (London, 1845), ii. 325 _sq._: in Sumatra,
see W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 286; Baron van Hoëvell,
“Iets over ’t oorlogvoeren der Batta’s,” _Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch-Indië_, N.S. vii. (1878) p. 436, note; A. L. van
Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 274: in Nias,
see J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, _Verslag omtrent
het eiland Nias_, p. 28 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. Batavia, 1863): in
Java, see P. J. Veth, _Java_, i. (Haarlem, 1875) p. 642; J. H. F.
Kohlbrugge, “Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischen Volksstamm,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, liii. (1901) p. 121; in Borneo, see C. Hupe,
“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,”
_Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. p. 249; H. Low,
_Sarawak_, p. 249; Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far
East_,2 i. 208; M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der
Dajaks_, p. 42; C. Hose, “The Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxiii. (1894) p. 170; W. H. Furness,
_Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, privately
printed), p. 26; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 17
_sq._, 55; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 75: among the
Mantras of Malacca, see W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races
of the Malay Peninsula_, ii. 16 _sq._: among the Negritos of
Zambales in the Philippines, see W. A. Reed, _Negritos of Zambales_
(Manilla, 1904), p. 55: in the islands between Celebes and New
Guinea, see J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen
tusschen Selebes en Papua_, pp. 5, 137, 152 _sq._, 238, 260, 353,
392, 418, 450; J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,”
_Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_,
xlvi. (1902) p. 444; in Celebes and other parts of the Indian
Archipelago, see J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170; G. A. Wilken,
_Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 216 _sqq._: in New Guinea, see P. W.
Schmidt, “Ethnographisches von Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,”
_Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxx.
(1899) p. 28: among the Kasias of North-eastern India, see Col. H.
Yule, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, ix. (1880) p.
298; L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” _Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (Calcutta, 1901)
p. 46: among some of the indigenous races of southern China, see P.
Vial, “Les Gni ou Gnipa, tribu Lolote du Yun-Nan,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 270; _La Mission lyonnaise
d’exploration commerciale en Chine_ (Lyons, 1898), p. 369: in Corea,
see Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 136:
among the Yukagirs of north-eastern Asia, see W. Jochelson, “Die
Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” xvii. _Jahresbericht der
Geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern_ (Bern, 1900), pp. 26 _sq._; P.
von Stenin, “Jochelson’s Forschungen unter den Jukagiren,” _Globus_,
lxxvi. (1899) p. 169: among the Masai, see M. Merker, _Die Masai_
(Berlin, 1904), pp. 59, 235: among the Bechuanas, Basutos, and other
Caffre tribes of South Africa, see D. Livingston, _Missionary
Travels and Researches in South Africa_ (London, 1857), p. 126; J.
Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), pp. 220 _sq._; D.
Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 171
_sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London, 1886), p. 225;
Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 300: among the Hos of
Togoland in West Africa, see J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stāmme_, p. 217:
among the Patagonians, see G. C. Musters, _At Home with the
Patagonians_ (London, 1871), p. 177: among the Lengua Indians of the
Gran Chaco, see G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der
Lengua-Indianer,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu
Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 28: among the Mayas of Guatemala, see H. H.
Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, ii. 680: among the
Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, see J. R. Swanton,
“Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. v. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 118: and
among the Tinneh and occasionally the Thlinkeet Indians of
north-west America, see E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_
(Paris, 1876), p. 61; H. J. Holmberg, “Ethnographische Skizzen über
die Völker des russischen Amerika,” _Acta Societatis Scientiarum
Fennicae_, iv. (1856) p. 319.
M204 The names of persons related to the speaker by blood and especially
by marriage may often not be mentioned. Women’s speech among the
Caffres.
1259 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), p. 221.
1260 Maclean, _Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs_ (Cape Town, 1866),
pp. 92 _sq._; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_,2 pp. 141
_sq._, 172; M. Kranz, _Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus_ (Wiesbaden,
1880), pp. 114 _sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London,
1886), p. 214; _id._, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. 435;
Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 236-243; Father Porte, “Les
reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 233.
1261 Rev. Francis Fleming, _Kaffraria and its Inhabitants_ (London,
1853), p. 97; _id._, _Southern Africa_ (London, 1856), pp. 238 _sq._
This writer states that the women are forbidden to pronounce “any
word which may happen to contain a sound similar to any one in the
names of their nearest male relatives.”
1262 Maclean, _op. cit._ p. 93; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and
Amatongas_,2 pp. 46, 102, 172. The extensive system of taboos on
personal names among the Caffres is known as _Ukuhlonipa_, or simply
_hlonipa_. The fullest account of it with which I am acquainted is
given by Leslie, _op. cit._ pp. 141 _sq._, 172-180. See further Miss
A. Werner, “The Custom of _Hlonipa_ in its Influence on Language,”
_Journal of the African Society_, No. 15 (April, 1905), pp. 346-356.
1263 Sir H. H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_ (London, 1897), p. 452.
1264 A. Merensky, “Das Konde-volk im deutschen Gebiet am Nyassa-See,”
_Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie,
Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte_, 1893, p. (296).
1265 W. Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_ (Schaffhausen, 1864), p.
526; _id._, _Sitten und Recht der Bogos_ (Winterthur, 1859), p. 95.
1266 G. A. Krause, “Merkwürdige Sitten der Haussa,” _Globus_, lxix.
(1896) p. 375.
1267 Herodotus, i. 146.
1268 Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 58.
1269 K. Rhamm, “Der Verkehr der Geschlecter unter den Slaven in seinen
gegensätzlichen Erscheinungen,” _Globus_, lxxxii. (1902) p. 192.
1270 W. Radloff, _Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme
Süd-Sibiriens_, iii. (St. Petersburg, 1870) p. 13, note 3.
1271 J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp.
226, 249 _sq._, 252.
1272 Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx.
(1888) p. 308.
1273 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 626.
1274 E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, p. 533.
1275 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 162.
1276 E. James, _Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains_
(London, 1823), i. 232.
1277 S. R. Riggs, _Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography_ (Washington,
1893), p. 204.
1278 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 315.
M205 Names of relations, especially of persons related to the speaker by
marriage, may not be mentioned in the East Indies.
1279 Willer, “Verzameling der Battasche Wetten en Instellingen in
Mandheling en Pertibie,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië_,
1846, dl. ii. 337 _sq._
1280 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk
leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) pp. 123, 125.
1281 J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rĕboe bij de Karo-Bataks,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlviii.
(1906) p. 510.
1282 C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der
Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_, 1846, dl. iii. pp.
249 _sq._
1283 “De Dajaks op Borneo,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xiii. (1869) p. 78; G. A. Wilken,
_Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, p. 599.
1284 R. Shelford, “Two Medicine-baskets from Sarawak,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 78 _sq._
1285 M. C. Schadee, “Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks
van Landak en Tajan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde
van Nederlandsche-Indië_, lvi. (1904) p. 536.
1286 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xl. (1896) pp. 273 _sq._
The word for taboo among these people is _kapali_. See further A. C.
Kruijt, “Eenige ethnographische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe
en Tomori,” _op. cit._ xliv. (1900) pp. 219, 237.
1287 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 599 _sq._
1288 G. A. Wilken, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Alfoeren van het Eiland
Boeroe,” p. 26 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van
Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi.). The words for taboo among these
Alfoors are _poto_ and _koin_; _poto_ applies to actions, _koin_ to
things and places. The literal meaning of _poto_ is “warm,” “hot”
(Wilken, _op. cit._ p. 25).
1289 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p.
455.
1290 N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het Land en Volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.
1291 C. F. H. Campen, “De godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche
Alfoeren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_,
xxvii. (1882) p. 450.
1292 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 _sq._
The precise consequence supposed to follow is that the _oebi_ (?)
plantations would have no bulbs (_geen knollen_). The names of
several animals are also tabooed in Sunda. See below, p. 415.
M206 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in
New Guinea.
1293 Above, p. 332.
1294 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902)
pp. 278 _sq._ The writer explains that “to eat well” is a phrase
used in the sense of “to be decent, well-behaved,” “to know what is
customary.”
1295 M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 171 _sq._
1296 K. Vetter, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den
Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92. For more evidence of the observance
of this custom in German New Guinea see O. Schellong, “Über
Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von
Finschhafen,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12; M. J.
Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen,
Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen
Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 379 _sq._
1297 B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,”
_British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 54 _sq._
Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 313 _sq._
M207 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in
Melanesia.
_ 1298 Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres
Straits_, v. 142 _sq._
1299 Dr. Hahl, “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen eines Teiles
der Blanchebucht und des Innern der Gazelle Halbinsel,” _Nachrichten
über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 80;
O. Schellong, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12.
1300 P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel_, pp.
190, 238.
1301 Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef
Islands,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904)
pp. 223 _sq._
1302 Father Lambert, “Mœurs et superstitions de la tribu Belep,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xii. (1880) pp. 30, 68; _id._, _Mœurs et
superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 94 _sq._
1303 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 43 _sq._
M208 Names of relations tabooed in Australia.
1304 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions_, ii. 339.
1305 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 29. Specimens of this
peculiar form of speech are given by Mr. Dawson. For example, “It
will be very warm by and by” was expressed in the ordinary language
_Baawan kulluun_; in “turn tongue” it was _Gnullewa gnatnæn
tirambuul_.
1306 Joseph Parker, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 156.
1307 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake_
(London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._ It is obvious that the example given by
the writer does not illustrate his general statement. Apparently he
means to say that Nuki is the son-in-law, not the son, of the woman
in question, and that the prohibition to mention the names of
persons standing in that relationship is mutual.
1308 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.
1309 D. Stewart, in E. M. Curr’s _Australian Race_, iii. 461.
M209 These taboos can hardly be accounted for by the intermarriage of
tribes speaking different languages. Differences of language between
husbands and wives. Intermixture of races speaking different
languages would hardly account for the taboos on the names of
relations.
1310 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_ (Adelaide,
1879), p. 249.
1311 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, pp. 27, 30 _sq._, 40. So among
the Gowmditch-mara tribe of western Victoria the child spoke his
father’s language, and not his mother’s, when she happened to be of
another tribe (Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 276).
Compare A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp.
250 _sq._
1312 A. Hale, “On the Sakais,” _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xv. (1886) p. 291.
1313 H. A. Coudreau, _La France équinoxiale_ (Paris, 1887), ii. 178.
1314 De Rochefort, _Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles de
l’Amerique_2 (Rotterdam, 1665), pp. 349 _sq._; De la Borde,
“Relation de l’origine, etc., des Caraibs sauvages des Isles
Antilles de l’Amerique,” pp. 4, 39 (_Recueil de divers voyages faits
en Afrique et en Amerique, qui n’ont point esté encore publiez_,
Paris, 1684); Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, i. 55. On
the language of the Carib women see also Jean Baptiste du Tertre,
_Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de
la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1654), p. 462;
Labat, _Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1713), vi.
127 _sq._; J. N. Rat, “The Carib Language,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxvii. (1898) pp. 311 _sq._
1315 See C. Sapper, “Mittelamericanische Caraiben,” _Internationales
Archiv für Ethnographie_, x. (1897) pp. 56 _sqq._; and my article,
“A Suggestion as to the Origin of Gender in Language,” _Fortnightly
Review_, January 1900, pp. 79-90; also _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv.
237 _sq._
1316 P. Ehrenreich, “Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens,”
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxvi. (1894) pp. 23-35.
M210 The names of the dead are in general not mentioned by the Australian
aborigines.
1317 Strabo, xi. 4. 8, p. 503.
1318 G. Grey, _Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and
Western Australia_ (London, 1841), ii. 232, 257. The writer is here
speaking especially of western Australia, but his statement applies,
with certain restrictions which will be mentioned presently, to all
parts of the continent. For evidence see D. Collins, _Account of the
English Colony in New South Wales_ (London, 1804), p. 390; Hueber,
“À travers l’Australie,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Vme Série, ix. (1865) p. 429; S. Gason, in _Native Tribes
of South Australia_, p. 275; K. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of
Victoria_, i. 120, ii. 297; A. L. P. Cameron, in _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p. 363; E. M. Curr, _The
Australian Race_, i. 88, 338, ii. 195, iii. 22, 29, 139, 166, 596;
J. D. Lang, _Queensland_ (London, 1861), pp. 367, 387, 388; C.
Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_ (London, 1889), p. 279; _Report on the
Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_ (London
and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 137, 168. More evidence is adduced below.
1319 On this latter motive see especially the remarks of A. W. Howitt, in
_Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249. Compare also C. W. Schurmann, in
_Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247; F. Bonney, in _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 127.
1320 A. Oldfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” _Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 238.
1321 A. Oldfield, _op. cit._ p. 240.
1322 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 299.
1323 A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 191; _id._, _Native
Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 440.
_ 1324 Id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 469.
1325 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_
(London, 1847), i. 94.
1326 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 498.
1327 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 526.
1328 E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian
Aborigines,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xvi. (1904)
p. 9.
M211 The names of the dead are not uttered by the American Indians.
1329 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), p.
175.
1330 A. S. Gatschett, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_
(Washington, 1890) (_Contributions to North American Ethnology_,
vol. ii. pt. 1), p. xli; Chase, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, _Native
Races of the Pacific States_, i. 357, note 76.
1331 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 33; compare p. 68.
1332 S. Powers, _op. cit._ p. 240.
1333 F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of
Colombia,” _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, vii.
(1885) p. 791.
1334 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_, ii. 301, 498. For more
evidence of the observance of this taboo among the American Indians
see A. Woldt, _Captain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste
Americas_ (Leipsic, 1884), p. 57 (as to the Indians of the
north-west coast); W. Colquhoun Grant, “Description of Vancouver’s
Island,” _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxvii. (1857)
p. 303 (as to Vancouver Island); Capt. Wilson, “Report on the Indian
Tribes,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S.,
iv. (1866) p. 286 (as to Vancouver Island and neighbourhood); C.
Hill Tout, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxv.
(1905) p. 138; _id._, _The Far West, the Land of the Salish and
Déné_, p. 201; A. Ross, _Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia
River_, p. 322; H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 226 (as to
the Bonaks of California); Ch. N. Bell, “The Mosquito Territory,”
_Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxxii. (1862) p. 255;
A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l’Etat de Panama,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, vi. (1887) p. 56; G. C. Musters, in _Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society_, xli. (1871) p. 68 (as to Patagonia).
More evidence is adduced below.
M212 Many other peoples are reluctant to mention the names of the dead.
This reluctance seems to be based on a fear of the ghosts, whose
attention might be attracted by the mention of their names.
1335 See P. S. Pallas, _Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs_, iii. 76 (Samoyeds); J. W. Breeks, _Account of the Primitive
Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris_ (London, 1873), p. 19; W. E.
Marshall, _Travels amongst the Todas_, p. 177; W. H. R. Rivers, _The
Todas_, pp. 462, 496, 626; Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini),
_Relation des Mongols ou Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii.;
H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_ (Paris,
1864), p. 415; Lieut. S. C. Holland, “The Ainos,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 238; J. Batchelor, _The
Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp. 252, 564; J. M.
Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre
Nachbarn,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, x. (1878) p. 405; A. C.
Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 71; F. Blumentritt, _Versuch einer
Ethnographie der Philippinen_ (Gotha, 1882), p. 38 (_Petermann’s
Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 67); N. Fontana, “On the Nicobar
Isles,” _Asiatick Researches_, iii. (London, 1799) p. 154; W. H.
Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899), p.
26; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, pp. 70 _sq._;
J. E. Calder, “Native Tribes of Tasmania,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 23; J. Bonwick, _Daily
Life of the Tasmanians_, pp. 97, 145, 183.
1336 H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_, p. 431.
1337 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.
1338 K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ iii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 24;
_id._, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den
Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92.
1339 Dr. L. Loria, “Notes on the ancient War Customs of the Natives of
Logea,” _British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 45, 46
_sq._ Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 322.
1340 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington
Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_,
part i. p. 656.
1341 Baron C. C. von der Decken, _Reisen in Ost-Afrika_ (Leipsic,
1869-1871), ii. 25; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und
Vergleiche_, pp. 182 _sq._
1342 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The last of the Masai_ (London, 1901), p.
50; Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_, ii. 826.
M213 The like fear leads people who bear the same name as the dead to
change it for another.
1343 W. Wyatt, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 165.
1344 D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony in New South Wales_
(London, 1804), p. 392.
1345 P. Beveridge, “Notes on the Dialects, Habits, and Mythology of the
Lower Murray Aborigines,” _Transactions of the Royal Society of
Victoria_, vi. 20 _sq._
1346 “Description of the Natives of King George’s Sound (Swan River) and
adjoining Country,” _Journal of the R. Geographical Society_, i.
(1832) pp. 46 _sq._
1347 W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_
(Brisbane, 1903), § 72, p. 20.
1348 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_
(London, 1847), ii. 228.
1349 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, ii. 434; R.
Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. 894 (referring to Roger
Williams).
1350 Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109.
1351 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 349; Myron Eels, “The Twana,
Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual
Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_, p. 656.
1352 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The Last of the Masai_, p. 50.
M214 Sometimes all the near relations of the deceased change their names.
1353 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.
1354 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248.
Compare K. F. v. Baer und Gr. v. Helmersen, _Beiträge zur Kenntniss
des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens_, i. (St.
Petersburg, 1839), p. 108 (as to the Kenayens of Cook’s Inlet and
the neighbourhood).
1355 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i.
(Washington, 1898) p. 231.
1356 F. de Azara, _Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale_ (Paris, 1808),
ii. 153 _sq._
1357 P. Lozano, _Descripcion chorographica_, etc., _del Gran Chaco_
(Cordova, 1733), p. 70.
1358 E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii.
(1899) p. 261. Elsewhere I have suggested that mourning costume in
general may have been adopted with this intention. See _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 73, 98 _sqq._
1359 J. Enderli, “Zwei Jahre bei den Tchuktschen und Korjaken,”
_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xlix. (1903) p. 257.
M215 When the name of the deceased is that of a common object, the word
is often dropped in ordinary speech and another substituted for it.
1360 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 266.
1361 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery_, ii. 354 _sq._
1362 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake_
(London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._
1363 J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 94.
1364 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199,
compare p. xxix.
1365 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 43. Mr. Howitt mentions the
case of a native who arbitrarily substituted the name _nobler_
(“spirituous liquor”) for _yan_ (“water”) because Yan was the name
of a man who had recently died (_Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249).
M216 This custom has transformed some of the languages of the American
Indians.
1366 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna, 1784), ii. 199,
301.
1367 H. Ten Kate, “Notes ethnographiques sur les Comanches,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, iv. (1885) p. 131.
1368 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i.
(Washington, 1898) p. 231.
M217 A similar custom has modified languages in Africa, Buru, New Guinea,
the Caroline Islands, and the Nicobarese.
1369 Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, 17th February
1904.
1370 A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), pp. 304 _sq._ As to the
Masai customs in this respect see also above, pp. 354 _sq._, 356.
1371 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p.
455.
1372 Sir William Macgregor, _British New Guinea_ (London, 1897), p. 79.
1373 C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge,
1910), pp. 629-631.
1374 F. W. Christian, _The Caroline Islands_ (London, 1899), p. 366.
1375 F. A. de Roepstorff, “Tiomberombi, a Nicobar Tale,” _Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal_, liii. (1884) pt. i. pp. 24 _sq._ In some
tribes apparently the names of the dead are only tabooed in the
presence of their relations. See C. Hill-Tout, in “Report of the
Committee on the Ethnological Survey of Canada,” _Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Bradford, 1900,
p. 484; G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p.
399. But in the great majority of the accounts which I have
consulted no such limitation of the taboo is mentioned.
M218 The suppression of the names of the dead cuts at the root of
historical tradition.
1376 A. S. Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_
(Washington, 1890), p. xli. (_Contributions to North American
Ethnology_, vol. ii. pt. I).
1377 P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and
Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., _Journal and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1883_, vol.
xvii. p. 65. The custom of changing common words on the death of
persons who bore them as their names seems also to have been
observed by the Tasmanians. See J. Bonwick, _Daily Life of the
Tasmanians_, p. 145.
M219 Sometimes the names of the dead are revived after a certain time.
The American Indians used to bring the dead to life again by
solemnly bestowing their names on living persons, who were
thereafter regarded as reincarnations of the dead.
1378 G. Grey, _Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and
Western Australia_, ii. 231 _sq._
1379 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.
1380 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247.
1381 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, iii. 156.
1382 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington
Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887_,
p. 656.
1383 S. R. M’Caw, “Mortuary Customs of the Puyallups,” _The American
Antiquarian and Oriental Journal_, viii. (1886) p. 235.
1384 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii.
434. Charlevoix merely says that the taboo on the names of the dead
lasted “a certain time” (_Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109).
“A good long while” is the phrase used by Captain J. G. Bourke in
speaking of the same custom among the Apaches (_On the Border with
Crook_, p. 132).
M220 Mode of reviving the dead in the persons of their namesakes among
the North American Indians.
1385 Gabriel Sagard, _Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons_, Nouvelle
Édition (Paris, 1865), p. 202. The original edition of Sagard’s book
was published at Paris in 1632.
_ 1386 Relations des Jésuites_, 1636, p. 131; _id._, 1642, pp. 53, 85;
_id._, 1644, pp. 66 _sq._ (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).
1387 Daniel W. Harmon, quoted by Rev. Jedidiah Morse, _Report to the
Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs_ (New-Haven,
1822), Appendix, p. 345. The custom seems now to be extinct. It is
not mentioned by Father A. G. Morice in his accounts of the tribe
(in _Proceedings of the Canadian Institute_, Third Series, vol. vii.
1888-89; _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, vol. iv. 1892-93;
_Annual Archaeological Report_, Toronto, 1905).
1388 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_
(New York, 1851), iv. 453.
M221 The dead revived in their namesakes among the Lapps, Khonds,
Yorubas, Baganda, and Makalaka.
1389 E. J. Jessen, _De Finnorum Lapponumque Norwegicorum religione
pagana_, pp. 33 _sq._ (bound up with C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus
Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina
commentatio_, Copenhagen, 1767).
1390 Major S. C. Macpherson, _Memorials of Service in India_ (London,
1865), pp. 72 _sq._
1391 C. Spiess, “Einiges über die Bedeutung der Personennamen der Evheer
in Togo-Gebiete,” _Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische
Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 56 _sq._
1392 A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p.
152; _id._, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 153
_sq._ In the former passage the writer says nothing about the
child’s name. In the latter he merely says that an ancestor is
supposed to have sent the child, who accordingly commonly takes the
name of that ancestor. But the analogy of other peoples makes it
highly probable that, as Col. Ellis himself states in his later work
(_The Yoruba-speaking Peoples_), the ancestor is believed to be
incarnate in the child. That the Yoruba child takes the name of the
ancestor who has come to life again in him is definitely stated by
A. Dieterich in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1904) p.
20, referring to _Zeitschrift für Missionskunde und
Religionswissenschaft_, xv. (1900) p. 17, a work to which I have not
access. Dieterich’s account of the subject of rebirth (_op. cit._
pp. 18-21) deserves to be consulted.
1393 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 32.
1394 C. Mauch, _Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika_ (Gotha, 1874), p. 43
(_Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänsungsheft_, No. 37).
M222 Revival of the names of the dead among the Nicobarese and Gilyaks.
1395 Sir R. C. Temple, in _Census of India, 1901_, vol. iii. 207, 212.
1396 Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), _Relation des Mongols ou
Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii. The writer’s statement
(“_nec nomen proprium ejus usque ad tertiam generationem audet
aliquis nominare_”) is not very clear.
1397 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p.
166.
M223 Namesakes of the dead treated as the dead in person among the
Esquimaux of Bering Strait.
1398 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington,
1899), pp. 363 _sq._, 365, 368, 371, 377, 379, 424 _sq._
M224 Ceremonies at the naming of children are probably often associated
with the idea of rebirth.
1399 On the doctrine of the reincarnation of ancestors in their
descendants see E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 ii. 3-5, who
observes with great probability that “among the lower races
generally the renewal of old family names by giving them to new-born
children may always be suspected of involving some such thought.”
See further _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. 297-299.
M225 Sometimes the names of the dead may be pronounced after their bodies
have decayed. Arunta practice of chasing the ghost into the grave at
the end of the period of mourning.
1400 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248.
1401 G. Taplin, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 19.
1402 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199.
1403 Some of the Indians of Guiana bring food and drink to their dead so
long as the flesh remains on the bones; when it has mouldered away,
they conclude that the man himself has departed. See A. Biet,
_Voyage de la France équinoxiale en l’Isle de Cayenne_ (Paris,
1664), p. 392. The Alfoors or Toradjas of central Celebes believe
that the souls of the dead cannot enter the spirit-land until all
the flesh has been removed from their bones; till that has been
done, the gods (_lamoa_) in the other world could not bear the
stench of the corpse. Accordingly at a great festival the bodies of
all who have died within a certain time are dug up and the decaying
flesh scraped from the bones. See A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander
aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den
Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 26, 32 _sqq._; _id._, “Het
wezen van het Heidendom te Posso,” _ibid._ xlvii. (1903) p. 32. The
Matacos Indians of the Gran Chaco believe that the soul of a dead
man does not pass down into the nether world until his body is
decomposed or burnt. See J. Pelleschi, _Los Indios Matacos_ (Buenos
Ayres, 1897), p. 102. These ideas perhaps explain the widespread
custom of disinterring the dead after a certain time and disposing
of their bones otherwise.
1404 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
498-508.
M226 The birth-names of kings kept secret or not pronounced.
1405 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 98
_sq._
1406 A. Cecchi, _Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa_, ii. (Rome, 1885) p.
551.
1407 Rev. J. Roscoe, “The Bahima,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) p. 96.
1408 J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its Peoples_ (London, 1905), pp. 14,
16.
1409 De la Loubere, _Du royaume de Siam_ (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 306;
Pallegoix, _Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 260.
1410 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_ (London,
1840), ii. 127, note 43.
1411 A. Fytche, _Burma Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 238.
1412 J. Edkins, _Religion in China_2 (London, 1878), p. 35.
1413 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_, i. p. xxiv.; Mrs.
Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 48. The custom
is now obsolete (G. N. Curzon, _Problems of the Far East_,
Westminster, 1896, p. 155 note).
1414 E. Aymonier, _Notice sur le Cambodge_ (Paris, 1875), p. 22; _id._,
_Le Cambodge_, i. (Paris, 1900) p. 58.
1415 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 101.
1416 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.
1417 S. Roos, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land, en Volk op het
eiland Soemba,” p. 70, _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi. Compare J. H. F.
Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land-
en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië_, ii. (1900) p. 173.
M227 The names of Zulu kings and chiefs may not be pronounced.
1418 Above, pp. 335 _sq._
1419 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_, pp. 221
_sq._; David Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh,
1875), pp. 172-179; J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions,
and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131. The account in the
text is based mainly on Leslie’s description, which is by far the
fullest.
M228 The names of living kings and chiefs may not be pronounced in
Madagascar.
1420 D. Tyerman and G. Bennet, _Journal of Voyages and Travels_ (London,
1831), ii. 525 _sq._; J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London,
1880), pp. 150 _sq._; _id._, “Curiosities of Words connected with
Royalty and Chieftainship,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar
Magazine_, No. xi. (Christmas, 1887) pp. 308 _sq._; _id._, in
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1887) pp. 226
_sqq._ On the custom of tabooing royal or chiefly names in
Madagascar, see A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_
(Paris, 1904), pp. 104 _sqq._
M229 The names of dead kings and chiefs are also tabooed in Madagascar.
1421 V. Noel, “Île de Madagascar, recherches sur les Sakkalava,”
_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, xx.
(1843) pp. 303-306. Compare A. Grandidier, “Les Rites funéraires
chez les Malgaches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, v. (1886) p. 224; A.
Walen, “The Sakalava,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar
Magazine_, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers
(Antananarivo, 1896), p. 242; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à
Madagascar_, pp. 110 _sq._ Amongst the Sakalavas it is forbidden to
mention the name of any dead person. See A. Voeltzkow, “Vom
Morondava zum Mangoky, Reiseskizzen aus West-Madagascar,”
_Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxxi. (1896)
p. 118.
1422 R. Baron, “The Bara,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_,
vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896),
p. 83.
1423 A. Grandidier, “Madagascar,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Vme Série, xvii. (1869) pp. 401 _sq._ The writer is here
speaking specially of the Sakalavas, though his remarks appear to be
of general application.
M230 The names of chiefs may not be pronounced in Polynesia.
1424 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 37
_sq._, ii. 126 _sq._ Compare E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New
Zealand,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p.
123.
1425 Captain J. Cook, _Voyages_ (London, 1809), vi. 155 (Third Voyage).
Compare Captain James Wilson, _Missionary Voyage to the Southern
Pacific Ocean_ (London, 1799), p. 366; W. Ellis, _Polynesian
Researches_,2 iii. 101.
1426 Vancouver, _Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round
the World_ (London, 1798), i. 135.
_ 1427 United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology_, by
Horatio Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 288 _sq._
1428 G. Brown, D.D., _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p.
280.
M231 The names of the Eleusinian priests might not be uttered.
1429 Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 10. The inscriptional and other evidence of
this Greek superstition was first brought to the notice of
anthropologists by Mr. W. R. Paton in an interesting article, “The
Holy Names of the Eleusinian Priests,” _International Folk-lore
Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions_, pp. 202-214. Compare E.
Maass, _Orpheus_ (Munich, 1895), p. 70; Aug. Mommsen, _Feste der
Stadt Athen im Altertum_ (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 253-255; P. Foucart,
_Les Grands Mystères d’Eleusis_ (Paris, 1900), pp. 28-31. The two
last writers shew that, contrary to what we might have expected, the
custom appears not to have been very ancient.
1430 G. Kaibel, _Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta_, No. 863;
Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, 1883, col. 79 _sq._ From the latter of these
inscriptions we learn that the name might be made public after the
priest’s death. Further, a reference of Eunapius (_Vitae
sophistarum_, p. 475 of the Didot edition) shews that the name was
revealed to the initiated. In the essay cited in the preceding note
Mr. W. R. Paton assumes that it was the new and sacred name which
was kept secret and committed to the sea. The case is not clear, but
both the evidence and the probability seem to me in favour of the
view that it was rather the old everyday name of the priest or
priestess which was put away at his or her consecration. If, as is
not improbable, these sacred personages had to act the parts of gods
and goddesses at the mysteries, it might well be deemed indecorous
and even blasphemous to recall the vulgar names by which they had
been known in the familiar intercourse of daily life. If our clergy,
to suppose an analogous case, had to personate the most exalted
beings of sacred history, it would surely be grossly irreverent to
address them by their ordinary names during the performance of their
solemn functions.
M232 The old names of members of the Yewe order in Togo may not be
uttered.
1431 H. Seidel, “Der Yew’e Dienst im Togolande,” _Zeitschrift für
afrikanische und oceanische Sprachen_, iii. (1897) pp. 161-173; H.
Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), pp. 197-205.
Compare Lieut. Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen
und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen aus den
deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. (1892) p. 146; J. Spieth, “Der Jehve
Dienst der Evhe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen
Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) pp. 83-88; C. Spiess,
“Religionsbegriffe der Evheer in Westafrika,” _Mittheilungen des
Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte
Abtheilung, p. 126.
M233 The utterance of the names of gods and spirits is supposed to
disturb the course of nature.
1432 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 227.
1433 G. Timkowski, _Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to
China_ (London, 1827), ii. 348.
1434 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London,
1822), ii. 204 _sq._
1435 P. Rascher, “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,”
_Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 216. Compare R.
Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 198.
1436 Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant, a Navajo Ceremony,” _Fifth
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1887), pp.
386 _sq._
1437 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), pp.
167 _sq._ The writer derives the prohibition to tell tales of wonder
in summer “from a vague and indefinable dread.”
1438 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iii. 314, 492.
1439 K. Vetter, in _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu
Jena_, xii. (1893) p. 95; _id._, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ ii.
(Barmen, 1898) p. 26; B. Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_ (Wiesbaden,
1898), p. 270. On myths or magical tales told as spells to produce
the effects which they describe, compare F. Kauffmann, _Balder_
(Strasburg, 1902), pp. 299 _sqq._; C. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_
(Paris, 1902), pp. 95-97.
M234 Winter and summer names of the Kwakiutl Indians.
1440 Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the
Kwakiutl Indians,” _Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895_,
pp. 396, 418 _sq._, 503, 504. Compare _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii.
333 _sq._, 517 _sq._
M235 Names of gods kept secret. How Isis discovered the name of Ra, the
sun-god.
1441 Xenophanes, quoted by Eusebius, _Praeparatio Evangelii_, xiii. 13,
pp. 269 _sq._, ed. Heinichen, and by Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._
vii. 4, pp. 840 _sq._, ed. Potter; H. Diels, _Die Fragmente der
Vorsokratiker_2 (Berlin, 1906-1910), i. 49.
1442 A. Erman, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 359-362;
A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 29-32; G.
Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique: les
origines_, pp. 162-164; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di mitologia
egizia_ (Turin, 1881-1884), pp. 818-822; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The
Book of the Dead_ (London, 1895), pp. lxxxix.-xci.; _id._, _Egyptian
Magic_, pp. 136 _sqq._; _id._, _The Gods of the Egyptians_ (London,
1904), i. 360 _sq._ The abridged form of the story given in the text
is based on a comparison of these various versions, of which Erman’s
is slightly, and Maspero’s much curtailed. Mr. Budge’s version is
reproduced by Mr. E. Clodd (_Tom Tit Tot_, pp. 180 _sqq._).
M236 Egyptian wizards have worked enchantments by the names of the gods
both in ancient and modern times. Magical constraint exercised over
demons by means of their names in North Africa and China.
1443 G. Maspero, _Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptienne_
(Paris, 1893), ii. 297 _sq._
1444 E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” _Mélusine_,
viii. (1897) coll. 227 _sq._ Compare A. Erman, _Ägypten und
ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 472 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge,
_Egyptian Magic_, pp. 157 _sqq._
1445 Lucan, _Pharsalia_, vi. 730 _sqq._
1446 E. W. Lane, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_ (Paisley
and London, 1895), ch. xii. p. 273.
1447 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du nord_, p. 130.
1448 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, vi. (Leyden,
1910) p. 1126.
M237 Divine names used by the Romans to conjure with.
1449 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 18; Macrobius, _Saturn._ iii. 9; Servius
on Virgil, _Aen._ ii. 351; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 61. According to
Servius (_l.c._) it was forbidden by the pontifical law to mention
any Roman god by his proper name, lest it should be profaned.
Compare Festus, p. 106, ed. C. O. Müller: “_Indigetes dii quorum
nomina vulgari non licet_.” On the other hand the Romans were
careful, for the sake of good omen, to choose men with lucky names,
like Valerius, Salvius, Statorius, to open any enterprise of moment,
such as to lead the sacrificial victims in a religious procession or
to be the first to answer to their names in a levy or a census. See
Cicero, _De divinatione_, i. 45. 102 _sq._; Festus, _s.v._ “Lacus
Lucrinus,” p. 121, ed. C. O. Müller; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 22;
Tacitus, _Histor._ iv. 53.
1450 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ iii. 65; Solinus, i. 4 _sq._; Macrobius, _Sat._
iii. 9, 3, and 5; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 277; Joannes Lydus,
_De mensibus_, iv. 50.
1451 F. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 58, 95.
1452 T. de Pauly, _Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie_
(St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples ouralo-altaïques_, p. 24.
M238 The taboos on names of kings and commoners are alike in origin.
M239 Common words as well as personal names are often tabooed from
superstitious motives.
M240 Common words tabooed by Highland fowlers and fishermen.
1453 M. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in
Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 579 _sq._ As to the Flannan
Islands see also Sir J. Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of
Scotland_, xix. (Edinburgh, 1797), p. 283.
1454 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of
Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 239.
1455 Miss Morag Cameron, “Highland Fisher-folk and their Superstitions,”
_Folk-lore_, xiv. (1903) p. 304.
M241 Common words tabooed by Scotch fishermen and others.
1456 A. Edmonston, _Zetland Islands_ (Edinburgh, 1809), ii. 74.
1457 Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii.
218.
1458 W. Gregor, _Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, pp. 199-201.
1459 “Traditions, Customs, and Superstitions of the Lewis,” _Folk-lore_,
vi. (1895) p. 170; Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, “The Powers of Evil in
the Outer Hebrides,” _Folk-lore_, x. (1899) p. 265.
1460 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh,
1871), p. 151, note 1.
1461 J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and
Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 184 _sq._
M242 Common words, especially the names of dangerous animals, tabooed in
various parts of Europe.
1462 J. Rhys, “Manx Folk-lore and Superstitions,” _Folk-lore_, iii.
(1892) p. 84.
1463 A. Bosquet, _La Normandie romanesque et merveilleuse_ (Paris and
Rouen, 1845), p. 308.
1464 J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_, ii. (Göttingen, 1752), p. 277
_ 1465 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii.
(Munich, 1863), p. 304.
1466 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und
Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), p. 281.
1467 W. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten, und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 175,
§ 30.
1468 K. Bartsch, _Sagen, Märchen, und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg_, ii. p.
246, §§ 1273, 1274.
1469 A. Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_, p. 378, § 14.
1470 B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, ii. 83 _sq._; L. Lloyd, _Peasant
Life in Sweden_ (London, 1870), p. 251.
1471 R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 103; _id._,
“Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix.
(1896) p. 387.
_ 1472 Id._, “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkskunde der Huzulen,”
_Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 73.
1473 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et
religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 502 _sq._
1474 M. A. Castren, _Vorlesungen über die finnische Mythologie_ (St.
Petersburg, 1853), p. 201.
1475 Varonen, reported by Hon. J. Abercromby in _Folk-lore_, ii. (1891)
pp. 245 _sq._
1476 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und
Gewohnheiten_, p. 120.
M243 The names of various animals tabooed in Siberia, Kamtchatka, and
America.
1477 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p.
231.
1478 G. W. Steller, _Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka_ (Frankfort
and Leipsic, 1774), p. 276.
1479 G. W. Steller, _op. cit._ p. 91; compare _ib._ pp. 129, 130.
1480 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 352.
Compare _id._, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of
the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p.
295.
1481 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington,
1899) p. 438.
1482 F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” _Bulletin of
the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. (1901) p. 148.
1483 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 374.
M244 Names of animals and things tabooed by the Arabs, Africans, and
Malagasy.
1484 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_2 (Berlin, 1897), p.
199.
1485 A. Certeux et E. H. Carnoy, _L’Algérie traditionnelle_ (Paris and
Algiers, 1884), pp. 172, 175.
1486 Father Picarda, “Autour de Mandéra,” _Missions Catholiques_, xviii.
(1886) p. 227.
1487 J. J. Monteiro, _Angola and the River Congo_ (London, 1875), ii.
116.
1488 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh,
1871), p. 151; C. R. Conder, in _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 84.
1489 H. B. Johnstone, “Notes on the Customs of the Tribes occupying
Mombasa Sub-district, British East Africa,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 268.
1490 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, v. (Leyden,
1907) p. 691.
1491 A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 285.
1492 J. Irle, _Die Herero_ (Gütersloh, 1906), p. 133.
1493 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 43.
1494 H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _Antananarivo Annual and
Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii., _Reprint of the Second Four Numbers_
(Antananarivo, 1896), p. 258.
1495 H. F. Standing, _op. cit._ p. 263.
1496 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_, pp. 307 _sq._
1497 R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), pp. 381
_sqq._
M245 Names of animals, especially the snake and the tiger, tabooed in
India.
_ 1498 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 15, § 122.
_ 1499 North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 104, § 690.
_ 1500 Id._ v. p. 133, § 372.
1501 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 142 _sq._
1502 S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_, pp. 320 _sq._
_ 1503 North Indian Notes and Queries_, v. p. 133, § 372.
1504 W. Crooke, _op. cit._ ii. 212.
1505 W. Crooke in _North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 70, § 579;
_id._, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_,
iii. 249; _id._, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 54.
1506 W. Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and
Oudh_, iii. 314.
1507 D. Sunder, “Exorcism of Wild Animals in the Sundarbans,” _Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxxii. part iii. (Calcutta, 1904)
pp. 45 _sqq._, 51.
M246 Names of animals and things tabooed in Indo-China.
1508 H. Mouhot, _Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China_ (London,
1864), i. 263 _sq._
1509 Mgr Masson, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxiv. (1852)
p. 323. Compare Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires
de la vallée du Nguôn-son,” _Bulletin de l’École Française
d’Extrême-Orient_, i. (1901) p. 134.
1510 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p.
61.
1511 N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani
Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April
1903) p. 104.
1512 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 113; _id._, _Voyage dans le
Laos_, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 311. In the latter passage the writer
observes that the custom of giving conventional names to common
objects is very generally observed in Indo-China during the
prosecution of long and perilous journeys undertaken periodically.
_ 1513 Id._, “Les Tchames et leurs religions,” _Revue de l’Histoire des
Religions_, xxiv. (1891) p. 278. Compare A. Cabaton, _Nouvelles
Recherches sur les Chams_ (Paris, 1901), p. 53.
1514 D. F. A. Hervey, in _Indian Notes and Queries_ (December 1886), p.
45, § 154.
M247 Special language used by East Indian searchers for camphor.
_ 1515 Pantang_ is equivalent to taboo. In this sense it is used also by
the Dyaks. See S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” _Bijdragen tot de
Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890)
pp. 31 _sq._
1516 J. R. Logan, “The Orang Binua of Johore,” _Journal of the Eastern
Archipelago and Eastern Asia_, i. (1847) pp. 249, 263-265; A.
Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 37; H. Lake and H. J.
Kelsall, “The Camphor Tree and Camphor Language of Johore,” _Journal
of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 26 (January
1894), pp. 39 _sq._; W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 212-214; W. W.
Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_
(London, 1906), ii. 414-431.
1517 C. M. Pleyte, “Herinneringen uit Oost-Indië,” _Tijdschrift van het
koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, II Serie,
xvii. (1900) pp. 27 _sq._
1518 W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania,
1899; privately printed), p. 27; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo
Head-hunters_ (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 17. A special language is
also used in the search for camphor by some of the natives of
Sumatra. See Th. A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onder-afdeeling
Groot-Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897) p. 276.
1519 W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 168 _sq._
M248 Special languages used by Malay miners, fowlers, and fishermen.
1520 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 250, 253-260. In like manner the
people of Sikhim intensely dread all mining operations, believing
that the ores and veins of metals are the stored treasures of the
earth-spirits, who are enraged by the removal of these treasures and
visit the robbers with sickness, failure of crops, and other
calamities. Hence the Sikhimese leave the copper mines to be worked
by Nepaulese. See L. A. Waddell, _Among the Himalayas_ (Westminster,
1899), p. 101.
1521 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 139 _sq._
1522 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 192 _sq._
1523 N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani
Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April
1903) pp. 84-86.
1524 C. Snouck Hurgronje, _De Atjèhers_ (Batavia and Leyden, 1893-1894),
i. 303.
M249 Names of things and animals tabooed in Sumatra, Nias, and Java.
1525 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 100. As to the
superstitions of gold-washers among the Gayos of Sumatra, see C.
Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia, 1903),
pp. 361 _sq._
1526 M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_
(Zalt-Bommel, 1870), p. 215.
1527 J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het
eiland Nias,” _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van
Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. (1863) p. 115. Compare W. Marsden,
_History of Sumatra_, p. 292; T. J. Newbold, _Account of the British
Settlements in the Straits of Malacca_, ii. 192 _sq._
1528 J. E. Neumann, “_Kemali_, _Pantang_ en _Rèboe_ bij de Karo-Bataks,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlviii.
(1906) pp. 511 _sq._
1529 C. Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia,
1903), pp. 311 _sq._
1530 J. W. Thomas, “De jacht op het eiland Nias,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880) p. 275.
1531 L. N. H. A. Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880)
p. 165; H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,”
_Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, xi. (1884) p. 349; E. Modigliani,
_Un Viaggio a Nias_ (Milan, 1890), p. 593.
1532 A. L. van Hasselt, “Nota, betreffende de rijstcultuur in de
Residentie Tapanoeli,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xxxvi. (1893) pp. 525 _sq._ The Singhalese also call
things by strange names when they are in the rice-fields. See A. A.
Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” _Indian Antiquary_,
xxxii. (1903) p. 437.
1533 G. A. J. Hazeu, “Kleine Bijdragen tot de Ethnografie en de Folk-lore
van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_,
xlvii. (1903) pp. 291 _sq._
M250 Names of things and animals tabooed in Celebes.
1534 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 146-148;
_id._, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe
en de Tomori,” _ibid._ xliv. (1900) pp. 228 _sq._
1535 N. Adriani und A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) pp.
145 _sq._
1536 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van
Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 8; _id._, “Het rijk Mori,”
_Tijdschrift van het Koniklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap_, II. Serie, xvii. (1900) p. 464, note.
M251 Common words tabooed by East Indian mariners at sea.
1537 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The
Hague, 1875), p. 107; _id._, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der
Makassaren en Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, III.
Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) pp. 164 _sq._
1538 H. E. D. Engelhard, “Mededeelingen over het eiland Saleijer,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Neêrlandsch-Indië_,
Vierde Volgreeks, viii. (1884) p. 369.
1539 E. F. Jochim, “Beschrijving van den Sapoedi Archipel,” _Tijdschrift
voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxvi. (1893) p. 361.
1540 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der
Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 508.
1541 S. D. van de Velde van Cappellan, “Verslag eener Bezoekreis naar de
Sangi-eilanden,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, i. (1857) pp. 33, 35.
1542 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) p. 148.
1543 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902)
pp. 279 _sq._
M252 Common words tabooed in Sunda, Borneo, and the Philippines.
1544 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 _sq._
1545 Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in
Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1902)
p. 205; W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_
(Philadelphia, 1902), pp. 17, 186 _sq._
1546 Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _op. cit._ p. 186.
1547 Ch. Brooke, _Ten Years in Sarawak_ (London, 1866), i. 208; Spenser
St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 71 _sq._
1548 Juan de la Concepcion, _Historia general de Philipinas_, i.
(Manilla, 1788), p. 20. Compare J. Mallat, _Les Philippines_ (Paris,
1846), i. 64.
M253 The avoidance of common words seems to be based on a fear of spirits
and a wish to deceive them or elude their notice. Common words
avoided by hunters and fowlers in order to deceive the beasts and
birds.
1549 On this subject Mr. R. J. Wilkinson’s account of the Malay’s
attitude to nature (_Malay Beliefs_, London and Leyden, 1906, pp. 67
_sq._) deserves to be quoted: “The practice of magic arts enters
into every department of Malay life. If (as the people of the
Peninsula believe) all nature is teeming with spiritual life, some
spiritual weapon is necessary to protect man against possible
ghostly foes. Now the chief and most characteristic weapon of the
Malay in his fight against the invisible world is courtesy. The
peasant will speak no evil of a tiger in the jungle or of an evil
spirit within the limits of that spirit’s authority.... The tiger is
the symbol of kingly oppression; still, he is royal and must not be
insulted; he is the ‘shaggy-haired father’ or ‘grandfather’ of the
traveller in the woods. Even the birds, the fish and the fruits that
serve as human food are entitled to a certain consideration: the
deer is addressed as a ‘prince,’ the coco-nut tree as a ‘princess,’
the chevrotin as ‘emperor of the jungle’ (_shah alam di-rimba_). In
all this respect paid to unseen powers—for it is the soul of the
animal or plant that is feared—there is no contemptible adulation or
cringeing; the Malay believes that courtesy honours the speaker more
than the person addressed.”
1550 The character of King Solomon appears to be a favourite one with the
Malay sorcerer when he desires to ingratiate himself with or lord it
over the powers of nature. Thus, for example, in addressing silver
ore the sage observes:—
“_If you do not come hither at this very moment_
_ You shall be a rebel unto God,_
_ And a rebel unto God’s Prophet Solomon,_
_ For I am God’s Prophet Solomon._”—
See W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 273. No doubt the fame of his
wisdom has earned for the Hebrew monarch this distinction among the
dusky wizards of the East.
M254 General conclusion. Human gods, on whom the welfare of the community
is believed to depend, are obliged to observe many rules to ensure
their own safety and that of their people.
M255 A study of these rules affords us an insight into the philosophy of
the savage. Our debt to our savage forefathers.
1551 “The mind of the savage is not a blank; and when one becomes
familiar with his beliefs and superstitions, and the complicated
nature of his laws and customs, preconceived notions of his
simplicity of thought go to the winds. I have yet to find that most
apocryphal of beings described as the ‘unsophisticated African.’ We
laugh at and ridicule his fetishes and superstitions, but we fail to
follow the succession of ideas and effort of mind which have created
these things. After most careful observations extending over
nineteen years, I have come to the conclusion that there is nothing
in the customs and fetishes of the African which does not represent
a definite course of reasoning” (Rev. Thomas Lewis, “The Ancient
Kingdom of Kongo,” _The Geographical Journal_, xix. (1902) p. 554).
“The study of primitive peoples is extremely curious and full of
surprises. It is twenty years since I undertook it among the Thonga
and Pedi tribes of South Africa, and the further I advance, the more
I am astonished at the great number, the complexity, and the
profundity of the rites of these so-called savages. Only a
superficial observer could accuse their individual or tribal life of
superficiality. If we take the trouble to seek the reason of these
strange customs, we perceive that at their base there are secret,
obscure reasons, principles hard to grasp, even though the most
fervent adepts of the rite can give no account of it. To discover
these principles, and so to give a true explanation of the rites, is
the supreme task of the ethnographer,—a task in the highest degree
delicate, for it is impossible to perform it if we do not lay aside
our personal ideas to saturate ourselves with those of primitive
peoples” (Rev. H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des
Bantou sud-africains et leurs tabous,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de
Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 126). These weighty words, the fruit of
ripe experience, deserve to be pondered by those who fancy that the
elaborate system of savage custom can have grown up instinctively
without a correspondingly elaborate process of reasoning in the
minds of its founders. We may not, indeed, always be able to
discover the reason for which a particular custom or rite was
instituted, for we are only beginning to understand the mind of
uncivilised man; but all that we know of him tends to shew that his
practice, however absurd it may seem to us, originated in a definite
train of thought and for a definite and very practical purpose.
1552 See above, pp. 159 _sq._
1553 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der
Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 513.
1554 John Ramsay, _Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century_
(Edinburgh, 1888), ii. 456.
1555 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, ii. 175.
1556 J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_ (London, 1890), p. 209.
1557 Rev. J. Roscoe, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxxii. (1902) p. 59.
1558 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_, pp. 24 _sq._, 36. In these cases the harm
is thought to fall on the person who steps over, not on the thing
which is stepped over.
1559 Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Customs of the Lower Congo People,” _Folk-lore_,
xx. (1909) p. 474.
1560 B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” _Globus_,
lxxxix. (1906) p. 199.
1561 E. Aymonier, _Voyage dans le Laos_, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 144.
1562 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 435.
1563 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 50.
1564 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 402.
1565 Father Lambert, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_, pp.
192 _sq._
1566 P. von Stenin, “Das Gewohnheitsrecht der Samojeden,” _Globus_, lx.
(1891) p. 173.
1567 J. Richardson, in _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_,
_Reprint of the First Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1885), p. 529;
_id._, _Reprint of the Second Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1896), p.
296; J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_, p. 288; compare De
Flacourt, _Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar_ (Paris, 1658), p.
99.
1568 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology_, pt. i. (Washington, 1900) p. 424.
1569 H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des Bantou
sud-africains,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910)
p. 138, note 3.
1570 F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p.
52.
1571 See L. F. Sauvé, _Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_, p. 226, compare pp.
219 _sq._; E. Monseur, _Le Folk-lore Wallon_, p. 39; A. Wuttke, _Der
deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 603; J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur
deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 208, § 42; J. A. E. Köhler,
_Volksbrauch_, etc., _im Voigtlande_, p. 423; A. Kuhn und W.
Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 462, §
461; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in
Berlin,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 85; R. H.
Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_, p. 5; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und
Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 109, §§ 798, 799; Eijüb Abêla,
“Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,”
_Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, vii. (1884) p. 81;
compare B. Chemali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,”
_Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 741.