Hepatitis appeared more in the Company’s_Medical Sketches of the Expedition to Egypt, from India

regiment, than in any other corps of the army. For its predominance in

the latter corps, one reason has been assigned, and which to me appears

to have had the most powerful influence.

But on the whole, this disease, once so formidable to us in India,

gradually ceased to appear in the returns of the sick.

The treatment of hepatitis it is unnecessary to dwell on: for no disease

are we provided with a more effectual or sure remedy. If the season for

applying the remedy be not lost, we are nearly, I think, as confident of

a cure by mercury, and the analogous remedies, as we are in a case of

syphilis by the same remedies.

To whom the world is indebted for the successful treatment of hepatitis

by mercury, I cannot correctly say. The oldest written account of this

practice, that I have seen, is in a very sensible pamphlet by Dr Paisley,

formerly of Madras. There is another very distinct account of it in a

pamphlet by Dr Girdlestone, of Yarmouth, formerly surgeon of a regiment

in India.

For the general introduction of mercury, through the western side of the

peninsula of India during the last twenty years, for the application of

nitric acid to the same purpose, and for the discovery of some other

preparations analogous to these, we are indebted chiefly to the ingenious

Mr Scott, of Bombay. About ten years ago, from some experiments which he

made on the calces of mercury, he discovered the analogy between them

and nitric acid, and he was the first to apply this acid to the cure of

hepatitis. Subsequently, he was led to the use of nitric acid and other

analogous remedies in hepatitis and other diseases, which are curable

only by mercury, a practice, of which, on a large scale for the last six

years, I have observed the best effects, and which is now likely to get

into general use in India.

I have said, that the species of hepatitis which we met with, at last,

in Egypt, was not that usually seen in India, and a corresponding change

was required in the treatment. Previously to giving mercury it was found

necessary to premise the anti-phlogistic regimen.

In the use of mercury great address is often required; and, in

substituting nitric acid and the analogous remedies, I am convinced, that

much advantage may often be gained. Sometimes one of these remedies will

succeed when the other has failed; and not unfrequently have I seen their

combined use succeed where separately given they had failed. In obtaining

a new agent we have acquired a great deal more power in the management of

a disease, the most formidable to Europeans in the eastern world.

Sometimes in Egypt, and in many instances in India, I have observed, that

I could not affect the gums with mercury, or with acid, till venæsection

was performed. After this operation, I have often succeeded, and induced

a flow of saliva, in cases which had long resisted a liberal use of

mercury and nitric acid.

If the modern practice of giving but little mercury, and to make it only

touch the gums, as it is called, without exciting a flow of saliva, be

proper in the venereal disease, undoubtedly it is not in hepatitis. This

disease never yields till the saliva flows freely—the explanation of this

I do not attempt; but the fact is as I state it, and it is well known

to every man who has practised extensively in India. Whenever the gums

are hard, and insensible to the effects of mercury; when, instead of a

salivation, they are red, painful, spongy, or blue, the prognosis is

very unfavourable: in ninety of such cases out of the hundred we lose our

patients.

In the first stage of this disease, I have derived benefit from cupping

and blistering the side; but I never allow these remedies to interfere,

or to delay the principal indications—the affecting the gums.

Dissection shews us the liver, of appearances considerably varied

when this disease has existed some time. I have preserved notes of my

dissections; they are not few. I made a rule of inspecting the body of

every one that died under my care for several years past. At present,

I shall only mention, in general, that sometimes the liver was of the

natural consistence, sometimes harder, and that it was much varied in

colour; but, generally, it was considerably increased in size. After

the disease had lasted long, it was sometimes much wasted, and, in

a few instances, of a very small size. In a majority of the fatal

terminations, there were found vomicæ, or abscesses. When matter is

formed, it is well known, that it makes its escape in various ways: here

surgical aid may sometimes be of use.

DYSENTERY.

This was by far the most-generally prevailing, as well as the most fatal

disease in the army.

After mature deliberation, and the most satisfactory proofs, proofs

nearly amounting to demonstration, I convinced myself, in India, that

the dysentery of that country is a disease whose first causes lie in

the biliary system. On reflection, and after looking over the accounts

of my practice in the West Indies, I have little doubt but that the

dysentery of that country proceeds from the same cause. In the end, I

was led to think that dysentery, as it occurs in Europe, was the same

disease: however, the opportunities of observation, which I had in Egypt,

convinced me that I was wrong.

The dysentery which occurred in the army till we came to the shores of

the Mediterranean, and for some time after, was clearly the dysentery of

India; but, afterwards, we witnessed a different disease. I must confess,

that, having come to so certain a conclusion, I was not ready to give

up an opinion which appeared to me to rest on very sure grounds; and it

was not till after much doubt, hesitation, and careful observation, that

I became convinced, in Alexandria, that, with the change of country and

climate, we had a different disease. This is one proof how improper, and

how unsafe, it is for the practitioner of one climate to sit down and

describe the diseases of another. They only who have studied the same

diseases, in various and opposite climates, can fully comprehend the

extreme absurdity as well as fallacy of this. From reasoning of any kind,

we are incompetent to decide on the identity of disease. Reasoning from

analogy here always deceives. In many of the symptoms diseases may agree;

but, from thence to infer their identity is taking a very narrow view.

The comparison will be found to hold good only in some points, and that

we have satisfied ourselves with an imperfect outline. Between diseases,

as they occur in Europe and in Asia, there are just as many shades of

difference as between the plants of those opposite regions, or in the

colour of the inhabitants.

The dysentery of India, or what I shall term the tropical dysentery,

is not the disease which is described by Cullen under that name. The

dysentery of Cullen, as it is faithfully described by Sydenham, Pringle,

Monro, and Sir George Baker, is a frequent disease on the continent of

Europe; and it has ever been a most destructive disease in our armies

there. The dysentery of Europe I believe to be generally a disease of

the intestinal canal. I have already said that the tropical dysentery

proceeds from a different cause; but the diseases likewise differ much

in their symptoms. The “pyrexia contagiosa” certainly forms no part of

the tropical dysentery; and the torminia and tenesmus occur so rarely,

that, in a definition of this disease, I presume they cannot be admitted.

Spasmodic affection of the intestinal canal, I believe, rarely occurs in

the tropical dysentery.

I have ever experienced difficulty in distinguishing dysentery from

diarrhæa, and am inclined to think, that, in Cullen’s definition of

diarrhæa, is described tropical dysentery. The diarrhæa biliosa, as well

as his seventh species, the diarrhæa hepatirrhea, perhaps, ought to be

included in a definition of tropical dysentery.

It has been already mentioned, that it was the tropical dysentery which

principally prevailed in the army. Though I was not convinced that we had

a different disease, till after we came to Alexandria, yet I am inclined

to think that it was the European disease which chiefly prevailed in the

army for some time before; and, if we draw the line from November, we

shall not be far removed from the truth.

It will not be necessary to say much in the treatment of tropical

dysentery. Mercury is now the remedy relied on every where. In Egypt, we

felt the want of nitric acid in hepatitis; and we equally felt the want

of this powerful remedy in dysentery. The instances which have occurred

to me, during the last five years, are extremely numerous, where,

after our failure with mercury, exhibited in all the variety of its

preparations, we succeeded with this remedy sometimes as a substitute,

and sometimes as an auxiliary.[7]

It was in the 61st regiment that cases of the dysentery of Europe were

first observed. Perhaps it more readily appeared in this corps, because

the greatest part of the men had not yet got rid of the European habit,

and were as yet unassimilated to a warm climate. After repeated failures,

and losing some men, Mr Ruxton saw the necessity of giving trial to other

remedies than mercury.

The disease generally set in with a smart fever, and, unless the calomel

exhibited went through the bowels, the patient felt no relief: and Mr

Ruxton remarked, that the neutral salts gave this relief much more

perfectly than calomel. The treatment which Mr Ruxton rested on, and

with which he was at length successful, was, in most cases, putting the

patient on the anti-phlogistic regimen; frequently giving laxatives; and

keeping up a determination to the skin. The same practice was followed in

the few fresh cases which occurred in the 88th regiment at Alexandria,

and in a considerable number of cases in the hospital of the 10th

regiment, and some other corps. However, it must be mentioned, that to

the last period some cases did occur, in all these corps, where calomel

was found necessary. When the disease was of some weeks standing, and

where a chronic disease occurred, calomel given in small doses proved the

best and indeed only useful remedy.

For a long time, we saw but little dysentery in the army. The number

of cases which occurred, before we arrived in Lower Egypt, was

inconsiderable.

In September, a great many cases occurred in the neighbourhood of

Rosetta, and in the camp at El Hammed; but many of these were the sequelæ

of the fever contracted at Rhoda. In October, the number of cases was

greatly on the increase. The rainy weather with which the month of

November began, and which continued during the following months, brought

a prodigious increase of dysenteric cases. In the general return of the

first week in November, there appear one hundred and sixty cases, and one

hundred and twenty-three of these are Europeans. Most of the natives were

from the Bengal volunteer battalion.

In the first general return in December appear two hundred and nineteen;

of which one hundred and forty are Europeans.

After leaving the encampment at El Hammed, and getting into dry,

comfortable barracks, at Alexandria, the disease occurred more rarely in

the army.

In the last return of January, only one hundred and sixty cases are seen.

In the last return of February, the total number of dysenteric cases in

the army was fifty-four, and only twenty-two of these were natives of

India.

In the last return of March, there appear nineteen cases, fifteen of

which were Europeans.

There are only twenty cases in the last return of April, and these cases

are equally divided between the Europeans and Indians.

At the time of embarkation the number was even less than the above.

The disease was more frequently met with among the European artillery,

and in the 61st regiment, than in any other corps. Among the native

corps, the Bengal battalion had more of the disease than any other.

I made inquiry, but could find no reason that could with probability

account for this.[8]

I have continued longer on the subject of dysentery than was at first my

intention. I will confess, that I think it is a subject on which I could

with more propriety speak than on any other. My opportunities of seeing

the disease have been no common ones. Rarely, I believe, has it fallen to

the lot of an individual to see so very many cases of one disease in such

a diversity of climate and situation. In the 88th regiment, during the

course of upwards of ten years, I saw the same men the subject of this

disease on the continent of Europe, in America, in both extremities of

Africa, and in India. Of late, it has afforded me not a little amusement

to review my notes as well as my journals of practice in this disease, in

all these quarters.

I have now both given some account of the endemic diseases which we met

with in Egypt, and offered a few remarks on those diseases which were

most prevalent in the army. They are the diseases which constantly prove

the most fatal to an army in India. The few which now remain, or (if I

may be allowed the expression) the minor diseases, will not long detain

us.

PNEUMONIA AND RHEUMATISM

I shall speak of conjointly. In the symptoms or treatment we could not

observe any difference from the same diseases as they occur in Europe. If

these diseases were less violent than we have seen them in Europe, they

had more of the inflammatory, diathesis than in India.

It was not till after the army had been sometime in Lower Egypt, that

either of these diseases appeared.

In the first general weekly return in November, there appear a total of

six cases of pneumonia, and nine of rheumatism.

In the first week of December, there were twelve cases of pneumonia, and

seven of rheumatism.

In the first weekly return of January, both diseases appear to have

increased; there were twenty-four cases of pneumonia, and twenty of

rheumatism.

In the first return of February, there are thirty-four cases of

pneumonia, of which number, twenty were Europeans. Of rheumatism, there

were fifteen, and only eight of them were Europeans.

In March, the first return presents only five cases of pneumonia: of

these, three were Europeans; but, of rheumatism, there were twenty-seven

cases, and nineteen of them were natives of India.

In April, there were sixteen cases of pneumonia, and only five were

Europeans. Of twenty-five cases of rheumatism, eleven are Europeans.

The warm clothing and bedding provided by the General for the natives

of India, in the cold months, no doubt protected them from the attacks

of pneumonia and rheumatism. The latter disease was found to be more

prevalent in the Bengal battalion of Sepoys than in any other corps.

SMALL-POX.

The cases of this disease that occurred were very few. I have said that

the small-pox broke out at sea, in the division of the army commanded

by colonel Murray. Mr Philips told me, that it was very fatal to the

natives: he sent every case as soon as discovered into the Julia hospital

ship, which was unfortunately lost, in the Red Sea, with all on board.

The Europeans, who were attacked in Egypt with this disease, all did

well; but it proved a very fatal disease to the few Indians whom it

attacked.

As in India, we remarked, that in Egypt the contagion did not spread

so widely as in Europe. Though, at different periods, it broke out in

the hospital of the 10th regiment, at Rosetta, in the department of the

commissary of cattle, when encamped near the lake Mareotis, and in

the garrison of Ghiza, yet in none of these instances did the disease

spread. The cases that did occur were all of them very confluent. When,

on the eve of our march to Suez, I received vaccine matter, sent from

Constantinople by order of Lord Elgin: it arrived too late, however,

for us to introduce the new inoculation either in the army, or the

country; it was likewise too old and unfit to be carried into India,

as we intended.[9] At one time I expected to see a curious question in

physiology resolved, by observing the united agency of the variolous,

and pestilential contagions. In one instance, these two poisons were

in action in one corps, and at one time. A case of the small-pox,

and another of the plague, broke out, in the camp of the commissary

of cattle, at the same time. By the active vigilance, and the system

established there, the progress of both contagions was soon stopped, and

a second case of either disease did not afterwards occur.

DIARRHÆA.

I have said, that, from the quality of the water, this was a prevailing

disease in crossing the desert of Thebes. It occasionally appeared, at

other times, in some corps, particularly after a change of provisions, or

after changing quarters, as from El Hammed to Alexandria.

SCURVY.

This disease was but little seen in the army. About twenty cases occurred

in the 61st regiment while quartered in the Pharos, and one case occurred

in the 80th regiment at Alexandria. At the time the disease occurred,

the army was regularly supplied with fresh vegetables, and there was no

scarcity of provisions in the market.

SYPHILIS.

This disease prevailed much in the garrison of Ghiza, and in the 86th

regiment. At the time of embarkation there were many obstinate cases.

With the small stock of nitric acid which we had, we had as strong proofs

of its efficacy as in India. In the instances of some officers who were

successfully treated with it, we found that the stomach seldom bore more

than half the quantity which, in Bombay, we had usually exhibited in the

hospital of the 88th regiment; but the acid given to these cases differed

much from the acid used in India: the latter was a much pleasanter remedy.

To a few cases we successfully gave the oxymuriate of potash, and to

several cases the oxymuriate of soda.

We found that syphilis was a frequent disease in every part of Egypt

that we had seen, both among the Bedouins and the Fellahs; and we have

seen in Upper Egypt many objects terribly mutilated from this disease.

Crude mercury I have often seen in their bazars, or markets, and they

appeared to be acquainted with the use of it.

THE GUINEA-WORM.

This did not frequently appear in the Indian army while they were in

Egypt: on the voyage thither, however, it prevailed very much, and a

great deal of it came under my own particular notice. On my return to

India I found, that, in the manner of its first appearance, as well as

in its progress afterwards, much of what I had observed was considered,

by medical men, as new and remarkable. I shall, therefore, give some

detail of it here: though this may be going a little out of my way, it

may be useful. When cases of this disease crowded on me, and with the

very severe symptoms with which they appeared, I was both perplexed and

embarrassed; and I regretted much the not having had a previous knowledge

of the disease.

This disease, as will be shewn by the table, was but little seen in

Egypt. It appeared only in two European corps, the 86th and 88th

regiments; and in two native Indian corps, the 1st and 7th Bombay

regiments. It is a disease, of which I believe that we know but little.

Industry and attention might be usefully employed in the investigation of

the natural history of the dracunculus.

In September, 1799, the 86th regiment relieved the 84th in the fort of

Bombay. The 86th remained in the king’s barracks there until October,

1800, at which time they were relieved by the 88th regiment from the

island of Coulabah.

The 86th, on coming into the fort of Bombay, had never had a case of the

Guinea-worm; and they continued free from it till the setting in of the

monsoon of 1800. The king’s barracks in the fort are close to the bazar

in Bombay. Here Mr Dean, the surgeon of the 86th regiment, remarked,

that the Guinea-worm prevailed very much among the natives. In the course

of the monsoon, nearly three hundred cases of this disease appeared in

the 86th regiment. I saw, at one time, one hundred cases of it in Mr

Dean’s hospital.

The 88th regiment, from the time of their arrival in India, in June,

1799, till October, 1800, was quartered in the island of Coulabah,

distant one mile from Bombay. During the fifteen months of their stay

at Coulabah, only one case of Guinea-worm appeared in the regiment; and

this happened, as they were about exchanging quarters with the 86th

regiment, in an old man, debilitated with repeated attacks of hepatitis

and dysentery. No case appeared in the 88th regiment in October, nor

for nearly a month after their coming into the king’s barracks in

Bombay; but, in that part of November which immediately preceded their

embarkation for service, three cases occurred.

The artillery, 86th and 88th regiments, as already mentioned, were

embarked, at Bombay, for the Egyptian expedition. In the course of the

voyage to Ceylon, a case of Guinea-worm first appeared in the detachment

of the 86th regiment, on board the Minerva; and, thereafter, six cases in

the 88th regiment, on board the same ship.

On our arrival at Point de Galle, in Ceylon, we found that the disease

was unknown in his Majesty’s 19th foot, among the Sepoys who came from

Bengal or Madras; in the Malay corps: and, as far as I could learn,

among the inhabitants. During our stay in Ceylon, a few cases made their

appearance in the 86th and 88th regiments on shore. On sailing from

this island for the Red Sea, only three hundred and sixty men, of the

88th regiment, with the artillery, were embarked in the Minerva. Two

companies of the 88th were embarked in a small vessel, the Fancy. Another

vessel, the Hope, was provided for the detachment of the 86th regiment,

and two officers of the 88th were embarked with them.

Soon after sailing from Ceylon, the Guinea-worm made its appearance among

the 88th, both in the Minerva and Fancy: in the Minerva, particularly, it

increased with alarming rapidity. By the time we reached the Straits of

Babelmandel, we were in a most alarming state. Of three hundred and sixty

men, whose services we had reason to expect daily might be required, one

hundred and sixty-one were at this time crippled and laid up with this

loathsome disease. Though contrary to every account which I had had of

the disease, many circumstances at this time led me to suspect that it

was infectious, and I, at length, thought it prudent to treat it as such.

The officers remarked, that it prevailed most in particular parts of the

ship, and much more in some companies than in others. This, at length,

so much struck the commanding officer, that the sick were separated

from the sound: the men with the Guinea-worm were all placed on the

orlop-deck, and the rest of the men occupied the gun-deck. At this time,

too, extraordinary precautions, regarding cleanliness and ventilation,

were adopted. Much lumber and luggage were stowed away, and the space

between decks, which hitherto had been lumbered with it, was made open

and clear, fore and aft. The decks were daily well washed with boiling

water, and the nitrous fumigation was kept constantly going on throughout

the ship. Besides the usual bathing three times a week, of all on board,

the soldiers were made to wash their hands and feet regularly twice every

day at the ship’s head.

In a little time after adopting these measures, we could perceive the

disease to diminish. The number of fresh cases reported, decreased daily;

and at the time of our casting anchor in Kossier Roads, though there were

on the sick list many bad ulcers from the Guinea-worm, no fresh case had

appeared for some days before.

During the voyage, 199 cases had appeared from 360 men of the 88th

regiment; and several cases occurred among the ship’s crew; but not a

single case occurred among the artillery. This struck every one on board,

very early, as remarkable; yet these men had the same provisions, drank

the same water, and in every other circumstance were situated as the

men of the 88th regiment, except that they were kept separate. From the

outset, the artillerymen were accommodated apart, on the gun-deck, in a

spot divided off for themselves. Not one of the officers, either of the

artillery, 88th, or belonging to the ship, had the Guinea-worm. From the

strong circumstances which in its course appeared, every officer on board

was impressed with the opinion of its being contagious, and was inclined

to use every precaution of prevention; from which, most probably, all

escaped this filthy and severe disease.

Those embarked in the Fancy, were not so fortunate; few of the men there

escaped the disease. Of eight officers of the 88th, three caught it. Mr

Bruce, then the assistant surgeon, was one of these: he had a worm in

each leg. The Fancy was obliged to return to Bombay; most of the men were

disabled by this disease; and the season was too far advanced for her

getting up the Red Sea.

Among the 86th regiment in the Hope, only three cases occurred; and one

of the two officers of the 88th, on board, was one of them.

I find, by my case-books, that in the part of the 88th regiment which

continued in the Minerva, the disease appeared as follows:

From the 9th to the 24th December, 6 cases on the passage to Ceylon.

From the 25th Dec. to 14th Feb. 4 ditto at Ceylon, on shore.

From the 15th to the 28th Feb. 39 ditto at sea, after leaving

Ceylon.

In March 103 ditto at sea.

In April 39 ditto at sea.

In May 8 ditto at sea, till landing at

Kossier.

----

Total of cases 199

----

I have purposely excluded the cases which occurred in the 88th, on board

the Fancy, or among the 86th regiment.

The disease was pretty uniform in the manner of its appearance. The

patient was first sensible of an itching; and, on looking at the part,

generally observed a small blister: sometimes I have seen three or four

small blisters, and the part having the appearance of being stung with

nettles. When the blister was snipped, a piece of mucus of the breadth

of a sixpence was seen underneath, which being removed, the head of the

worm was seen. It was in general firmly attached, and required force to

detach it from the parts underneath. When detached with the forceps, we

twisted it round a ligature or piece of lint, and thus, often on the

first day, succeeded in extracting a foot, or even two, of the worm. It

resembled much what is called bobbin, and was about the same size. It was

transparent and moist, a white liquid being seen in it. We continued,

daily, extracting as much of it as would come out with gentle pulling. It

was always dangerous to pull strongly, for fear of breaking the worm: it

then occasioned the most acute pain, and there followed much swelling,

with inflammation of the neighbouring parts, sometimes of two or three

weeks continuance, when the worm would shew itself at another part, as at

first, with itching and a blister.

It seldom appeared to be deeply seated; generally, under the cutis, or

among the tela cellulosa, when we could often trace it in its course, and

sometimes see it: sometimes it was under the fascia, and but seldom among

the muscles.

If not ushered in with fever, it was almost always attended with it in

its course: when there was considerable inflammation, it ran very high.

In seven cases, mortification took place, and very large sloughs were

cast off. In a few cases, there was a very considerable and alarming

hæmorrhage.

By presenting itself at different places, it would often leave two or

three large, foul, and fistulous ulcers in different parts of a limb.

When the inflammation has run very high, as I have often seen of the

whole leg or thigh; and when a profuse suppuration followed; the worm

frequently has come out dead, often in pieces, with the sanies, by

which, probably, it had been eroded and killed.

Frequently, after extracting one worm from a patient, a second, a third,

or even a fourth, would appear: after getting one out of a leg, a second

would appear in the other, a third in one hand, and a fourth in the other

hand.

The Guinea-worm, I believe, has been seen in every part of the body.

Though the extremities appear to be its favourite seats, yet the face,

breast, back, penis, &c. are not exempted from its visits. I heard of a

gentleman in Bombay who had one in his scrotum and penis, and of a lady

who had one in the pudenda.

The following I extract from my case-book and notes, taken on board the

Minerva, by which it will be seen that the extremities are as much more

frequently its principal and first seat, as in the itch.

+-----+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------+-----+-----+-------+

| +-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------+-----+-----+-------+

|Feb. | 34 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 39 |

|Mar. | 70 | 21 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | — | — | 103 |

|April| 20 | 9 | 5 | — | — | 3 | — | 2 | 39 |

+-----+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------+-----+-----+-------+

|Total| 124 | 33 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 7 | — | 2 | 181 |

+-----+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------+-----+-----+-------+

As to the causes of the appearance of the Guinea-worm, and the mode in

which it is generated, I must confess that I have no account that I could

venture to offer here.

In different parts of the world, the water drank is accused of

occasioning intestinal worms, as the tænia in Switzerland, and the

tænia and the teretes in the West Indies; where, likewise, I have

heard the mucilaginous vegetables eaten assigned as a cause of the

frequent appearance of worms. In Russia, there is a worm, the lumbricus

militensis, common near swampy grounds. In Russia and in Siberia, in the

same situations, the tænia infernalis prevails. But, after what has

been here stated, we cannot bring the water, drank on board the Minerva,

or at Bombay, to account for the Guinea-worm which prevailed: in fact,

the water came from different and distant quarters, Bombay, Ceylon, and

Madras. Besides, the officers of the 38th, and the artillery, drank the

same water, and escaped.

No case of Guinea-worm had been known among either the Lascars or

European sailors in the Minerva, when the 86th and 88th embarked in her.

I have good reason to think that the spreading of the Guinea-worm may be

stopped, whenever it does appear. The means which we adopted appeared to

succeed. Extreme attention to cleanliness is indispensably necessary.

In India, the native doctors are much more successful in getting out the

worms, than Europeans. After long feeling with their fingers, for the

body of the worm, they make an incision as nearly as they can judge over

its middle, and, pulling the worm by a duplicature of it, draw out both

ends of the worm at one time. I have often endeavoured to imitate this

practice. My sense of touch was not so delicate, and did not guide me so

correctly, as it did the Hindoo doctors; but I always found that when, on

cutting down to it, I got on the middle of the worm, and, by the forceps,

pulled this out, I could with ease extract a large portion, and, not

unfrequently, the whole worm.

Leeches, astringent and sedative lotions, cataplasms, fomentations, &c.

were applied, as required by the circumstances of the case. A good deal

of attention was paid to the disease, in all its stages; and several

experiments were made on the worm, which, however, it is needless to

detail here.

After using a variety of articles, in the treatment of the Guinea-worm,

and making them enter the system by the absorbents, I think that unctuous

substances succeeded the best, particularly mercurial ointment. Passing

an electrical shock through the part had no effect.

ULCERS.

In India, we remarked that ulcers, particularly of the legs, were very

rarely seen; and that many men in the 88th regiment, who in Europe were

always in hospitals with them, were in India quite free from them. In

Egypt, they began to re-appear. In the course of six weeks after the army

came to Alexandria, there appeared seventy on the general return of the

army; and they continued afterwards on the increase.

TETANUS.

Though no case of this disease occurred to us while in Egypt, I met with

a severe one on the voyage thither. As I was successful in this case, and

by a mode of treatment which, with the theory which gave rise to it, is,

I believe, now considered as obsolete, it may not be uninteresting to

mention what led me to give it a trial.

In the year 1794, the first tetanic case I met with, occurred at

Bergen-op-Zoom. A sergeant of the 88th regiment, after remaining drunk

out all night, was in the morning found lying in a ditch. This was in

August, and the weather was unusually warm. When brought to the hospital,

his jaws were so firmly locked, that the blade of a pen-knife could not

be introduced between the teeth. Mercury was had recourse to, but in

a few hours the muscles of the neck became convulsed. By the advice of

a Dutch physician, a man of great eminence, I immersed my patient four

times, in the course of the day, into a bath of broth. He continued in it

half an hour each time, and, after he came out, his whole body was rubbed

with mercurial ointment. I do not recollect that any thing else was given

to him, unless a stimulant enema. Next morning the good effects of the

Dutch practice were evident: a violent salivation came on, and, in about

three weeks, the man was doing his duty.

In the next case which occurred, though a cure was not completely

effected, the same treatment was, for some days, attended with good

effects. In the island of Grenada, a negro, attached to our pioneers,

received a contusion and a slight wound of the head, which was soon

followed by locked jaw. The warm bath, and the liberal use of mercury,

were ordered. He, for some time, appeared to be better, and I flattered

myself with the hopes of another cure; but the disease gaining ground,

the cold bath and the tonic treatment were had recourse to. The patient

died.

The next was a sailor, who, a few days before our embarkation, in the

Minerva, at Bombay, had been slightly wounded in the foot by a copper

nail. On my first seeing him, his symptoms were slight, but were gaining

ground fast. On the 10th of December, the day after our embarkation,

he had the most violent symptoms of the disease: the jaws were firmly

locked; the muscles of the neck, before and behind, were strongly

convulsed; and he had twitchings of the muscles of his face. He pointed

to the region of the stomach, where, he afterwards told me, that he had

intolerable pain and sickness. This man was immediately put under the

same treatment as was employed in the case of Sergeant Kirkland, with

this difference, that, instead of broth, a bath was made from fat, or

what is, on ship-board, called the slush. The same success attended; but

the symptoms yielded more slowly, and it was several months before the

sailor recovered.

From hearing me relate these successful cases, by the warm bath and

mercury, some cases in the Bombay general hospital were treated in the

same manner. My friend, Dr Keir, informed me that he tried it in three

cases of tetanus, in the garrison hospital. It succeeded in one, but

failed in the other two.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE YELLOW FEVER, AND THE RESEMBLANCE WHICH THIS

DISEASE BEARS TO THE PLAGUE.

When I had nearly brought these sketches to a conclusion, I met with

two books which I regret that I did not see earlier, viz. Dr Chisholm’s

work on the Pestilential Fever of the West Indies, and Dr Wittman’s

Travels. In perusing these works, I have had great satisfaction to find a

coincidence with me in some opinions which I had formed, and which I have

introduced into this treatise.

It is matter of regret to me, that I did not meet Dr Wittman in Egypt.

Most of my observations, I find, coincide with his; and I am glad to have

mine confirmed by authority so respectable.

The frictions with oil we did use to a small extent, in an infected

corps of the Indian army; but the report made to me, by the surgeon, was

unfavourable, and I never recommended its use in any other corps. Since

reading what Dr Wittman says on the subject of friction with oil, I think

it not improbable, that, in addition to the great care which captain

Burr took of the commissariat department, another circumstance may have

conduced to their exemption from the plague. The camels of the army, to

the number of some hundreds, were, as well as the horses and buffaloes,

under the charge of the commissary of cattle, captain Burr; and his

people were entrusted with the care of them. In the cold and wet season,

which commenced in November, the camels became very sickly, and many of

them had an eruption over the body. In the course of three months, I

believe, more than three-fourths of these useful animals died. Captain

Burr employed some Arabs, who were reputed to be skilful in the treatment

of the camel. The plan which they followed I remember well. It was, after

shaving or cutting the hair very close, to rub them all over with oil,

daily. The men of the commissariat department were, during the day,

constantly employed in these frictions, or in tending the cattle: and

the great mortality among the camels happened in November, December, and

January, the months in which the plague raged the most in the army. The

circumstance I think not unworthy of notice; I leave others to ascribe to

it what degree of importance they think it deserving of.

I have mentioned, that I thought I could see a characteristic similitude

in many of the symptoms between the plague and the destructive fever

which has for some years devastated the continent of America and the West

India islands; and to the end of the account which I gave of the plague,

I add a table of the principal points where it appeared to me that the

two diseases agreed.[10] I am now glad to find, that in this opinion I do

not stand alone; I have been particularly gratified to find that this is

the opinion of so very respectable authority as Dr Chisholm.

I have had the greatest satisfaction in the perusal of the very complete

history of the West India fever which Dr Chisholm gives. In most points,

the result of my observations on this, coincides with the doctor’s. My

experience, in a particular situation, supplied me with some very strong

facts, touching the question of the contagious nature of this fever.

From my case-books and notes, while in the West Indies, I have thrown,

under a few heads, a brief extract of the result of my observations,

which I shall here insert. From the similitude which I think I can trace,

this is not foreign to the principal subject of these Sketches; and, as

the result of close observation, unattached to any theory, they may,

perhaps, be not without interest or use.

1st. In Barbadoes, both in the end of 1795, and in the beginning of 1796,

the only disease which prevailed was typhus. The 88th regiment was

healthy at St Lucia, and continued pretty healthy at Grenada for three

months after their arrival there, or as long as they remained to the

windward side of the island. This was likewise the case with the 10th,

25th, and other regiments. It was only after our return to St George’s

and to Richmond Hill, after we had communication with the 68th regiment,

and the general hospitals, where the yellow fever had for many months

prevailed, that it appeared in the 38th, and in the other corps.

2d. Before the appearance of this fever in the 88th, as well as in other

corps, dysentery and intermittents prevailed most.

3d. On the 12th of July, 1796, a detachment of the 88th regiment was

embarked at Grenada, in the Betsy transport, for England. We embarked one

hundred and forty, and I was most particularly careful not to take any

man on board with the slightest appearance of illness. Every precaution

which regarded cleanliness, ventilation, or fumigation, was adopted. The

remains of the 8th, 10th, 25th, and other regiments, were at the same

time embarked, at Grenada, for England.

4th. From the time we sailed from Grenada, on the 19th of July to the 5th

of August, seven days after we sailed from Tortola, (where we had touched

for water) no case of this fever appeared in the Betsy. The other corps,

which left Grenada along with us, had not been so fortunate. The 8th,

10th, and 25th regiments, all of them suffered severely on the passage

from Grenada to Tortola; the 8th particularly. This corps, besides the

loss of many non-commissioned officers, in this short passage, lost every

officer on board, except the surgeon in second, and major and captain

Armstrong; and these two gentlemen were ill of the yellow fever on

coming into Tortola. I was requested to go on board to visit them, but

the request was opposed by all the officers on board the Betsy, as well

those of the ship as by the officers of the 88th regiment on board. So

very much were all impressed with an opinion of the fatally infectious

nature of this fever, that they remonstrated with me, and told me, that

the ship and the regiment were now perfectly free from this fever; but

that, by my going to see the 8th, I should certainly bring the fever into

the Betsy. However, a second message having come for me to visit captain

and major Armstrong, I instantly accompanied the messenger on board. From

seeing the state of their transport, I immediately ordered major and

captain Armstrong on shore, and accompanied them to the hotel. Here we

found that the prejudices in the Betsy transport prevailed in the island

of Tortola. The doors of the hotel were shut against the yellow fever,

and it required a very _forcible_ remonstrance to persuade them to admit

these two officers, who, however, both of them, died the next day in the

hotel.

5th. The state of the other corps, after sailing from Tortola, I am

unacquainted with. When lying at Tortola, on the 29th and 30th of July,

the Betsy communicated with the transports which had the 8th and 10th

regiments on board. On the 6th of August, the first case of the yellow

fever appeared on board the Betsy; from which period to the 12th of

September, 1796, every person almost was once, and a great many on board

twice, attacked with this fever. Of one hundred and forty people on board

the Betsy, the captain of the ship, eighteen soldiers, and one woman,

died in this period. It should, however, be mentioned, that, of the

soldiers, several were old and worn-out invalids. During the passage from

Tortola to England, our convoy, the Hebe frigate, suffered even more than

the Betsy. When sent for on board, by Captain Scott, I found that he

had not only lost many seamen and marines, but several officers, and two

medical gentlemen.

6th. On the fleet, from Grenada, anchoring at Tortola, the yellow fever

was unknown there; thereafter, I have heard, that it prevailed generally,

and committed great havoc.

7th. Those labouring under dysentery, ague, &c. were those first seized

with this fever.

8th. [_Symptoms._]—The attack was first with extreme debility, affection

of the head, and frequently the appearance of drunkenness. Next, the

abdomen was complained of, and the biliary system appeared to be a

principal seat of the disease. The yellowness, though not a constant,

was a generally attending symptom. The eyes first appeared of a watery

suffusion; they next were observed to be blood-shot; and, in a short

time after, yellow; from the eye, the yellowness quickly spread over

all the body, and the patient in a little time had the appearance of one

highly jaundiced. Sometimes the yellow colour of the body continued for

some time after the patient got well, and purgatives brought off yellow

stools, while the urine was at the same time yellowish. The irritability

of the stomach, and what is called the black vomiting, were pretty

constant attending symptoms. The state of the pulse varied in the course

of the disease; there was at first, almost always, a firm and strong

pulse, with so much re-action, as would lead a stranger to the disease

to blood-letting and the anti-phlogistic regimen. The bowels were, in

general, very unequal; there was either a looseness or costiveness,

though most frequently the latter.

9th. The duration of the disease was, in different cases, and in

different situations, very different. In Grenada, when it first broke

out, it generally ran its course from twenty-four, thirty-six, to

forty-eight hours, in the hospitals. Soon after we sailed from Grenada,

cases terminated in three days: thereafter, and as we approached the

higher latitudes, and before we reached Ireland, cases were drawn out to

ten, twelve, and fifteen days.

10th. The prognosis. The danger was generally in proportion to the degree

of affection of the head, irritability of the stomach, and yellowness of

the skin, and as these appeared early or not.

11th. In the treatment various modes were tried. Emetics appeared to

be unnecessary; and, in general, seemed to do mischief, as did all

antimonials. I have witnessed the practice of a large hospital, where

blood-letting was premised in every case; but this was by no means a

successful practice. In three cases in the Betsy, and where the state

of the pulse and other symptoms seemed particularly to call for it, I

performed venæsection; but I lost my three patients. Clearing the bowels

appeared to be a principal indication: when this was repeatedly done by

drastic purgatives, and when a free perspiration was kept up, there was

always less complaint of the head, and, in some cases, a remission was

thus obtained, and the bark could then be given with manifest advantage.

In the few cases where it was used to produce salivation, calomel did

more good than any other remedy whatever. I lost no case, where I

succeeded in inducing a flow of saliva.

In some cases, and these all proved fatal, the gums became insensible to

the effects of mercury; and though one drachm of calomel in one case,

and two scruples in another, were given in a very short period, yet the

patient died without a flow of saliva having been excited.

Nothing gave more relief than the cold bath; it generally suppressed the

irritability of stomach for some time; it always induced sleep, and

brought out a gentle sweat, which most commonly relieved the patient. The

Brunonian practice I saw tried with no advantage.

These are the principal of the leading circumstances, regarding the

yellow fever, which came immediately under my notice.

Dr Chisholm, when he formed the opinion of the similarity of the plague

and the yellow fever, was not singular.

Since my arrival in England, I have received several letters addressed to

me in Egypt, and which followed me from that country to India, and from

thence to Europe; mostly answers to letters which I wrote from Egypt.

By two of my West-India correspondents, in particular, this opinion is

repeatedly expressed. I have several letters on the subject from two most

respectable physicians, Dr Paterson, of Grenada, and Dr Robertson, of

Barbadoes. From the opinion which he had formed, Dr Paterson repeatedly

urges me to the use of mercury, and of the cold bath, in the plague.

Dr Robertson, in one letter says, “I decidedly agree with you, that there

is a strong similitude between the symptoms of the yellow fever and the

plague: although the latter disease never came under my observation, yet

I was so struck with the appearance of yellow fever, and the histories

of the other disease, which I had read, that, at one time, I was almost

disposed to consider them both as different modifications of the same

diseased state of body, and actually wrote a paper on the subject in

February, 1797.”

In the practice in Egypt, Mr Price’s observation militates against the

use of cold bathing in the plague. It should be recollected, however,

that, when Mr Price made his observation, it was in the severest part of

the season, when the plague raged the most, and when Mr Price laboured

under many disadvantages in his practice. I anxiously wish to see cold

bathing, or sponging, extensively tried in the plague. I have great

expectations from it in that disease, from having so often seen how much

it has done in the yellow fever and in typhus fever, where I consider it

to be the most valuable part of the treatment.

In concluding, I am impelled to do an act of justice, and acquit myself

of a debt of gratitude. The use of this invaluable remedy, and what else

I know of tropical practice, I learned many years ago from my venerable

and much-respected friend Dr Wright. By the use of the cold bathing, my

life was saved in Jersey, in 1794, when I was ill of typhus fever, by

Dr Jackson, then surgeon of the Buffs, who, at the same time, attended

my hospital for me, and with the greatest benefit, and introduced this

practice into the 88th regiment, where typhus then raged.

The use of cold water and cold bathing has since been diffused by the

ingenious and elegant pen of Dr Currie. This I conceive to be one of the

greatest improvements which the practice of physic has received in modern

times.

FOOTNOTES

[1] A plan established in the army proved so useful, that I will here

mention it. The letters and reports of the medical gentlemen in the

pest-houses, I constantly sewed together, made them up in monthly

volumes, and kept them at my quarters, where every medical gentleman in

the army was invited to come and daily peruse them. The disease became

thus the subject of daily discussion; and, from these discussions, I was

enabled daily to propose queries in my letters to the gentlemen in the

pest-houses. Thus, the history of the disease, in most of its points,

came to be investigated; and, previously to entering a pest-house, before

his tour of duty came round, every gentleman had acquired some knowledge

of the plague, and of the success of other practitioners.

[2] These circumstances I learned from a member of the French Institute,

and from the Pharmacien en Chéf to the French army, who often related to

me the order which Bonaparte gave him to poison the wounded with opium.

[3] In Dr Duncan’s Annals of Medicine, for 1801, I have adduced a

striking instance of this.

[4] Dr Buchan was on the staff of the British army, but twice nobly

volunteered his services, and twice did duty in the lazaretto of

Alexandria, at this period common both to the English and Indian armies.

[5] This remark we found to be particularly applicable to the last stages

of the disease. In the beginning of the season, one case occurred that

gave rise to much conversation in the army. From having come into contact

with a case of plague, a Lascar, in the department of the commissary of

cattle, was sent into the observation-room of the pest-house of Rosetta;

he was brought there much against his will, and contrived to make his

escape from it, on the evening of the day on which he was admitted,

though fired at by the dragoon-centries placed round the establishment.

Ineffectual search was made for him every where in the neighbourhood of

Rosetta, and we could hear nothing of him for about five weeks, when he

was discovered at Boulac. On being brought down to Rosetta, I examined

him with Mr Guild, the surgeon of his corps. We found him then well; but

certainly he had had the disease, for we saw an axillary bubo not quite

healed. He told us, that he remained concealed for a great part of the

time among the rushes by the side of the river. On mentioning this case

to Dr Currie, of Liverpool, I think he said, he had heard of some similar

cases.

[6] Since my arrival in England I see that the contagious nature of the

Egyptian ophthalmia has been noticed by two gentlemen of the English

army, Mr Edmonstone and Mr Powers.

[7] Though this practice is now followed by many gentlemen in India, yet

I believe that it has been carried to a greater extent by Messrs Dean and

Bellars, of the 86th regiment, than by any other practitioners. These

gentlemen have recorded several hundreds of cases of dysentery treated

solely by nitric mixture and bath.

[8] In Egypt we gave trial to a mode of treatment which was strongly

recommended to me by Dr Whyte. It was the application of flannel bandages

over the whole abdomen. In chronic cases, and in convalescents, it

appeared to be of the greatest service; and, in recent cases, when the

appropriate remedies were used at the same time, it appeared to shorten

the cure. I have seen it tried alone but in a few cases of this disease.

From the result of these, however, in cases of either the European or

tropical dysentery, I would not venture to rely on it alone for a cure.

Before leaving the subject of dysentery I may mention, that, in India, I

have met with some cases of a very violent dysentery which ran its course

in three, four, or five days. In this disease the usual practice did

not succeed. The best treatment appeared to be, after a dose of castor

oil, to give opium liberally by the mouth, and by clyster; and to make

the patient drink very freely of gum arabic at the same time. In some of

these cases I have likewise given diluted nitric-acid. A constriction of

the vessels discharging mucus was in this way effected; the incessant

discharge was stopped, and time given for a secretion of mucus to cover

the abraded gut. I have thus sometimes succeeded in checking a most

violent disease. Thereafter, the mouth could be gradually and gently

affected by mercury, or by nitric-acid.

On opening the bodies of those who died of the tropical dysentery, in

Egypt as in India, we almost constantly found the liver diseased. In

old cases, we likewise most commonly found ulceration of the great

intestines, and very frequently within the reach of enemata. In the

composition of these, a variety of articles were used: most frequently,

I think, solutions of sugar of lead, or vitriolated zinc, gave greatest

relief; and we sometimes found that gum arabic, milk, and broths, gave

relief, when many other things had failed.

[9] It was soon afterwards introduced to India, by the exertions of the

Medical Board at Bombay; and the world has had a full account of its

introduction and success from my friend Dr Keir, who had the charge

of the institution for disseminating the vaccine disease, from Bombay

through India.

[10] Vide Appendix.

THE END

Marchant, Printer, 3, Greville-Street, Holborn.

TABLE I.

I have said, that the similarity between a number of the symptoms of the

plague, and those of the destructive fever which I saw in the West-Indian

islands, in 1795 and 1796, struck me in Egypt. On my return to India,

having recourse to my papers and case-books, written while I was in the

West Indies, I found a very great resemblance between the two diseases,

as I had seen them, in countries so remote. At Bombay, in conversation

with General Nicolls, who commanded at Grenada while I was in that

island, I mentioned the resemblance of the two diseases, in very many of

their features, as being remarkable. At the general’s suggestion, I soon

after drew out, in a tabular form, the principal points of resemblance

between the plague and the yellow fever. This table appeared curious to

the general, and to my ingenious and esteemed friend, Mr Scott, as well

as to other friends at Bombay; and, at their desire, I appended it to

my Memoir. I here subjoin it in the abstract: it may suggest hints that

might be useful to future observers in the West-Indian fever as well as

in the plague.

_Points of Resemblance between the PLAGUE and the YELLOW FEVER._

THE PLAGUE. THE YELLOW FEVER.

1st. The attack is sudden, and 1st. Men were suddenly attacked

with the greatest prostration on duty, and with the greatest

of strength. debility, from the first.

2d. The head is the part 2d. The attack was almost

principally complained of at constantly with a pain of the

first; thereafter the abdomen head, the eye being first of a

and limbs. watery suffusion, then blood-shot,

and, at last, yellow.

3d. In a majority of the 3d. The black vomiting is an

fatal cases, there is an almost constant attendant of

unconquerable irritability of the fatal cases, and which

stomach, and a vomiting of rarely any thing was found to

frothy bile. relieve.

4th. The biliary system 4th. From the yellowness of the

appeared in most cases to be body so generally seen, as well

the seat of the principal as from the very unequal state

complaints: there was often of the bowels, we were led to

pain, sometimes swelling of think, that, in this fever,

the liver, and the bowels the system of the liver was

were generally unequal. principally affected.

5th. In many cases there were 5th. In a great many cases

remissions; and, in some there were remissions, and

cases, particularly of the some cases terminated in

Sepoys, there were perfect intermittents.

intermissions.

6th. The disease frequently 6th. In several instances it

alternated with the tropical alternated with dysentery, and

diseases, arising from morbid in some cases with affections

action of the liver, viz. of the liver.

colera, icterus, hepatitis,

and dysentery.

7th. In a majority of cases, 7th. In some cases there were

we saw glandular swellings, swellings of the parotid gland,

petechiæ, maculæ, or vibices. petechiæ, maculæ, and vibices.

8th. Some cases died without 8th. We lost several cases, who

bubo or irritability of the never had the yellowness, nor

stomach. the black vomit.

9th. In those cases which 9th. Whenever we could excite a

proved fatal, it was found flow of saliva, the patient was

impossible to produce considered to be safe, and did

salivation. well.

TABLE II.

STATE of the DEATHS and DISEASES in the INDIAN ARMY in EGYPT, from the

Time of Embarkation to the Return to INDIA.

Transcriber’s Note: Key to table columns is as follows.

A: Effective Strength of different Corps.

B: Invalided or sent to India or England on recovery.

C: Dead.

D: Plague.

E: Fever.

F: Liver complaint.

G: Dysentery.

H: Diseases of the Lungs.

I: Stroke of the Sun.

J: Casualties and Diseases unknown.

==========================================================================

EUROPEANS.

--------------+----+---------------------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

CORPS. | A +-----------+---------+ B | C | D | E | F| G | H| I| J

--------------+----+-----------+---------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

His Majesty’s | 80|Cape of |1st | —| 2| —| —| 2| —| —| —| —

Dragoons | | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Royal | 44|Ditto |Ditto to | —| 2| —| —| 1| 1| —| —| —

| | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

The Honourable| 27|Calcutta |18th Nov.| 1| —| —| —| —| —| —| —| —

Company’s | | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

Artillery | | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Bengal ditto | 37|Ditto |Ditto | —| 3| —| 1| 1| 1| —| —| —

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Madras ditto | 96|Madras |28th Dec.| 2| 5| —| 1| 3| 2| —| —| —

| | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

| | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Bombay ditto | 144|Bombay |.. March,| 2| 9| 5| —| 1| 1| 1| —| —

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

His Majesty’s | 984|Calcutta |28th Nov.| 49| 98| 4| 12|18| 63| —| 1| —

10th Regiment| | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

| | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

61st ditto | 980|Cape of |1st | 15| 88| 11| —| 6| 40| 2| —| 25

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

80th ditto | 496|Trincomalée|14th Feb.| —| 34| 2| 2| 8| 20| —| —| 2

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

86th ditto | 405|Bombay |3d April,| 23| 34| 4| 2|12| 14| 1| —| —

| | |1802, | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

88th ditto | 466|Ditto |Ditto | 25| 40| 12| —|12| 6| —| 1| 8

| | |May, 1802| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

--------------+----+-----------+---------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

|3759| | |117|309| 38| 18|64|148| 4| 2| 41

==============+====+===========+=========+===+===+===+===+==+===+==+==+===

NATIVES OF INDIA.

--------------+----+-----------+---------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

The Honourable| 160|Calcutta |18th Nov.| —| 1| —| —| —| 1| —| —| —

Company’s | | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

Artillery | | |1802 | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Bengal ditto | 157|Ditto |28th Dec.| —| 4| —| —| 2| 2| —| —| —

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Madras ditto | 197|Madras |Ditto to | 6| 22| —| 6| 1| 1| —| —| 14

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Bombay ditto | 200|Bombay |4th | —| 40| 8| 2| 5| 14| —| —| 8

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Engineers | 38|Madras |28th Dec.| 2| 1| —| —| —| 1| —| —| —

| | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Bengal | 658|Calcutta |.. Nov. | 6| 25| 6| 5| —| 9| 1| —| 3

Volunteer | | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

1st Bombay | 828|Bombay |4th | 15| 70| 28| 29| 1| 8| 1| —| 7

| | |1801, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

7th ditto | 708|Ditto |Ditto | 10|160| 69| 42| 1| 6| 1| —| 41

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Pioneer | 96|Madras |28th Dec.| 2| 3| 1| 1| —| —| 1| —| —

Corps | | |1800, to | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Departments | 419|Ditto |Ditto to | —| 25| 10| 2| 2| —| —| —| 7

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Public and | 666|Different |At | —| 40| 15| 5| —| 5| 2| —| 13

| | | | | | | | | | | |

--------------+----+-----------+---------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

Natives |4127| | | 41|391|127| 92|12| 47| 6|— | 93

--------------+----+-----------+---------+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+---

Grand Total|7886| | |158|700|165|110|76|195|10| 2|134

==============+====+===========+=========+===+===+===+===+==+===+==+==+===

NOTE.—The column “Diseases unknown” includes all the Casualties in the

Army, and the Small Pox and other cases lost in the Julia hospital-ship.

It includes likewise some deaths which happened in the Corps previously

to the Surgeons taking charge of them.

Transcriber’s Note: The numbers in this table don’t always add up to the

given totals, but they are as printed.

Hepatitis appeared more in the Company’s artillery, and in the 10th