course be either of two or three cylinder type and either high pressure
or compound.
=1896. One of the most favourite types of vertical overhead cylinder
screw engines,= with half standards and distance rods, one, two or three
cylinders, simple or compound. The condenser is usually in the back
standards and the pumps behind. Simplicity and accessibility are its
chief advantages.
=1897. Stern wheel, side lever engines,= not often required in practice.
The ordinary construction of horizontal engines usually accommodates
itself for stern wheel driving. See Nos. 575 to 579, &c.
=1898. Double standard vertical overhead cylinder screw engines,= the
type commonly adopted for the heavier class of vessels, and frequently
made for triple expansion. It is of very rigid construction, but not
quite so convenient for accessibility to the working parts as No. 1896.
The condenser and pumps are at one side, built into the standard, and
the engines are handled from the opposite side or from an elevated
platform.
=1899. Overhead cylinder and distance rod type,= the lightest and
simplest form in use for small engines. Every part is easily seen and
got at, and the top weight is reduced to a minimum.
=1900. Is a variety of No. 1896,= with tandem cylinders and two cranks
for triple expansion.
=1901. Is also a variety of No. 1898,= with tandem cylinders for triple
expansion. In this plan the intermediate stuffing box is got rid of by
using two piston rods to the lower cylinder, coupled to the piston rod
of the upper or high-pressure cylinder by a crosshead.
=1902. Compound overhead standard engines,= for twin screws.
=1903. Diagonal twin screw engines.=
[Illustration: 1895.-1903.]
=1904. Horizontal twin screw engines.=
=1905. Plan of cylinders= as usually employed for No. 1902.
=1906. Oscillating paddle engines,= sometimes made with cylinders at 90°
apart and a single crank, as No. 564.
=1907. Overhead oscillating twin screw engines.=
=1908. Annular cylinder paddle engines.=
=1909. Overhead cylinder side-lever paddle engines.=
In addition to the above some special types are occasionally employed,
as the Willan’s three-cylinder plan for screw engines. See No. 592,
also varieties of No. 593, high-speed types.
Section 104.--STRIKING AND HAMMERING: IMPACT.
The ordinary appliances for these purposes comprise hammers of all kinds
and anvils or blocks of all shapes to suit the work, rammers and mallets
of wood. The steam hammer being the machine almost invariably used, is
too well known to need illustration. It is made with single or double
standards, and though differing somewhat in details is practically the
same machine wherever manufactured.
The following are apparatus employed for particular cases, and not so
well known.
=1910. The drop hammer,= for power. The grip pulleys are put in gear by
the hand lever to raise the hammer and shaft: it is sometimes worked by
hand by a simple cord and pulley.
=1911. Dead blow power hammer.= The crescent-shaped crosshead bar has a
positive motion from the crank pin, but the hammer head is attached to
it by strong horizontal springs, and therefore has some little play
above and below a horizontal line.
=1912. The pile engine and monkey.= The latter is generally raised by a
hand or power winch, but a multiplying gear steam or hydraulic cylinder
has been employed.
=1913. Another form of dead blow power hammer,= but with a straight
laminated plate spring, to which the hammer head is fixed.
=1914. Another type of spring power hammer.=
[Illustration: 1904.-1914.]
=1915. Revolving centrifugal rapid blow hammer.=
=1916. The old-fashioned tilt hammer,= still in use in many places,
especially where water-power is employed.
For stamps, &c., see Nos. 250 & 271.
Besides the foregoing there is the gas hammer of Messrs. Tangye, the
pneumatic hammer, and a variety of power hammers with variable stroke.
See No. 1606.
Section 105.--SOUND.
Instruments for the production of sound are scarcely within the
province of the mechanical engineer, but of late years several of them
have been employed in connection with mechanical means for producing
sound--for fog signals, whistling, and other forms of sound
signalling. Musical sounds are produced by vibration of air from wind,
string, or reed instruments. In wind instruments the vibration is
produced by the lips and modified by the shape and length of the tube.
Strings are either bowed, as in the fiddle, struck, as in the piano,
or fingered, as in the harp. Reeds are springs vibrated by a current
of air. In the harmonium and concertina class of instruments there are
no tubes or pipes added to the reeds to modify the sounds produced;
but in the organ pipe the reeds have pipes added which greatly augment
and qualify the sounds. Other special sound-producing instruments are
illustrated here.
=1917. The Siren, or steam turbine whistle,= the loudest instrument
known, consists of a slotted cylindrical drum revolving inside a fixed
drum; the slots are angular (see plan), so that the rush of steam
revolves the inner loose drum rapidly and the sound is directed by the
trumpet-shaped hood. A pair of slotted discs is also sometimes used for
the same purpose instead of the slotted drums.
=1918. Mechanical fog-horn;= ordinary bellows are often used to supply
the blast.
=1919. Iron gong,= struck with a muffled hammer.
=1920. Harmonium reeds, or free reeds;= the tongue covers a slot of same
size and shape, and can vibrate into and out of it, but without touching
its edges; the gravity of tone or pitch depends on the size and
thickness of the tongue.
=1921. Organ reed pipe;= the tongue ~A~ in this case beats, with a
rolling contact, upon the reed ~B~, which is tubular, closed at bottom
and opening at top into the pipe ~C~, which extends upwards from the
block ~D~; ~E~ is the tuning wire which regulates the vibrating or free
length of the tongue.
=1922 & 1923. Wood and metal organ pipes,= which are practically large
whistles, the vibration of the column of air in the pipe being produced
by the wind striking the edge of the lip ~A~.
Steam whistles are bells with a ring-shaped slit below, from which the
issuing steam strikes the lower edge of the bell.
Other forms are now made giving a more musical sound, and in some
cases a double note, usually an interval of a major third, as ~C~-~E~,
by a modified form of pipe with two lips.
Striking bells of various shapes are extensively used.
Gongs are cheese-shaped metallic hollow suspended vessels, and are
struck by a muffled hammer.
Musical sounds are also produced from slips of glass, or chilled iron,
glass bells and tumblers, and also from resonant magnetic iron blocks.
=1924, 1925, 1926.= See Sec. 98.
[Illustration: 1915.-1926.]
Section 106.--DOORS, MANHOLES AND COVERS.
=1927. Application of a single crosshead and bolt= to close two covers,
as in a pump clack-box.
=1928. Cone seated cover,= with hand-lifting crossbar and recess.
=1929. Crosshead and man- or mud-hole,= as commonly used for boilers,
&c.
=1930. Cast-iron manhole and block;= ~T~-head bolts are generally used,
but also eye-bolts, as in No. 937.
=1931. Wrought-iron plate lid,= or cover for a tank.
=1932. Wrought-iron dished cover,= with hinged crossbar and ~T~-screw
used largely for gas retorts.
=1933. Furnace door;= hinged, with inside plate to protect the door from
the heat.
=1934. Manhole door with water seal,= or packed recess to keep back
gases, smell, &c.
=1935. Screwed plug handhole.=
=1936. Wrought-iron boiler manhole cover, and block,= a special
manufacture.
=1937. Type of sliding door;= can be made airtight by planing the
seatings.
Hinged doors are well-known. For hinging, see Section 50. For
fastenings, see Locking Devices, Section 49.
See also Nos. 931, 937, 940, 962.
[Illustration: 1927.-1937.]
PART II.
ADDITIONS TO SECTIONS 1-106.
Section 1.--ANCHORING.
(_See also p. 10._)
=1938. Rock anchor= for suspension bridge chain or a guy.
=Sea anchor;= any floating body (immersed) presenting a large area to
the water, as a spar and sail, quantity of bulky cargo, or raft of
timber.
=Concrete anchor:= masses of concrete are used as anchors under water,
or sunk in the ground.
=Portable machines are anchored= by attaching movable weights to the
legs or base plates of the machine, also by driving stakes into the
ground around the machine.
Section 2.--ADJUSTING DEVICES.
(_See also p. 10._)
=1939. Ratchet rod= for adjusting and locking a lever in any required
position.
=1940. Micrometer screw adjustment= for a lever or crank arm, which may
be locked to its shaft by the clip boss and screw, or released at will.
=1941. Spring pawl adjustment;= has sufficient grip to hold against a
moderate pressure, but may be moved by increased pressure.
=1942. Micrometer adjustment= for a cam lever grip.
=1943. Micrometer screw,= with swivel motion.
=1944. Wedge and pinion adjustment,= used for applying pressure to type
in printers’ formes.
=1945. Adjustable rack= for any fixing, secured by a staple bolt.
=1946. Adjustment for a spiral torsion spring= to regulate its tension.
=1947. Callipers with fine adjustment= by a taper screw, tapped into a
hole in the split leg, so that the taper screw springs open the slit and
thus extends the opening of the calliper legs.
=1948. Adjusting pawl and head= for adjusting the tension or compression
of a torsion spring, which is fixed to the spindle.
=1949. Screw adjustment for rollers= to maintain parallelism.
[Illustration: 1938.-1949.]
=1950. Adjustment for expanding a split borer,= reamer or rose bit, with
micrometer graduation.
=1951. Screw adjustment= for a lever.
=1952. Adjustable centre pin,= traversed by a screw, and fixed after
adjustment by a nut and washer.
=1953. Fine screw adjustment= for any movable part.
=1954. Fine screw adjustment= for a radial arm.
=1955. Division plate,= with differential dividing on its opposite
faces.
=Belts, bands, &c.,= are adjusted by corresponding series of holes and
laces, screws or rivets to fit them.
Section 3.--BELT GEARING.
(_See also p. 12._)
=1956. Fast and loose pulleys;= the fast pulley is larger in diameter
than the loose pulley, to allow the belt to run slack when running idle.
=1957. Round rubber belt gear.=
=1958. Device for tightening a belt;= two guide pulleys are run on studs
fixed to a locking lever, the pull of the belt rocks this lever as far
as the slack of belt will allow, thus keeping the belt tight.
=1959. Wide belt pulleys,= cast with a double set of arms (shown in
section).
=1960. Belt drive= for two pulleys.
=Vee belts= are used to run over ~V~ grooved pulleys. See No. 1243.
=Link belts;= formed of leather links connected by steel wire centres
in the form of a wide pitched chain (as No. 196).
=Cord belts= are formed of guttapercha, indiarubber, leather, raw hide
or catgut.
=Raw hide= is frequently used for belts; it is stronger than leather,
harder in substance and less porous.
Section 4.--BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS.
(_See also p. 12._)
=1961. Swinging fixing,= with ball and cup joint.
=1962. Ball joint= for any swinging fixing required to be released or
secured in various positions.
Section 5.--BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES.
(_See also p. 14._)
=1963. Steam engine dash-pot;= a steam cushioning device for valve
movements. The cylinder is always full of steam under pressure, and a
small bye-pass groove provided to allow steam to pass the piston when a
blow or push is received. See No. 1480.
[Illustration: 1950.-1963.]
=1964. Railway car brake,= fulcrumed on the axle spring, so that the
loaded car gives the pressure applied through the lever.
=1965. Double car brake;= applies the grip to the wheel rim without
cross or side strain on the axle.
=Brush brake.= A brush of stiff bristles or steel wires is sometimes
used as a brake to a revolving pulley.
Section 6.--BOILERS, TYPES OF.
(_See also p. 16._)
=1966. Boiler, with furnace for consuming town refuse.= Meldrum Bros.
patent, fitted with forced draught furnace.
Section 7.--BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING.
(_See also p. 20._)
=1967. Type of air propeller, or wind turbine,= not centrifugal; the air
is driven parallel to the axis of the fan.
Section 8.--BED-PLATES, FOUNDATIONS AND FRAMING OF MACHINES.
(_See also p. 22._)
=1968. Shrunk ring fastening= for segments of wheels, bed-plates and
framing. A wrought-iron ring is shrunk over two lugs cast on the
adjoining pieces of the frame, &c.
=1969. Foundation for gas engine= on a fire-proof floor, with several
layers of felt between to diminish vibration and noise.
=1970. Box bed-plate,= sometimes used as a tank, air reservoir, surface
condenser, &c.
=1971. Standard type= of stand for a light machine.
=1972. Box-bed, frame or plinth,= constructed of flat castings joined by
grooves and fillets and long bolts or rivets.
=Columns, handrailing,= and other parts of machine framings are used
as air-vessels, drain-pipes, and for enclosing working rods and parts
of machines.
Section 9.--CAM, TAPPET AND WIPER GEAR.
(_See also p. 24._)
=1973. Cam plate and levers,= with rocking motion; the slots can be
formed to give any intermittent, or variable motion to the lever ends.
=1974. Cam lever motion= from a reciprocating rod.
[Illustration: 1964.-1974.]
=1975. Spiral or wheel cam= to give a reciprocating motion to a bar.
=1976. Compound cam= to operate a number of radial grips or arms.
=1977. Internal compound cam= to operate a number of radial slides for
internal grip.
Section 10.--CRANK AND ECCENTRIC GEAR.
(_See also p. 28._)
=1978. Hinged hand-crank.=
=1979. Joy’s patent hydraulic eccentric= for steam engine reversing
gear. The centre block--keyed to the crank shaft--has two small rams
working in cylinders in the sheave, and the position of the eccentric is
controlled by a hand-lever and pump forcing oil into the cylinders
through a channel in the crank shaft and rams.
=1980. Double eccentric,= with two diameters or throws to give
alternately two different lengths of stroke to an eccentric rod.
=Shifting eccentrics.= See =Valve gear,= Section 79.
=Crank shaft governor gear.= See ditto, ditto.
=1981. Three-throw bent crank.=
=1982. Diagonal crank pin= to give a rotary reciprocating motion as well
as an up and down motion to a piston or rod.
=Adjustable hand crank.= See Nos. 2570, 2265, 2523.
=Adjustable eccentrics.= See Nos. 188, 189, 190.
=Eccentric crank motion.= See Nos. 174, 175.
=1983. Eccentric variable-throw crank pin.= The pin is formed on an
eccentric stock which can be revolved by a worm and wheel.
=1984. Crank motion= to give, from one crank having a regular motion, an
irregular motion to a second crank or _vice versâ_. The speed of the
slotted crank varies throughout its circle of revolution.
Section 11.--CHAIN GEAR.
(_See also p. 30._)
=1985. “Chain Gear Co.’s” patent pitch chain.= The tendency of the chain
to travel to the point of the teeth is believed to keep it always up to
pitch.
=1986. Pitched chain,= with flat links, open centre and cylindrical
distance pins ~A A~ to fit a sprocket wheel. Bicycle drive chains are of
this class.
See p. 152 for Chain Wheels.
Section 12.--CARRIAGES AND CARS.
(_See also p. 32._)
=1987. Swivelling gear for car wheels.=
[Illustration: 1975.-1987.]
Section 13.--CRUSHING, GRINDING & DISINTEGRATING.
(_See also p. 36._)
=1988. Eccentric disc grinding mill.= The discs have grooved faces,
annular, radial or spiral.
=1989. Grinding face tool,= with segments of stone or emery.
=1990. Huntingdon’s stamp mill.=
=Surface grinding,= filing and polishing; are performed by means of
emery, files, glass and emery paper and cloth, revolving stones and
emery wheels, brushes, endless bands fed with emery and other powders,
&c.
=1990A. Ball mill= for grinding various substances.
Section 15.--CLUTCHES.
(_See also p. 40._)
=1991. Coil-grip friction clutch.= By the Shaw Engineering Co., Bristol.
The coil is of steel, in the form of a spring.
=1992. Internal grip friction clutch.= The internal ring is split at one
side and expanded by the oval pin attached to the arm. The latter is
usually reciprocated by a sliding sleeve on the shaft (as No. 282).
=1993. Jaw clutch= thrown into gear by partial revolution.
Section 16.--COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTING.
(_See also p. 42._)
=1994. Coupling to allow two shaft ends to run a little out of line;=
the centre piece has a cross feather at each end at right angles to each
other, which engage with cross grooves in the shaft end pieces.
=1995. Split sleeve coupling= tightened on the shaft by two cone bushes
and nuts.
=1996. Flange coupling,= with recessed grooves for the bolt heads and
nuts.
=1997. Angle coupling= for shafts, instead of bevil gearing.
=1998. Angle coupling= for shafts at any angle (shown at angle of 90°)
consisting of four crank pins sliding and revolving in holes bored in
the shaft ends.
Section 17.--CONNECTING RODS AND LINKS.
(_See also p. 42._)
=1999. Spring connecting rod= of steel or wood.
=2000. Attachment for connecting rod to a pump ram,= with provision for
taking up the brasses by a long screw.
=2001. Connecting rod end,= the back brass being set up by a set screw
with coned point, which displaces by penetration a number of steel balls
or shot.
=2002. Solid rod end,= with wedge gib and nut adjustment for brasses;
the latter take out sideways.
=2003. “Marine” connecting rod end.=
[Illustration: 1988.-2003. & 1990.^{A}]
=2004. “Marine” connecting rod end, with metal cap,= and one half brass.
=2005. Wedge cotter and brass bearing= to take the thrust of a
connecting rod off its centre pin.
=2006. Solid end= for connecting rod; brasses are set up by a capstan
screw.
=2007. Anti-friction rod end,= where the strain is all on one stroke (as
in single-acting pumps), the strain coming on the friction roller.
=2008. Simple connecting rod end= and half brass for single-acting
pumps, &c.
=2009. Solid link,= with swivelling segments housed in a box formed on
the valve spindle.
=2010. Connecting rod end,= with end block to take out sideways when the
brasses can be removed.
=2011. Rod end,= with fixed pin secured by a cotter and nut.
=2012. Connecting rod end, crosshead= and gudgeon, showing metal
renewable plugs let in on the wearing faces of the gudgeon pin.
=2013. Strap end, with diagonal key.= Sometimes more accessible than a
straight key.
Section 18.--CRANES, TYPES OF.
(_See also p. 46._)
=2014. Crane, with sliding jib.=
=2015. Suspended travelling hand crane.=
=2016. Basement crane,= projected diagonally upward when in use. The
winch is a fixed one.
=2017. Loophole crane,= projected horizontally when in use by a handrope
gear working a pinion and rack, or by a chain wound upon a barrel.
[Illustration: 2004.-2017.]
=2018. Travelling wharf crane to span a railway.=
Section 20.--COMPENSATING AND BALANCE WEIGHTS.
(_See also p. 54._)
=2019. Balance for a suspended light,= lamp or similar article, allowing
it to be raised or lowered while the balance weight only travels half
the distance, and is therefore twice the weight of the articles
balanced.
=2020. Balance box.= The cover is made as heavy as the box.
=2021. Balanced cutter head= for a milling or moulding machine.
Section 21.--CIRCULAR AND RECIPROCATING MOTION.
(_See also p. 56._)
=2022. The “Dake” square piston engine;= has a reciprocating double
piston and a transverse sliding block, by which rotary motion is
communicated to the crank pin.
=2023. Chapman’s patent crank motion.= In this gear the cylinders are
fixed at right angles and their strokes are four times the radius of the
crank, which is coupled by a link with equal arms (of the same radius as
the crank) to the two crossheads direct.
=2024. Crank motion.= The crank pin runs in a sleeve having a sliding
motion along the lever.
=2025. Crank motion= (in plan), with side connecting rod and off guide.
The crank shaft crosses the piston rod as near as may be.
=2026. Crank motion,= with semi-yoke crosshead.
=2027. Crank motion,= with yoke connecting rod.
=2028. Crank motion,= for a pump, the handle describes an elliptic path.
=2029. Bouchet’s crank motion= to avoid dead centres.
=2030. Eccentric hand crank motion.= The connecting rod has a
ring-shaped end, and the strap is revolved on the centre pin by a handle
fixed to it.
[Illustration: 2018.-2030.]
=2031. Crank motion= to work a sliding tool or movement on a bar or
guide.
=2032. Offset crosshead and guide crank motion= for a pump or air
compressor.
=2033. Crank motion= to drive a swing arm, or _vice versâ_.
=2034. Side crank motion.=
=2035. Atkinson’s crank motion= to drive the flywheel two revolutions to
one double stroke of the piston.
Section 22.--CONCENTRATED POWER.
(_See also p. 62._)
=2036. Compound lever shears.=
=2037. Lever and frame gear= for applying great leverage, with a detent
to prevent running back.
Section 23.--CONVEYING MOTION TO MOVABLE PARTS OF MACHINERY.
(_See also p. 62._)
=2038. Jointed tube= for a travelling, hydraulic, steam, or compressed
air, hoisting, or other engine.
=2039. A travelling wheel= may be driven by a long pinion without
affecting the travelling movement of the wheel.
=2040. Travelling spur gear= similar to last, to convey continuous
motion to a travelling machine.
=Hydraulic transfer.= Two rotary motors (hydraulic) are used, one as
driver, the other as motor, and connected together by two pipes
forming the suction and delivery pipes, by which a continuous
circulation is kept up, and the motor driven by the driver, the latter
being driven from a shaft or engine. The pipes may be taken a great
distance, if made large enough.
Section 24.--CUTTING TOOLS.
(_See also p. 64._)
=2041. Pin borer,= for cutting out circular blanks with a central hole,
such as washers, &c.
=2042. Wobbling circular saw= to cut dovetail grooves.
=2043. Expansive facing, or boring pin bit.=
=2044. Revolving cutter,= with adjustable inserted circular cutter.
=2045. Inserted circular saw teeth,= easily sharpened, reset, or
replaced.
=2046. Chain cutter.=
=2047. Hollow taper bung borer.= Bores a taper hole by enlarging a plain
hole bored by an ordinary bit.
=2048. Square hole boring bit,= for wood. A square chisel containing a
twist borer.
=2049. Turning tool for metal.= Front tool.
=2050. Turning tool for metal.= Knife tool.
=2051. Chasing tool= for ~V~ threads.
=2052. Turning tool for metal.= Screw tool for square thread.
[Illustration: 2031.-2052.]
=2053. Turning tool for metal.= ~V~ tool.
=2054. Turning tool for metal.= ~V~ tool for inside threads.
=2055. Turning tool for metal.= Side tool for square shoulders.
=2056. Turning tool for metal.= Side tool for square shoulders, right
hand.
=2057. Turning tool for metal.= Boring tool.
=2058. Turning tool for metal.= Boring tool for square shoulders.
=2059. Turning tool for metal.= Boring tool for square shoulders.
=2060. Hand planing tool= for soft metals--lead, pewter, &c.
=2061. Hand planing tool= for wood, with the grain.
=2062. Hand planing tool= for wood, end grain.
=2063. Paring gouge= for wood.
=2064. Hollowing gouge= for wood.
=2065. Cross grooving plane.= Has two cutters, one to mark the cut on
each side, the other to plane out the shaving.
=2066. Tool for cutting circular holes= in wrought-iron plates; guided
chisel and hammer. The “Sundale” patent.
=2067. Hollow cone paring tool= for pointing pins, lead pencils, &c.
=2068. Tool head= for a drilling machine, with three or four hinged
drill holders.
=2069 and 2070. Adjustable boring bits.=
=2071 and 2072. Bottoming or rose drills.=
=2073 and 2074. Cylinder and fluted drills= for enlarging and finishing
holes.
[Illustration: 2053.-2074.]
=2075. Compound cylinder drill,= fluted, and provided with oil channel.
=2076. Boring bar head.=
=2077. Tool holder for lathe,= shaper, or planer tools.
Section 25.--CONDENSING AND COOLING.
(_See also p. 66._)
=2078. Klein’s atmospheric cooler.= The hot water is sprayed against the
upper surfaces of a number of vertical metal sheets, and trickles down
into a trough. The natural circulation of air between the sheets,
combined with a partial evaporation, cools the water to as low as 20°
below normal temperature.
=2079. Injector condenser,= with hot well, foot valve, and air pump.
=2080. Cooling fountain and trays= for condenser water.
=Cooling ponds= of area proportionate to the quantity and temperature
of the water, are used to cool condenser water where the supply is
limited.
=Fountain and spray jets= are also used in conjunction with a pond for
cooling condenser water.
=Körting’s jet condenser.= See No. 2212.
Section 26.--CONCENTRATING AND SEPARATING.
(_See also p. 66._)
=2080A. Centrifugal separator= with air blast. The material is fed into
the top cone on the revolving vertical shaft, and travels down against
an air blast from below.
Section 27.--CHOPPING, SLICING AND MINCING.
(_See also p. 68._)
=2081. Machine for slicing roots.= The roller has cutters shaped to
shred the roots to any gauge of fineness required, and a fixed rack or
brush at ~A~ to clean the teeth.
=2082. Mill for chopping or grinding,= in which the two rollers are
driven at different peripheral speeds.
Section 28.--CHUCKS, GRIPS AND HOLDERS.
(_See also p. 68._)
=2083. Sockets for various tools, &c.= Sections: these are made either
with parallel or taper holes. With parallel holes a set screw or key is
used to secure the tool in the socket. See Sec. 37.
=2084. Screw chuck= for wood turning.
=2085. Fork chuck= for wood turning.
=2086. Screwed cup chuck= for wood turning.
=2087. Cup chuck,= with taper feathers, for wood.
[Illustration: 2075-2087. & 2080^{A}]
=2088. Adjustable tap wrench.=
=2089. Elevating tool box.=
=2090. Tool head= for milling or surfacing.
=2091. Three-jaw guide= or chuck. The three sliding jaws are usually set
up by screws.
=2092. Two-jaw chuck.= The jaws are travelled simultaneously opposite
ways by a right and left-hand screw.
=2093. Drill socket,= with diagonal pin to grip the drill shank when
screwed up.
=2094. Instantaneous grip= for vice, &c. The worm ~A~ is eccentric, and
lifts or lowers the toothed abutment block ~B~ into or out of gear with
the fixed rack by a single movement of the handle ~C~. When out of gear
~A B C~, with the shaft and front jaw, can be slid in or out freely to
any size of opening required.
=2095. Clip for a rod= or cord.
=2096. Split sleeve and nut= to grip a rod or shaft.
=2097. Screw cramp.=
=2098. Screw cramp.= Another form.
=2099. Capstan drill= or cutter head, for lathe or boring machine. The
head revolves diagonally, and may have sockets for several tools to
follow each other in succession in operating on a piece of work.
=2100. Adjustable tool box.=
=2101. Spanner,= with adjustable jaw.
=2102. Spring taper socket,= with sliding ring.
=2103. Toothed ~V~ grip= for chucks, &c.
=2104. Toothed ~V~ grip.= Another form, with alternate vees.
=2105. Simplest form of ~V~ grip= for parallel cylindrical articles.
[Illustration: 2088.-2105.]
=2106. Three-jaw face chuck.= The jaws are made to act together or
separately by a spiral plate, or by screws. See Nos. 158, 1384.
=2107. Split tool holder= (Barber’s patent), with taper thread and nut
to grip a round (or other) section tool.
=2108. Cap and socket= for drills.
=2109. Socket and set screw= for drills.
=2110. Split tool bar,= with transverse cutter (see No. 2043), fitted
with sunk screw, having a recessed head for a special spanner.
=2111. Stepped jaw= for lathe face chucks traversed by a screw. See No.
409.
=2112. Spring grip for pencils,= small drills, pins, &c.
=2113. Bauer’s patent spanner,= or pipe wrench. The hinge pin is of the
form of No. 2126.
=2114. Chuck= for wheels, having three or more sliding dogs set up by a
cone and hand wheel nut.
=2115. Split end grip= for a rod.
=2116. Double vee grip= for pipes, &c., which, having an equal movement
to both jaws, remains always central. The large screw must be twice the
pitch of the smaller central screw, and one is right hand, the other
left hand.
=2117. Hand screws,= with ~V~ grip.
Section 29.--CUSHIONING.
(_See also p. 72._)
=2118. Rubber pad or buffer.=
=2119. Cushion tyre= for road wheels.
=2120. Cushion tyre, pneumatic.= The resistance in this tyre is
increased by compression of the enclosed air by a portable pump.
=Duplex pumps= are cushioned at each end of the stroke by trapping
part of the exhaust steam by the piston closing the port.
=Air vessels= are used to cushion the action of a pump, both on the
delivery and suction.
=2121. A spring piston= is used for the same purpose.
=Pads or cushions of rubber,= felt, leather, &c., are used as buffers
to cushion blows.
=Shaw & Spiegle’s steam towing machine= provides an elastic steam
cushion which yields to prevent overstraining the cable, the engine
then running backwards under the strain, but winds up again as the
strain goes off, thus paying in and out to suit the motion of the
vessel.
[Illustration: 2106.-2124.]
Section 30.--DRILLING, BORING, &c.
(_See also p. 72._)
See =Expanding reamers,= Nos. 2149, 2151.
See =Expanding cutters,= Nos. 2069, 2070, 627.
See =Expanding auger,= Section 36.
Section 31.--DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.
(_See also p. 74._)
=2122. Differential piston indicator= for steam engines.
=2123. Harrison’s differential epicycloidal hoist gear.= Pinion ~A~ is
fast to the barrel and loose on the shaft, ~B~ is keyed to the shaft,
~C~ and ~D~ are cast together, and run on a stud in the large wheel ~E~,
which is loose on the shaft; ~A~ and ~B~ have different numbers of
teeth.
=2124. Differential screw bolt= and sleeve movement.
=2125. Differential screw valve fitting,= with cone seat, tightened up
by the ~T~ head and fine thread central screw; used for gas bottles.
=2126. Chinese windlass.= The origin of modern differential gear.
Section 32.--ENGINES, TYPES OF.
(_See also p. 76._)
=2127. Beam engine,= compound; with diagonal cylinders for compactness.
=2128. Steam cylinder,= with diagonal flange joint for the valve
chest--enables the valve face to be easily planed, and dispenses with a
separate casting and joint for the box.
=2129. Pumping or blowing engine,= with side rod-crank motion.
=2130. One crank and one eccentric engine,= with cylinders at right
angles. The same eccentric operates both slide valves.
=2131. One crank engine,= as last described.
=2132. One crank three-cylinder engine.=
=2133. Sliding cylinder engine,= with three-throw crank and three
connecting rods. The distribution of steam is made by the reciprocating
motion of the cylinder over ports in the bedplate.
=2134. Compound high-speed enclosed engine.=
=2135. Compound engine,= with ~T~ connecting rod and one crank, no dead
centre.
=Crank motions.= See Section 21.
=2136. Three-cylinder high-speed box engine,= single acting.
[Illustration: 2125.-2136.]
=2137. American type= of walking beam paddle engines.
=2138. Diagonal engine,= with vertical air pump, worked by a bell-crank
lever.
=Vacuum engines.= Two forms of this type of engine have been
manufactured in which steam is employed at atmospheric pressure and
condensed in a jet or surface condenser, the working pressure being
therefore atmospheric and never exceeding 14 lbs. per square inch
absolute. These engines and their boilers are free from risk of
explosion, but require a good supply of condensing water.
Section 34.--ELLIPTICAL MOTION.
(_See also p. 82._)
=2139. Crank motion to describe ovals= (egg shaped, not true ellipses).
=2140. Ellipsograph.= The point ~A~ is fixed and the point ~B~ travelled
along the line ~A B~.
=2141. String ellipsograph;= ~A~ and ~B~ are fixed in the foci of the
ellipse and the string joined so that the pencil ~C~ (with string wheel
on it) will reach the end of minor axis ~D~; the pencil will describe a
true ellipse.
Section 36.--EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING DEVICES.
(_See also p. 84._)
=2142. Expanding gate.= Formed of vertical, round, or simple bars,
fitted with sliding ferrules having centre pins passing through diagonal
bars, these centres being evenly spaced.
=2143. Expanding mandrel;= has three parallel feathers, expanded by a
central bolt having two equal cones.
=2144. Expanding socket,= formed of spring wire.
=2145. Expanding legs= for telescope or camera tripod.
=2146. Expanding tripod,= formed to close up into a cylindrical group.
=2147. Expanding table= of three or more slides.
=2148. Expanding tripod.= The legs are hinged to a triangular prism, and
form a cylindrical group when closed.
=2149. Expanding reamer.= The body is split up in three parts as far as
the end of the bolt.
=2150. Addy’s expanding collar= consists of two rings with the adjacent
faces spiral, so that by revolving them they separate to the extent of
the pitch. The collar therefore expands longitudinally, not
diametrically.
=2151. Expanding split reamer= or mandrel with taper screw.
=2152. Expanding riddle or screen,= to vary the spaces between the
bars.
[Illustration: 2137.-2152.]
=2153. Expanding collars= or sleeves, screwed one upon another.
=2154. Expanding collet,= split in three or more parts.
=2155. Expanding pipe grip= or collar with bevel gear and right and
left-hand screws to operate the three segments together.
=2156. Expanding pipe stopper= with rubber ring. See Section 29.
=Bellows and rubber bags= are used as expanding devices for gases, &c.
=Rubber balloons= are expanded by air blown in under pressure.
=2157. Expanding pulley or wheel.=
=Expanding plug.= See No. 2358.
=2158. Expanding lever.=
=The mercury bulb tube= is an expanding device actuated by
temperature.
(_See also_ Cushioning; Chucks, Section 28.)
Section 37.--FASTENING WHEELS, &c., TO SHAFTS.
(_See also p. 86._)
=2159. Crank arm= or lever arm, secured to shaft by a clip boss and
bolt.
=2160. Ditto,= secured by a screwed shank passed through the shaft and
drawn up by a nut.
=2161. Piston and rod fastening.=
=2162. Ditto, ditto.=
=2163. Thomas’ patent wedge bush= for securing plain bored pulleys, &c.,
to shafts.
=2164. Taper screwed bush= fastening for a wheel, with frictional grip.
The bush is split on one side only.
=2165. Taper split bush fixing,= with frictional grip. The bush is split
into three parts.
=2166. Set-screw fixing= for a lever or arm.
[Illustration: 2153.-2166.]
=2167. Split boss or collar,= with two forms of sunk screws for fixing
and tightening.
=Split wheels and pulleys= are now commonly used as the best means of
fastening to shafts. See No. 1711.
=2168. Cone sleeve= (split) and nut fastening for a wheel or pulley.
=2169. Serrated wedges.=
Section 38.--FRICTION GEAR.
(_See also p. 88._)
=2170. Carriage driving gear.= The carriage wheel bears upward against
the driving spindle which drives it by friction, or the latter is forced
down into frictional gear with the carriage wheel by loading or by
springs.
=2171. Friction, spring clip,= for giving tension to cotton thread
passed between the convex discs.
=Leather covered pinions= geared with plain rimmed wheels or discs.
These should always have the pinion as driver, otherwise the pinion is
liable to wear in fits and become useless.
Section 39.--GUIDES, SLIDES, &c.
(_See also p. 90._)
=2172. Engine crosshead,= formed of two slide blocks, cast with the
gudgeon in one piece and two caps bolted together, enclosing the piston
rod end and bolted to the slide blocks.
=2173. Crosshead single-bar guide,= with or without the lower attachment
for pump rod.
=2174. Sliding bed= guided by two square grooved strips (one of which
may be fixed) adjusted by diagonal set screws.
=2175. Vee guides,= with renewable strip.
=2176. Ditto, ditto,= with set screw adjustment.
=2177. Ditto, ditto,= with bevelled adjusting strip and set screws.
=2178. Ditto, ditto,= with loose ~V~ strip set up by screws on top.
=2179. Guide block= for engine crosshead formed of a bronze shell filled
with white metal or antifriction metal.
=2180. Curved segment guide= for a link movement to turn an angle.
=2181. Crosshead guide,= with two slide bars, American type.
=2182. ~V~ guide bar= and guide.
=2183. Double ~V~ guide= for crosshead.
=2184. Crosshead guides= of square section.
[Illustration: 2167.-2184.]
=2185. Guide bed,= with square guides and renewable strip adjusted by
set screws.
=2186. Vee guide,= with ~V~ strip and set screw adjustment.
=2187. Ditto, do.,= with bevelled strip and set screw.
=2188. Ditto, do.,= adjusted at the top.
=2189. Simple guide attachment= to a plain bar.
=2190. Guide bars,= adjustable, for wear.
=2191. Engine crosshead,= with adjustable guide brasses, set up by taper
keys and nuts.
=2192. Crosshead,= tent round the rod.
=2193. Crosshead side guide= for engine or pump, plan view.
Section 40.--GEARING, VARIOUS DEVICES IN.
(_See also p. 92._)
=2194. Turn-over gear= for reversing a stamp, table or platen by rack
and pinion.
=2195. Double driving motion= by belt for two saws, cutters, drills,
&c., so that either may be put in work at various points in a half
circle of the radius of the arm.
=2196. Sun and planet gear.= ~A~ is a fixed wheel, ~B~ is keyed to the
barrel shaft, ~C~ and ~D~ are cast together and run loose on a stud on
the crank arm.
=2197. Two-tooth pinion gear.=
=2198. Cam spur gear,= to give similar variable movements to those given
by cams.
=2199. Motion to vary the angle of a screw propeller= blade, a windmill,
feathering wheel, &c., by bevel gear and a central shaft.
[Illustration: 2185.-2199.]
Section 41.--GOVERNING AND REGULATING SPEED, &c.
(_See also p. 96._)
=2200. Atmospheric governor.= Rod ~A~ is connected to reciprocate with
the engine, ~B~ is connected to the equilibrium throttle valve, ~C~ is
an inlet valve for air, and ~D~ an adjustable outlet valve by which the
speed is regulated. For continuous instead of intermittent action on the
rod and piston ~B~, the air pump ~A~ should force air into an
intermediate chamber above the piston ~B~ by addition of a diaphragm and
delivery valve.
=2201. Gas engine pendulum governor.= Hit and miss. The rocking trip ~C~
falls out of gear by its own weight when the pendulum moves so fast as
to release it. The upper ball is used to adjust the motion of the
pendulum to the speed required.
=Crank-shaft governors.= See Section 79.
=Self-regulating dampers= are applied to boiler flues, and are
operated by the pressure of steam, so as to regulate the draught.
=Governing the speed of hoists.= See No. 1495.
=2202. Gas engine governor.= The revolving cam throws the vertical arm
of the lever far enough to close the gas valve when the speed increases
beyond the normal.
=2203. Steam valve-regulator,= to move a valve or other detail any
fractional part of its stroke and hold it at that point. The main steam
and oil cylinder valves move with the pistons. The cut-off valves are
controlled by a hand lever and admit steam and oil to the same ends of
their respective cylinders simultaneously; the pistons only travel till
they cut off their own supply, the oil fluid preventing expansive action
of the steam.
=2204. Centrifugal ball governor,= with cone wheel motion to operate the
cut off.
=2204A. Even-flow regulator= or governing valve, for drawing off from a
tank.
Section 43.--HOOKS, SWIVELS, &c.
(_See also p. 98._)
=2205. Hook eye= for a guy rope.
=2206. Slip hook= for pile driver, monkey, &c.
=2207. Wire hook= attachment for electric wires.
[Illustration: 2200.-2204^{A}., 2205.-2207.]
=2208. Loop or eye= shackle.
=2209. Swivel shackle= for guy, rod, or hook.
=2210. Slip hook.=
Section 44.--INDICATING SPEEDS, &c.
(_See also p. 100._)
=Indicators= are employed--
To register the entry and exit of workmen to or from a factory;
To register speeds and variation of load, steam pressure, &c., on an
engine;
To register wind pressure, barometric variations--rainfall, sunshine,
&c.;
To register periodical visits of a watchman or other official, and the
hours of such visits;
To register visits to a bank safe.
=2211. Indicator to register the flow of water= by its speed and
pressure against a floating ball, which actuates a pencil moving
vertically against a paper cylinder which is kept revolving slowly by
clockwork.
Section 45.--JETS, NOZZLES AND INJECTORS.
(_See also p. 102._)
=2212. Körting’s water jet condenser;= requires 3 feet head of
condensing water.
=2213. Spray jet= for petroleum, water, &c., with air blast.
=Automatic spray jets or sprinklers= are constructed to spread or
spray water over a considerable area by the force of the issuing
current, for extinguishing fires, watering gardens, &c.
=Fountain jets= are of many forms to deliver the water in close,
spreading, or fan-shaped forms, artistically arranged.
=2214. Spray jet,= with spiral core.
=2215. Spray jet,= with annular orifice and dish-plate.
Section 46.--JOURNALS, BEARINGS, PIVOTS, &c.
(_See also p. 102._)
=2216. Pedestal bearing,= with four brasses and set screw adjustments.
=2217. Hydraulic oil pivot= for vertical spindle. Oil under pressure is
forced into the channels between the bearing faces, the area and
pressure being adjusted to the load. The surplus oil is returned from
the oil well to the pump.
=2218. Adjustable intermediate bearing= for a vertical shaft. It has
three brasses set up by set screws and wedges.
[Illustration: 2208.-2218.]
=2219. Long bearing,= with oil circulation.
=2220. ~V~ bearing,= or support for a shaft or telescope.
=2221. Plain double bearing,= with one cap and one bolt.
=2222. Vertical shaft bearing,= formed of two similar toe-pieces of very
hard steel running in oil.
=2223. Pedestal, with side adjusting brasses,= set up by set screws.
=2224. Vertical shaft bearing,= similar to No. 2222, but with small
coned toe-piece of very hard steel.
=2225. Thrust-bearing for collar screw,= having a loose collar secured
by two pins, drilled half in the collar and half in the base.
=2226. Similar bearing,= with a loose collar screwed in and locked by a
set pin.
=2227. Similar bearing;= the screw has a thick collar, with a turned
groove and a pin drilled half into the collar and half into the base.
=2228. Vertical pivot,= with hardened screws.
=Ball bearings.= See Section 70.
=Roller bearings.= See Section 70.
=2229. Bearing, with side brasses,= set up by a set screw.
=2230. Bearing, with 3 brasses,= set up by a set screw.
=2231. Bearing, with 3 brasses,= the side brasses set up by wedge bolts,
regulated on top.
=2232. Bearing, with 3 brasses,= set up by side wedges and top screws.
=2233. Schiele’s vertical shaft bearing.=
=White metal= is much used for bearings, and may be run in around a
shaft. The brasses are sometimes made of skeleton form to receive
white metal in this way.
[Illustration: 2219.-2233.]
Section 47.--PLATE WORK.
(_See also p. 106._)
SHEET METAL JOINTS.
=2234. Ring seam,= with cover strip.
=2235. Folded ring seam.=
=2236. Half folded seam.=
=2237. Filleted ring seam.=
=2238.=}
}
=2239.=}
}
=2240.=}
}
=2241.=}
} =Bottom seams;= 2244 is strengthened by a thick wire ring.
=2242.=}
}
=2243.=}
}
=2244.=}
}
=2245.=}
=2246 & 2247. Intermediate seams,= or diaphragms.
=2248. Elbow seam.=
=2249. Folded pipe seam.=
PLATE AND BAR JOINTS.
=2250. Junction of ~T~ iron,= plate and ~T~ or ~L~ iron verticals.
=2251. Gusset plate= corner stiffener.
=2252. Plate end= for a tie rod.
=2253. ~H~ iron junction,= as in a floor framing.
=2254. Gusset plate junction= for a braced framing.
=2255. Gusset plate junction= for ~H~ girders of equal depths.
Section 48.--LEVERS.
(_See also p. 108._)
=2256. Lever, with universal motion.=
=2257. Hand starting lever=, cheap construction, formed of light
channel-iron, with a bent lock bar engaging with holes in a sector plate
cast on the bearing.
=Locking levers.= See Section 49.
[Illustration: 2234.-2257.]
=2258. Double lever,= hand motion, for fire-engine, pumps, &c.
=2259. Locking lever= formed of iron tube with sliding catch rod inside.
=2260. Starting lever,= with hooked catch, taking into holes in a sector
plate.
=2261. Convex worm= for locking and adjusting a starting lever.
=2262. Equalising levers= for springs and variable movements.
=2263. Lever and rack= lifting appliance.
=2264. Spring lever= to lock in two positions.
=2265. Hand lever= adjustable to radius. With a bent handle it forms an
adjustable hand crank.
=Spring lever= formed of steel plates. See No. 1914.
=Compound levers.= See No. 1367. “Roller board” movements in organs
are of this type, but each pair of arms and its shaft or roller is
mounted independently on a pair of end centres.
=2265A. Double lever= for a plug cock, to be operated by two cords.
Section 49.--LOCKING DEVICES.
(_See also p. 110._)
=2266. Lever action for a door, &c.,= to lock it, open or shut, in fixed
positions.
=2267. Lever action for a gate= or door, to open or close it and lock it
in either position.
=2268. Revolving eyelet= to lock or release a rod or cord.
=2269. Abutment lock.= Can only be opened by revolving the tumbler by a
key.
[Illustration: 2258.-2265^{A}.
2266.-2269.]
=2270. Secret screw attachment.= The screw is fixed to the back of any
article, and fastened to the fixing ~A~ by sliding along the slot. Two,
three or four screws and slots are generally used.
=2271. Bolt lock.= The bolt can be released by revolving it 180°.
=2272. Gib-key fastening= for a sliding block or bracket on a plain bar.
=2273. Similar fastening,= using a wooden bar.
=2274. Locking stud,= used for iron bedstead laths.
=2275. Catch and hook.=
=2276. Hinged catch= to lock a screwed gland or nut.
=2277. Letter lock,= or combination lock. Any number of discs may be
arranged on a spindle having a feather key, so that they must be all in
a certain position to allow the key to slide through a notch or key way
cut in each disc, so as to open the loop.
=2278. Locked nut.=
=2279. Spring pawl,= umbrella catch.
=2280. Spring snap,= released by pressing the open ends together.
=2281. Locking pawl= for spur teeth.
=2282. Spring handle.=
=2283. Spring pawl,= locks the wheel against a moderate force, but gives
way to a greater force.
=Locked pawl motions.= See Section 62.
=2284. Locking device= for lathe headstock or tool rest. The head of the
central pin runs in a ~T~ groove or under the lathe bed, and is clamped
by the cone pointed set screw, which bears against a conical recess in
the central pin.
=2285. Radius bar,= with notches to lock a hand lever in various
positions. The lever may be hinged to lift out of the notches, or made
thin enough to spring sufficiently for this purpose.
=2286. Coned screw lock= for a standard foot, pin, or socket and
spigot.
[Illustration: 2270.-2286.]
=2287. Set screw fixing= for needles, wires, cord, &c.
=2288. Split block to grip a rod,= with handle nut.
=2289. Cam catch= to lock a wheel or spindle.
=2290. Locking gear for a shaft= driven by spur gearing, used in place
of a clutch.
=2291. Similar lock for a revolving head,= standard tool post, &c.
=2292. Tee groove for a ~T~ head bolt= for Nos. 2290 and 2291.
=2293. Horse-shoe distance piece= to place between a sliding pinion and
the shaft collar to keep it either in or out of gear.
=2294. Wedge plate and screw fastening= for cutters, &c.
=2295. Locking device for a spring lever,= handle, button hook, &c.
=2296. Locked centre pin.=
=2297. Cotter to lock a sliding spindle.=
Section 50.--HINGES AND JOINTS.
(_See also p. 116._)
=2298. Link hinges= for reversing a seat back.
=2299. Tape hinging= allows the door to swing through 360°.
=2300. Link hinges= for reversing a door or shutter in opening or
closing.
=2301. Forked joint= for pump rods, &c., with stepped gibs.
=2302. Forked joint= and swivel block for screw attachment.
=2303. Swivel joint= for pipe work.
=2304. Door hinged to an intermediate square strip,= so as to swing
through 360°.
=Spring hinges.= See Nos. 1469, 1470.
=2305. Scarfed joint for pump rods,= locked by a cross cotter and
tapered ferrule.
=2306. Swivel joint for pump rods, &c.=
[Illustration: 2287.-2306.]
=2307. Screw socket and spigot joint= for rods.
=2308. Conical socket joint= and set screw.
=2309, 2310, 2311 & 2312. Socket joints,= various forms of. See also
Section 28.
=2313. Taper drill socket.= The drill socket end is shaped to fit a
cross slot in the holder, into which a taper cotter can be driven to
loosen the drill; the slot gives a positive drive to the drill.
Section 51.--LUBRICATORS.
(_See also p. 120._)
=2314. Lieuvain’s needle lubricator,= with bent needle for oiling a
crank pin. The latter has a pad attached, which rubs in passing the bent
needle and thus takes off the oil.
=2315. Pan lubricator= for crank pin, to assist oiling from an oil can
when revolving.
=2316. Crank pin lubricator.= A fixed oil cup, with a pad of flannel
attached; the connecting rod end having a bent plate attached, which at
every revolution rubs oil off the pad into its oil cup.
=2317. Lubricating a loose pulley= on a fixed or revolving shaft by a
“Stauffer” lubricator fitted to the shaft end.
=2318. Lubricating a loose pulley= on a fixed stud.
=2319. Mode of lubricating a vertical spindle,= carrying a wheel or
other top gear which prevents access to the bearing.
=Sight feed lubricators,= show the actual feed of oil in a glass tube
filled with water through which the oil passes in drops; there are
many varieties.
=Compound lubricators= are now being introduced whose function is to
supply lubricant to every joint or part of an engine or machine
requiring it, by automatic feed action from one reservoir.
=2320. Syphon wick lubricator.=
=2321. Automatic lubricator,= with intermittent feed. The revolving
spindle is driven from the engine by a ratchet and pawl motion, and has
a recess in it which in revolving delivers its contents of oil into the
tube below.
=2322. Spring piston lubricator.=
=2323. Gland, with oil well.=
Section 54.--MIXING AND INCORPORATING.
(_See also p. 122._)
=2324. Dough mixer,= or kneading machine.
=2325. Mixing machine.=
=2326. Mixer for confectionery,= worked by a crank.
=Mixing of gases= by compound jets. See Section 45.
=Mixing of liquids= is performed by jets, by stirring devices, and by
running them through a pipe from two or more taps into a combining
vessel.
[Illustration: 2307.-2326.]
Section 55.--PARALLEL MOTIONS.
(_See also p. 124._)
=2327. Parallel motion= for an indicator pencil.
=2328. Parallel motion beam engine,= with rocking link beam centres.
=2329. Parallel moving swinging bracket= for gas, &c.
=2330. Parallel motion.=
=2331. Parallel moving slides,= hammers, or other devices.
Section 56.--PUMPING AND RAISING WATER.
(_See also p. 124._)
=2332. Quadruple-acting pump= with two pistons, one attached to a rod
the other to a sleeve worked by lever ~A~ and links ~B B~.
=2333. Variable delivery single-acting pumps;= the eccentrics can be
shifted round the shaft 180° by a sleeve and pin motion similar to No.
2467. When the eccentrics are opposite each other the pump does not
deliver any water, but when the eccentrics are side by side the pump
delivers the full contents of both rams. There is one suction and one
delivery valve.
=2334. Screw pump= for applying heavy pressure to a ram; sometimes used
as an adjunct to give the final heavy pressure to an hydraulic press
after the pumps have forced the ram as far as their power permits.
=2335. Duplex-action pump,= in which both piston and cylinder move in
opposite directions, but the gear may be applied to two pistons in one
pump (fixed), as No. 2332.
=2336. French pump,= with bucket pistons, maintains a direct flow
without reversing or check.
[Illustration: 2327.-2336.]
=2337. Oke’s patent sewage pump,= simple and accessible, three valves.
=Slide valves or piston valves= are occasionally used to distribute
the water in pumps, but must have no lap or lead, and be accurately
adjusted.
=Air vessels= are used on the delivery side of a pump to cushion the
discharge of water and prevent concussion, water being incompressible.
They are also sometimes useful on the suction side, where the lift is
considerable. A piston and spring may be employed instead of an air
vessel. See No. 2121.
=Pumps required to run constantly,= but deliver water intermittently
only, are worked (_a_) by an air valve on the suction side which, when
open, stops the water suction; (_b_) by a pass valve between suction
and delivery which, when open, passes the delivery into the suction
again; and (_c_) by a waste valve on the delivery.
Section 57.--PIPES AND CONVEYORS.
(_See also p. 128._)
=2338. Boiler tube,= internally ribbed. Serve’s patent.
=2339. Boiler tube flue,= corrugated, to add to its strength and heating
surface. Fox’s patent.
=2340. Pipe joint,= with toggle clips.
=2341. Pipe flange,= with caulking groove.
=Flexible tubes,= metallic, are now manufactured by the Flexible
Metallic Tubing Co. in most metals, including steel, and in various
strengths and with various degrees of flexibility, from that of plain
rubber to such stiffness as requires a little force to bend it. These
tubes are perfectly air-tight, and will stand great pressures.
=Wire rope transmission; Telpher gear.= See Section 66.
Section 58.--PACKINGS, JOINTS, STUFFING-BOXES AND PISTONS.
(_See also p. 132._)
=2342. Piston ring joint= lapped and scarfed.
=2343. Intermediate stuffing-box= and sleeve for high and low pressure
cylinders.
=2344. Dished steel piston.=
=2345. Bucket piston,= with valve and bridle and leather packing.
=2346. Stuffing-box,= with screwed cap gland.
=2347. Piston leather= for cold water.
=2348 to 2352. Piston ring joints.=
=2353. Double cone joint= for a swivelling fitting for steam or water.
The joints are ground in like a mushroom valve.
=2354. Pipe connection,= with rubber disc joint, for moderate pressures.
=Swivel pipe joint.= See No. 2303.
[Illustration: 2337.-2356.]
=2355. Collar packing= for a valve spindle, where the pressure tends to
compress the packing.
=2356. Piston with two ~L~ section rings,= expanded both vertically and
radially by a spiral spring. This makes a tight joint with the cylinder
and also with the junk ring.
=2357. Adjustable piston= or piston valve. F. H. Richards’ patent,
U.S.A.
=2358. Rubber expanding plug.=
=2359. Gas engine piston,= with three rings and junk rings between them.
=2360 & 2361. Valve spindle joints= without packing or stuffing-boxes,
kept tight by cone seatings and set screws.
=2362. Piston (spring) ring joint,= with glut.
Section 59.--PROPULSION.
(_See also p. 134._)
=2363. Steam and air jet= applied to propel a vessel.
Section 60.--MOTIVE POWER. MOTORS.
(_See also p. 136._)
=2364. Compound weight motor,= with limited fall. Several weights may be
used as shown, slightly decreasing in weight towards the motor. When
weight ~D~ has run down, ~C~ will begin to fall, and go on till all the
weights have run down.
=2365. Hot-air motor.= A current of hot air passing up the flue revolves
the turbine.
=Naphtha engines= are gas engines employing the vapour of naphtha and
air as an explosive mixture, instead of that of petroleum (oil engine)
or carburetted hydrogen gas (gas engine).
Section 62.--PAWL AND RATCHET MOTIONS.
(_See also p. 140._)
=2366. Friction grip pawl,= as applied to a wheel, may be used also for
a rod.
=2367. Ratchet brace,= or feed lever, in which the pawl is a fixed
tooth, and the lever is slotted to allow the pawl to clear the teeth on
the back stroke.
=2368. Ratchet brace,= with slotted pawl.
=2369. Ratchet brace,= with friction grip pawl.
=2370. Ratchet brace,= without pawl. The handle is hinged to the socket
arm, and has a tooth gearing with the ratchet, and thrown in and out by
the movement of the handle.
=2371. Double-acting pawls and lever.=
=2372. Internal hooked pawl.=
=2373. Internal strut-action pawl.=
=2374. Gravity pawl and crown ratchet.=
[Illustration: 2357.-2374.]
=2375. Ratchet rack,= crank and connecting rod, intermittent
movement,--a detent may be added to return the rack.
=2376. Internal spring pawls= for a ratchet brace.
=2377. Rocking escapement.=
=2378. Rocking escapement.=
=2379 to 2384. Forms of locked intermittent movements.=
=2385 & 2386. Intermittent rotary movements= on spindles at right
angles.
Section 63.--PRESSING.
(_See also p. 144._)
=2387. Lever press= for hay, straw, &c., with rack and pawl at each side
operated by two hand levers.
=2388. Continuous press= for coal dust, &c. The ram has a reciprocating
motion, and the material is forced into a tapered chamber, the resulting
friction in which gives sufficient resistance to press the material to
the density required.
Section 66.--ROPE GEAR.
(_See also p. 146._)
=2389. End attachment= for rope by a staple bolt and plate.
[Illustration: 2375.-2389.]
=2390. Double vee pulley rim= for two ropes.
=2391. Wire or hemp rope attachment,= with two bolt clips.
=2392. Similar attachment,= with a thimble and one bolt clip and a
seizing or yarn.
=2393. Double-bolt clip= for wire ropes.
=2394. Taper socket end attachment= for wire ropes. The end wires are
cut to different lengths, and all bent back at one point. This stranded
end of the rope is then forced into the taper socket, and the spaces
filled with melted lead or pewter.
=2395. The same method= applied to a _flat_ taper socket.
Section 69.--RAISING AND LOWERING.
(_See also p. 148._)
=2396. Richmond’s patent balance hydraulic lift.= ~A~ is the lift
cylinder, connected openly to the balance cylinder ~B~, which is
weighted to nearly balance ram ~A~ and cage. Pressure water is applied
to ram ~C~ to raise the load in cage.
=2397. Waygood’s patent hydraulic balance lift.= ~A~ is the lift
cylinder communicating with the interior of cylinder and ram ~B~ which
are fixed; cylinder ~C~ and ram ~D~ are loaded to nearly balance the
cage and ram ~A~, and the load is raised by admitting pressure water to
cylinder ~C~.
=2398. Lever and rack lifting motion.= The rack may be held up at each
lift by a pawl.
=2399. Rack and lever suspended hoist.= A pawl or brake may be added to
sustain the load.
=2400. Spanish windlass.=
[Illustration: 2390.-2400.]
=2401. Double hoisting barrels,= geared together; the rope passes round
both barrels.
=The “Otis” low pressure elevator= (hydraulic) is worked from an
overhead air accumulator at 80 lbs. pressure, the hydrostatic head
being 40 lbs. There is one descending main pipe connected to a small
tank or close vessel, into which the pumps deliver, and from which the
lift pressure water is taken.
Section 70.--ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS.
(_See also p. 152._)
=2402. Roller bearings for centrifugal milk separators, &c.= The pan is
carried on three large rollers running against an inverted cone, as
shown.
=2403. Ball bearing for vertical shaft.= By Sir Gabriel Stokes.
=2404 & 2405. Forms of grooves for ball bearings,= running horizontally,
showing points of bearing in grooves.
=2406. Roller bearing for a vertical shaft,= with steel balls between
the ends of the cone rollers to separate them and reduce their friction.
=2407. Roller bearing for a door,= or other article having a limited
travel. The roller runs on the floor, or a rail, and its spindle rolls
along the slot, the length of which is proportioned to the travel of the
door.
=2408. Double cone rollers= for a table having a horizontal circular
motion.
=2409. Roller bearing for wagon axle,= with balls between the roller
ends to separate them and prevent internal friction.
Anti-friction screws. See Nos. 2413, 2414.
Anti-friction worm gear. See No. 2451.
=2410. Vertical ball bearing,= with bearing surfaces adjusted to receive
the direct thrust of the balls.
=2411. Suspended ball bearing.=
=2412. Ball or roller axle bearing.=
=2413. White’s anti-friction ball bearing screw and nut.= A.D. 1822.
Square thread screw, the balls travel round the screw thread, and by a
pass-groove back to the other end again.
=2414. Lieb’s anti-friction screw and nut,= similar to the last, but
with a concave grooved screw. A.D. 1890.
Section 71.--ROPE, BELT AND CHAIN PULLEYS.
(_See also p. 152._)
=2415. Rope grip pulley.= Dearden’s patent.
[Illustration: 2401.-2415.]
Section 73.--RAIL AND TRAM ROADS.
(_See also p. 156._)
=2416. Centre rail,= with friction grip for moderate inclines.
=Rack railways= for steep inclines of an angle, in some cases of 40°,
are made with central rack rails (in addition to the ordinary rails),
and the engines have steel gearing, which gears into the teeth cut in
the rack rail.
Section 74.--REVERSING GEAR.
(_See also p. 158._)
=2417. Reversing motion on the same shaft= by one belt and two pulleys;
~A~ is fast to the shaft and ~B~ fast to the bevel wheel ~C~, ~D~ runs
on a fixed stud.
=2418. Friction cone reversing motion= on shafts at right angles.
Section 75.--ROTARY MOTORS.
(_See also p. 160._)
=2419. Rotary double-piston motor,= pump, or meter will work in either
direction.
=2420. Rotary motor,= with hinged steam abutment.
Section 76.--SHAFTING.
(_See also p. 164._)
=2421. Iron centre for a wood shaft= secured by an end plate, four bolts
with recessed nuts, and a wrought-iron band.
=2422. Iron centre for a wood shaft,= driven in a central bored hole,
and secured by a cross cotter and two wrought-iron bands.
=2423. Iron centre for a wood shaft.= The pin is driven into an iron
cross, which is also driven into the end of the shaft in transverse cuts
made to receive it, and secured by two wrought-iron bands.
Section 77.--SPINDLES AND CENTRES.
(_See also p. 164._)
=2424. Lathe fast headstock spindle,= showing coned journals and
adjustments.
=2425. Attachment of a loose end centre to a shaft,= with coned end,
which prevents the hole bursting from cross strain on the centre.
=2426. Hook centre pin,= easily disengaged.
=2427. Stud centre,= with washer riveted on or secured by a nut.
=2428. Ram or trunk piston centre= for connecting rod, fastened by an
internal nut.
=2429. Ram or trunk piston centre,= screwed into the piston.
=2430. Ram or trunk piston centre,= with a transverse pin passed right
through the piston.
[Illustration: 2416.-2430.]
=2431. Swaying ball centre.=
=2432. Rocking or swaying centre.=
=2433. Rocking or swaying centre.=
=2434. Eyelet centre= for two or more levers.
=2435. Centre pin, with lug and screw,= to prevent it from working out.
=2436, 2437 & 2438. Methods of fitting up connecting rod centres= in
trunk pistons or rams.
Section 78.--SCREW GEAR, BOLTS, &c.
(_See also p. 168._)
=2439. Ball head bolt and nut= to allow it to draw up out of line.
=2440. Universal bolt head.=
=2441. Ball joint bolt and nut.=
=2442. Flush head coned bolt.=
=2443. Mutilated screw and nut.=
=2444. Nut lock,= by a fixed lug and split pin.
=2445. Coned bolt= for securing and keying two parts of a machine in
exact relation.
=2446. Double-nutted bolt,= easily made of round iron.
=2447. Lever and compound nuts= to obtain great leverage on a screw, as
in a press; one nut arm is used as a fulcrum by which the lever forces
the other round. Stepped pawls are used to prevent the first nut being
loosened while moving the second.
[Illustration: 2431.-2447.]
=2448. Screw gear= to operate three worm wheels in the same direction,
for chucks, &c.
=2449. Screwed stay bolt,= as a distance stay for boiler plates, &c.
=2450. Screw eye and handle nut.=
=2451. Anti-friction worm gear.= The worm wheel has friction rollers
running on pins, which gear with the worm.
=2452. Staple bolt and washer plate.=
=2453. Fang plate washer= for wood.
=2454. Fang plate washer= for wood.
=2455. Sunk set screw,= with differential threads, to draw two plates or
pieces together.
=2456. Taper screw,= quickly released.
=2457. Mutilated screw= to slide into a nut having corresponding
sections of the thread cut away, and to fix by a partial turn. Used for
breech-pieces of cannon.
=2458. Bolt head, with transverse holes,= for a plain “tommy” bar
wrench.
=2459. Backlash nut= for a square thread screw.
=2460. Cap nut.=
=Screw stopper.= See No. 2544.
=2461. Slotted nut and set pin= for fine adjustment, or for taking up
wear.
=Lock nuts;= usually two nuts are employed, the _thickest_ one
outermost. There are many forms of patent nuts designed to prevent
loosening by vibration.
Nuts can be cast around a screw in white metal or brass.
Section 79.--SLIDE AND OTHER VALVE GEAR.
(_See also p. 172._)
=2462. Cut-off gear.= Two cut-off valves similar to No. 1456, regulated
by an external hand wheel forming the valve spindle guide bush.
=2463. Duplex motion for a valve,= to operate it by either rod, using
the other as a fulcrum.
[Illustration: 2448.-2463.]
=2464. Valve gear, with single eccentric,= and variable travel,
adjustable by hand wheel. The eccentric drives a block to and fro in a
slot, the angle of which in respect of the slide valve centre line is
variable by a rocking motion controlled by a hand wheel.
=2465. Newall’s high speed engine,= single-acting. In this engine the
connecting rod trunk centre and the piston are made to distribute the
steam as shown.
=2466. Reversing movement for a valve,= where the power will only move
the valve to the half stroke or mid position, as in a slide valve
hydraulic engine (see No. 1026), the rolling weight then completes the
movement (see also No. 1740).
=2467. Automatic or governor cut-off gear.= The governor operates the
sleeve, which has a screw movement on the pin fixed to the crank shaft;
a parallel feather on the sleeve revolves the cut-off eccentric, and
varies the travel of the cut-off valve. The slide valves are of the form
of No. 1456.
=2468. Eccentric motion to operate two slide valves.=
=2469. Crank shaft governor.= The centrifugal gear acts on an outside
crank to which the eccentric rod is attached, instead of a sheave and
strap. A spring is applied to return the crank to full gear.
[Illustration: 2464.-2469.]
=2470. Single eccentric adjustable cut off= for a “Fink” link gear;
plain ~D~ valve gives equal distribution of steam at any cut-off; the
travel of the valve is regulated by the hand wheel.
=2471. Cam-bar movement= for operating two valves used for hydraulic
starting valves.
=2472. Crank shaft governor cut-off gear.= Two hinged centrifugal
weights are coupled by links to the cut-off eccentric sheave, and
returned to the full open position by springs.
=2473. Joy’s locomotive valve gear= operated by the connecting rod; the
rod ~A~ is connected to the starting lever to reverse, vary, or stop the
distribution of steam by the slide valve, as in the ordinary link
motion.
=2474. Lever and ~T~ crosshead= to open a valve by either motion of the
lever to right or left. See also No. 2463.
=2475. Crank shaft governor= (Prof. Sweet’s), cut-off gear to vary the
throw of a cut-off eccentric.
=2476. Reversing link motion,= with single eccentric; the slot link is
hinged to the reversing lever.
=2477. Sleeve and eccentric motion= for governor cut-off. The inner
(longest) sleeve has a longitudinal movement from the governor along a
straight feather groove in the shaft, and has a spiral groove in its
periphery into which projects a pin or feather on the eccentric sleeve,
so that the longitudinal motion of the inner sleeve revolves the
eccentric and alters the travel of the cut-off slide.
=2478. The Walschaerts valve gear,= one eccentric. The slotted link is
hung at its centre to a fixed hinge pin, and the reversing gear shifts
the link block up or down the slot link.
=Slide valves= may be worked by rack and pinion on the back or side
flanges of the valve, or by a screw and nut; the nut being let into
the body of the valve in a recess.
Section 80.--SPRINGS.
(_See also p. 178._)
=2479. Wooden springs= of lance wood or ash.
=2480. Carriage spring,= with splayed link suspension. This improves the
play and action of the spring over the vertical method.
=2481. Duplex compression spring.= The two springs are coiled opposite
ways.
=2482. Equalising lever= to distribute the load on two car springs.
=2483. Double-ended volute spring= for compression.
=2484. Spring band.=
=Spring piston rings.= See Section 58.
=2485. Conoidal spiral spring.=
=2486. Adjustable spiral spring.= A washer on top has four vanes below
it drilled with holes to suit the diameter and pitch of the spring wire,
which, being threaded through the vanes, is rendered inactive, so far as
it is held by the vanes. This appliance, therefore, is used to shorten
or lengthen the live or active part of a spiral spring.
[Illustration: 2470.-2481.]
Section 81.--SAFETY APPLIANCES.
(_See also p. 182._)
=2487. Guard for spur gearing.=
=2488. Guard for bevil gearing.=
=2489. Safety nut= for a running screw. The nut takes no strain until
the thread in the main nut gives way from wear.
=Fire alarms= (automatic) depend for their action on increase of
temperature above a normal maximum.
=Diaphragms= are inserted in the pipe connections to hydraulic lift
cylinders to admit or discharge the water at moderate speeds only, so
that in case of a burst the lift should not descend too rapidly.
=Retaining valves,= or non-return valves, are employed to confine any
sudden shocks from hydraulic machines or from breakages, to local
pipes.
=Relief valves= are applied to all hydraulic pressure systems to
obviate the effects of shock.
=An extra wire rope= is frequently employed on suspended lifts to act
as a safety rope.
=2490. Safety centrifugal hooks= to arrest a revolving shaft when the
speed becomes excessive. The hooks fly out and engage with pins on a
fixed disc.
=Rope guards boards, screens, guard rails, &c.,= are necessary to
protect persons from running ropes in hoisting and rope-driving gears.
=2491. Collar and set screw,= to prevent a key from working out. A set
screw only--tapped into the shaft--is sometimes employed for this
service.
Section 82.--STEAM TRAPS.
(_See also p. 184._)
=2492. Steam trap,= operated by expansion of a bent bar, which closes
the inlet valve.
Section 84.--TOOTHED GEARING.
(_See also p. 186._)
=2493. Circular rack= (revolving) and sector, used on governors.
=2494. Skew worm and wheel gear.=
=2495. Oval gear,= linked together.
=2496. Mitre gear,= angle of shafts variable. The two bearings are
hinged together on the pitch line of the pair of wheels.
=2497. Wood-faced spur gear,= to run with the wood faces in contact for
quietness. The wood faces are renewable, like mortise teeth. See Nos.
1352 and 1353.
=2498. Elastic spur gear,= to prevent backlash.
[Illustration: 2482.-2498.]
=2499. Bevil gear,= with roller teeth in one wheel of the pair.
=2500. Circular rack and pinion gear.= The rack can revolve
independently of the vertical movement.
Section 85.--TRANSMISSION OF POWER.
(_See also p. 192._)
=2501. Hydraulic transmission= by two motors (rotary), see Section 75,
one of which is the driver and the other the driven motor connected by
two pipes, through which the oil or water is kept in circulation from
one motor to the other.
Section 86.--TANKS, CISTERNS AND RESERVOIRS.
(_See also p. 192._)
=2502. Steel bottle for compressed gases, &c.=
=Barrels and casks= are used as tanks.
=Tuns and vats= are large casks formed of planking hooped at frequent
intervals.
=Square or rectangular vats= are formed either of wood, held together
by long bolts, or of slate slabs secured in a similar way.
=Compound tanks.= Where it is inconvenient to employ or erect one
large tank, several smaller ones are connected together by circulating
pipes.
Section 87.--THROWING IN AND OUT OF GEAR.
(_See also p. 192._)
=2503. Presser foot for sewing machines,= or for intermittent holding of
any flat articles; lifted out of gear, and held by the feather end
resting on the sliding socket.
=2504. Belt shifting bar,= adjustable every way.
=2505. Revolving worm= for operating a belt shifting bar, locking it at
the same time.
=2506. Worm gear= may be thrown out or in by moving the wheel sideways
on its shaft.
=2507. Bolt and slot device= for gearing two wheels together on one
shaft, used on lathe headstocks.
=2508. Half nut= for throwing out of gear, with screw, and fitted with
spring to take up the wear of the nut.
=2509. Sliding shaft= for winch or other gear, to shift the pinion out
of gear or change to another speed (as in No. 2293).
=2510. Another method= of locking a sliding shaft in or out of gear.
Section 88.--VARIABLE MOTION AND POWER.
(_See also p. 194._)
=2511. Variable belt drive= by elliptic pulley.
=2512. Variable drive= by an intermediate friction wheel, and two
friction cones at right angles.
=2513. The same device applied to two discs= running in opposite
directions on the same axis.
[Illustration: 2499.-2513.]
=2514. Variable drive= by a ~V~ belt running between cone discs, the
space between which can be varied by a hand lever or screw motion.
=2515. Variable compensation weight= and parallel motion for steam
engines, by M. N. Forney, New York, 1893.
=2516. Variable cone driving.= Evans’ variable friction gear; a loose
leather band, with a traversing motion by hand screw, forms the gripping
medium between the cones.
=2517. Variable radius lever,= operated by a crank motion to give
variable angular reciprocating motion to a shaft.
=2518. Variable crank pin= adjusted by a sector and bolt.
=2519. Variable crank pin= adjusted by a transverse screw.
=2520. Variable driving friction gear= to give a variable speed to the
bevil-wheel shaft ~A~ by varying the position of the friction pinions as
regards the disc ~B~.
=2521. Variable adjustment for a spiral spring.=
=2522. Adjustable centre-piece or bearing= for a spindle or rod.
=2523. Variable radius hand crank.=
=2524. Variable throw crank pin.=
=2525. Variable motion= taken from a revolving cylinder or shaft by a
friction wheel, whose angle can be varied.
=2526. Similar motion= taken from a revolving disc.
[Illustration: 2514.-2526.]
Section 89.--VALVES AND COCKS.
(_See also p. 198._)
=2527. Slide valve ports,= with gradual cut-off.
=2528. Piston valve= in section. See No. 1654. This construction avoids
spring rings, which do not run well across the ports, the entire valve
being sprung into the bore.
=2529. Tube air valve.= Can be made to open and shut by revolving, or by
longitudinal motion.
=2530. Corliss valve,= with rectangular rocking spindle.
=2531. Flume valve= for water.
=2532. Double cone valve= for steam or water, closes the leakage round
the screw when opened, and requires no packing.
=2533. Double ported slide valve.=
=2534. Cone plug and rubber ring= for plugging a pipe.
=2535. Reversing valve= for gas or air blast.
=2536. Slide valve= to give a wide port opening with short travel.
=2537. Removable valve seat,= or gland, secured by three set screws and
lugs inside the valve box.
=2538. Safety valve, with double ball joint seatings,= held down by dead
weight, hung on the outer case.
=2539. Oscillating ring valve.=
=High-pressure hydraulic slide valves= are now made of hard wood, such
as lignum vitæ, running on a bronze face; the wood valve is sometimes
enclosed in a bronze body or strap.
=2540. Hydraulic high-pressure valve,= with renewable face.
[Illustration: 2527.-2540.]
=2541. Tap, with crank movement,= to open and close an ordinary mushroom
valve.
=2542. Spring loaded valve.= May be opened by lifting, as shown, or by a
horizontal pull in any direction, the pull rod being attached to the top
of a fixed stud in the centre of the valve, which then tilts in opening.
=2543. Safety valve, with knife edge.=
=2544. Screw plug bottle stopper.= (Codd’s patent.)
=2545. Dished grating valve.=
Section 90.--WATER WHEELS AND TURBINES.
(_See also p. 208._)
=2546. Water-jet double turbine motor.=
Section 91.--WHEELS IN SEGMENTS.
(_See also p. 212._)
=2547. Spider wheel or tension wheel.= Cycle wheels are constructed on
this principle, as also were the great wheels at Chicago and Earl’s
Court. There are many varieties of this type.
=2548. Steel railway wheel,= with dished web. Wrought iron or steel disc
fly-wheels are now in some cases replacing wheels with arms.
=Fly-wheels= are also constructed with the rim formed of wrought-iron
bars wound round and rivetted together, or of heavy wire coiled round
and secured with steel belts.
Section 92.--WEIGHING AND MEASURING.
(_See also p. 214._)
=2549. Differential weighing beam.= The lower hook is suspended very
near the centre line of the upper one, giving a close adjustment with a
short graduated arm.
=2550. Measuring or feed wheel,= for seeds, &c. The little cups dip into
the material, and carry it up to a shoot.
=Even-flow regulator,= for a tap. See No. 2204A.
=2551. Wire and sheet ~V~ gauge.=
=2552. Balance, with angular weight,= and graduated sector.
=2553. Measuring tap.=
[Illustration: 2541.-2553.]
Section 94.--WASHING.
(_See also p. 216._)
=2554. Rotary clothes washer.= Consists of an internal perforated drum
driven round in alternate directions inside a fixed drum, or other
vessel containing soap and water.
=2555. Archimedean circulator,= for a washing trough.
Section 95.--WINDMILLS AND FEATHERING WHEELS.
(_See also p. 218._)
=2556. Feathering paddle wheel, or tide wheel.= The three floats are
maintained vertical by spur wheels on their spindle ends, which gear
with idle pinions driven by a fixed central spur wheel of same size as
those on the floats.
=2557. Wind turbine.= The vanes are formed as No. 1967, to receive the
wind parallel to the axis.
=Windmills= are fitted with automatic regulating devices to adjust
their angle area and direction to the force and direction of the wind.
Section 96.--WINDING APPARATUS.
(_See also p. 220._)
=2558. Fusee= for round rope.
Section 97.--HANDLES, HANDWHEELS, KEYS AND SPANNERS.
(_See also p. 220._)
=2559. Dished handwheel.=
=2560. Bent handle,= with looped end.
=2561. Handle key= for cock.
=2562. Handwheel lock nuts= for a screwed bolt or other fastening.
=2563. Coned handle.=
=2564. Cranked key or spanner.=
=2565. Loop handle= for plain lever.
=2566. Hinged spanner= for tightening nuts or screwed glands, having pin
holes or notched edges.
=2567. Cranked handle,= offset.
=2568. Bow handle.= May be fixed or made to swivel.
=2569. Balanced hand crank.=
=2570. Hand crank,= with holes to vary the radius.
[Illustration: 2554.-2570.]
=2571. Locked handwheels= for valves, to be movable in a certain order
only.
Section 98.--APPARATUS FOR DRAWING CURVES.
(_See also p. 224._)
=2572. Cycloidograph.= The pencil is fixed to a sliding rod ~A~, sliding
in a socket on the pinion spindle ~B~, and also is forced to travel
along the slot ~C~, in an open disc revolving between four rollers ~D~.
Section 99.--MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION.
(_See also p. 224._)
=2573. Ribbed plate or tram plate.=
=2574. Trough plate for flooring bridges &c.=
=2575. Trough plate for flooring bridges &c.=
=2576. Curved ditto. Hobson’s patent.=
=2577. Wrought-iron or steel dished piston forging.=
=2578. Wrought-iron flanged manhole forging.=
=2579. Trough flooring.=
=2580. Trough flooring.=
=Iron and Steel Plates.=--It is essential to possess some knowledge of
what sizes and weights are obtainable at ordinary prices, because it
is frequently desirable to utilise the largest available, in order to
save the cost of making joints. Frequently joints are made by
riveting, not because they are wanted at all, but simply because they
cost less than single plates would do. Information of this kind is
only to be obtained from the price-lists of the iron and steel
manufactures, which are supplied to the trade.
The meaning of “maximum dimensions” is thus:--Taking a 1¹⁄₂″ plate,
for example, the maximum dimensions of which are given in a list as
40′ in length by 10′ in width, it is not possible to get a plate
measuring 40′ by 10′, for that would make a united area of 400′, and
the list limit is 150′ area. But the area can be taken out either in
length or in width, within the limiting length of 40′ and width of
10′. _The maximum area divided by any length in feet not exceeding the
maximum, will give the maximum width for that length; and the maximum
area divided by any width in feet not exceeding the maximum, will give
the maximum length for that width._ Thus, 150′ area divided by the
maximum length, i.e. 40, gives 3′ 9″ width of plate. Or 150′ divided
by the maximum width, i.e. 10, gives 15′ length of plate. And for
anything over these maximum dimensions special quotations have to be
made. But no plate can be rolled to contain the _greatest_ length and
the _greatest_ width at the same time.
Again, in reference to “extras,” many points have to be borne in mind.
Thus, as regards _shape_, any departure from the rectangular form is
an extra, as tapered plates, sketches, i.e. any irregular outlines,
and also circles. The extra, under this head, may be about 25_s._ per
ton. As regards _thickness_, plates under ¹⁄₄″ thick are an extra,
rated at from 10_s._ to 20_s._ per ton more. As regards _width_ and
_length_, quite special terms are made, amounting to 5_s._ perhaps on
each 3″, a serious item. And as regards _weight_, steel plates over
about 40 cwt. are charged extra, at the rate of about 5_s._ per 5 cwt.
To give examples: The Steel Co. of Scotland roll steel plates from
¹⁄₁₆″ to 1¹⁄₂″ thick, and from an area in the first case of 30′ to
150′ in the latter. The thicknesses advance by thirty-seconds in
thickness up to ³⁄₁₆″, by sixteenths up to ¹⁄₂″ and by eighths up to
1¹⁄₂″. The following table will give an idea of their limiting sizes,
which may be taken as fairly typical of steel plates in general. It
will be seen that I have included only a few of the thicknesses named
above.
MAXIMUM.
------------+---------+---------+-------+
Thickness. | Length. | Width. | Area. |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
in. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. |
¹⁄₈ | 22 0 | 5 0 | 50 |
¹⁄₄ | 33 0 | 6 3 | 90 |
³⁄₈ | 38 0 | 7 4 | 100 |
¹⁄₂ | 40 0 | 8 3 | 110 |
³⁄₄ | 40 0 | 9 3 | 140 |
1 | 40 0 | 10 0 | 150 |
1¹⁄₄ | 40 0 | 10 0 | 150 |
1¹⁄₂ | 40 0 | 10 0 | 150 |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
David Colville and Sons roll plates from to ¹⁄₄″ to 1¹⁄₂″ in thickness
with an area of 80′ in the first and 140′ in the last; other sizes
intermediate. But by special arrangement plates ¹⁄₄″ thick can be
rolled to 140′ area, and 1¹⁄₂″ of 170′. Thirty hundredweight is the
limit of weight in ship plates, and 40 in boiler plates. Plates up to
6¹⁄₂ tons weight each can be rolled at special prices. It is
impossible to roll plates exactly to weight, and it is usual to allow
a deviation of from 2¹⁄₂ per cent. to 5 per cent. _over_ weight for
boiler plates, and under or over for ordinary plates.
The Parkhead Steel Works roll ¹⁄₁₆″ plates to a maximum area of 36′,
¹⁄₄″ plates to 70′, ¹⁄₂″ plates of 110′, ³⁄₄″ plates of 140′, 1″
plates of 150′, and 1¹⁄₄″ plates of 150′ area. The limiting weights
are 20 cwt. for ship plates, and 40 cwt. for boiler plates. Above
these 5_s._ per 5 cwt., or part of the same, is charged.
The Weardale Iron and Coal Co. roll steel plates from to ¹⁄₄″ to 1¹⁄₂″
thick, with a maximum area of 60′ in the first, and 120′ in the
second; 30′ is the maximum length, and 8′ the maximum width. Circular
plates are also rolled from 5′ 6″ diameter of ¹⁄₄″ thick, to 8′ 6″
diameter in 1¹⁄₂″ thick. All ordinary thicknesses, also intermediate
between these, are rolled.
The limiting weights and dimensions of the steel plates of Bolekow,
Vaughan and Co. are 18 cwt. 80 sq. ft. in area, 23′ in length, and
between 12″ and 60″ in width. Extras are, for every hundredweight, or
part of the same above 18 cwt., 10_s._; for every foot, or part of a
foot, above 23′ in length, 5_s._; for every square foot above 80 sq.
ft., 1_s._
John Brown and Co., Sheffield, roll steel plates from to ¹⁄₈″ to 1¹⁄₄″
in thickness. A few selected thicknesses are given below.
------------+---------+---------+-------+
Thickness. | Length. | Width. | Area. |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
in. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. |
¹⁄₄ | 30 0 | 6 0 | 72 |
³⁄₈ | 35 0 | 6 9 | 120 |
¹⁄₂ | 40 0 | 8 0 | 130 |
³⁄₄ | 40 0 | 9 6 | 180 |
1 | 40 0 | 9 6 | 180 |
1¹⁄₄ | 40 0 | 9 6 | 180 |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
Circular and square plates of the same thicknesses can be rolled as
follows:--
------------+-----------+---------+
Thickness. | Diameter. | Square. |
------------+-----------+---------+
in. | ft. in. | ft. in. |
¹⁄₄ | 6 6 | 6 6 |
³⁄₈ | 7 0 | 7 0 |
¹⁄₂ | 8 3 | 8 3 |
³⁄₄ | 10 6 | 9 9 |
1 | 10 6 | 9 9 |
1¹⁄₄ | 10 6 | 9 9 |
------------+-----------+---------+
The Dalzell Steel Works of David Colville and Sons, make a difference
in the extras in the case of steel boiler and of ship plates. Ordinary
prices are charged to 84″ wide in boiler plates, but to 72″ only in
ship plates. Above that they charge 5_s._ per ton for every 3″, or
part of 3″. So in weight, 40 cwt. is the limit for boiler plates, and
30 cwt. for ship plates; over those 5_s._ per ton is charged for every
5 cwt., or part of 5 cwt. Circular plates for boiler ends and crowns
are rolled by David Colville and Sons, who supply at ordinary prices
the following: ³⁄₄″ thick, 9′ 10″ diameter; ¹¹⁄₁₆″, 9′ 6″; ⁵⁄₈″, 9′,
and ⁹⁄₁₆″, 8′ 6″.
As a sample of the usual limiting sizes of iron plates, I give the
following:--It consists of a few selected Snedshill plates rolled by
the Lilleshall Company, one of the most favourably known Shropshire
houses. They roll iron sheets and boiler plates from ¹⁄₁₆″ to 1″ in
thickness, advancing by thirty-seconds to ³⁄₁₆″, and by sixteenths to
1″.
------------+---------+---------+-------+
| | | |
Thickness. | Length. | Width. | Area. |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
| | | |
in. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. |
¹⁄₄ | 30 0 | 5 0 | 5 |
³⁄₈ | 30 0 | 5 6 | 7 |
¹⁄₂ | 30 0 | 6 0 | 8 |
⁵⁄₈ | 30 0 | 6 0 | 80 |
³⁄₄ | 30 0 | 6 0 | 80 |
1 | 30 0 | 6 0 | 80 |
------------+---------+---------+-------+
It will be observed that the limiting sizes of iron are much less than
those of steel.
The Butterly Company roll both iron and steel plates. The limiting
weights and dimensions are as follows:--For iron boiler quality, 8
cwt., above that the extra prices are, 20_s._, 40_s._, 60_s._, 80_s._
respectively, from 8 cwt. to 10 cwt., 10 cwt. to 12 cwt., 12 cwt. to
14 cwt., and 14 cwt. to 16 cwt. respectively. For bridge quality, 10
cwt. is the limit, and extras are 20_s._ and 40_s._, from 10 cwt. to
12 cwt., and from 12 cwt. to 16 cwt. respectively. Area 60′, and for
every 10′ or part above that, 20_s._; length 25′; width 4′6″; over
those various extras, ranging from 20_s._ to 80_s._
Section 101.--DRAWING AND ROLLING METALS, &c.
(_See also p. 234._)
=2581. Bending block,= for bar iron.
Section 106.--DOORS, MANHOLES AND COVERS.
(_See also p. 242._)
=2582. Screw plug,= with two lugs to screw it up by a plain bar placed
between them.
=2583. New form of manhole door.=
=2584. Screw fixing= for a plug, door, or valve, quickly released or
secured.
=2585. Hollow plug,= with square recess for a key or spanner. Flush
plug.
=2586. Soot door.=
=2587. Funnel plug,= for filling oil reservoirs, &c.
=2588. Wrought iron or steel manhole door,= dished.
=2589. Oven door,= lifts out of the catch by leaving sufficient play in
the top hinge.
[Illustration: 2571.-2589.]
=2590. Soot door.=
=2591. Soot door= in section, opened by pulling outwards and downwards;
the hook at top prevents it falling out.
=2592. Screw cap or cover.=
=2593. Revolving door.=
=2594. Sliding door= for furnaces, &c. The weight of door may be
relieved by rollers at top, as shown.
=2595. Door or manhole= held up by two wedges.
=~S~ traps. ~D~ traps.= These are divided chambers, or bent portions
of pipes, designed to always contain a well of water so as to cut off
any currents of air or gases that would otherwise pass along the
pipes.
=Street manholes= and lampholes are round, rectangular, or oval
covers, strongly made to carry street traffic, and fitted in strong
cast-iron frames, so as to be easily removable, and yet practically
air-tight. Those fitted over sewer manholes are frequently provided
with charcoal filters to arrest foul gases.
Section 107.--FEED GEAR.
=2596. Ink feed,= for printing machines.
=2597. Ticket feeding gear.=
=2598. Feed worm,= with air blast.
=2599. Hand or power feed gear,= for a drill, boring machine, &c.
=2600. Feed motion for shapers, &c.,= reversible.
=2601. Feed motion for shapers, &c., reversible.=
=2602. Friction pawl feed motion,= silent. See also Section 62.
Section 108.--FILTERING.
=Through porous pots.=
=Through porous solids,= such as charcoal.
=Through pumice stone,= chalk, &c.
=Through porous fabrics,= flannel, paper, &c.
=Through sponge,= spongy platinum.
=Through sand,= gravel, calcined ores, &c.
=Through wire gauges,= hair gauge, &c.
=Reversible filters,= such as the “Thames,” &c., are made
self-cleansing by reversing the flow for a short time through a waste
pipe, thus washing out the deposit.
=2603. Filtering cone,= formed of wire cloth inside a pipe.
[Illustration: 2590.-2603.]
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED.
GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W., AND DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E.
Transcriber’s Notes
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained, except as
mentioned below. The use of (linear) feet as unit of area has not been
corrected.
Page 18-20: There is no separate description for Number 82.
Page 220, Number 1769, ... and other machinery: possibly a mistake for
... and other materials.
Page 228-230, Number 1854: there is no description for this item;
presumably it is the same as that for Number 1855 (Bevilled flat
iron).
Sections 107 and 108 may be found at the end of Part II.
Changes made:
Some obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently.
Letters referring to elements in illustrations and characters
representing shapes rather than letters have been standardised to
~sans-serif~.
In several instances, ditto, do. and „ have been replaced with a
repetition of the dittoed text.
Page 40: Eilipile has been changed to Eolipile.
Page 320: 75° has been changed to 75,
End of Project Gutenberg's The Engineer's Sketch-Book, by Thomas Walker Barber