MISLED BY THE “SPIRITS.”
Comstock was a believer in spirits. Mrs. L. S. Bowers—one of the early
settlers at Johntown and at Gold Hill, and now known as the “Washoe
Seeress,” on account of her many predictions about fires in the mines
and rich bodies of ore—is a Spiritualist, and very many of the early
settlers and those who were one way and another connected with the
discovery of silver in Nevada, were Spiritualists. Old Virginia was also
a believer in “spirits.” O’Riley was not the only person who did mining
in Nevada under the direction of the spirits. Much money has been lost
in that country with spirit superintendents in charge of the work.
The most ridiculous work of the kind ever done there however, under the
direction of spirits was that by some parties who were led to believe
that Mount Davidson—the mountain on the side of which Virginia stands
and which towers nearly 2000 feet above the city—was an immense tank of
oil.
This was about the time of the excitement in regard to the oil wells of
Pennsylvania; while “Coal-oil Tommy” was “swinging round the circle.”
The great coal oil revelation was made through an old lady of Virginia
City who was a great medium, and the great oil deposit, according to
this old lady and her spirits, was near the summit of Mount Davidson.
To Joe Grigg, an engineer at the old Savage mining-works, the medium
made known the spot where the great subterranean lake of oil was to be
found. Joe got some tools and began a tunnel in the flinty granite, or
rather gneiss, which was stratified and stood as would the shingles on a
house if turned upside down. For a long time Joe dug away in his tunnel,
encouraged by new revelations almost daily.
[Illustration: ENCOURAGED BY REVELATIONS.]
[Illustration: THE LAST BLAST.]
The medium could see the oil and was carefully observing the progress of
the tunnel. Joe was getting closer and closer to the vast reservoir
every day. At last it seemed to Joe that he must be almost on the point
of breaking through into it. Just ahead of him the medium could see the
great lake of oil—an oleaginous ocean. Joe, at work away up there all
alone on the steep slope of the mountain began cogitating on the
situation and became frightened. It seemed altogether too big a
thing—too great an abundance of oil. Then, too, he began to think of the
consequences to the town, and the innocent and unsuspecting inhabitants
thereof. There he was, blasting and banging away on the mountain-side,
with a mere shell of granite—perhaps not ten inches thick—between
himself and the great lake. He pondered upon the matter until at last he
became afraid to continue, and decided the blast he was then putting in,
should be his last. He feared even that might break through the shell of
rock and set on fire the great lake of oil. In imagination he already
saw this vast tank of oil pouring down the side of the mountain,
overwhelming and destroying the city.
In this emergency the spirits were again consulted. They declared that a
large iron pipe must be procured and laid from the tunnel down into the
town, when the oil might be tapped and its flow controlled. The spirits
also asserted that the time for forming a company had now arrived and
advised that certain persons be let into the secret. Joe having hitherto
been “going it alone.”
The persons to whom the secret of the existence of the great
subterranean reservoir of oil was made known were nearly all
spiritualists. The “Mount Davidson Oil Company” was formed, and all
concerned kept very quiet about the matter in hand.
All was now in readiness for tapping the oil so soon as the pipe could
be procured and laid. In order that they might not lack the pipe, the
medium—who was at the head of the company and was managing the whole
business—proceeded to levy an assessment of $5 per share on the capital
stock. That assessment exploded the whole arrangement. Every shareholder
turned tail and “got out of the wilderness.” To this day that lake of
oil remains untapped, and—as it is not likely that the spirits would lie
about the small matter of a few million hogshead of coal-oil—Mount
Davidson stands to-day the greatest natural reservoir of oil in the
known world.
Patrick M^cLaughlin, who, with Peter O’Riley, made the discovery of
silver in the Ophir mine, was alive at last accounts (in 1875) and was
at work at the Green mine, San Bernardino county, California. He was
doing the cooking for some half-dozen men, employed at the mine named.
He sold his interest in the Ophir mine for $3,500 and probably received
considerable sums for shares owned by him in other mines on the Comstock
range, all of which he doubtless lost in speculations of various
kinds—speculations undertaken with a view to securing millions. Few of
those who were original locators anywhere along the Comstock lode
received large prices for their claims, and in a few years all were
again as poor as before the silver was found. Those who bought and
continued to buy at what seemed like enormous figures were they who have
made the most money out of the mines.
The first winter after the discovery of silver: 1859-60, was one of the
severest the country has known. As I have already stated, there were
very few buildings in Virginia City that were worthy of the name. The
majority of the inhabitants lived in mere shanties and in underground
caves and dens—a tribe of troglodytes.
[Illustration: BOUND FOR WASHOE.]
[Illustration: D——N WASHOE.]
Many men who were in the country during the summer and fall, left for
California before winter set in, some with the intention of returning
and others cursing the country. These last were men who had for years
been working in the placer-mines of California and who had rushed over
the mountains to Washoe as soon as news reached them of the great wages
being taken out with rockers. They supposed there were extensive
placer-mines in the new region. When they found none but such as had
already been gutted by the Johntowners and the Chinese who had worked
about the mouth of Gold Cañon, they wanted nothing more to do with the
country. They had no taste for working quartz veins or for deep mining
of any kind. They lingered in the country till toward fall, hunting for
rich pockets in veins of quartz that appeared to be gold-bearing, then
rose up and in a flock crossed the Sierras to the more congenial hills,
flats, and gulches of the “Golden State.”
Many persons, however, remained at Virginia City, Gold Hill, Silver
City, and Dayton, and a rough time they all had of it before spring. The
first snow fell on the 22nd of November; it snowed all day, and four
days later again set in, when snow fell to the depth of five or six
feet, cutting off all communication between Gold Hill and Virginia,
though the two towns were but a mile apart. The worst of the winter was
between this time and the 1st of February. In December many cattle were
dying of cold and hunger about Chinatown (Dayton), where they had been
sent to find a living in the valley along the Carson River. Not only
cattle, but also horses, donkeys, and animals of all kinds died of cold
and hunger. Most of them starved to death. It was impossible to procure
food for them.
In March, 1860, hay was selling at 50 cents per pound and barley at 40
cents. Men could not afford to keep horses, and therefore shot them or
let them wander away into the valleys and flats and take their own time
about dying. Food for man was about as dear as that for beast. Flour
sold for $75 per 100 pounds in Virginia City; coffee at 50 cents per
pound, and bacon at 40 cents. Lumber was worth $150 per thousand feet,
and all else in proportion. None of the settlers starved, but the
stomachs of many of them had frequent holidays. Fuel was scarce, it
being necessary to pack it through the deep snow from the surrounding
hills, where, at that time, was to be found a sparse growth of stunted
pines and cedars. The stoves of the saloons and lodging-houses were well
patronized. Bean-poker and old sledge were the principal amusements,
aside from talking over the great expectations, which all cherished.
Every man who had a claim expected to sell it for a fortune when spring
came.
Little work could be done in the mines, but that little showed them to
be growing richer and richer for every foot of progress made or depth
attained. The excitement was at fever heat in California, and a grand
rush of capitalists was expected as soon as the mountains could be
crossed. This being the case, those who were wintering in Washoe though
physically uncomfortable were comfortable in spirit. Gold lent its hue
to all of their visions of the future.
[Illustration: BUSINESS.]
Some Indians lingered in the neighborhood, and they were quite as hard
up for provisions as the whites. They frequently came to the cabins of
the miners to beg food. On such occasions—like some white beggars—they
began business by presenting a paper to be read. The paper very often
read as follows:
“This Indian is a d—d old thief. He will steal anything he can lay his
hands on. If he comes about your camp, break his head.
A Friend”
In the early part of February it began to grow warm. Many days were
almost as warm as summer, but of nights it continued to freeze. Building
soon began, and in March many houses were going up in Virginia City, in
all directions, and the town was roughly laid out for many a mile along
the Comstock lead. People began to flounder through the snow from
California, during the latter part of February, and early in March began
to cross the Sierras in swarms. Great hardships were endured by some of
the first parties that crossed the mountains, and a few persons lost
their lives in storms that suddenly arose.
Although there was much fine weather in February, March, and April,
snow-squalls were of frequent occurrence in May and even as late as
June; this, however, was not particularly out of place in that country;
it still does the same way out there. It is a region that has no climate
of its own. What climate it has is blown over the Sierras from
California and comes in fragments. But for the towering, snow-clad peaks
of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Nevada would have a climate similar to
that of California, but these mountains chill all the “weather” that
passes over them.
They may be having a fine, warm rain in California, but any portion of
it that reaches Nevada is transformed during its passage over the
Sierras and descends in the shape of snow. Owing to the altitude of
Virginia City, whenever clouds shut off the sun for any considerable
length of time it becomes cold.
The early settlers at Virginia made the acquaintance of the “Washoe
zephyr” during this first winter of their sojourn in the town. This
“zephyr,” as it is sarcastically termed, is a furious westerly gale
which is a frequent visitant during the fall and spring months. It
appears to come sweeping from the Pacific Ocean, passing over
California, and only plunging down to the earth when it has crossed the
Sierras. It made wild work that first winter with the frail tenements of
the first settlers. Canvas-houses, tents, and brush-shanties were
scattered right and left.
During the prevalence of a zephyr, early in the spring of 1860, some
enterprising Washoeite performed the feat of stealing a hot stove. A
canvas-house occupied by a lone woman was blown down, and while she was
gone to find some men to set it up, her stove disappeared, and never
more was seen.
Avalanches also put in an appearance, and in March, a man who was
cutting wood on a hill just north of Virginia was buried by one, and his
body was not recovered till the snow had melted away. Avalanches are
still of occasional occurrence, and several lives have been lost and a
number of buildings demolished in the southern part of Virginia City, by
heavy slides of snow rushing down the side of Mount Davidson into the
western suburbs of the town.
In the spring of 1860, an avalanche which fell near Silver City, covered
the mouth of a tunnel in which half a dozen miners were living. It came
down in the night when they were all asleep. At the usual hour in the
morning some of the men awoke, but finding it still dark, turned over
and went to sleep again. Others of the party did the same. After a time
all were tired of sleeping and began talking about what a long night it
seemed. However, they concluded it was all right, and each again
addressed himself to the task of trying to sleep the night through. All
would not do, and in an hour or two they were again discussing the
apparent great length of the night, wondering, also, whether or not all
hands might not be unusually wakeful.
At length, one of the party said he would go out to the mouth of the
tunnel and see if he could perceive any sign of the approach of
daylight. On reaching the mouth of the tunnel, he ran his nose into a
solid bank of snow. The exclamation of surprise he uttered, brought all
to their feet. They soon comprehended the situation. Luckily they had
several shovels in the tunnel. Lighting a candle, they set to work, and
in half an hour had dug their way out, when they found that it was
almost sundown.
[Illustration: GOOD MORNING.]
When warm weather came, and men and money were pouring in from
California, those who had wintered in the several new towns of Washoe
forgot all the troubles they had had and all the hardships they had
passed through. They were on the alert to sell claims, and many did
realize handsome little fortunes, as all the newcomers, see next
sentence on next page] were wild with excitement, and all were anxious
to get hold of ground near the mines. Newcomers who had no money,
prospected for new leads, or “jumped” the claims of parties who had made
locations the previous fall. This made times lively, and numerous
battles, with guns and pistols were the result.
[Illustration: GOING IN.]
[Illustration: CHANGE OF MIND.]
[Illustration: COMING BACK.]
One day while a battle was raging at a claim on the hillside, near the
town, a big long-legged fellow, with a knife and pistol slung to his
belt, started up to where the fight was raging, on a dead run. Those who
were watching the affair said: “Now, we shall see the fur fly, when that
fellow gets on the ground!” When about half way up the hill, a pistol
ball came along and took off a portion of his goatee. He never for an
instant ceased to run, but as the ball cut through his goatee he spun
round on his heel and the running he did after that was all in the other
direction. From his start till his return, his gait was unbroken.
An honest Dutchman who, at great pains and expense, had built him a
cabin in the northern part of the place, came into town one evening to
make some purchases. When he went home he found his cabin jumped. To add
insult to injury the jumpers were fiddling and dancing, had a lot of
whisky, and were having a regular house-warming. The Dutchman had to go
and raise an army of his friends before he could drive the intruders
out. It was three or four days before he regained possession of his
cabin. Such occurrences were not rare, and persons were often placed in
very annoying situations.