Section 16.--COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTING._The engineer's sketch-book of mechanical movements, devices, appliances, contrivances and details employed in the design and construction of machinery for every purpose

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THE

ENGINEER’S SKETCH-BOOK.

THE

ENGINEER’S SKETCH-BOOK

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS,

DEVICES, APPLIANCES, CONTRIVANCES

AND DETAILS

EMPLOYED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

MACHINERY FOR EVERY PURPOSE

CLASSIFIED & ARRANGED FOR REFERENCE FOR THE USE OF ENGINEERS,

MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMEN, MANAGERS, MECHANICS, INVENTORS, PATENT AGENTS,

AND ALL ENGAGED IN THE MECHANICAL ARTS

BY THOMAS WALTER BARBER

M. INST. C. E.

FOURTH EDITION

#2603 Illustrations, Descriptive Notes and Memoranda#

[Illustration]

#London:#

E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, 125 STRAND

#New York:#

SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12 CORTLANDT STREET

1902

PREFACE.

Every successful engineer is a born inventor; indeed the daily work of

an engineer in practice largely consists in scheming and devising from

previous experience new and improved processes, methods, and details for

accomplishing them, and for simplifying or cheapening old forms of

machinery and the work they produce, to enable him to successfully

compete with others, who are perhaps as ingenious and enterprising as

himself.

In the work of designing machinery the draughtsman has to rely mainly on

his memory for inspiration; and, for lack of an idea, has frequently to

wade through numerous volumes to find a detail or movement to effect a

particular purpose. Hence, as a rule, every man’s work runs in a groove,

his productions generally having the stamp of his particular experience

and training clearly marked upon them.

In the course of twenty-five years of such experience, I have found the

want of such a volume as the present, and endeavoured to supply the

deficiency in my own practice by private notes and sketches, gathered

promiscuously, until the difficulty of selection and arrangement became

so apparent that I began to classify them, as they exist in the

following pages. A few weeks of unusual leisure have enabled me to

complete this work and amplify it by numerous additions, and it is now

presented in the hope that it will be found of equal service to others

engaged in the head-splitting, exhausting work of scheming and devising

machinery, than which I can conceive of no head-work more wearing and

anxious, Several valuable works have already found numerous users, and

there is no lack of admirable collections of memoranda, rules, and data

for designing and proportioning the various constructive details of

machinery; but, as far as I am aware, there is no work in existence

which aims at the same purpose as is attempted in the following pages,

viz. to provide side by side suggestive sketches of the various methods

in use for accomplishing any particular mechanical movement or work, in

a form easily referred to, and devoid of needless detail and

elaboration. A sketch, properly executed, is--to a practical man--worth

a folio of description; and it is to such that these pages are

addressed. For the same reason it has been deemed undesirable to add to

the various sketches any rules or tables relating to strengths or

dimensions, which may be found in numerous well-known volumes.

Any suggestions or additions will be entertained and gratefully

acknowledged.

THOMAS WALTER BARBER.

CONTENTS.

PAGES SECTION

Accumulators 147 67

Adjusting devices 10, 246 2

Anchoring 10, 246 1

Anti-friction bearings 152, 306 70

Apparatus for drawing curves 224, 330 98

Automatic cut off. _See_ Valve gear 172, 312 79

Balance weights 54, 258 20

Ball and socket joints 12, 248 4

Beam-engines, types of 80, 270 32

Bearings 102, 282 46

Bearings, relieving pressure on 152, 306 70

Bed-plates, foundations, and framing of machines 22, 250 8

Belt gearing 12, 248 3

Belt pulleys 12, 248 3

Blowing and exhausting 20, 250 7

Boilers, types of 16, 250 6

Bolts, &c. 168, 310 78

Boring, drilling, &c. 72, 270 30

Brakes and retarding appliances 14, 248 5

Cams, tappets, and wipers 24, 250 9

Carriages, cars, &c. 32, 252 12

Centres 164, 308 77

Centrifugal force, applications of 38 14

Chains, links, and couplings 30, 252 11

Chopping, slicing, and mincing 68, 264 27

Chucks, grips, and holders 68, 264 28

Circular and reciprocating motion 56, 258 21

Clutches 40, 254 15

Compensating and balance weights 54, 258 20

Concentrated power 62, 260 22

Concentrating and separating 66, 264 26

Condensing and cooling 66, 264 25

Connecting rods and links 42, 254 17

Contracting and expanding 84, 272 36

Conveying messages, &c. 52 19

Conveying motion to movable parts 62, 260 23

Conveyors 128, 298 57

Cotters, &c. 86, 274 37

Couplings 42, 254 16

Couplings for shafting 42, 254 16

Covers, doors, &c. 242, 332 106

Cranes, types of 46, 256 18

Cranks and eccentrics 28, 252 10

Crushing, rolling, and disintegrating 36, 254 13

Curves, apparatus for drawing 224, 330 98

Cushioning 72, 268 29

Cutting tools 64, 260 24

Differential gear 74, 270 31

Disintegrating 36, 254 13

Doors, covers, manholes 242, 332 106

Drawing and rolling metals, &c. 234, 332 101

Drawing curves, &c., apparatus for 224, 330 98

Drilling, boring, &c. 72, 270 30

Eccentrics 28, 252 10

Elastic wheels 84 35

Elliptical motion 82, 272 34

Engines and boilers combined, types of 82 33

Engines, types of 76, 270 32

Exhausting and blowing 20, 250 7

Expanding and contracting devices 84, 272 36

Fastening wheels to shafts 86, 274 37

Feed gear 334 107

Filtering 334 108

Foundations and framing 22, 250 8

Friction gear 88, 276 38

Gear, differential 74, 270 31

Gear, friction 88, 276 38

Gear, reversing 158, 308 74

Gear, rope 146, 302 66

Gear, valve 172, 312 79

Gearing, belt 12, 248 3

Gearing, toothed 186, 318 84

Gearing, various devices in 92, 278 40

Governing and regulating speed, power, &c. 96, 280 41

Grips and holders 68, 264 28

Guides, slides, &c. 90, 276 39

Handles, &c. 220, 328 97

Heating appliances 234 100

Hinges and joints 116, 292 50

Holders and grips 68, 264 28

Hooks, swivels, &c. 98, 280 43

Hydraulic multiplying gear 96 42

Impact. _See_ Striking and hammering 238 104

Incorporating 122, 294 54

Indicating pressure, &c. 214, 326 92

Indicating speed, &c. 100, 282 44

Intermittent motion 140, 300 62

Iron and steel 224, 330 99

Jets, nozzles, &c. 102, 282 45

Joints and hinges 116, 292 50

Journals, bearings, pivots, &c. 102, 282 46

Keys, cotters, pins, &c. 86, 274 37

Levelling and plumbing 122 52

Levers 108, 286 48

Links 30, 252 11

Locking devices 110, 288 49

Lowering 148, 304 69

Lubricators 120, 294 51

Marine engines, types of 236 103

Materials of construction 224, 330 99

Measuring and weighing 214, 326 92

Mechanical powers 122 53

Messages, conveying 52 19

Mincing 68, 264 27

Mixing and incorporating 122, 294 54

Motive power 136, 300 60

Movable parts, conveying motion to 62, 260 23

Multiplying gear--hydraulic 96 42

Nozzles and jets 102, 282 45

Packings, joints, stuffing-boxes, &c. 132, 298 58

Parallel motions 124, 296 55

Pawl and ratchet motions, intermittent motion 140, 300 62

Pins, &c. 164, 308 77

Pipes and conveyors 128, 298 57

Pivots 102, 282 46

Plate work 106, 286 47

Plumbing and levelling 122 52

Power and speed, to vary 146 64

Power, motive 136, 300 60

Power, reservoirs of 147 67

Power, transmission of 192, 320 85

Pressing 144, 302 63

Propulsion 134, 300 59

Pumping and raising water 124, 296 56

Pumping engines, types of 138 61

Quick return motions 146 65

Rails and tramroads 156, 308 73

Raising and lowering weights 148, 304 69

Raising water--pumping 124, 296 56

Ratchet and pawl motions 140, 300 62

Reciprocating and circular motion 148 68

Regulating and governing 96, 280 41

Relieving pressure on bearings 152, 306 70

Reservoirs of power, accumulators 147 67

Retarding appliances 14, 248 5

Reversing gear 158, 308 74

Riddling and screening 154 72

Rope, belt, and chain pulleys 152, 306 71

Rope gearing 146, 302 66

Rolling and drawing 234, 332 101

Rotary engines 160, 308 75

Safety appliances 182, 318 81

Screening 154 72

Screw gear, bolts, &c. 168, 310 78

Sections of iron and steel. _See_ Materials 224, 330 99

Segments, wheels in 212, 326 91

Separating 66, 264 26

Shaft couplings 42, 254 16

Shafting 164, 308 76

Signals, &c. 52 19

Slicing and mincing 68, 264 27

Slide and other valve gear 172, 312 79

Slides, guides, &c. 90, 276 39

Socket joints 12, 248 4

Sound 240 105

Sources of power 136, 300 60

Speed and power 122 53

Speed, indicating 100, 282 44

Spindles and centres 164, 308 77

Springs 178, 316 80

Starting valves 184 83

Steam traps 184, 318 82

Striking and hammering--impact 238 104

Struts and ties 234 102

Stuffing boxes 132, 298 58

Swivels 98, 280 43

Tanks and cisterns 192, 320 86

Tappets 24, 250 9

Throwing in and out of gear 192, 320 87

Ties and struts 234 102

Timber. _See_ Materials 224, 330 99

Tools, cutting 64, 260 24

Toothed gearing 186, 318 84

Tramroads 156, 308 73

Transmission of power 192, 320 85

Traps, steam 184, 318 82

Turbines 208, 326 90

Valve gear 172, 312 79

Valves and cocks 198, 324 89

Valves, starting 184 83

Variable motion and power 194, 320 88

Washing 216, 328 94

Water-pressure engines 216 93

Water-wheels and turbines 208, 326 90

Weighing and measuring, indicating pressure 214, 326 92

Wheels, elastic 84 35

Wheels, fastening to shafts 86, 274 37

Wheels in segments 212, 326 91

Windmills and feathering wheels 218, 328 95

Winding apparatus 220, 328 96

Wipers 24, 250 9

PART I.

SECTIONS 1-106.

(_For ADDITIONS see pages 245-335._)

Section 1.--ANCHORING.

=1. Rope pulley anchor=--a car which grips by sinking its wheels in the

soil; employed for ploughing tackle.

=2. Anchor plate=--buried in the ground below a mass of masonry--for

attaching guys, tie rods, &c. Sometimes a frame, or plate, laid on the

ground and ballasted, is the method used.

=3. Screw mooring,= screwed into the ground.

=4. Heavy stone= sunk in the ground and having a ring attached; or a

mass of concrete, similarly placed, used for guy ropes, tie rods, and

foundation bolt attachments.

=5. Grapnel.=

=6. Mushroom anchor.=

=7. Double fluke anchor.=

=8. Martin’s patent anchor,= with swivelling flukes. Several other

patent anchors are modifications of this.

Stakes, with or without flanges, vertical or horizontal, are sometimes

employed, the flanges taking the cross strain of the ties, &c. Fencing

posts, gate posts, tree stakes, and tennis poles are of this class.

Section 2.--ADJUSTING DEVICES.

For adjustment by Screws, see Section 78, and by Wedges, see Section 36,

These are the commonest appliances employed. For Cams also, see Section

9. For adjusting Pedestal Brasses, see Section 46.

For adjustments by keys, cotters, &c., see Section 37. See also Nos.

251, 269, and 297.

=9. Split cone sleeves and set screw adjustment= for a revolving

standard, or similar detail, where there is much wear or great accuracy

is required in the revolving bearing.

=10. Centre-line adjustment= for lathe headstocks, &c.

=11. Variable curve adjustment;= used in compass planes, instruments for

drawing arcs of circles, &c.

=12. Vertical shaft footstep adjustment;= employed on millstones,

horizontal grinding mills, &c., to regulate the space between the

grinding surfaces. See No. 261.

[Illustration: 1.-12.]

=13. Side screw adjustment= for injectors, jet pumps, &c.

=14. Levelling adjustment;= can be used with either 3 or 4 screws: for

telescope and level stands, theodolites, &c.

=15. Horizontal central adjustment= for footsteps, &c.

=16. Slotted link and lock nut= for adjusting angle of a lever.

=17. Disc and ring= with partial angular adjustment by a screw and nut;

used for screwing dies, self-centering chucks, &c. The nut and bearing

of the screw have allowance for swivelling.

=18. Pin and hole adjustment= for a lever or similar detail.

=19. Wedge bearing= for locomotive horn plate guides, slide bars, and

similar parts subject to wear.

=20. Right and left-hand screw and wedge adjustment= for roller

bearings, &c.

=21. Adjustment for wear= used on engine crossheads to take up the wear

of the working faces.

Adjustable Crane Balance Weights, Section 18.

Adjustable ~V~-guides, Nos. 700 and 704.

Section 3.--BELT GEARING.

Materials employed are:--Leather, cotton, guttapercha, indiarubber,

canvas, camel-hair, catgut, flat wire or hemp rope, steel bands, flat

chains, &c.

=22. Ordinary belt pulley,= “crowned” on face to retain the belt on the

centre of the pulley.

=23. Double-flanged pulley,= flat on face, sometimes “crowned,” as No.

22.

=24. Single-flanged pulley= for horizontal driving.

=25. Open belt gear;= runs best as shown, with the slack half of the

belt at top.

=26. Crossed belt= to reverse motion on the driven shaft. Also to obtain

more grip for the belt than with open belts.

=27. Mode of driving= when the shafts are at right angles to one

another.

=28. Mode of driving= with shafts at an obtuse angle, sometimes used

instead of bevel wheels.

=29. Arrangement adopted when the pulleys cannot be got in line= with

one another, or the shafts are too close together to drive well direct.

Short belts seldom work well.

Belts are frequently arranged to pass under and over several pulleys

so as to drive several shafts by one belt.

For reversing by belt gear, see Section 74. Gut bands (round) are

worked over ~V~-grooved pulleys; see Rope Gearing, Section 66. Belts

may be kept tight by tightening pulleys, see No. 1207. For round

belts, see Rope Gearing, Section 66. ~V~-belts are occasionally used,

formed of thicknesses of leather riveted together, cut to a

~V~-section, and worked over ~V~-grooved pulleys.

Section 4.--BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS.

=30. Universal hinge.= The arm can be fixed in any required position by

tightening the gland. Useful for stands for articles to be exhibited in

any position, telescopes, &c.

=31. Pipe joint,= with similar capabilities.

[Illustration: 13.-31.]

=32.= Same as No. 16, but with screwed gland. If used without the arm,

it forms the ordinary ball castor.

=33 & 34. Dr. Hooke’s universal joint.= See application, No. 292. See

also Nos. 1359 and 732.

Gas pendants are suspended with a joint similar to No. 31, but the

ball, having only a restricted angular motion, is cut down to a

segment only.

Section 5.--BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES.

To retard or arrest motion (revolving or rectilinear).

=35. Strap and lever brake.= The strap is usually faced with wood or

leather, but sometimes is used without either. Wood is liable to become

noisy. Leather gives the best grip. Iron upon iron, or wood upon iron is

not safe if liable to become oily or wet.

=36. Block and lever brake.= Wood or cast-iron blocks are used.

=37. Compound block and lever brake;= avoids putting cross strain on the

shaft--used on winding engines, &c.

=38. Internal toggle brake,= employed for friction clutches. See Section

15. The inner ring is turned to fit loosely inside the outer ring and

split, the toggles being arranged as shown to expand the ring till it is

locked to the outer ring.

=39 & 40. Double block and lever brake= on wheel rim grips the wheel rim

between the lever stocks or jaws. The strains are self-contained.

=41. Disc brake;= considerable end pressure is required with this form,

and must be arranged for in the bearings of the shaft.

=42. Compound disc brake.= Several discs may be employed, sliding on

feathers on the shaft.

=43. Fan brake;= may be run openly in air, or enclosed in a drum with

water, oil, or other liquid. (See Allen’s patent Governor, &c.)

=44. Spring brake,= acting on a small grooved pulley; for light

purposes.

=45. Rope brake or grip,= with toggle motion, and screw for relieving.

=46. Rope brake:= grips by the angular distance between the jaw centres

becoming less as the lever end falls.

=47. Rope brake;= with cam lever gripping motion.

=48. Eccentric action lever and block brake.= The eccentric is fixed to

the brake lever. This plan also avoids cross strain on the shaft.

=49. Strap and screw brake.=

[Illustration: 32.-49.]

=50, 51, & 52. Three forms of car brakes.= See also the common “skid” or

cart brake.

=53. Combined strap and lever brake.= (Fielden’s.)

=54. Shaft grip, or brake.=

=55. Centrifugal brake, or clutch.= The weight segments are driven into

contact with the ring by centrifugal force. Springs may be used to

return them out of action.

=56. Three-segment compound brake:= grips the wheel all round.

=57. Compound bar brake,= with right and left hand screw grip levers,

used for heavy gun compressors.

=58. Compound ring brake,= on similar principle to No. 57. See remarks

to No. 41.

=59. Wedge and split ring,= used for internal brake ring or clutch, in a

similar way to No. 38.

=60. Hollow drums, with radial pockets,= half filled with loose

material, or water, mercury, &c., which retard the motion of the drum by

the weight and friction of the loose material.

An hydraulic cylinder and piston is frequently used as a brake or

retarding device for reciprocating motion, the water passing from one

side of the piston to the other, through an adjustable valve. Friction

brakes are employed as dynamometers to indicate the power given off or

absorbed by any piece of machinery. Automatic brakes (see Sections 15

and 69) are used for hoisting machinery, &c.

Brushes, formed of stiff bristles or wire, are used as a retarding

device for circular or rectilinear motion.

Section 6.--TYPES OF BOILERS.

Vessels or containers of every conceivable shape have been used as

boilers. Many of the older types are now obsolete, but the following

are these most commonly used:--

VERTICAL BOILERS.

=61. Ordinary centre flue boiler.= Sometimes the centre flue is

surrounded with tubes, as No. 65.

=62. Vertical multitubular.=

=63. Vertical boiler,= with diagonal tubes and smoke boxes.

=64. Vertical return-flue.=

=65. “Pot” boiler.=

=66. “Field” boiler;= with suspended tubes and internal circulating

tubes.

=67. Vertical egg-end boiler;= with spiral flue. Large vertical boilers

sometimes have cross flues, or large tubes.

HORIZONTAL BOILERS.

=68. Portable “loco-type”= multitubular.

=69. Fixed return-tube.=

[Illustration: 50.-69.]

=70. Fixed “loco-type”= multitubular; a favorite and useful form, giving

good results, and easily cleaned.

=71. Fixed “loco-type,”= with underneath fire-box; sometimes used to

economise space, is self-contained, and usually stands on cast-iron

feet.

=72. Multitubular-horizontal;= self contained; on cast-iron feet.

=73. Egg-end boiler;= not much used except where the coal burnt per h.p.

per hour is not an important consideration.

=74. “Cornish”;= one flue, with enlarged fire-box tube. This type is

often made with a parallel flue with cross tubes fixed at intervals

throughout its length.

=75. “Lancashire”;= two flues; sometimes has enlarged fire-box tubes, as

No. 74.

=76. Oval flue boiler,= with “Galloway” tubes. The Lancashire type is

frequently combined with this form by arranging the two circular flues

to open into one oval one.

=77 & 78. “Elephant” boilers;= employed in connection with coke ovens

and other sources of waste heat.

MARINE BOILERS.

=79. Ordinary box form,= with internal fire-box and return flue.

=80. Same type,= but with two fire-boxes and multitubular return tubes.

=81. Underneath fire-boxes= and multitubular return tubes above the

fire-boxes, sometimes duplicated, as No. 82.

[Illustration: 70.-82.]

=83. Has two central fire-boxes= and side return-tubes.

The foregoing box patterns are rapidly going out of use, as unsuitable

for the higher pressures prevailing with compound engines.

=84. Cylindrical boiler,= with three fire tubes and three sets of return

tubes. This form is much used, the surfaces requiring stays being very

limited. It is made with double fire-boxes as shown, or with single

fire-box, as No. 81.

=85. Cylindrical single flue= and return-tube.

=86. Cylindrical single flue= and multitubular.

=87. Cylindrical double flue= and multitubular, longitudinal section

similar to No. 86.

=88. Cylindrical saddle boiler,= multitubular, used for shallow vessels,

launches; &c.

HOUSEHOLD BOILERS.

=89. Kitchen “ell” boiler.=

=90. Kitchen or back boiler,= for ordinary grates.

=91. “Saddle” boiler.= The varieties of this type are legion. Every

conceivable cross-bridge, water-way, tube, and flue has been added to it

by various makers. See Messrs. Graham and Fleming, and other makers’

Lists.

=92. Annular cylindrical= greenhouse boiler.

=93. Annular conoidal= greenhouse boiler.

=94. Vertical cylindrical,= closed top greenhouse boiler.

The last four are types of the greenhouse boilers most in use. They

are usually of wrought iron, and all seams welded.

=95. Back boiler= for ordinary register grate.

=96. “Boot” boiler.=

=97. Scullery, or wash-house boiler.=

=98. Scullery, or wash-house boiler, heated by steam.= In public

laundries these are usually rectangular in plan.

=99. Coil boiler,= used for small greenhouses, &c.

=100. Sectional, or “Tubulous” boiler.= Root’s, and others, are on this

principle. They are constructed of simple pipes and ~T~ or ~L~ pieces,

usually bolted together.

Section 7.--BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING.

Some of the mechanical blowers are too well known to need illustration

here; such are the ordinary Beam Blowing Engine, as in use for blast

furnaces, Vertical Blowing Engine, and Horizontal Blowing Engine. In all

these a cylinder and piston form the blowing device. Nearly every form

of rotary engine (see Section 75) may, by reversal, be converted into a

blowing machine. See Root’s patent, No. 1307; Baker’s, 1325, and others

in common use. Fans, centrifugal, (see No. 1337) are still the commonest

blowing machines, and are especially suited for light pressures and

large volumes of air; but for pressures of from ¹⁄₂ lb. per square inch

and upwards, the rotary or cylinder types are best. The following are

devices not so well known, but sometimes useful:--

=101. The “Trompe,” or water-jet blower.= Water under pressure is

discharged through a rose into a funnel-shaped inlet, carrying with it a

quantity of air (see Section 45); the water runs off at an overflow, and

the air is led away by a pipe.

=102. Steam-jet blower.= (See Section 45.)

[Illustration: 83.-102.]

=103. Organ bellows.= The lower “feeders” pump alternately into the

double-tier upper “reservoir,” which has the upper set of ribs inverted,

as shown, to equalise the pressure throughout its rise. The reservoir is

loaded with weights to the required pressure.

=104. Smiths’ bellows,= either circular or hinged at one side.

The valves used for bellows are plain flap valves faced with leather

similar to No. 1619.

=105. Bell, or gasometer blower,= for light pressures and large volumes.

=106. Regulator, or reservoir,= for blowing engines to steady the blast.

The weighted piston serves the same purpose as an air vessel to the

ordinary pump.

=107. Disc blower,= with elastic diaphragm piston.

=108. One-crank three-throw blower,= for organs, &c., to give a

continuous blast. The three feeders deliver into the central triangular

box.

Section 8.--BEDPLATES, FOUNDATIONS, AND FRAMING OF MACHINES.

The skeleton framing of a machine for any purpose should be rigid, as

light as is consistent with strength and stability (in some cases weight

is necessary to minimise vibration), and the ribs, or members of the

frame, should be so disposed as to afford the requisite support for all

bearings, centres, &c., without redundance; and lastly, symmetry, and a

certain degree of elegance and proportion, are desirable. The

illustrations are necessarily typical only, and suggestive.

=109. Girder section bedplate= for horizontal distributed bearing, as in

a horizontal engine. It may be used double, and the two parts connected

by cross pieces and bolts, as No. 112.

=110. Open box bedplate.=

=111. Closed box bedplate.=

=112. Double box bedplate= with cross tie pieces.

Square or rectangular bedplates are usually of similar sections,

stiffened with ribs underneath, and generally cast in one piece.

=113. Side frame and distance rod construction,= suitable for light

machines.

=114. Side frames and cross bars= on a base plate. This forms a more

rigid construction than No. 113.

=115. Table and legs.=

=116. Rectangular openwork box framing.= Useful for machines with

several cross shafts.

=117. Hollow standard= for hammers, vertical engines, and any machine

raised above the floor.

=118. Soleplate and standard= for pedestal bracket, &c. Admits of being

detached without disturbing the foundation.

=119. Wall box= for shaft bearings, &c.

=120. Arched crosshead for double bearing,= bevil gear, &c.

=121. Wrought-iron sideplate and distance rod construction.=

=122. Wall bracket,= with wall flange, or tongue, to take the vertical

strain.

=123. Wrought-iron rectangular bedplate.=

[Illustration: 103.-123.]

=124. Base plate= for column, &c., with concrete foundation. The bolts

are usually ~T~ headed (see No. 1404), in open recesses, so as to be

easily removed without disturbing the base plate.

=125. Dovetail and key fixing= for brackets, bearings, or any separate

detail of framing.

=126. Foundation for box bedplates.=

=127. Vertical columnar,= or distance rod construction, used for marine

engines, vertical engines, presses, &c.

=128. Plinth, column, entablature, and cross bracing,= used for beam

engines and machinery of a straggling kind with many detached parts.

=129. Flat bar side framing,= strong, light, and cheap, but not very

rigid.

=130. Wrought-iron ~L~ and flat bar rectangular frame,= suitable where

great rigidity is not needed, but where cast-iron is not safe or

desirable.

Wrought-iron is becoming much more largely employed for the framing of

general machinery than heretofore, and it is customary in many cases

to supplement a cast iron base or frame with wrought iron or steel

bars.

Section 9.--CAM, TAPPET, AND WIPER GEAR.

For producing, from plain circular, or reciprocating motion, variable

speed or motion, also intermittent and every kind of irregular motion.

Cams are either open or covered. Nos. 131, 132, and 133 are open cams;

Nos. 137 and 138, covered cams.

=131, 132, & 133. Three forms of the “heart” cam,= for giving a regular

or intermittent vertical motion to a lever end.

=134. Crown cam= for vertical shaft.

=135 & 136. Jumping cams.=

=137. Covered heart cam.=

=138. Covered crown cam.=

=139. Wiper and lever motion.=

=140. Twisted bar= with sliding bush, which travels from end to end of

the bar, and being prevented from turning, causes the bar to turn on its

axis to the amount of its twist.

=141. Crank pin and slotted lever;= gives a variable speed with quick

return.

[Illustration: 124.-141.]

=142. Spiral radius bar= for opening valve. The valve is lifted off its

seat by the radial motion of the lever against the inclined radius bar.

=143. Crank pin and slotted lever motion,= with slot arranged for

irregular or intermittent motion.

=144. Eccentric and slotted arm.= The pin at the top of the arm has both

a vertical and horizontal motion, causing it to trace an ellipse, the

pin upon which the slot runs being fixed.

=145. Wiper and lever motion,= with rubbing plate; used for Cornish

valves, &c.

=146. Stamp mill.=

=147. Scroll cam.=

=148. Crank and lever,= intermittent or continuous motion.

=149. Piston, or valve rod and lever motion.=

=150. Similar movement,= but with anti-friction roller on end of lever.

=151. Rod and lever reciprocating motion,= with anti-friction roller.

=152. Similar movement,= with a socket forged in the rod and the end of

lever rounded to allow for angular motion.

=153. Diagonal disc cam,= or “swash plate.”

=154. Motion for belt shifting= with dead travel at half stroke. This

allows the lever to move a certain distance on each side of the centre

without moving the belt shifting bar.

=155 & 156. Sectors and bent lever,= used on Cornish engine valve gear.

=157. ~T~ lever valve motion,= used in rock drills, some forms of steam

engines, &c.

=158. Four-bolt camplate,= used for screwing dies, locks for fireproof

safes, &c.

=159. Slot, cam, and lever motion.=

=160. Barrel motion= for musical instruments, looms, &c., in which the

barrel is provided with pins or staples to lift the respective levers.

[Illustration: 142.-160.]

=161. Drum with spiral vanes= of long pitch, operated by a revolving arm

on a shaft at right angles to the cam shaft, used for intermittent

circular motion.

=162. Volute and lever.=

=163. Double screw,= for converting circular into reciprocating motion;

has a right and left hand screw thread, and a shuttle attached to the

lever end shaped to fit the thread, and capable of swivelling to turn

the angle for reversing.

=164. Eccentric ring and roller motion,= for converting circular into

reciprocating motion.

=165. Triangular cam.= Gives three reciprocations to the sliding bar in

one revolution of the cam.

=166. Fan= for giving motion to several rods or arms at one time, used

for organ composition pedal movement, &c.

=167. Crossed lever motion= with inclined contact surfaces, the levers

being at right angles to one another.

Section 10.--CRANK AND ECCENTRIC GEAR.

=168. Bent crank= of round section; retains the fibre and strength of

the metal.

=169. Square forged crank.= The crank arm is usually forged solid and

the slot cut out by machine.

=170. Built-up crank.= There are other methods of building them. See

_Mechanical World_, December 1885. See also No. 182.

=171. Single crank,= usually of wrought iron, but often made with

cast-iron arm.

=172. Disc crank.= This form is generally adopted when cast iron is

employed, and the counterbalance weight cast upon it, to balance the

connecting rod, &c.

=173. Counterbalanced single or double crank.=

=174 & 175. Two forms of crank pin eccentrics;= sometimes used to drive

the slide valve instead of the ordinary sheave and strap, as No. 183.

=176. Crank pin set in a boss formed on the driving wheel.=

=177. Double rod crank.=

=178, 179, & 181. Hand cranks.= These should always be fitted with a

loose ferrule of wood for the hand if possible, as much power is lost by

the slipping of the hand to change its grip as the crank revolves.

=180. Solid three-throw crank shaft,= turned out of a solid forging.

[Illustration: 161.-181.]

=182. Built crank.= Several modifications of this are in use for large

marine shafts.

=183. Solid sheave eccentric.=

=184 & 185. Split sheave eccentrics.=

_Large_ eccentrics cause great loss from friction, unless provided

with friction rollers in the sheave; but are sometimes used to avoid

an additional crank in shaft.

=186. Eccentric motion= for multiplying travel of eccentric by leverage.

=187. Crank motion to turn an angle= instead of bevil gear and shaft,

the cranks being of the form of Nos. 174 or 175.

=188. Shifting or variable throw eccentric.= The sheave is slotted to

fit the shaft, and its throw is governed by a disc having a spiral slot

and locking bolt.

=189. Another form of shifting eccentric.= The sliding block is arranged

to lock in any part of the slot in the sheave.

=190. Another form of shifting eccentric,= in which the sheave is loose

on an eccentric boss cast with the worm wheel, and is revolved by the

worm, the bearings of which are fixed to the sheave.