13.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Canada
7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cape Verde
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Central African Republic
18.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Chile
5.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
China
6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Christmas Island
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Colombia
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Comoros
8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
13.27 deaths/1,000 population
(2006 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
12.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Costa Rica
4.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
14.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Croatia
11.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cuba
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cyprus
7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Czech Republic
10.59 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Denmark
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Djibouti
19.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Dominica
6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Dominican Republic
5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
East Timor
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ecuador
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Egypt
5.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
El Salvador
5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Eritrea
9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Estonia
13.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ethiopia
14.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
European Union
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population
Faroe Islands
8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Fiji
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Finland
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
France
9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
French Polynesia
4.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gabon
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gambia, The
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Georgia
9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Germany
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ghana
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gibraltar
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Greece
10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Greenland
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Grenada
6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guam
4.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guatemala
5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guernsey
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guinea
15.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guyana
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Haiti
12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Honduras
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Hong Kong
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Hungary
13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iceland
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
India
8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Indonesia
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iran
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iraq
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ireland
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Isle of Man
11.19 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Israel
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Italy
10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jamaica
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Japan
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jersey
9.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jordan
2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kenya
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kiribati
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Korea, North
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Korea, South
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kuwait
2.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Laos
11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Latvia
13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lebanon
6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lesotho
28.71 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Liberia
23.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Liechtenstein
7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lithuania
10.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Luxembourg
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Macau
4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Macedonia
8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Madagascar
11.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malawi
19.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malaysia
5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Maldives
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mali
16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malta
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mauritania
12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mauritius
6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mayotte
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mexico
4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of
4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006
est.)
Moldova
12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Monaco
12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mongolia
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Montenegro
9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)
Montserrat
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Morocco
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mozambique
21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Namibia
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nauru
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nepal
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Netherlands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
New Caledonia
5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
New Zealand
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nicaragua
4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Niger
20.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nigeria
16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population
Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands
2.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Norway
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Oman
3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Pakistan
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Palau
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Panama
5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Paraguay
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Peru
6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Philippines
5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Poland
9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Portugal
10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Qatar
4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Romania
11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Russia
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Rwanda
16.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Helena
6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006
est.)
Samoa
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
San Marino
8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Senegal
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Seychelles
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sierra Leone
23.03 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Singapore
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Slovakia
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Slovenia
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Solomon Islands
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Somalia
16.63 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
South Africa
22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Spain
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sudan
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Suriname
7.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland
29.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sweden
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Switzerland
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Syria
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Taiwan
6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tajikistan
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tanzania
16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Thailand
7.04 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Togo
9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
10.57 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tunisia
5.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turkey
5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tuvalu
7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uganda
12.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ukraine
14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United Kingdom
10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United States
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uruguay
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Vanuatu
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Venezuela
4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Vietnam
6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population
World
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Yemen
8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Zambia
19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Zimbabwe
21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
======================================================================
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia
has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since
1999, a unique status falling between that of an independent country
and a French overseas deparment
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
======================================================================
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
most Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been repatriated,
but thousands still remain in Iran, many at their own choosing;
Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal
areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other
illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; regional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands
of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other
developed countries
Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; most of the
approximately 102,000 Western Saharan Sahrawi refugees are sheltered
in camps in Tindouf, Algeria; Algeria's border with Morocco remains
an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other
of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve
relations, Morocco, in mid-2004, unilaterally lifted the requirement
that Algerians visiting Morocco possess entry visas - a gesture not
reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed
bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize
southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of
about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern
Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in
southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none
Angola
many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in
neighboring states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some
overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many
other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made
no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);
no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in
Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their
continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the
UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly
occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to
seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially
overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly
region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus
of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera
Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with
Argentina in question; action by the joint boundary commission,
established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and
demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field
(Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains
closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands
of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's
claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters
to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the
region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the
disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split
hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development
Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute
hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see
also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express
concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical
mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and
maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia
submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margin from both
its mainland and Antarctic claims
Austria
Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of
the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin
nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were
driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic
Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia;
Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to
Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on
dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the
Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of
their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, The
disagrees with the US on the alignment of the maritime
boundary; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees
fleeing economic privation and political instability
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall
off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Barbados
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to
compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding
award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and
Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian
waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela
to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; the whole boundary with Latvia and more than half
the boundary with Lithuania remains undemarcated; discussions toward
economic and political union with Russia proceed slowly
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely
uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS seeks to
revive the 2002 failed Belize-Guatemala Differendum that created a
small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in
Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and
substantial US-UK financial package
Benin
Benin and Burkina Faso military clash in 2006 over sections of
riverine boundary involving disputed villages and squatters; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin as a
consequence of a 2004 joint task force to resolve maritime and land
boundary disputes, but clashes among rival gangs along the border
persist; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the
boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary
stones
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 105,000 Bhutanese have lived decades as
refugees in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High
Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to
expel Indian separatists
Bolivia
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for
Bolivian natural gas and other commodities
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to
maritime access that hinder ratification of the 1999 border agreement
Botswana
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve
small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the
Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana
residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango
hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built
electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to
find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long
supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between
Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,
thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited
Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend
its maritime continental margin
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001 the former
inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1965 and now
residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an
immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the
exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to
the largest island in the chain;
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and
Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local
fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering
Ivoirian rebels
Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops; in 2005 Thailand sheltered about 121,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural
resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but
localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000
peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;
although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as
of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in
western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cambodia
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute
sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai
encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with
Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear
temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004,
Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions
re-erected missing markers completing most of their demarcations
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,
which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally
and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of
the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of
the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and
Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria
initially rejected cession of the Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed,
but much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria
and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to
ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger
and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002
civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic
skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral
populations along the border with southern Sudan persist
Chad
since the expulsions of residents from Darfur in 2003 by
Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military, about 200,000 refugees
remain in eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the
Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from
cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern
Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which
also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Chile
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to
Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its
latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line
with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British
claims; action by the joint boundary commission, established by
Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the
disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo
Sur) remains pending
China
in 2005, China and India began drafting principles to resolve
all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes
together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate
discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's
largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under
the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does
not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in
1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India
as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the
Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the
Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by
some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of
facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil
companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint
accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China
occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and
Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu
Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East
China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain
islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute
with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is
considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens
of thousands of North Koreans; China and Russia prepare to demarcate
the boundary agreed to in October 2004 between the long-disputed
islands at the Amur and Ussuri; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and
Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
heads of the Great Lakes states
and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and
militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring
states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over
14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri
refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into
Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the
remainder in the DRC expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DRC and
Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address
accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the
DRC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases
to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in
the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of the
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing
internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in
the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
in September 2005, Costa Rica took its case before the
ICJ to advocate the navigation, security, and commercial rights of
Costa Rican vessels using the Rio San Juan over which Nicaragua
retains sovereignty
Cote d'Ivoire
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central
government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out
foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted
in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote
d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;
the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of
supporting Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime
access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as
a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform
to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and
commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close
cross-border ties with Croatia
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots
later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on
24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities
voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve
the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the 30-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north
Czech Republic
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II; Austrian
anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian
border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in
the Czech Republic
Denmark
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; thousands of Somali refugees await
repatriation in UNHCR camps in Djibouti
Dominica
Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge
Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other
island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico
to find work
East Timor
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has
maintained about 1,000 peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and
delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many refugees who left East Timor in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia
and East Timor agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the
boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly
outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002
Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia has hampered creation of a
southern maritime boundary with Indonesia
Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to
flee into Ecuador in 2004
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who
largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition
as refugees
El Salvador
in 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled
on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; in 2005 Eritrea began severely
restricting the operations of the UN Peacekeeping Mission to
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitoring the 25km-wide Temporary
Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000; Sudan sustains over 110,000
Eritrean refugees and accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel
groups
Estonia
in 2005, Russia refuses to sign the 1996 technical border
agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a unilateral
declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses;
Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population
in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for
realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty
that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing prevail,
preventing demarcation despite international intervention; Ethiopia
refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors
made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed,
including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war;
Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately
without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and
no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia
where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the
unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland"
secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked
Ethiopia; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have
been delayed by civil war
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
European Union
as a political union, the EU has no border disputes
with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land
boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and
maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and
maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area -
consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention
implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free
movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in
Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into
EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1
May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as
part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area
since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current
membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take
part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect
to police and criminal matters; the 12 new member states that joined
the EU in 2004 and 2007 eventually are expected to participate in
Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade their border
controls and procedures
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in
1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK
continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands
France
Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros
claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial
dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of
French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica
(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,
east of New Caledonia
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to
establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only
a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who
fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west
African states
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip
in August 2005
Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the
government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Greenland
managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain
forests of Belize's border region; Organization of American States
(OAS) is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that
created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime
corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed
Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package;
Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US
Guernsey
none
Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone has pressured Guinea to remove
its forces from the town of Yenga, occupied since 1998
Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration
under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican
Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the
delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras border, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the
ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special
social and cultural benefits - and voted down a referendum to extend
dual citizenship - to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring
states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue
between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its
portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the
Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Iceland
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
Iles Eparses
Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan
de Nova Island: claimed by Madagascar
Tromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius
India
since China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and
confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse
tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005
earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of
the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in
Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly
militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the
impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has
maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;
disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to
defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;
Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat
State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in
both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal
cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with
Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay
of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam
separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint
Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed
boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep
out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities
from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a
northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and
Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but
outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan
islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to
and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia
and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam
Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a
problem in the Malacca Strait
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute
Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq
Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Isle of Man
none
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four
settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is
Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan
Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor
ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region
Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)
occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending
demarcation
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with
Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant
seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the
Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water
column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who
flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; the Kenya-Somalia border is open to
pastoralists and is susceptible to cross-border clan insurgencies;
Kenya's administrative limits extend beyond the treaty border into
the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of
thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and
political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty
of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of
boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military
Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has
separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime
disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea
supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima)
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgystan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary
delimitation with Kazakhstan; disputes in Isfara Valley delay
completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 km
of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes around
enclaves and other areas
Laos
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of
demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the
Mekong River; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's
construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels
Latvia
Russia refuses to sign the 1997 boundary treaty due to
Latvian insistence on a unilateral clarificatory declaration
referencing Soviet occupation of Latvia and territorial losses;
Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in
Latvia; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with
Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification
documentation in preparation; the Latvian parliament has not
ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily
due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the
strict Schengen border rules with Russia
Lebanon
Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the
boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with
several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a
Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights ; the roughly
2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place
since 1978
Lesotho
none
Liberia
although civil unrest continues to abate with the assistance
of 18,000 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeepers, as of January
2007, 22,000 Liberian refugees still remain in both Guinea and Cote
d'Ivoire, 38,500 in Sierra Leone, and 39,690 in Ghana; Liberia, in
turn, shelters 12,580 refugees fleeing turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire and
3,600 from Sierra Leone; despite the presence of over 9000 UN forces
(UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict continues to
spread into neighboring states who can no longer send their migrant
workers to Ivorian cocoa plantations; UN sanctions ban Liberia from
exporting diamonds and timber
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo region of Niger in a
currently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou
region reside in southern Libya
Liechtenstein
none
Lithuania
Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their
boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty
ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania
operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling
from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still
conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a
non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian
parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with
Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; as
of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was
complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the
boundary with Serbia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia
and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject
the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands
together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly
Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is
not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on
conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime
boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in November 2007 the
ICJ will hold public hearings in response to the Memorials and
Countermemorials filed by the parties in 2003 and 2005 over
sovereignty of Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks
and South Ledge; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also
claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime
boundary and sovereignty of Unarang rock in the hydrocarbon-rich
Celebes Sea in dispute; separatist violence in Thailand's
predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close
and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities;
Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in
northern Borneo; Brunei and Malaysia are still considering
international adjudication over their disputed offshore and
deepwater seabeds, where hydrocarbon exploration was terminated in
2003; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in
dispute; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara remain dormant
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
Abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US
border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing
arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor
and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities
across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of
impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the
porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor
the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away
Transnistria region which remains under OSCE supervision
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montenegro
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting
limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction since
Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a
median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the
primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North
Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
concerns from international experts and local populations
over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement
scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa
Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with South
Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on contested
sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer
dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted
a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents
and illegal cross-border activities; approximately 103,000 Bhutanese
Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in
southeastern Nepal since 1990
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross
Dependency) [see Antarctica]
Nicaragua
Memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties
in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and
Colombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorial
claims in the western Caribbean Sea, final public hearings are
scheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras
advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in
the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific;
legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border
with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute
in the Tommo region; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including
tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Nigeria
Joint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ
ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,
including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes
sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out of
Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues;
the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a
sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in
implementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also
includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite dialogue, Russia and Norway
continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and
Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within
the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made
public
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the
October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains
the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial
dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China
(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir
and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers
since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic
Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained
their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on
defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan
protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and
construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and
Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the
Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for
discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek
technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary
at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps
continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by
2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan
refugees leaving slightly less than a million, many of whom remain
at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan
protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions
of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal
areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and stem
terrorist or other illegal activities
Palau
maritime delineation negotiations continue with Philippines,
Indonesia
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate
within the remote border region with Panama
Papua New Guinea
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out
illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral
legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime
boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines
which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia
have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim
to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through
Chile along the Peruvian border
Philippines
Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritime
delimitation negotiations continue with Palau
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules to
restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders
with Belarus and Ukraine
Portugal
Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the
territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the
1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Puerto Rico
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year
looking for work
Qatar
none
Romania
the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply and
Romania until June 2007 to issue a rejoinder in their dispute
submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania
also opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the
Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Russia
China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at
the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance
with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border
disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the
"Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils,"
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia,
and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing
a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and
Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the
land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor
volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and
the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia
signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the
littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column;
Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea
and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate
restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the
Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia
recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia
(1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced
issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation
and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of
ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups
continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920
Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu
people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and
Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance
with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and
by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime
for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave
into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an
EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply;
preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with
Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia
and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains
unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going
expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary
delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation
should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990
Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US
Rwanda
fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political
rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes
region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a
decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation,
and efforts by local governments to create civil societies;
nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African
states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in
2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional
courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda
border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of
the border remains in place
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean
Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
joins other Caribbean states to
counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human
habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to
extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern
Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled
security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border
with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist
violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their
countries from Senegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectively
accepted 6,000 and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict;
2,500 Guinea-Bissau residents have fled into Senegal in 2006 to
escape armed confrontations along the border
Serbia
as the final status of the Serbian province of Kosovo
approaches resolution through the six-nation contact group, the
several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999, continue to keep the peace
between Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting Kosovo
independence and the Serb minority in Kosovo and Serbian officials
in Belgrade, who oppose independence for the province; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo oppose demarcation of the boundary with
Macedonia based on the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro
delimitation agreement; Serbia and Montenegro delimited about half
of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections with
Serbia along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms
trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN
Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000
peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone considers
excessive Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to define
the left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers and protests
Guinea's continued occupation of these lands, including the hamlet
of Yenga occupied since 1998
Singapore
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh
water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,
bridge construction, maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore
Straits; in November 2007 the ICJ will hold public hearings as a
consequence of the Memorials and Countermemorials filed by the
parties in 2003 and 2005 over sovereignty of Pedra Branca
Island/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge; Indonesia and
Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's
Batam Island ; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Slovakia
bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working
group negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungary
over Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
hydroelectric dam project along the Danube ; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia must implement the
strict Schengen border rules
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in
dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive
economic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Slovenia must implement the strict
Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through
southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with
Croatia
Solomon Islands
since 2003, Australian Defense Force leads the
Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to
maintain civil and political order and reinforce regional security
Somalia
Ethiopian forces invade southern Somalia and rout Islamist
courts from Moghadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists
provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have
established commercial ties with other regional states; "Puntland"
and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their
secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims; the
undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning
as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden
and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works hard to prevent the
clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the
border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists
South Africa
South Africa has placed military along the border to
apprehend the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunction
and political persecution; as of January 2007, South Africa also
supports large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi
(6,500) and other states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute with
Namibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Argentina, which claims
the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west
Spain
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and
surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of
illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not
recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based
on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and
the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel
militia fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all
of the neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo and
Uganda provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees,
which includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by
Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, in
turn, hosted 20,000 Chadians, 122,000 Eritreans, 14,810 Ethiopians,
7,900 Ugandans and 5,000 Congolese as refugees; in February 2006,
Sudan and DROC signed an agreement to repatriate 13,300 Sudanese and
6,800 Congolese; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel
groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia
proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan;
the boundary that separates Kenya and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear
in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial
times; while Sudan claims to administer the Hala'ib Triangle north
of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, both states
withdrew their military presence in the 1990s and Egypt has invested
in and effectively administers the area; periodic violent skirmishes
with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among
related pastoral populations from the Central African Republic along
the border
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitration
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the
boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with
several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a
farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation
settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis
have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in
Syria and Jordan
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistan
in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence
demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of
2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove
minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
Tanzania still hosts more than a half-million refugees,
more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international
community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the
boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River
remain dormant
Thailand
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia
to stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced
border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue
on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over
several islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing border
committee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities, and as of
2006, 130,000 Karen, Hmong and other refugees and 15,000 asylum
seekers from Burma; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of
historic boundary with missing boundary markers; Cambodia claims
Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and obstructing access
to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in
1962; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing
the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in
2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt
construction of 13 dams on the Salween River which flows through
China, Burma and Thailand
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006 14,000
Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 who
fled there in 2005
Tokelau
Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega) in
its 2006 draft constitution
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
In April 2006, the Permanent Court of
Arbitration issues a decision that delimits a maritime boundary with
Trinidad and Tobago and compels Barbados to enter a fishing
agreement that limits Barbadian fishermen's catches of flying fish
in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; in 2005, Barbados
and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international
arbitration under UNCLOS challenging whether the northern limit of
Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into
Barbadian waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to include
itself in the arbitration as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela
maritime boundary may extend into its waters as well
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria
and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field
demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005 but
Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran
and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate
the sea's waters and seabed
Turks and Caicos Islands
have received Haitians fleeing economic and
civil disorder
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic
groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces
that extend across its borders; Uganda hosts 209,860 Sudanese,
27,560 Congolese, and 19,710 Rwandan refugees, while Ugandan
refugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek
shelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's
Garamba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages
across the border
Ukraine
1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains
un-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation
and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with
Russia is complete with preparations for demarcation underway; the
dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the
Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December
2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions;
Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit
of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria
Region, which remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraine
until December 2006 to reply and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin
in their dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered
Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary;
Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the
Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
United Arab Emirates
boundary agreement was signed and ratified with
Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula
and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and detailed
maps showing the alignment have not been published; Iran and UAE
dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which Iran occupies
United Kingdom
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement between
the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal
participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproves
of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and
Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean
Territory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965;
most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK
citizenship, where some have since resettled; in May 2006, the High
Court of London reversed the UK Government's 2004 orders of council
that banned habitation on the islands; UK rejects sovereignty talks
requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;
territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)
overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
United States
the U.S. has intensified domestic security measures
and is collaborating closely with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico,
to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and
commodities across the international borders; abundant rainfall in
recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has
ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; 1990
Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits Russian
Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with Canada at
Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The Bahamas and US have
not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at
Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US
abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in
Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other states; Marshall Islands claims
Wake Island; Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island among
the islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
none
Uruguay
in Jan 2007, ICJ provisionally ruled Uruguay may begin
construction of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms
the border with Argentina, while the court examines further whether
Argentina has the legal right to stop such construction with
potential environmental implications to both countries; uncontested
dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and
Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina
Uzbekistan
prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan
and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya
river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan
commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with
Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other
areas
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in
Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that
Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into
their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and
Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of
Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary
activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an
estimated 139,000 Colombians seek protection in 150 communities
along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands
recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby
claiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large
portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest
Venezuela's full effect claim
Vietnam
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; after years of
Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary markers,
in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement
with Vietnam that settled all but a small portion of the land
boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is
hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004,
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August
2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem,
monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts
to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected
all brokered proposals
World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international land
boundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural
clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial
fragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or in
rivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundary
conflict; other sources of contention include access to water and
mineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable
land; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify their
international boundaries and to resolve territorial and resource
disputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so much
between the armed forces of independent states as between stateless
armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant
refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental
degradation
Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; Saudi Arabia still maintains
the concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the
border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;
Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a
security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in
sections of the boundary
Zambia
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana
and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de
facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited,
Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
Zimbabwe
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has
placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
======================================================================
@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoa
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white
1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,
other 1.5% (2001 Census)
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed
white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white
groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%
(2001 census)
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or
unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,
other 3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian
2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,
unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black
6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
Cook Islands
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island
Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)
Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,
Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)
Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech Republic
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%
(2001 census)
Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali
Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%
Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian
Dominican Republic
mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%
East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority
Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt
Egyptian 98%, Berber, Nubian, Bedouin, and Beja 1%, Greek,
Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%
El Salvador
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%
Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritrea
Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea
coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
Estonia
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian
1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)
Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British
Faroe Islands
Scandinavian
Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Finland
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma
0.2%, Sami 0.1%
France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities
overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian
French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%
Gabon
Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Georgia
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,
other 2.5% (2002 census)
Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
Ghana
African 98.5% (includes Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%,
Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)
Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,
North Africans
Greece
Greek 98%, Turkish and other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece
Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (2000)
Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guam
Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,
white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,
mixed 9.8% (2000 census)
Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish
called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam
7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,
other 0.1% (2001 census)
Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from
other European countries
Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca
14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%
Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other
Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%
Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%
Hungary
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001
census)
Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%
India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%
Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Ireland
Celtic, English
Isle of Man
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Israel
Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born
22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly
Arab) (2004)
Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)
Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)
Jersey
Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white
6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)
Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%
Kiribati
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)
Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but
rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be
called Phoenicians
Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberia
indigenous African 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
Lithuania
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or
unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)
Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)
Macau
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)
1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)
Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran
Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European
Malaysia
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,
others 7.8% (2004 est.)
Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Marshall Islands
Micronesian
Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%
Mayotte
NA
Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups
Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,
Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
Montenegro
Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,
other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Montserrat
black, white
Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambique
African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and
others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%,
Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%
Nepal
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,
Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other
32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)
Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian
New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New Zealand
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander
4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)
Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%
Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates
Nigeria
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more
than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
Niue
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesian
Northern Mariana Islands
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,
Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)
Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000
Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African
Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)
Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,
Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%
(2000 census)
Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%
Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Philippines
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,
other 25.3% (2000 census)
Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives
Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
Qatar
Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Russia
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,
Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese
Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%
Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Serbia
Serb 66%, Albanian 17%, Hungarian 3.5%, other 13.5% (1991)
Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone
20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Singapore
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000
census)
Slovakia
Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,
Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Slovenia
Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or
unspecified 12% (2002 census)
Solomon Islands
Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,
other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)
Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)
South Africa
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,
Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)
Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,
Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)
Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)
Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%
Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%
Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%
Tajikistan
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,
other 2.6% (2000 census)
Tanzania
mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting
of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,
and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Togo
African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,
and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Tokelau
Polynesian
Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans
Trinidad and Tobago
Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed
20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)
Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%
Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdom
white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh
4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani
1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)
United States
white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%
(2003 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically
nonexistent)
Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatu
Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)
Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people
Vietnam
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome
1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
Virgin Islands
black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,
mixed 3.5% (2000 census)
Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian
West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western Sahara
Arab, Berber
Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
======================================================================
@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 541 (2005), 48 (2004), 49
(2003), 41 (2002), note, in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the
currency stabilized at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002,
the market rate varied widely from the official rate
Akrotiri
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641
(2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002)
Albania
leke per US dollar - 98.5927 (2006), 102.649 (2005), 102.78
(2004), 121.863 (2003), 140.155 (2002)
Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 73.2 (2006), 73.276 (2005),
72.061 (2004), 77.395 (2003), 79.682 (2002)
American Samoa
the US dollar is used
Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 80.3 (2006), 88.6 (2005), 83.541
(2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53 (2002)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since 1976
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since
1976
Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.05999 (2006), 2.9037
(2005), 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006 (2003), 3.0633 (2002)
Armenia
drams per US dollar - 436.8 (2006), 457.69 (2005), 533.45
(2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35 (2002)
Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2005), 1.79
(2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002)
Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3382 (2006), 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 0.89131 (2006),
4,727.1 (2005), 4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002)
note: on 1 January 2006 Azerbaijan revalued its currency, with 5,000
old manats equal to 1 new manat
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1
(2003), 1 (2002)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2006), 0.376 (2005),
0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002)
Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 70.235 (2006), 64.328 (2005), 59.513
(2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002)
Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2
(2003), 2 (2002)
Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,220 (2006), 2,150
(2005), 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27 (2003), 1,790.92 (2002)
Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2006), 2 (2005), 2
(2004), 2 (2003), 2 (2002)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)
Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 44.101 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317
(2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)
note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee
Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 8.01039 (2006), 8.0661 (2005),
7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.55818 (2006), 1.5727
(2005), 1.5752 (2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002)
note: the marka is pegged to the euro
Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 5.90646 (2006), 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929
(2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002)
Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.19132 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251
(2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002)
British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used
Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902
(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002)
Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.56441 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751
(2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 523.721 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)
Burma
kyats per US dollar - 1,310 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459
(2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), note, these are official
exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815
kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by year-end 2005,
the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar
Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,170 (2006), 1,138 (2005),
1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002)
Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 4,119 (2006), 4,092.5 (2005),
4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)
Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.13186 (2006), 1.2118
(2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 86.2664
(2006), 88.67 (2005), 88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
508.494 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)
Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 532.115 (2006), 560.09 (2005),
609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003), 688.94 (2002)
China
yuan per US dollar - 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768
(2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002)
Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),
1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,382.9 (2006), 2,320.75
(2005), 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24 (2002)
Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 395.6 (2005), 396.21
(2004), 435.9 (2003), 522.74 (2002), note, the Comoran franc is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677 Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 513.168 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003), 696.99 (2002)
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),
1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 513.302 (2006),
477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003), 359.82 (2002)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),
696.99 (2002)
Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 5.85506 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358
(2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002)
Cuba
Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93 (2006), note, Cuba has
three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP), the
convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although the dollar
is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the official
exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per
$1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24
Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each
CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1
ratio.
Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641 (2005),
0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), Turkish lira per US
dollar - 1.44514 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.426 million (2004), 1.501
million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1.226 million (2001)
Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 22.3072 (2006), 23.957 (2005),
25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002)
Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969 (2005),
5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
Dhekelia
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.46019 (2006), 0.4641
(2005), 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002)
Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2005), 177.72
(2004), 177.72 (2003), 177.72 (2002)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 33.6046 (2006),
30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002)
East Timor
the US dollar is used
Ecuador
1 (2006), 25,000 (2005), 25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003),
25,000 (2002)
Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.75 (2006), 5.78 (2005),
6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002)
El Salvador
8.75 (2006), the US dollar became El Salvador's currency
in 2001
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 522.594 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2
(2003), 696.99 (2002)
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 14 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788
(2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002)
Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 12.5153 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596
(2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612 (2002), note - the krooni is pegged to
the euro
Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - 8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005), 8.6356
(2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678 (2002), note, since 24 October 2001
exchange rates are determined on a daily basis via interbank
transactions regulated by the Central Bank
European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.55 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the
Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969
(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004),
1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002)
Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
France
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 95.01 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003),
126.71 (2002)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
522.592 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99
(2002)
Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - 30 (2006), 30.38 (2005), 30.03
(2004), 27.306 (2004), 19.918 (2003), 15.687 (2002), 15.687 (2001)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.4877 (2005), 4.482
(2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)
Georgia
lari per US dollar - 1.79 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167
(2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002)
Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Ghana
cedis per US dollar - 9,178.85 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6
(2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7 (2002)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55
(2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.93667 (2006), 5.9969
(2005), 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002)
Guam
the US dollar is used
Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.60102 (2006), 7.6339 (2005),
7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003), 7.8217 (2002)
Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5441 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Guernsey
pound is at par with the British pound
Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - 5,555 (2006), 3,644.3 (2005),
2,225 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003), 1,975.8 (2002)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),
note, since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc has been pegged to the
euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 200.281 (2006), 200.79
(2005), 198.31 (2004), 193.88 (2003), 190.67 (2002)
Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 45.189 (2006), 40.449 (2005), 38.352
(2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251 (2002)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041
(2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 18.9278 (2006), 18.92 (2005),
18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003), 16.433 (2002)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.77367 (2006), 7.7773
(2005), 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989 (2002)
Hungary
forints per US dollar - 215.105 (2006), 199.58 (2005),
202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89 (2002)
Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 69.5108 (2006), 62.982
(2005), 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003), 91.662 (2002)
India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.5 (2006), 44.101 (2005),
45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,207.18 (2006), 9,704.7
(2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)
Iran
rials per US dollar - 9,246.94 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614
(2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), note, Iran has been using a
managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple
exchange rates in March 2002
Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,477.17 (2006), 1,475 (2005),
1,890 (second half, 2003), 0.3109 (2001)
Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Isle of Man
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002)
Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5 (2006), 4.4877
(2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378 (2002)
Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 65.9329 (2006), 62.51
(2005), 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002)
Japan
yen per US dollar - 116.175 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19
(2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002)
Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.54413 (2006), 0.55 (2005),
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), note, the Jersey pound
is at par with the British pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005),
0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002)
Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 125.556 (2006), 132.88 (2005),
136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002)
Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 72.7649 (2006), 75.554
(2005), 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003), 78.749 (2002)
Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 141 (2006),
170 (December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001);
market: North Korean won per US dollar - 2,500-3,000 (December 2006)
Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 952 (2006), 1,024.1
(2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.29 (2006), 0.292 (2005),
0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002)
Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 40.673 (2006), 41.012 (2005), 42.65
(2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937 (2002)
Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5
(2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002)
Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.55991 (2006), - 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402
(2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002)
Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5
(2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5 (2002)
Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 6.6 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597
(2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2005), 54.906 (2004),
59.379 (2003), 61.754 (2002)
Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.315 (2006), 1.3084 (2005),
1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002)
Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2508 (2006), 1.2452
(2005), 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586 (2002)
Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 2.7508 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806
(2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002)
Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.79987 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021
(2003), 8.033 (2002)
Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - 48.9962 (2006), 48.92
(2005), 49.41 (2004), 54.322 (2003), 64.35 (2002)
Madagascar
Malagasy ariary per US dollar - 2,167.5 (2006), 2,003
(2005), 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003), 1,366.4 (2002)
Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 139.786 (2006), 108.894
(2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002)
Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.67 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8
(2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002)
Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2006), 12.8 (2005), 12.8
(2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)
Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005),
0.34466 (2004), 0.37723 (2003), 0.43362 (2002)
Marshall Islands
the US dollar is used
Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2005), NA (2004), 263.03
(2003), 271.74 (2002)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 31.4607 (2006), 29.496
(2005), 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003), 29.962 (2002)
Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 11.024 (2006), 10.898 (2005),
11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002)
Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used
Moldova
lei per US dollar - 13.1571 (2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33
(2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571 (2002)
Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054
(2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,187.17 (2005), 1,185.3
(2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002)
Montenegro
euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005),
0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), note, fixed rate since 1976
Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.77508 (2006), 8.865
(2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003), 11.021 (2002)
Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 24.9245 (2006), 23,061 (2005),
22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003), 23,678 (2002)
Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005),
6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002)
Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)