the Spectator, which came out in small folio weekly numbers, and a
portion of each number was appropriated to advertisements. It was thus
advertised in that of May 5th, 1711:--"The Retired Gardener. Vol. i.
Being a Translation of Le Jardinier Solitaire; or, Dialogues between a
Gentleman and a Gardener: containing the methods of making, ordering,
and improving a fruit and kitchen garden; together with the manner of
planting and cultivating flowers, plants, and shrubs, necessary for the
adorning of gardens, &c. Vol. ii. containing the manner of planting and
cultivating all sorts of flowers, plants, and shrubs, necessary for the
adorning of gardens; in which is explained, the art of making and
disposing of parterres, arbours of greens, wood works, arches, columns,
and other pieces and compartments usually found in the most beautiful
gardens of country seats. The whole enriched with variety of Figures,
being a Translation from the Sieur Louis Liger. To this volume is added,
a Description and Plan of Count Tallard's Garden, at Nottingham. The
whole revised by George London and Henry Wise. Printed for Jacob Tonson,
at Shakspeare's Head, over against Catherine-street in the Strand." This
book, after giving the mode of culture of most flowers, generally gives
what the author calls _its history_. I will merely give its history of
one flower:--"On a day when they were keeping holiday in heaven, Flora
summoned all the deities that preside over gardens, and, when they were
met, addressed herself to them in this manner: 'You, who have always
been the shining ornaments of my court, I have now called together, to
consult in a matter of great importance. I know I am the sovereign of
all the flowery kind; but for the more firm establishment of my empire,
I am thinking to choose them a Queen of a spotless and unblemished
reputation; but will do nothing of this nature without your counsel and
assistance.' To these words, all the deities that were present, having
first filled the court with murmurs, answered in this manner: 'Great
goddess, be pleased to reflect a little on the animosities such a choice
may create among the rival flowers; even the worthless Thistle will
pretend to deserve the crown, and if denied, will perhaps grow factious,
and disturb your peaceful reign.' 'Your fears are groundless,' replied
the goddess; 'I apprehend no such consequence; my resolution is already
fixed; hear, therefore, what I have determined:--In the deep recesses of
a wood, where formerly the oaks were vocal, and pronounced oracles to
mortals, at the foot of a little hill is a grotto, whose structure is
nature's master-piece, there a wood nymph passed her quiet days; she was
extremely beautiful, and charmed all that beheld her; her looks, her
mien, and her behaviour had something of more than human; and indeed she
was the daughter of a Dryad, and of a sylvan god. Her chastity and
devotion equalled her beauty, she was perfectly resigned to the will of
heaven, and never undertook any thing without having first implored our
assistance; her heart was pure, and her hands undefiled. This nymph is
dead, and my intention is to raise a flower from her precious remains,
to be Queen of all the flowery race. The applauding gods straight
prepared for the ceremony; _Priapus_ put on a grave countenance;
_Vertumnus_ loaded himself with perfumes of an excellent scent; _Pomona_
heaped up canisters with all sorts of richest fruits; _Venus_ was
attended with a train of smiles and graces; _Vesta_ promised wonders;
and _Bacchus_ supplied rivers of nectar, and crowned vast goblets with
that divine liquor. In this equipage they left their celestial mansions,
and repaired to the grotto, where they saw the dead body of the nymph
stretched along on a soft couch of turf, and approaching it with
profound awe and silence, prepared to pay the sacred rites; and Flora,
having thrice bowed herself to the ground, was heard to pronounce this
prayer:--'Almighty Jupiter, great ruler of the universe, exert thy
creating power, and from the dead corpse of this lovely nymph let a
plant arise, and bear no less lovely flowers, to be Queen of all thou
hast already created.' Scarce had she made an end, when, behold a
wondrous change! The nymph's extended limbs were turned into branches,
and her hair into leaves; a shrub sprung up, adorned with sprouting
buds, which straight unfolding, disclosed a fragrant and vermilion
flower; a sudden light filled all the grotto, and the well-pleased
goddess breathed thrice on the new-born babe, to spread it into life,
and give it an odorous soul. Then seeing the vegetable Queen adorned
with every grace, she kissed her thrice, and, breaking the general
silence, revealed her secret joy. 'Approach,' said she, 'at my command,
oh, all ye flowers, and pay your grateful homage to your Queen, the
ROSE, for that is the name I give her.' Then taking a crown in her hand,
that had been made on purpose in heaven, she placed it on the head of
the new-made majesty; while to complete the ceremony, the attending gods
sung joyful _Io Paeans_, amidst a symphony of flutes, harps, and all
other tuneful instruments, with which the air resounded, while Flora and
her bright celestial train ascended back rejoicing into heaven."[38]
JOHN JAMES, who translated Le Blond's "Theory and Practice of Gardening,
wherein is fully handled all that relates to fine gardens, commonly
called Pleasure-gardens," cuts, 4to. 1712.
M. STEVENSON published in small 4to. 1661, a book called The Twelve
Months, being a Treatise on Husbandry and Gardening.
The Rev. HENRY STEVENSON, of East Retford, published "The Young
Gardener's Director," 1716, 12mo. He has introduced Mr. Evelyn's advice
as to having salads in each month. There is a neat cut of flower-knots,
and the frontispiece exhibits a curious old garden. In the preface he
says, "not to mention the profit to a family, nothing conduces more to a
man's health, especially to one that lives a sedentary life. If these
observations and experiments I have made in gardening, be of use to any
by drawing him to a way of diversion that will preserve his health, and
perhaps put him upon a meditation on the great works of the creation,
let him give the Creator the praise." He also published "The Gentleman
Gardener Instructed;" eighth edition, 12mo. 1769.
DAVID STEVENSON, in 1746, published in 12mo. The Gentleman Gardener
Instructed. Is this the same book as the above?
STEPHEN SWITZER, of whose private history so very little is known, but
whose works shew him to have been an honest, unassuming, humane,
religious, most industrious, and ingenious man. We only know that he had
a garden on Milbank, and another _near_ Vauxhall; and that he died, I
believe, about 1745. He dates his Letter on the Cythesis, from New
Palace Yard, 1730. He was a native of _Hampshire_; for in his Fruit
Gardener, speaking of walnut-trees, he says, "The best I ever saw are
those that grow upon chalk. Such are those that grow about _Ewell_, near
_Epsom_, and in many places of my own native county of _Hampshire_,
there being one cut down some few years ago in the Park belonging to the
Right Honourable the Lady _Russell_, at _Stratton_, that did spread, at
least, fifty yards diameter." He acknowledges, without murmuring, his
meanness of fortune, and his having industriously submitted "to the
meanest labours of the scythe, spade, and wheel-barrow." He became,
however, eminent in his day, and added much to the beauty and
magnificence of the gardens of many of our chief nobility and gentry. He
wrote a history of the art he so loved, and therefore his classic
History of Gardening, prefixed to his Ichnographia Rustica, merits the
perusal of every one attached to gardens; and paints in strong colours
his own devotion to that art; and which he thus concludes:--"In short,
next to the more immediate duties of religion, 'tis in the innocency of
these employs, thus doing, thus planting, dressing, and busying
themselves, that all wise and intelligent persons would be found, when
Death, the king of terrors, shall close their eyes, and they themselves
be obliged to bid an eternal farewell to these and all other sublunary
pleasures;" and he who was thus fond of breathing the sweet and fragrant
air of gardens, thus expresses his own (perhaps expiring) wish in the
lines of Cowley:
Sweet shades, adieu! here let my dust remain,
Covered with flowers, and free from noise and pain;
Let evergreens the turfy tomb adorn,
And roseate dews (the glory of the morn)
My carpet deck; then let my soul possess
The happier scenes of an eternal bliss.
He asks "What solid pleasure is there not to be found in gardening? Its
pursuit is easy, quiet, and such as put neither the body nor mind into
those violent agitations, or precipitate and imminent dangers that many
other exercises (in themselves very warrantable) do. The end of this is
health, peace, and plenty, and the happy prospect of felicities more
durable than any thing in these sublunary regions, and to which this is
(next to the duties of religion) the surest path." His attachment to
some of our own poets, and to the classic authors of antiquity,
discovers itself in many of his pages; and his devout turn of mind
strongly shines throughout. His allusion to Homer, in vol. iii. page 7,
sufficiently shews how ardently this industrious servant, this barrow
wheeler, must have searched the great writers of ancient times, to
discover their attachment to rural nature, and to gardens. His candid
and submissive mind thus speaks:--"If we would, therefore, arrive at any
greater perfection than we are in gardening, we must cashiere that
mathematical stiffness in our gardens, and imitate nature more; how that
is to be done, will appear in the following chapters, which though they
may not be, as new designs scarce ever are, the most perfect, it will at
least excite some after-master to take pen and pencil in hand, and
finish what is here thus imperfectly begun, and this is my comfort, that
I shall envy no man that does it. I have, God be praised, learned to
admire, and not envy every one that outgoes me: and this will, I hope,
go a great way in making me easy and happy under the pressures of a very
narrow fortune, and amidst the ruffles of an ill-natured world. I have
tasted too severely of the lashes of man, to take any great
satisfaction in any thing but doing my duty."[39] In his devout and
magnificent Essay on the Sun, he says, "'tis admirable that this planet
should, through so many ages of the world, maintain an uninterrupted
course, that in so many thousands of revolving years, it should retain
the same light, heat, and vigour, and every morning renew its wonted
alacrity, and dart its cherishing beams on these dull and gloomy scenes
of melancholy and misery, and yet that so few of us rightly consider its
power, or are thankful to Divine Omnipotence for it. The great Roscommon
(not greater than good) speaks of it with divine transport, and exhorts
mankind to admire it, from the benefits and celestial beams it displays
on the world:--
Great eye of all, whose glorious ray
Rules the bright empire of the day;
O praise his name, without whose purer light
Thou hadst been hid in an abyss of night."[40]
Switzer (as appears from the Preface to his Iconologia) was so struck
with the business and pleasures of a country life, that he collected, or
meant to collect, whatever he could respecting this subject, scattered
up and down as they were in loose irregular papers and books; but this
work, we regret to say, never made its appearance. That he would have
done this well, may be guessed at from so many of his pages recording
what he calls "the eternal duration" of Virgil's works, or those of "the
noble and majestic" Milton:--
Flowers worthy of Paradise, which no nice art
In beds, and curious knots, but nature boon
Pour'd forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
Though prim regularity, and "parterres embroidered like a petticoat,"
were in his time in high vogue, yet his pages shew his enlarged views on
this subject, and the magnificent ideas he had formed, by surrounding
them by rural enclosures, (probably by reading Mr. Addison), perfumed
with blossoms, and bespangled with the rich tufts of nature. Nothing, he
says, is now so much wanted to complete the grandeur of the British
nation, as noble and magnificent gardens, statues, and water-works; long
extended shady walks, and groves, and the adjacent country laid open to
view, and not bounded by high walls. The pleasant fields, and paddocks,
in all the beautiful attire of nature, would then appear to be a part of
it, and look as if the adjacent country were all a garden. Walls take
away the rural aspect of any seat; wood, water, and such like, being the
noble and magnificent decorations of a country villa. Switzer calls
water the spirit and most enchanting beauty of nature. He is so struck
with "the beautifulness and nobleness of terrace walks," and
particularly with that truly magnificent and noble one, belonging to the
Right Honourable the Earl of Nottingham, at _Burleigh-on-the-Hill_, that
"for my own part I must confess, that that design creates an idea in my
mind greater than I am well able to express." In his chapter of "Woods
and Groves," he enforces "a particular regard to large old oaks, beech,
and such like trees; in which case, one would as soon fire one's house,
as cut them down, since it is the work of so many years, I may say ages,
to rear them; those ancient trees which our forefathers had all along
preserved with much care."[41] In some of the romantic embellishments
which he proposed in the midst of a grove, or coppice, he hints at
having "little gardens, with caves, little natural cascades and grotts
of water, with seats, and arbors of honeysuckles and jessamine, and, in
short, with all the varieties that nature and art can furnish." He
advises "little walks and paths running through such pastures as adjoin
the gardens, passing through little paddocks, and corn fields, sometimes
through wild coppices, and gardens, and sometimes by purling brooks, and
streams; places that are set off not by _nice art_, but by luxury of
nature." And again, "these hedge-rows mixed with primroses, violets, and
such natural sweet and pleasant flowers; the walks that thus lead
through them, will afford as much pleasure, nay, more so, than the
largest walk in the most magnificent and elaborate fine garden."[42] He
concludes his interesting Chapter of Woods and Coppices, with these
lines of Tickell:--
Sweet solitude! when life's gay hours are past,
Howe'er we range, in thee we fix at last:
Tost thro' tempestuous seas, the voyage o'er,
Pale we look back, and bless the friendly shore.
Our own strict judges, our past life we scan,
And ask if glory have enlarg'd the span.
If bright the prospect, we the grave defy,
Trust future ages, and contented die.
The following appear to have been his works:--
1. The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation; or an
Introduction to Gardening, Planting, Agriculture, and the other
Business and Pleasures of a Country Life. By Stephen Switzer; 1715,
8vo. Another edition in 1717, 8vo. The year afterwards, it was
published with the following title:--
2. Icknographia Rustica; or, the Nobleman, Gentleman, and
Gardener's Recreation: containing Directions for the general
Distribution of a Country Seat into rural and extensive Gardens,
Parks, Paddocks, &c.; and a General System of Agriculture;
illustrated by a great variety of Copperplates, done by the first
hands, _from the Author's Drawings_. By Stephen Switzer, Gardener:
several years Servant to Mr. London, and Mr. Wise. 3 vols. 8vo.
1718.
3. A Compendious Method for Raising Italian Brocoli, Cardoon,
Celeriac, and other Foreign Kitchen Vegetables; as also an Account
of Lucerne, St. Foyne, Clover, and other Grass Seeds, with the
Method of Burning of Clay; 8vo. 1729. Fifth edition, 8vo. 1731, 1s.
6d.[43]
4. An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and
Hydraulicks, wherein the most advantageous Methods of Watering
Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats, Buildings, Gardens, &c. are laid
down. With Sixty Copper Cuts of Rural and Grotesque Designs for
Reservoirs, Cataracts, Cascades, Fountains, &c.; 2 vols. 4to.
1729.[44]
5. A Dissertation on the True Cythesus of the Ancients; 8vo. 1731;
1s. 6d. A classic production. At the end, he gives a Catalogue of
the Seeds, &c. sold by him at the Flower-pot, _over against the
Court of Common Pleas, in Westminster; or at his garden on
Millbank_.[45]
6. Country Gentleman's Companion, or Ancient Husbandry Restored,
and Modern Husbandry Improved; 8vo. 1732, 1s. 6d.
7. Switzer was the chief conductor of Monthly Papers on
Agriculture, in 2 vols. 8vo., and he himself designed the Two
Frontispieces. To be sold at his Seed Shop _in Westminster Hall_.
8. The Practical Fruit Gardener; 8vo. Cuts, 1717. Other editions,
8vo. 1724, 1731, Revised and recommended by the Rev. Mr. Lawrence
and Mr. Bradley, with their Two Letters of Recommendation.
In this later edition of 1731, are a few additions. In one of its
concluding chapters, he mentions "my worthy and ingenious friend, Sir
James Thornhill." This pleasing volume, after stating the excellency of
fruits, observes, "if fruit trees had no other advantage attending them
than to _look_ upon them, how pleasurable would _that_ be? Since there
is no flowering shrub excels, if equals that of a _peach_, or _apple
tree_ in bloom. The tender enamelled blossoms, verdant foliage, with
such a glorious embroidery of festoons and fruitages, wafting their
odours on every blast of wind, and at last bowing down their laden
branches, ready to yield their pregnant offspring into the hands of
their laborious planter and owner."[46]
JOHN TAVERNER published, in 1660, a little Treatise, called The Making
of Fish Ponds, Breeding Fish, and _Planting Fruits_. Printed several
times, says Wood, in his Athenae.
RICHARD BRADLEY. The Encyclopaedia of Gardening pronounces him "a popular
writer of very considerable talent, and indefatigable industry;" and
speaks highly of the interesting knowledge diffused through his very
numerous works, and gives a distinct list of them; so does Mr. Nicholls,
in his Life of Bowyer; and Mr. Weston, in his Tracts, and Dr. Watts, in
his Bib. Britt. In Mr. Bradley's "New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening," he has added the whole of that scarce Tract of Dr. Beale's,
the _Herefordshire Orchards_. One could wish to obtain his portrait,
were it only from his pen so well painting the alluring charms of
flowers:--"_Primroses_ and _Cowslips_, may be planted near the edges of
borders, and near houses, for the sake of their pretty smell. I
recommend the planting some of the common sorts that grow wild in the
woods, in some of the most rural places about the house; for I think
nothing can be more delightful, than to see great numbers of these
flowers, accompanied with _Violets_, growing under the hedges, avenues
of trees, and wilderness works. _Violets_, besides their beauty, perfume
the air with a most delightful odour."[47] Mr. Bradley, it appears, from
the Fruit Garden Kalendar, of the Rev. Mr. Lawrence, resided at Camden
House, Kensington. They each of them in their letters, in 1717,
subscribe themselves, "Your most affectionate friend." Mr. Lawrence
frequently styles him "the most ingenious Mr. Bradley." Dr. Pulteney
says he "was the author of more than twenty separate publications,
chiefly on Gardening and Agriculture; published between the years 1716
and 1730. His 'New Improvement of Planting and Gardening, both
Philosophical and Practical,' 8vo. 1717, went through repeated
impressions; as did his 'Gentleman's and Gardener's Kalendar,' (which
was the fourth part of the preceding book) both at home, and in
translations abroad. His 'Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature,'
4to. 1721, was a popular, instructive, and entertaining work, and
continued in repute several years. The same may be said of his 'General
Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening,' 8vo. 2 vols. 1726; and of his
'Practical Discourses concerning the Four Elements, as they relate to
the Growth of Plants,' 8vo. 1727. His '_Dictionarium Botanicum_,' 8vo.
1728, was, I believe, the first attempt of the kind in England." On the
whole (says Dr. Pulteney) Bradley's writings, coinciding with the
growing taste for gardening, the introduction of exotics, and
improvements in husbandry, contributed to excite a more philosophical
view of these arts, and diffuse a general and popular knowledge of them
throughout the kingdom."[48] Mr. Bradley has given at the end of his
curious "Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature," which is
embellished with neat engravings, a chapter "Of the most curious Gardens
in Europe, especially in Britain." In this chapter he justly observes,
that "a gentle exercise in a fresh air, where the mind is engaged with
variety of natural objects, contributes to content; and it is no new
observation, that the trouble of the mind wears and destroys the
constitution even of the most healthful body. All kinds of gardens
contribute to health." This volume also preserves the account of Lord
Ducie's noted old chesnut tree at Tortworth, supposed to be more than a
thousand years old; and of an elm belonging to his lordship, of a truly
gigantic growth.[49] Switzer thus speaks of Bradley:--"Mr. Bradley has
not only shewn himself a skilful botanist, but a man of experience in
other respects, and is every where a modest writer." Mr. Bradley died in
1732. Some writers have dwelt much upon his dissipation; let us
remember, however, that
_Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues
We write in water._
Mr. Weston, in a communication inserted in the Gentleman's Magazine for
November, 1806, says, "Although this country had a great loss by the
death of Evelyn, yet he was succeeded, in twenty years after, by another
of equal abilities, and indefatigable in endeavouring to improve the art
of gardening, as Bradley's numerous works will testify."
TIMOTHY NOURSE, whose "Campania Foelix," 8vo. 1700, has prefixed to
it, a very neat engraving by Vander Gucht, of rural life. He has
chapters on Fruit Trees; on the several kinds of Apple Trees, and on
Cyder and Perry. In page 262 he, with great humanity, strongly pleads to
acquit Lord Chancellor Bacon from the charge against him of corruption
in his high office. His Essay "Of a Country House," in this work, is
curious; particularly to those who wish to see the style of building,
and the decorations of a country seat at that period. Mr. Nourse also
published "A Discourse upon the Nature and Faculties of Man, with some
Considerations upon the Occurrences of Humane Life." Printed for Jacob
Tonson, at the Judge's Head, in Chancery-lane, 1686, 8vo. His chapter on
Solitude, wherein he descants on the delights of rural scenery and
gardens; and his conclusion, directing every man towards the attainment
of his own felicity, are worth perusing. That on Death is forcibly
written; he calls it "no more than for a man to close up all the
travails, pains, and misfortunes of life, with one sweet and eternal
sleep; he is now at everlasting rest; the fears and misery of poverty,
the anxieties of riches, the vexations of a process, do not devour him.
He does not fear the calumnies of the base, nor the frowns of the great.
'Tis death which delivers the prisoner from his fetters, and the slave
and captive from his chain; 'tis death which rescues the servant from
the endless toils of a laborious life, the poor from oppression, and
makes the beggar equal with princes. Here desperation finds a remedy,
all the languors of disease, all the frustrations and tediousness of
life, all the infirmities of age, all the disquiets of the passions, and
all the calamities of fortune, with whatever can make a man miserable,
vanish in these shades." In his very curious "Essay of a Country House,"
he thus moralizes:--"The variety of flowers, beautiful and fragrant,
with which his gardens are adorned, opening themselves, and dying one
after another, must admonish him of the fading state of earthly
pleasures, of the frailty of life, and of the succeeding generations to
which he must give place. The constant current of a fountain, or a
rivulet, must remind of the flux of time, which never returns."
SAMUEL COLLINS, ESQ. of Archeton, Northamptonshire, author of "Paradise
Retrieved; 1717, 8vo. In the Preface to the Lady's Recreation, by
Charles Evelyn, Esq. he is extremely severe on this "Squire Collins,"
whom he accuses of ignorance and arrogance.
JOHN EVELYN, son of the author of _Sylva_. His genius early displayed
itself; for when little more than fifteen, he wrote a Greek poem, which
must have some merit, because his father has prefixed it to the second
edition of his _Sylva_. In Mr. Nicoll's Collection of Poems, are some by
him. There are two poems of his in Dryden's Miscellany. He translated
Plutarch's Life of Alexander from the Greek; and the History of Two
Grand Viziers, from the French. When only nineteen, he translated from
the Latin, Rapin on Gardens. He died in 1698. The Quarterly Review, in
its review of Mr. Bray's Memoirs of Evelyn, thus speaks of this son, and
of his father:--"It was his painful lot to follow to the grave his only
remaining son, in the forty-fourth year of his age, a man of much
ability and reputation, worthy to have supported the honour of his name.
Notwithstanding these repeated sorrows, and the weight of nearly
fourscore years, Evelyn still enjoyed uninterrupted health, and
unimpaired faculties; he enjoyed also the friendship of the wise and the
good, and the general esteem beyond any other individual of his
age."[50]
THOMAS FAIRCHILD, whose garden and vineyard at Hoxton, Mr. Bradley
mentions in high terms, in numberless pages of his many works. I will
merely quote from one of his works, viz. from his Philosophical Account
of the Works of Nature:--"that curious garden of Mr. Thomas Fairchild,
at Hoxton, where I find the greatest collection of fruits that I have
yet seen, and so regularly disposed, both for order in time of ripening
and good pruning of the several kinds, that I do not know any person in
Europe to excel him in that particular; and in other things he is no
less happy in his choice of such curiosities, as a good judgement and
universal correspondence can procure." Mr. Fairchild published The City
Gardener; 8vo. 1722, price 1s. He corresponded with Linnaeus. He left
funds for a Botanical Sermon to be delivered annually at St. Leonard,
Shoreditch, on each Whitsun Tuesday, "On the wonderful works of God in
the creation, or on the certainty of the resurrection of the dead,
proved by the certain changes of the animal and vegetable parts of the
creation."[51] Dr. Pulteney thus speaks of Mr. Fairchild:--"My plan does
not allow me to deviate so far as to cite authors on the subject of
gardening, unless eminent for their acquaintance with English botany.
Some have distinguished themselves in this way; and I cannot omit to
mention, with applause, the names of Fairchild, Knowlton, Gordon, and
Miller. The first of these made himself known to the Royal Society, by
some 'New Experiments relating to the different, and sometimes contrary
motion of the Sap;' which were printed in the Phil. Trans. vol. xxxiii.
He also assisted in making experiments, by which the sexes of plants
were illustrated, and the doctrine confirmed. Mr. Fairchild died in
November, 1729."