USEFUL RULES AND TABLES.—Hints on the Construction of Centres.—Rules
for Estimating.—Form of Estimate.—Items for Estimating.—Remarks
on Fences.—Nails: sizes, weights, lengths and numbers.—Cornices,
Proportions and Projections for Different Styles of Architecture; and
Tall and Low Buildings, Verandas, Bay Windows and Porches.—Proportion
of Base-boards, Dados, Wainscots, and Surbases.—Woods, Hard and Soft,
their Preparation, and how to Finish.—Strength and Resistance of
Timber of various kinds.—Rules, showing Weight and other qualities
of Wood and Timber.—Stairs, Width of Treads and Risers; their Cost;
how to Estimate on them, etc.—Inclinations of Roofs.—Contents
of Boxes, Bins, and Barrels.—Arithmetical Signs.—Mensuration of
Superficies.—Areas of Squares, Triangles, Circles, Regular and
Irregular Polygons.—Properties of Circles.—Solid Bodies.—Gunter’s
Chain.—Drawing and Drawing Instruments.—Coloring Drawings.—Coloring
for Various Building Materials.—Drawing Papers.—Sizes of Drawing
Papers.—Table of Board Measure.—Nautical Table.—Measure of
Time.—Authorized Metric System.—Measures of Length.—Measures of
Surfaces.—Measures of Capacity.—Weights.—American Weights and
Measures.—Square Measure.—Cubic Measure.—Circular Measure.—Decimal
Approximations.—Form of Building Contract.
HAND SAWS.
_THEIR USE, CARE AND ABUSE._
HOW TO SELECT, AND HOW TO FILE THEM.
Being a Complete Guide for Selecting, Using and Filing all kinds of
Hand-Saws, Back-saws, Compass and Key-hole Saws, Web, Hack and
Butcher’s Saws; showing the Shapes, Forms, Angles, Pitches and
Sizes of Saw-Teeth suitable for all kinds of Saws, and for
all kinds of Wood, Bone, Ivory and Metal; together with
Hints and Suggestions on the Choice of Files, Saw-Sets,
Filing Clamps, and other Matters pertaining
to the Care and Management of all Classes
of Hand and other Small Saws.
The work is intended more particularly for Operative Carpenters,
Joiners, Cabinet-Makers, Carriage Builders, and Wood-Workers
Generally, Amateurs or Professionals.
_ILLUSTRATED BY OVER SEVENTY-FIVE ENGRAVINGS._
By FRED. T. HODGSON,
AUTHOR OF “THE STEEL SQUARE AND ITS USES,” “THE BUILDER’S GUIDE AND
ESTIMATOR’S PRICE BOOK,” “PRACTICAL CARPENTRY,” ETC., ETC.
Price $1.00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
History of the Saw.—Saws of the Greeks.—Invention of the First
Saws.—Egyptian Bronze Saws in the British Museum.—Antiquity of
Saws.—Mention of Saws in Holy Writ.—Saws of the Stone Age.—Saws
of the South-sea Islanders.—Saws for Cutting Stone.—Japanese
Saws.—Different Varieties of Saws.—Manner of Using Saws by the
Ancients.—Assyrian Saws.—Invention of Circular and Band-Saws.—First
Circular-Saws in America.
PART II.
Philosophy of the Cutting Qualities of Saw-Teeth.—The “Why and
Wherefore” of the Cutting Pitch and Angles of Rip-Saw Teeth.—The
Round Gullet-Tooth.—Chisel-Teeth and their Action on the Wood.-On
the Various Angles Required for Cutting Hard and Soft Woods,
with Explanations of Space, Pitch, Gullet, Gauge, Set, Rake and
Points.—Names of Saws, with Dimensions, Form of Teeth, Descriptions
and Explanations.—How to Choose a Saw; with Hints as to Form.
Quality, Make and “Hang” of a Saw, with Remarks Concerning Different
Makers—Sash-Saws, Dovetail-Saws, Rip-Saws, Panel-Saws, Cross-cut
Saws, Bow-Saws, Web-Saws, Key-hole Saws, Compass-Saws and Tenon-Saws.
PART III.
How to Use Hand-Saws.—How to Saw Well and Easily.—Hints for Sawing
Straight.—Rules for New Beginners.—French. German and American
Workmen.—Saws Filed to Work on the Pull-Stroke.—Changeable Key-hole
Saws.—Use of Back-Saws.—Use of Web-Saws.—Care of Buck-Saws.—The
Buck-Saw; the Terror of Boyhood, and Why.—The Butcher’s-Saw, the
Hack-Saw, and the Surgeon’s-Saw with Description of Each, and Hints
as to their Management.
PART IV.
Filing and Setting Hand-Saws.—The Qualities Required to make a Good
Filer.—Rules in some Old-time Joiner Shops.—Careless Filing and its
Consequences.—Clamping Saws for Filing.—The Line of Teeth.—Angular
Groove on Cutting Edge of Saw.—Filing Backs of Teeth.—Jointing
the Sides of Teeth.—Shape of Teeth for Cross-cutting Hard Wood,
Medium and Soft Wood.—Cutting Angles Required for Various Degrees
of Hardness in Woods.—Angle to Hold the File—The True Theory
of Saw-Filing.—Buckling and Twisting Saws; How Done and How
Avoided.—“Hook and Pitch.”—Careless Use of Saws, and the Injuries
Done to them in Consequence.—The Filing of Different Saws, and
why One Class of Saws Require Different Treatment from Another.
The Saw that Scrapes, and the Saw that Cuts; the “Why” of this
Difference.—Why Some Men do Much More Work than Others, and with
Greater Ease, when Sawing.
PART V.
Miscellaneous Saws; their Uses, How to Care for Them, and How to Use
Them.—The =M= Tooth, Teeth that Cut Both Ways, Crenate Teeth, Brier
Teeth, Gullet Teeth, Parrot-bill Teeth, Hog Teeth, the Lancet and
other Fancy Forms of Teeth, Described and Explained.—The Old-style
“Peg Tooth,” for Two-handed Cross-cut Saws.—Various Examples of
the “Peg-Tooth” Saw.—Hack-Saws; How to Use and How to Keep in
Order.—Butcher’s-Saws, Surgeon’s-Saws, Saws for Cutting Combs, Ivory,
Brass, Gold, and Silver.—Circular-Saws for Cutting Metal, Ivory,
Tortoise-shell, and other Hard Materials.—Jig-Saws, Band-Saws; their
Uses and How to Keep them in Order.—Scroll-Saws; their Uses and
Care.—Progress of the Band-Saw; its Future; How to Make them do Clean
Work.—Heating Saws; Rules for their Management.—Why Circular-Saws
Burst.
PART VI.
Remarks on Saws, Files, Sets, and other Appliances.—Saw-Files; what
Constitutes a Good One, and How to Select.—Different Qualities
of Saw-Files, and How to Know the Various Grades.—Why there
are Different Grades.—Hints on the Use of Files.—Circular-Saws
that are not Circular.—How to Become an Expert Sawyer.—Speed of
Circular-Saws; Table of Same.—Speed of Reciprocating-Saws, or
Jig-Saws, Speed of Feed for Same.—Working Action of Band-Saws.—How
Band-Saws Became Possible.—French and American Band-Saw
Blades.—Inside Sawing with Band-Saws.—Detachable Band-Saws.—Aids to
Saw-Filing.—Saw-Clamps.—Saw-Filers.—Saw-Sets.—Hand-Setting with Punch
and Hammer.—Setting with “Sets.”—Machine Band-Saw Setters—Devices for
Holding Saws while being Set and Filed.
PART VII.
Notes and Memoranda.—Saw-Gauges.-Comb-Saw Gauges.—Saw-Guides.
Mitre-Boxes.—Circular _vs._ Band-Saws.—Emery Sharpeners.—Small
Saws.—Machine-Saws.—Narrow Saws.—Brazing Band-Saws.—Remarks on
Circular-Saws.—Power Required to Drive Circular-Saws.—Mill-Saws.—Saws
with Few Teeth.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the
text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Page
3 “laquered” replaced with “lacquered”
3 “Enclyclopedia” replaced with “Encyclopedia”
3 “Britanica” replaced with “Britannica”
4 “minutæ” replaced with “minutiæ”
6 “desereves” replaced with “deserves”
22 “scrubing” replaced with “scrubbing”
24 “similiar” replaced with “similar”
32 “uniformily” replaced with “uniformly”
39 “grass” replaced with “gloss”
45 “removed” duplicate “of” in “covering of of the wad”
52 “Querus” replaced with “Quercus” three times.
52 “beatiful” replaced with “beautiful”
66 “rotton” replaced with “rotten”
66 “yellok” replaced with “yellow”
69 Removed duplicate “and” in “are very soft and and easily dented”
70 Replaced “in” with “is” in “white variety in much lighter”
70 “brich” replaced with “birch”
70 Replaced “superceding” with “superseding”
71 Removed duplicate “a” in “It has a a pink tint”
71 “cuttting” replaced with “cutting”
72 “maganese” replaced with “manganese”
73 “Tupentine” replaced with “Turpentine”
84 “appled” replaced with “applied”
89 “burishing” replaced with “burnishing”
Ads: “Sanatary” replaced with “Sanitary”
“Eygptian” replaced with “Egyptian”