suddenly. The pain is generally referred to the neighbourhood of the
umbilicus, and may radiate all over the abdomen. It varies in intensity
from a slight momentary discomfort to a pain so severe as to cause the
patient to shriek or even to break out into a cold clammy sweat. It is
usually relieved by pressure, and this point is one which aids in the
differential diagnosis between a simple colic and peritonitis, the pain
of the latter being increased by pressure. But should the colic be due
to a malignant growth, or should the intestines be distended with gas,
pressure will probably increase the pain. The temperature is usually
subnormal, but may be slightly raised, and the pulse is in proportion.
In the treatment of simple colic the patient must be confined to bed,
hot fomentations applied to the abdomen and a purge administered, a few
drops of laudanum being added when the pain is exceptionally severe. But
the whole difficulty lies in making the differential diagnosis. Acute
intestinal obstruction (ileus) begins just as an attack of simple colic,
but the rapid increase of illness, frequent vomiting, anxious
countenance, and still more the condition of the pulse, warn a trained
observer of the far more serious state. Appendicitis and peritonitis, as
also the gastric crises of locomotor ataxy, must all be excluded.
COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572), admiral of France and Protestant
leader, came of a noble family of Burgundy, who traced their descent
from the 11th century, and in the reign of Louis XI. were in the service
of the king of France. His father, Gaspard de Coligny, known as the
marechal de Chatillon (d. 1522), served in the Italian wars from 1495 to
1515, and was created marshal of France in 1516. By his wife, Louise de
Montmorency, sister of the future constable, he had three sons: Odet,
cardinal de Chatillon; Gaspard, the admiral; and Francis, seigneur
d'Andelot; all of whom played an important part in the first period of
the wars of religion. At twenty-two young Gaspard came to court, and
there contracted a friendship with Francis of Guise. In the campaign of
1543 Coligny distinguished himself greatly, and was wounded at the
sieges of Montmedy and Bains. In 1544 he served in the Italian campaign
under the duke of Enghien, and was knighted on the field of Ceresole.
Returning to France, he took part in different military operations; and
having been made colonel-general of the infantry (April 1547), exhibited
great capacity and intelligence as a military reformer. He was made
admiral on the death of d'Annebaut (1552). In 1557 he was entrusted with
the defence of Saint Quentin. In the siege he displayed great courage,
resolution, and strength of character; but the place was taken, and he
was imprisoned in the stronghold of L'Ecluse. On payment of a ransom of
50,000 crowns he recovered his liberty. But he had by this time become a
Huguenot, through the influence of his brother, d'Andelot--the first
letter which Calvin addressed to him is dated the 4th of September
1558--and he busied himself secretly with protecting his
co-religionists, a colony of whom he sent to Brazil, whence they were
afterwards expelled by the Portuguese.
On the death of Henry II. he placed himself, with Louis, prince of
Conde, in the front of his sect, and demanded religious toleration and
certain other reforms. In 1560, at the Assembly of Notables at
Fontainebleau, the hostility between Coligny and Francis of Guise broke
forth violently. When the civil wars began in 1562, Coligny decided to
take arms only after long hesitation, and he was always ready to
negotiate. In none of these wars did he show superior genius, but he
acted throughout with great prudence and extraordinary tenacity; he was
"le heros de la mauvaise fortune." In 1569 the defeat and death of the
prince of Conde at Jarnac left him sole leader of the Protestant armies.
Victorious at Arnay-le-Duc, he obtained in 1570 the pacification of St
Germain. Returning to the court in 1571, he grew rapidly in favour with
Charles XI. As a means of emancipating the king from the tutelage of his
mother and the faction of the Guises, the admiral proposed to him a
descent on Spanish Flanders, with an army drawn from both sects and
commanded by Charles in person. The king's regard for the admiral, and
the bold front of the Huguenots, alarmed the queen-mother; and the
massacre of St Bartholomew was the consequence. On the 22nd of August
1572 Coligny was shot in the street by Maurevel, a bravo in the pay of
the queen-mother and Guise; the bullets, however, only tore a finger
from his right hand and shattered his left elbow. The king visited him,
but the queen-mother prevented all private intercourse between them. On
the 24th of August, the night of the massacre, he was attacked in his
house, and a servant of the duke of Guise, generally known as Besme,
slew him and cast him from a window into the courtyard at his master's
feet. His papers were seized and burned by the queen-mother; among them,
according to Brantome, was a history of the civil war, "tres-beau et
tres-bien faict, et digne d'estre imprime."
By his wife, Charlotte de Laval, Coligny had several children, among
them being Louise, who married first Charles de Teligny and afterwards
William the Silent, prince of Orange, and Francis, admiral of Guienne,
who was one of the devoted servants of Henry IV. Gaspard de Coligny
(1584-1646), son of Francis, was marshal of France during the reign of
Louis XIII.
See Jean du Bouchet, _Preuves de l'histoire genealogique de l'illustre
maison de Coligny_ (Paris, 1661); biography by Francois Hotman, 1575
(French translation, 1665); L. J. Delaborde, _Gaspard de Coligny_
(1879-1882); Erich Marcks, _Gaspard von Coligny, sein Leben und das
Frankreich seiner Zeit_ (Stuttgart, 1892); H. Patry, "Coligny et la
Papaute," in the _Bulletin du protestantisme francais_ (1902); A. W.
Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (1904); and C.
Merki, _L'Amiral de Coligny_ (1909).
COLIMA, a small Pacific coast state of Mexico, lying between Jalisco on
the N.W. and N., and Michoacan on the E. Including the Revilla Gigedo
islands its area is only 2272 sq. m., which thus makes it the second
smallest of the Mexican states. Pop. (1895) 55,264; (1900) 65,115. The
larger part of its territory is within the narrow, flat coastal plain,
beyond which it rises toward the north-east into the foothills of the
Sierra Madre, the higher masses of the range, including the Colima
volcano, lying outside the state. It is drained by the Ameria and
Coahuayana rivers and their affluents, which are largely used for
irrigation. There are tidewater lagoons and morasses on the coast which
accentuate its malarious character. One of the largest of these,
Cuitlan, immediately south of Manzanillo, is the centre of a large
salt-producing industry. The soil is generally fertile and productive,
but lack of transportation facilities has been a serious obstacle to any
production greatly exceeding local demands. The dry and rainy seasons
are sharply defined, the rainfall being abundant in the latter. The
climate is hot, humid and malarious, becoming drier and healthier on the
higher mountain slopes of the interior. Stock-raising is an important
industry in the higher parts of the state, but the horses, mules and
cattle raised have been limited to local demands. Agriculture, however,
is the principal occupation of the state, the more important products
being sugar, rice, Indian corn, palm oil, coffee, indigo, cotton and
cacao. The production of cacao is small, and that of indigo and cotton
is declining, the latter being limited to the requirements of small
local mills. There are two crops of Indian corn a year, but sugar and
rice are the principal crops. The "Caracolillo" coffee, produced on the
slopes of the mountains culminating in the volcano of Colima, is reputed
the best in Mexico, and the entire crop (about 506,000 lb. in 1906) is
consumed in the country at a price much above other grades. There are
important mineral deposits in the state, including iron, copper and
lead, but mining enterprise has made no progress through lack of
transportation facilities. Salt is made on the coast and shipped inland,
and palm-leaf hats are manufactured and exported. Hides and deerskins
are also exported in large quantities. A narrow-gauge railway has been
in operation between the capital and Manzanillo for many years, and in
1907 a branch of the Mexican Central was completed between Guadalajara
and the capital, and the narrow-gauge line to the coast was widened to
the standard gauge. The chief cities of the state are the capital
Colima, Manzanillo, Comala (the second largest town in the state), 5 m.
from the capital, with which it is connected by an electric railway,
Ixtlahuacan Coquimatlan and Almoloyan.
COLIMA, a city of Mexico and capital of a state of the same name, 570 m.
(direct) W. by S. of Mexico City and about 36 m. inland from the Pacific
coast. Pop. (1895) 18,977; (1900) 20,698. Colima is picturesquely
situated on the Colima river, in a large fertile valley about 1650 ft.
above the sea, and lies in the midst of fine mountain-scenery. About 30
m. to the north-east the volcano of Colima, in the state of Jalisco,
rises to an elevation of 12,685 ft.; it is the most westerly of the
active volcanoes of Mexico. Colima enjoys a moderately cool and healthy
climate, especially in the dry season (November to June). The city is
regularly laid out and is in great part well built, with good public
buildings, several churches, a theatre, two hospitals, and a handsome
market completed in 1905. Tramways connect the central plaza with the
railway station, cemetery, and the suburb of Villa de Alvarez, 2-1/2 m.
distant, and an extension of 5 m. was projected in 1906 to Comala. The
local industries include two old-fashioned cotton mills, an ice plant,
corn-grinding mill, and five cigarette factories. Colima is the
commercial centre for a large district, but trade has been greatly
restricted by lack of transportation facilities. A railway connects with
the port of Manzanillo, and the Mexican Central railway serves Colima
itself. Colima was founded in 1522 by Gonzalo de Sandoval. It has not
played a very prominent part in Mexican history because of its
inaccessibility, and for the same reason has suffered less from
revolutionary violence.
COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612), Flemish sculptor, was born at Malines. In
1563 he went, at the invitation of the emperor Ferdinand I., to
Innsbruck, to work on the magnificent monument which was being erected
to Maximilian I. in the nave of the Franciscan church. Of the
twenty-four marble alti-rilievi, representing the emperor's principal
acts and victories, which adorn the sides of this tomb, twenty were
executed by Colin, apparently in three years. The work displays a
remarkable combination of liveliness and spirit with extreme care and
finish, its delicacy rivalling that of a fine cameo. Thorwaldsen is said
to have pronounced it the finest work of its kind. Colin, who was
sculptor in ordinary both to the emperor and to his son, the archduke
Ferdinand of Tirol, did a great deal of work for his patrons at
Innsbruck and in its neighbourhood; particular mention may be made of
the sepulchres of the archduke and his first wife, Philippine Welser,
both in the same church as the Maximilian monument, and of Bishop Jean
Nas. His tomb in the cemetery at Innsbruck bears a fine bas-relief
executed by one of his sons.
COLL, an island of the Inner Hebrides, Argyllshire, Scotland. Pop.
(1901) 432. It is situated about 7 m. west of Caliach Point in Mull, and
measures 12 m. from N.E. to S.W., with a breadth varying from 3/4 m. to 4
m. It is composed of gneiss, is generally rather flat, save in the west
where Ben Hogh reaches a height of 339 ft., and has several lakes. The
pasturage is good and the soil fairly fertile. Much dairy produce is
exported, besides sheep and cattle. The antiquities include stone
circles, duns, the ruins of Breachacha Castle, once a fortress of the
Lords of the Isles. A steamer from Oban calls regularly at Arinagour.
COLLAERT, HANS, Flemish engraver, son of Adrian Collaert, a draughtsman
and engraver of repute, was born at Antwerp about 1545. After working
some years in his father's studio, he went to Rome to perfect himself in
his art. His engravings after Rubens are very highly esteemed. He left
many works; among the best may be mentioned a "Life of Saint Francis,"
16 prints; a "Last Judgment," folio; "Monilium, Bullarum, Inauriumque
Artificiosissimae Icones," 10 prints, 1581; "The Dead Christ in his
Mother's Lap"; "Marcus Curtius"; "Moses Striking the Rock," and "The
Resurrection of Lazarus," after Lambert Lombard; "The Fathers of the
Desert"; and "Biblia Sacra and the History of the Church," after Rubens.
COLLAR, something worn or fastened round the neck (Lat. _collare_, from
_collum_, neck), particularly a band of linen, lace or other material,
which, under various shapes at different periods, has been worn by men
and women to serve as a completion or finish to the neckband of a
garment (see COSTUME); also a chain, worn as a personal ornament, a
badge of livery, a symbol of office, or as part of the insignia of an
order of knighthood, an application of the term with which the present
article deals. The word is also applied to that part of the
draught-harness of a horse which fits over the animal's neck, to which
the traces are attached, and against which the strain of the drawing of
the vehicle is exercised, and to a circular piece of metal passed round
the joints of a rod or pipe, to prevent movement or to make the joint
steam- or water-tight.
Necklaces with beads and jewels threaded thereon or the plain laces with
a hanging ornament are among the common braveries of all times and
countries. From these come the collar and the neck-chain. Torques or
twisted collars of metal are found in burying-places of the barbarous
people of northern Europe. British chiefs wore them, and gold torques
were around the necks of the leaders of the first of the Saxon invaders
of Britain, among whose descendants, however, the fashion seems to have
languished. Edward the Confessor was buried with a neck-chain of gold 2
ft. long, fastened with a jewelled locket and carrying an enamelled
crucifix.
The extravagant age of Richard II. saw a great revival of the
neck-chain, heavy links twisted of gold or silver. From this time onward
neck chains, with or without pendant devices, were commonly worn by men
and women of the richer sort. The men abandoned them in the time of
Charles I.
Closely allied to the chain are the livery collars which appeared in the
14th century, worn by those who thus displayed their alliances or their
fealty. Thus Charles V. of France in 1378 granted to his chamberlain
Geoffrey de Belleville the right of bearing in all feasts and in all
companies the collar of the _Cosse de Geneste_ or Broomcod, a collar
which was accepted and worn even by the English kings, Charles VI.
sending such collars to Richard II. and to his three uncles. This French
collar, a chain of couples of broom-cods linked by jewels, is seen in
the contemporary portrait of Richard II. at Wilton. The like collar was
worn by Henry IV. on the way to his crowning. During the sitting of the
English parliament in 1394 the complaints of the earl of Arundel against
Richard II. are recorded, one of his grievances being that the king was
wont to wear the livery of the collar of the duke of Lancaster, his
uncle, and that people of the king's following wore the same livery. To
which the king answered that soon after the return from Spain (in 1389)
of his uncle, the said duke, he himself took the collar from his uncle's
neck, putting it on his own, which collar the king would wear and use
for a sign of the good and whole-hearted love between them, even as he
wore the liveries of his other uncles. Livery collars of the king of
France, of Queen Anne and of the dukes of York and Lancaster are
numbered with the royal plate and jewels which in the first year of
Henry IV. had come to the king's hands. The inventory shows that Queen
Anne's collar was made up of sprigs of rosemary garnished with pearls.
The York collar had falcons and fetterlocks, and the Lancaster collar
was doubtless that collar of Esses (or S S) used by the duke's son,
Henry of Bolingbroke, as an earl, duke and king. This famous livery
collar, which has never passed out of use, takes many forms, its Esses
being sometimes linked together chainwise, and sometimes, in early
examples, bestowed as the ornamental bosses of a garter-shaped
strap-collar. The oldest effigy bearing it is that in Spratton church of
Sir John Swinford, who died in 1371. Swinford was a follower of John of
Gaunt, and the date of his death easily disposes of the fancy that the
Esses were devised by Henry IV. to stand for his motto or "word" of
_Soverayne_. Many explanations are given of the origin of these letters,
but none has as yet been established with sufficient proof. During the
reigns of Henry IV., his son and grandson, the collar of Esses was a
royal badge of the Lancastrian house and party, the white swan being its
pendant. In one of Henry VI.'s own collars the S was joined to the
Broomcod of the French device, thus symbolizing the king's claim to the
two kingdoms.
The kings of the house of York and their chief followers wore the
Yorkist collar of suns and roses, with the white lion of March, the
Clare bull, or Richard's white boar for a pendant device. Henry VII.
brought back the collar of Esses, a portcullis or a rose hanging from
it, although in a portrait of this king, now possessed by the Society of
Antiquaries, his neck bears the _rose en soleil_ alternating with knots,
and his son, when young, had a collar of roses red and white. Besides
these royal collars, the 14th and 15th centuries show many of private
devices. A brass at Mildenhall shows a knight whose badge of a dog or
wolf circled by a crown hangs from a collar with edges suggesting a
pruned bough or the ragged staff. Thomas of Markenfield (d. c. 1415) on
his brass at Ripon has a strange collar of park palings with a badge of
a hart in a park, and the Lord Berkeley (d. 1392) wears one set with
mermaids.
Collars of various devices are now worn by the grand crosses of the
European orders of knighthood. The custom was begun by Philip of
Burgundy, who gave his knights of the Golden Fleece, an order founded on
the 10th of February 1429-1430, badges of a golden fleece hung from that
collar of flints, steels and sparks which is seen in so many old Flemish
portraits. To this day it remains the most beautiful of all the collars,
keeping in the main the lines of its Flemish designer, although a vulgar
fancy sometimes destroys the symbolism of the golden fleece by changing
it for an unmeaning fleece of diamonds. Following this new fashion,
Louis XI. of France, when instituting his order of St Michael in 1469,
gave the knights collars of scallop shells linked on a chain. The chain
was doubled by Charles VIII., and the pattern suffered other changes
before the order lapsed in 1830. Until the reign of Henry VIII., the
Garter, most ancient of the great knightly orders, had no collar. But
the Tudor king must needs match in all things with continental
sovereigns, and the present collar of the Garter knights, with its
golden knots and its buckled garters enclosing white roses set on red
roses, has its origin in the Tudor age. An illustration in colours of
the Garter collar is given on Plate I. in the article KNIGHTHOOD AND
CHIVALRY, while descriptions of the collars of the other principal
orders are also given. The collar of the Thistle with the thistles and
rue-sprigs is as old as the reign of James II. The Bath collar, in its
first form of white knots linking closed crowns to roses and thistles
issuing from sceptres, dates from 1725, up to which time the knights of
the Bath had hung their medallion from a ribbon.
Founding the order of the Saint Esprit in 1578, Henry III. of France
devised a collar of enflamed fleur-de-lis and cyphers of H and L, a
fashion which was soon afterwards varied by Henry his successor.
Elephants have been always borne on the collar of the Elephant founded
in Denmark in 1478, the other links of which have taken many shapes.
Another Danish order, the Dannebrog, said to be "re-instituted" by
Christian V. in 1671, has a collar of crosses formy alternating with the
crowned letters C and W, the latter standing for Waldemar the
Victorious, whom a legend of no value described as founding the order in
1219. Of other European orders, that of St Andrew, founded by Peter of
Russia in 1698, has eagles and Andrew crosses and cyphers, while the
Black Eagle of Prussia has the Prussian eagle with thunderbolts in its
claws beside roundels charged with cyphers of the letters F.R.
Plain collars of Esses are now worn in the United Kingdom by
kings-of-arms, heralds and serjeants-at-arms. Certain legal dignitaries
have worn them since the 16th century, the collar of the lord
chief-justice having knots and roses between the letters. Henry IV.'s
parliament in his second year restricted the free use of the king's
livery collar to his sons and to all dukes, earls, barons and bannerets,
while simple knights and squires might use it when in the royal presence
or in going to and from the hostel of the king. The giving of a livery
collar by the king made a squire of a man even as the stroke of the
royal sword made him a knight. Collars of Esses are sometimes seen on
the necks of ladies. The queen of Henry IV. wears one. So do the wife of
a 16th century Knightley on her tomb at Upton, and Penelope, Lady
Spencer (d. 1667), on her Brington monument.
Since 1545 the lord mayor of London has worn a royal livery collar of
Esses. This collar, however, has its origin in no royal favour, Sir John
Alen, thrice a lord mayor, having bequeathed it to the then lord mayor
and his successors "to use and occupie yerely at and uppon principall
and festivall dayes." It was enlarged in 1567, and in its present shape
has 28 Esses alternating with knots and roses and joined with a
portcullis. Lord mayors of York use a plain gold chain of a triple row
of links given in 1670; this chain, since the day when certain links
were found wanting, is weighed on its return by the outgoing mayor. In
Ireland the lord mayor of Dublin wears a collar given by Charles II.,
while Cork's mayor has another which the Cork council bought of a
silversmith in 1755, stipulating that it should be like the Dublin one.
The lady mayoress of York wears a plain chain given with that of the
lord mayor in 1670, and, like his, weighed on its return to official
keeping. For some two hundred and thirty years the mayoress of
Kingston-on-Hull enjoyed a like ornament until a thrifty council in 1835
sold her chain as a useless thing.
Of late years municipal patriotism and the persuasions of enterprising
tradesmen have notably increased the number of English provincial mayors
wearing collars or chains of office. Unlike civic maces, swords and caps
of maintenance, these gauds are without significance. The mayor of Derby
is decorated with the collar once borne by a lord chief-justice of the
king's bench, and his brother of Kingston-on-Thames uses without
authority an old collar of Esses which once hung over a herald's tabard.
By a modern custom the friends of the London sheriffs now give them
collars of gold and enamel, which they retain as mementoes of their year
of office. (O. BA.)
COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. _collateralis_,--_cum_, with, and _latus_,
_lateris_, side,--side by side, hence parallel or additional), a term
used in law in several senses. _Collateral relationship_ means the
relationship between persons who are descended from the same stock or
ancestor, but in a different line; as opposed to _lineal_, which is the
relationship between ascendants and descendants in a direct line, as
between father and son, grandfather and grandson. A _collateral
agreement_ is an agreement made contemporaneously with a written
contract as part of the transaction, but without being incorporated with
it. _Collateral facts_, in evidence, are those facts which do not bear
directly on the matters in dispute. _Collateral security_ is an
additional security for the better safety of the mortgagee, i.e.
property or right of action deposited to secure the fulfilment of an
obligation.
COLLATIA, an ancient town of Latium, 10 m. E. by N. of Rome by the Via
Collatina. It appears in the legendary history of Rome as captured by
Tarquinius Priscus. Livy tells us it was taken from the Sabines, while
Virgil speaks of it as a Latin colony. In the time of Cicero it had lost
all importance; Strabo names it as a mere village, in private hands,
while for Pliny it was one of the lost cities of Latium. The site is
undoubtedly to be sought on the hill now occupied by the large medieval
fortified farmhouse of Lunghezza, immediately to the south of the Anio,
which occupies the site of the citadel joined by a narrow neck to the
tableland to the south-east on which the city stood: this is protected
by wide valleys on each side, and is isolated at the south-east end by a
deep narrow valley enlarged by cutting. No remains are to be seen, but
the site is admirably adapted for an ancient settlement. The road may be
traced leading to the south end of this tableland, being identical with
the modern road to Lunghezza for the middle part of its course only.
The current indentification with Castellaccio, 2 m. to the south-east,
is untenable.
See T. Ashby in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, i. 138 seq.,
iii. 201. (T. AS.)
COLLATION (Lat. _collatio_, from _conferre_, to bring together or
compare), the bringing together of things for the special purpose of
comparison, and thus, particularly, the critical examination of the
texts of documents or MSS. and the result of such comparison. The word
is also a term in printing and bookbinding for the register of the
"signatures," the number of quires and leaves in each quire of a book or
MS. In Roman and Scots law "collation" answers to the English law term
"hotch-pot" (q.v.). From another meaning of the Latin word, a
consultation or conference, and so a treatise or homily, comes the title
of a work of Johannes Cassianus (q.v.), the _Conferences of the Fathers_
(_Collationes Patrum_). Readings from this and similar works were
customary in monasteries; by the _regula_ of St Benedict it is ordered
that on rising from supper there should be read _collationes_, passages
from the lives of the Fathers and other edifying works; the word is then
applied to the discussions arising from such readings. On fast days it
was usual in monasteries to have a very light meal after the _Collatio_,
and hence the meal itself came to be called "collation," a meaning which
survives in the modern use of the word for any light or quickly prepared
repast.
COLLE, CHARLES (1709-1783), French dramatist and song-writer, the son of
a notary, was born at Paris in 1709. He was early interested in the
rhymes of Jean Heguanier, then the most famous maker of couplets in
Paris. From a notary's office Colle was transferred to that of M. de
Neulan, the receiver-general of finance, and remained there for nearly
twenty years. When about seventeen, however, he made the acquaintance of
Alexis Piron, and afterwards, through Gallet (d. 1757), of Panard. The
example of these three masters of the vaudeville, while determining his
vocation, made him diffident; and for some time he composed nothing but
_amphigouris_--verses whose merit was measured by their
unintelligibility. The friendship of the younger Crebillon, however,
diverted him from this by-way of art, and the establishment in 1729 of
the famous "Caveau" gave him a field for the display of his fine talent
for popular song. In 1739 the Society of the Caveau, which numbered
among its members Helvetius, Charles Duclos, Pierre Joseph Bernard,
called Gentil-Bernard, Jean Philippe Rameau, Alexis Piron, and the two
Crebillons, was dissolved, and was not reconstituted till twenty years
afterwards. His first and his best comedy, _La Verite dans le vin_,
appeared in 1747. Meanwhile, the Regent Orleans, who was an excellent
comic actor, particularly in representations of low life, and had been
looking out for an author to write suitable parts for him, made Colle
his reader. It was for the duke and his associates that Colle composed
the greater part of his _Theatre de societe_. In 1763 Colle produced at
the Theatre Francais _Dupuis et Desronais_, a successful sentimental
comedy, which was followed in 1771 by _La Veuve_, which was a complete
failure. In 1774 appeared _La Partie de chasse de Henri Quatre_ (partly
taken from Dodsley's _King and the Miller of Mansfield_), Colle's last
and best play. From 1748 to 1772, besides these and a multitude of
songs, Colle was writing his _Journal_, a curious collection of literary
and personal strictures on his boon companions as well as on their
enemies, on Piron as on Voltaire, on La Harpe as on Corneille. Colle
died on the 3rd of November 1783. His lyrics are frank and jovial,
though often licentious. The subjects are love and wine; occasionally,
however, as in the famous lyric (1756) on the capture of Port Mahon, for
which the author received a pension of 600 livres, the note of
patriotism is struck with no unskilful hand, while in many others Colle
shows himself possessed of considerable epigrammatic force.
See also H. Bonhomme's edition (1868) of his _Journal et Memoires_
(1748-1772); Grimm's _Correspondance_; and C. A. Sainte-Beuve,
_Nouveaux lundis_, vol. vii.
COLLECTIVISM, a term used to denote the economic principle of the
ownership by a community of all the means of production in order to
secure to the people collectively an equitable distribution of the
produce of their associated labour. Though often used in a narrow sense
to express the economic basis of Socialism, the latter term is so
generally employed in the same sense that collectivism is best discussed
in connexion with it (see SOCIALISM).
COLLECTOR, a term technically used for various officials, and
particularly in India for the chief administrative official of a
district. The word was in this case originally a translation of
_tahsildar_, and indicates that the special duty of the office is the
collection of revenue; but the collector has also magisterial powers and
is a species of autocrat within the bounds of his district. The title is
confined to the regulation provinces, especially Madras; in the
non-regulation provinces the same duties are discharged by the
deputy-commissioner (see COMMISSIONER).
COLLE DI VAL D' ELSA, a town and episcopal see of Italy, in the province
of Siena, 5 m. by rail S. of Poggibonsi, which is 16 m. N.W. of Siena.
Pop. (1901) town 1987; commune 9879. The old (upper) town (732 ft. above
sea-level), contains the cathedral, dating from the 13th century, with a
pulpit partly of this period; the facade has been modernized. There are
also some old palaces of good architecture, and the old house where
Arnolfo di Cambio, the first architect of the cathedral at Florence
(1232-1301) was born. The lower town (460 ft.) contains glass-works; the
paper and iron industries (the former as old as 1377) are less
important.
COLLEGE (_Collegium_), in Roman law, a number of persons associated
together by the possession of common functions,--a body of colleagues.
Its later meaning applied to any union of persons, and _collegium_ was
the equivalent of [Greek: hetaireia]. In many respects, e.g. in the
distinction between the responsibilities and rights of the society and
those of individual members thereof, the collegium was what we should
now call a corporation (q.v.). Collegia might exist for purposes of
trade like the English gilds, or for religious purposes (e.g. the
college of augurs, of pontifices, &c.), or for political purposes, e.g.
_tribunorum plebis collegia_. By the Roman law a collegium must have at
least three members. The name is now usually applied to educational
corporations, such as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with which,
in the numerous English statutes relating to colleges, the colleges of
Winchester and Eton are usually associated. These colleges are in the
eye of the law eleemosynary corporations. In some of the earlier
statutes of Queen Elizabeth they are spoken of as having an
ecclesiastical character, but the doctrine of the common law since the
Reformation has been that they are purely lay corporations,
notwithstanding that most or all of their members may be persons in
priest's orders. This is said to have been settled by Dr Patrick's case
(_Raymond's Reports_, p. 101).
Colleges appear to have grown out of the voluntary association of
students and teachers at the university. According to some accounts
these must at one time have been numerous and flourishing beyond
anything we are now acquainted with. We are told, for example, of 300
halls or societies at Oxford, and 30,000 students. In early times there
seems to have been a strong desire to confine the scholars to certain
licensed houses beyond the influence of the townspeople. Men of wealth
and culture, and notably the political bishops and chancellors of
England, obtained charters from the crown for the incorporation of
societies of scholars, and these in time became exclusively the places
of abode for students attending the university. At the same time the
corporations thus founded were not necessarily attached to the locality
of the university. The early statutes of Merton College, for example,
allow the residence of the college to be shifted as occasion required;
and the foundations of Wolsey at Oxford and Ipswich seem to have been
the same in intention. In later times (until the introduction of
non-collegiate students) the university and the colleges became
coextensive; every member of the university had to attach himself to
some college or hall, and every person admitted to a college or hall was
obliged to matriculate himself in the university.
In Ayliffe's _Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford_ it
is stated that a college must be "made up of three persons (at least)
joined in community. And the reason of this almost seems to speak its
own necessity, without the help of any express law to countenance it:
because among two persons only there cannot be, in fact, a major part;
and then if any disagreement should happen to arise between them it
cannot be, in fact, brought to a conclusion by such a number alone in
case both the parties should firmly adhere to their dissenting opinions;
and thus it is declared by the civil law. But by the canon law it is
known to be otherwise; for by that law two persons in number may make
and constitute a college, forasmuch as according to this law two persons
make and constitute an assembly or congregation. The common law of
England, or rather the constant usage of our princes in erecting
aggregate bodies, which has established this rule among us as a law, has
been herein agreeable to the method and doctrine of the civil law, for
that in all their grants and charters of incorporation of colleges they
have not framed any aggregate body consisting of less than three in
number." Another principle, apparently derived from the civil law, is
that a man cannot be a fellow in two colleges at the same time. The law
of England steadily resisted any attempt to introduce the principle of
inequality into colleges. An act of 1542, reciting that divers founders
of colleges have given in their statutes a power of veto to individual
members, enacts that every statute made by any such founder, whereby the
grant or election of the governor or ruler with the assent of the most
part of such corporation should be in any wise hindered by any one or
more being the lesser number (contrary to the common law), shall be
void.
The corporation consists of a head or master, fellows and scholars.
Students, not being on the foundation, residing in the college, are not
considered to be members of the corporation. The governing body in all
cases is the head and fellows.
It is considered essential to corporations of an ecclesiastical or
educational character that they should have a Visitor whose duty it is
to see that the statutes of the founder are obeyed. The duties of this
officer have been ascertained by the courts of law in a great variety of
decided cases. Subject to such restrictions as may be imposed on him by
the statutes of the college, his duties are generally to interpret the
statutes of the college in disputed cases, and to enforce them where
they have been violated. For this purpose he is empowered to "visit" the
society--usually at certain stated intervals. In questions within his
jurisdiction his judgment is conclusive, but his jurisdiction does not
extend to any cases under the common laws of the country, or to trusts
attached to the college. Generally the visitorship resides in the
founder and his heirs unless he has otherwise appointed, and in default
of him in the crown.
The fellowships, scholarships, &c., of colleges were until a
comparatively recent date subject to various restrictions. Birth in a
particular county, education at a particular school, relationship to the
founder and holy orders, are amongst the most usual of the conditions
giving a preferential or conclusive claim to the emoluments. Most of
these restrictions have been or are being swept away. (See UNIVERSITIES;
OXFORD; CAMBRIDGE; &C.)
The term "college" (like "academy") is also applied to various
institutions, e.g. to colleges of physicians and surgeons, and to the
electoral college in the United States presidential elections, &c. For
the Sacred College see CARDINAL.
COLLEONI, BARTOLOMMEO (1400-1475), Italian soldier of fortune, was born
at Bergamo. While he was still a child his father was attacked and
murdered in his castle of Trezzo by Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of
Milan. After wandering about Italy he entered the service of various
_condottieri_, such as Braccio da Montone and Carmagnola. At the age of
thirty-two he was serving the Venetian republic, and although Francesco
Maria Gonzaga was commander-in-chief, Colleoni was the life and soul of
the army. He recaptured many towns and districts for Venice from the
Milanese, and when Gonzaga went over to the enemy he continued to serve
the Venetians under Erasmo da Narni (known as Gattamelata) and Francesco
A. Sforza, winning battles at Brescia, Verona and on the lake of Garda.
When peace was made between Milan and Venice in 1441 Colleoni went over
to the Milanese, together with Sforza in 1443. But although well
treated at first, he soon fell under the suspicion of the treacherous
Visconti and was imprisoned at Monza, where he remained until the duke's
death in 1447. Milan then fell under the lordship of Sforza, whom
Colleoni served for a time, but in 1448 he took leave of Sforza and
returned to the Venetians. Disgusted at not having been elected
captain-general, he went over to Sforza once more, but Venice could not
do without him and by offering him increased emoluments induced him to
return, and in 1455 he was appointed captain-general of the republic for
life. Although he occasionally fought on his own account, when Venice
was at peace, he remained at the disposal of the republic in time of war
until his death.
Colleoni was perhaps the most respectable of all the Italian
_condottieri_, and although he often changed sides, no act of treachery
is imputed to him, nor did he subject the territories he passed through
to the rapine and exactions practised by other soldiers of fortune. When
not fighting he devoted his time to introducing agricultural
improvements on the vast estates with which the Venetians had endowed
him, and to charitable works. At his death in 1475 he left a large sum
to the republic for the Turkish war, with a request that an equestrian
statue of himself should be erected in the Piazza San Marco. The statue
was made by Verrocchio, but as no monument was permitted in the famous
Piazza it was placed opposite the hospital of St Mark by way of
compromise.
See G. M. Bonomi, _Il Castello di Cavernago e i conti Martinengo
Colleoni_ (Bergamo, 1884); for an account of his wars see S. Romanin,
_Storia documentata di Venezia_, vol. iv. (Venice, 1855), and other
histories of Venice. (L. V.*)
COLLETER (Gr. [Greek: kollos], glue), a botanical term for the
gum-secreting hairs on the buds of certain plants.
COLLETTA, PIETRO (1775-1831), Neapolitan general and historian, entered
the Neapolitan artillery in 1796 and took part in the campaign against
the French in 1798. On the entry of the French into Naples and the
establishment of the Parthenopean republic (1799) he adhered to the new
government, and when the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV. (q.v.) reconquered
the city Colletta was thrown into prison and only escaped the death
penalty by means of judiciously administered bribes. Turned out of the
army he became a civil engineer, but when the Bourbons were expelled a
second time in 1806 and Joseph Bonaparte seized the throne of Naples, he
was reinstated in his rank and served in the expedition against the
brigands and rebels of Calabria. In 1812 he was promoted general, and
made director of roads and bridges. He served under Joachim Murat and
fought the Austrians on the Panaro in 1815. On the restoration of
Ferdinand Colletta was permitted to retain his rank in the army, and
given command of the Salerno division. At the outbreak of the revolution
of 1820 the king called him to his councils, and when the constitution
had been granted Colletta was sent to put down the separatist rising in
Sicily, which he did with great severity. He fought in the
constitutionalist army against the Austrians at Rieti (7th of March
1821), and on the re-establishment of autocracy he was arrested and
imprisoned for three months by order of the prince of Canosa, the chief
of police, his particular enemy. He would have been executed had not the
Austrians intervened in his favour, and he was exiled instead to Brunn
in Moravia; in 1823 he was permitted to settle in Florence, where he
spent the rest of his days engaged on his _Storia del reame di Napoli_.
He died in 1831. His history (1st ed., Capolago, 1834), which deals with
the reigns of Charles III. and Ferdinand IV. (1734-1825), is still the
standard work for that period; but its value is somewhat diminished by
the author's bitterness against his opponents and the fact that he does
not give chapter and verse for his statements, many of which are based
on his recollection of documents seen, but not available at the time of
writing. Still, having been an actor in many of the events recorded, he
is on the whole accurate and trustworthy.
See Gino Capponi's memoir of him published in the _Storia del reame di
Napoli_ (2nd ed., Florence, 1848). (L. V.*)
COLLEY, SIR GEORGE POMEROY (1835-1881), British general, third son of
George Pomeroy Colley, of Rathangan, Co. Kildare, Ireland, and grandson
of the fourth Viscount Harberton, was born on the 1st of November 1835,
and entered the 2nd Queen's Regiment from Sandhurst as ensign in 1852.
From 1854 to 1860 he served in South Africa, and was employed in
surveying and as a magistrate in charge of the Bashi river district in
Kaffraria. Early in 1860 he went with his regiment to China to join the
Anglo-French expedition, and took part in the capture of the Taku forts
and the entry into Peking, returning to South Africa to complete his
work in Kaffraria (brevet-majority). In 1862 he entered the Staff
College and passed out in one year with honours. After serving as
brigade-major at Devonport for five years, he went to the War Office in
1870 to assist in the preparation of (Lord) Cardwell's measures of army
reform. He was appointed professor of military administration at the
Staff College in 1871. Early in 1873 he joined Sir Garnet Wolseley at
the Gold Coast, where he took charge of the transport, and the success
of the Ashanti expedition was in no small degree due to his exertions.
He was promoted brevet-colonel and awarded the C.B. In 1875 he
accompanied Wolseley to Natal (C.M.G.). On his return home he was
appointed military secretary to Lord Lytton, governor-general of India,
and in 1877 private secretary (K.C.S.I.). In 1879 he joined Wolseley as
chief of the staff and brigadier-general in S.E. Africa, but, on the
murder of Cavagnari at Kabul, returned to India. In 1880 he succeeded
Wolseley in S.E. Africa as high commissioner and general commanding, and
conducted the operations against the rebel Boers. He was defeated at
Laing's Nek and at the Ingogo river, and killed at Majuba Hill on the
27th of February 1881. He had a very high reputation not only for a
theoretical knowledge of military affairs, but also as a practical
soldier.
See _Life of Sir George Pomeroy Colley_ by Lieut.-Gen. Sir W. F.
Butler (London, 1899).
COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680-1732), English philosopher, was born at the
rectory of Steeple Langford, Wiltshire, on the 12th of October 1680. He
entered at Pembroke College, Oxford, in July 1697, but in October 1698
he and his brother William became members of Balliol. His father having
died in 1697, it was arranged that the family living of Langford Magna
should be given to Arthur as soon as he was old enough. He was presented
to the benefice in 1704, and held it till his death. His sermons show no
traces of his bold theological speculations, and he seems to have been
faithful in the discharge of his duty. He was often in pecuniary
difficulties, from which at last he was obliged to free himself by
selling the reversion of Langford rectory to Corpus Christi College,
Oxford. His philosophical opinions grew out of a diligent study of
Descartes and Malebranche. John Norris of Bemerton also strongly
influenced him by his _Essay on the Ideal World_ (1701-1704). It is
remarkable that Collier makes no reference to Locke, and shows no sign
of having any knowledge of his works. As early as 1703 he seems to have
become convinced of the non-existence of an external world. In 1712 he
wrote two essays, which are still in manuscript, one on substance and
accident, and the other called _Clavis Philosophica_. His chief work
appeared in 1713, under the title _Clavis Universalis_, or a _New
Inquiry after Truth_, being a _Demonstration of the Non-Existence or
Impossibility of an External World_ (printed privately, Edinburgh, 1836,
and reprinted in _Metaphysical Tracts_, 1837, edited by Sam. Parr). It
was favourably mentioned by Reid, Stewart and others, was frequently
referred to by the Leibnitzians, and was translated into German by von
Eschenbach in 1756. Berkeley's _Principles of Knowledge_ and _Theory of
Vision_ preceded it by three and four years respectively, but there is
no evidence that they were known to Collier before the publication of
his book.
His views are grounded on two presuppositions:--first, the utter
aversion of common sense to any theory of representative perception;
second, the opinion which Collier held in common with Berkeley, and
Hume afterwards, that the difference between imagination and sense
perception is only one of degree. The former is the basis of the
negative part of his argument; the latter supplies him with all the
positive account he has to give, and that is meagre enough. The
_Clavis_ consists of two parts. After explaining that he will use the
term "external world" in the sense of absolute, self-existent,
independent matter, he attempts in the first part to prove that the
visible world is not external, by showing--first, that the seeming
externality of a visible object is no proof of real externality, and
second, that a visible object, as such, is not external. The image of
a centaur seems as much external to the mind as any object of sense;
and since the difference between imagination and perception is only
one of degree, God could so act upon the mind of a person imagining a
centaur, that he would perceive it as vividly as any object can be
seen. Similar illustrations are used to prove the second proposition,
that a visible object, as such, is not external. The first part ends
with a reply to objections based on the universal consent of men, on
the assurance given by touch of the extra existence of the visible
world, and on the truth and goodness of God (Descartes), which would
be impugned if our senses deceived us. Collier argues naively that if
universal consent means the consent of those who have considered the
subject, it may be claimed for his view. He thinks with Berkeley that
objects of sight are quite distinct from those of touch, and that the
one therefore cannot give any assurance of the other; and he asks the
Cartesians to consider how far God's truth and goodness are called in
question by their denial of the externality of the secondary
qualities. The second part of the book is taken up with a number of
metaphysical arguments to prove the impossibility of an external
world. The pivot of this part is the logical principle of
contradiction. From the hypothesis of an external world a series of
contradictions are deduced, such as that the world is both finite and
infinite, is movable and immovable, &c.; and finally, Aristotle and
various other philosophers are quoted, to show that the external
matter they dealt with, as mere potentiality, is just nothing at all.
Among other uses and consequences of his treatise, Collier thinks it
furnishes an easy refutation of the Romish doctrine of
transubstantiation. If there is no external world, the distinction
between substance and accidents vanishes, and these become the sole
essence of material objects, so that there is no room for any change
whilst they remain as before. Sir William Hamilton thinks that the
logically necessary advance from the old theory of representative
perception to idealism was stayed by anxiety to save this miracle of
the church; and he gives Collier credit for being the first to make
the discovery.
His _Clavis Universalis_ is interesting on account of the resemblance
between its views and those of Berkeley. Both were moved by their
dissatisfaction with the theory of representative perception. Both
have the feeling that it is inconsistent with the common sense of
mankind, which will insist that the very object perceived is the sole
reality. They equally affirm that the so-called representative image
is the sole reality, and discard as unthinkable the unperceiving
material cause of the philosophers. Of objects of sense, they say,
their _esse_ is _percipi_. But Collier never got beyond a bald
assertion of the fact, while Berkeley addressed himself to an
explanation of it. The thought of a distinction between direct and
indirect perception never dawned upon Collier. To the question how all
matter exists in dependence on percipient mind his only reply is,
"Just how my reader pleases, provided it be somehow." As cause of our
sensations and ground of our belief in externality, he substituted for
an unintelligible material substance an equally unintelligible
operation of divine power. His book exhibits no traces of a scientific
development. The most that can be said about him is that he was an
intelligent student of Descartes and Malebranche, and had the ability
to apply the results of his reading to the facts of his experience. In
philosophy he is a curiosity, and nothing more. His biographer
attributes the comparative failure of the _Clavis_ to its inferiority
in point of style, but the crudeness of his thought had quite as much
to do with his failure to gain a hearing. Hamilton (_Discussions_, p.
197) allows greater sagacity to Collier than to Berkeley, on the
ground that he did not vainly attempt to enlist men's natural belief
against the hypothetical realism of the philosophers. But Collier did
so as far as his light enabled him. He appealed to the popular
conviction that the proper object of sense is the sole reality,
although he despaired of getting men to give up their belief in its
externality, and asserted that nothing but prejudice prevented them
from doing so; and there is little doubt that, if it had ever occurred
to him, as it did to Berkeley, to explain the genesis of the notion of
externality, he would have been more hopeful of commending his theory
to the popular mind.
In theology Collier was an adherent of the High Church party, though
his views were by no means orthodox. In the Jacobite _Mist's Journal_
he attacked Bishop Hoadly's defence of sincere errors. His views on
the problems of Arianism, and his attempt to reconcile it with
orthodox theology, are contained in _A Specimen of True Philosophy_
(1730, reprinted in _Metaphysical Tracts_, 1837) and _Logology, or a
Treatise on the Logos in Seven Sermons on John i. 1, 2, 3, 14_ (1732,
analysed in _Metaph. Tracts_). These may be compared with Berkeley's
_Siris_.
See Robt. Benson, _Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Arthur Collier_
(1837); Tennemann, _History of Philosophy_; Hamilton, _Discussions_;
A. C. Fraser, edition of _Berkeley's Works_; G. Lyon, "Un Idealiste
anglais au XVIII. siecle," in _Rev. philos._ (1880), x. 375.
COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726), English nonjuring divine, was born at
Stow-with-Quy, Cambridgeshire, on the 23rd of September 1650. He was
educated at Ipswich free school, over which his father presided, and at
Caius College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1673 and M.A. in 1676. He
acted for a short time as a private chaplain, but was appointed in 1679
to the small rectory of Ampton, near Bury St Edmunds, and in 1685 he was
made lecturer of Gray's Inn.
At the Revolution he was committed to Newgate for writing in favour of
James II. a tract entitled _The Desertion discuss'd in a Letter to a
Country Gentleman_ (1688), in answer to Bishop Burnet's defence of King
William's position. He was released after some months of imprisonment,
without trial, by the intervention of his friends. In the two following
years he continued to harass the government by his publications: and in
1692 he was again in prison under suspicion of treasonable
correspondence with James. His scruples forbade him to acknowledge the
jurisdiction of the court by accepting bail, but he was soon released.
But in 1696 for his boldness in granting absolution on the scaffold to
Sir John Friend and Sir William Parkyns, who had attempted the
assassination of William, he was obliged to flee, and for the rest of
his life continued under sentence of outlawry.
When the storm had blown over he returned to London, and employed his
leisure in works which were less political in their tone. In 1697
appeared the first volume of his _Essays on Several Moral Subjects_, to
which a second was added in 1705, and a third in 1709. The first series
contained six essays, the most notable being that "On the office of a
Chaplain," which throws much light on the position of a large section of
the clergy at that time. Collier deprecated the extent of the authority
assumed by the patron and the servility of the poorer clergy.
In 1698 Collier produced his famous _Short View of the Immorality and
Profaneness of the English Stage..._. He dealt with the immodesty of the
contemporary stage, supporting his contentions by a long series of
references attesting the comparative decency of Latin and Greek drama;
with the profane language indulged in by the players; the abuse of the
clergy common in the drama; the encouragement of vice by representing
the vicious characters as admirable and successful; and finally he
supported his general position by the analysis of particular plays,
Dryden's _Amphitryon_, Vanbrugh's _Relapse_ and D'Urfey's _Don Quixote_.
The Book abounds in hypercriticism, particularly in the imputation of
profanity; and in a useless display of learning, neither intrinsically
valuable nor conducive to the argument. He had no artistic appreciation
of the subject he discussed, and he mistook cause for effect in
asserting that the decline in public morality was due to the flagrant
indecency of the stage. Yet, in the words of Macaulay, who gives an
admirable account of the discussion in his essay on the comic dramatists
of the Restoration, "when all deductions have been made, great merit
must be allowed to the work." Dryden acknowledged, in the preface to his
_Fables_, the justice of Collier's strictures, though he protested
against the manner of the onslaught;[1] but Congreve made an angry
reply; Vanbrugh and others followed. Collier was prepared to meet any
number of antagonists, and defended himself in numerous tracts. _The
Short View_ was followed by a _Defence_ (1699), a _Second Defence_
(1700), and _Mr Collier's Dissuasive from the Playhouse, in a Letter to
a Person of Quality_ (1703), and a _Further Vindication_ (1708). The
fight lasted in all some ten years; but Collier had right on his side,
and triumphed; his position was, moreover, strengthened by the fact that
he was known as a Troy and high churchman, and that his attack could
not, therefore, be assigned to Puritan rancour against the stage.
From 1701 to 1721 Collier was employed on his _Great Historical,
Geographical, Genealogical and Poetical Dictionary_, founded on, and
partly translated from, Louis Moreri's _Dictionnaire historique_, and in
the compilation and issue of the two volumes folio of his own
_Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain from the first planting of
Christianity to the end of the reign of Charles II_. (1708-1714). The
latter work was attacked by Burnet and others, but the author showed
himself as keen a controversialist as ever. Many attempts were made to
shake his fidelity to the lost cause of the Stuarts, but he continued
indomitable to the end. In 1712 George Hickes was the only survivor of
the nonjuring bishops, and in the next year Collier was consecrated. He
had a share in an attempt made towards union with the Greek Church. He
had a long correspondence with the Eastern authorities, his last letters
on the subject being written in 1725. Collier preferred the version of
the _Book of Common Prayer_ issued in 1549, and regretted that certain
practices and petitions there enjoined were omitted in later editions.
His first tract on the subject, _Reasons for Restoring some Prayers_
(1717), was followed by others. In 1718 was published a new _Communion
Office taken partly from Primitive Liturgies and partly from the first
English Reformed Common Prayer Book,..._ which embodied the changes
desired by Collier. The controversy that ensued made a split in the
nonjuring communion. His last work was a volume of _Practical
Discourses_, published in 1725. He died on the 26th of April 1726.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--There is an excellent account of Collier in A. Kippis's
_Biographia Britannica_, vol. iv. (1789), where some sensible
observations by the editor are added to the original biography. A full
list of Collier's writings is given by the Rev. Wm. Hunt in the
article in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. For particulars of
Collier's history as a nonjuring bishop, see Thomas Lathbury, _A
History of the Nonjurors ..._ (1845). There is an excellent account of
the _Short View_ and the controversy arising from it in A. Beljame's
_Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au XVIIIe siecle_
(2nd ed., 1897), pp. 244-263.