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SIR WALTER RALEGH
_STEBBING_
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
[Illustration]
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK
[Illustration: SIR WALTER RALEGH
_From the Duke of Rutland's Miniature_]
SIR WALTER RALEGH
A Biography
By
WILLIAM STEBBING, M.A.
FORMERLY FELLOW OF WORCESTER COLLEGE, OXFORD
AUTHOR OF
'SOME VERDICTS OF HISTORY REVIEWED'
_REISSUE_
_WITH A FRONTISPIECE AND A LIST OF AUTHORITIES_
Oxford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1899
Oxford
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE vii
LIST OF AUTHORITIES xiii
CORRIGENDA xxvii
CHAP.
I. GENEALOGY 1
II. IN SEARCH OF A CAREER (1552-1581) 6
III. ROYAL FAVOUR (1581-1582) 22
IV. OFFICES AND ENDOWMENTS (1582-1587) 32
V. VIRGINIA (1583-1587) 42
VI. PATRON AND COURTIER (1583-1590) 53
VII. ESSEX. THE ARMADA (1587-1589) 60
VIII. THE POET (1589-1593) 69
IX. THE REVENGE (September, 1591) 82
X. IN THE TOWER. THE GREAT CARACK (1592) 88
XI. AT HOME; AND IN PARLIAMENT (1592-1594) 100
XII. GUIANA (1594-1595) 108
XIII. CADIZ. THE ISLANDS VOYAGE (1596-1597) 125
XIV. FINAL FEUD WITH ESSEX (1597-1601) 141
XV. THE ZENITH (1601-1603) 155
XVI. COBHAM AND CECIL (1601-1603) 168
XVII. THE FALL (April-June, 1603) 180
XVIII. AWAITING TRIAL (July-November, 1603) 186
XIX. THE TRIAL (November 17) 207
XX. ITS JUSTICE AND EQUITY 222
XXI. REPRIEVE (December 10, 1603) 232
XXII. A PRISONER (1604-1612) 241
XXIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE (1604-1615) 265
XXIV. THE RELEASE (March, 1616) 287
XXV. PREPARING FOR GUIANA (1616-1617) 298
XXVI. THE EXPEDITION (May, 1617-June, 1618) 313
XXVII. RETURN TO THE TOWER (June-August, 1618) 331
XXVIII. A MORAL RACK (August 10-October 15) 343
XXIX. A SUBSTITUTE FOR A TRIAL (October 22, 1618) 359
XXX. RALEGH'S TRIUMPH (October 28-29, 1618) 371
XXXI. SPOILS AND PENALTIES 380
XXXII. CONTEMPORARY AND FINAL JUDGMENTS 394
INDEX 401
PREFACE
Students of Ralegh's career cannot complain of a dearth of materials.
For thirty-seven years he lived in the full glare of publicity. The
social and political literature of more than a generation abounds in
allusions to him. He appears and reappears continually in the
correspondence of Burleigh, Robert Cecil, Christopher Hatton, Essex,
Anthony Bacon, Henry Sidney, Richard Boyle, Ralph Winwood, Dudley
Carleton, George Carew, Henry Howard, and King James. His is a very
familiar name in the Calendars of Domestic State Papers. It holds its
place in the archives of Venice and Simancas. No family muniment room
can be explored without traces of him. Successive reports of the
Historical Manuscripts Commission testify to the vigilance with which
his doings were noted. No personage in two reigns was more a centre for
anecdotes and fables. They were eagerly imbibed, treasured, and
circulated alike by contemporary, or all but contemporary, statesmen and
wits, and by the feeblest scandal-mongers. A list comprising the names
of Francis Bacon, Sir John Harington, Sir Robert Naunton, Drummond of
Hawthornden, Thomas Fuller, Sir Anthony Welldon, Bishop Goodman, Francis
Osborn, Sir Edward Peyton, Sir Henry Wotton, John Aubrey, Sir William
Sanderson, David Lloyd, and James Howell, is far from exhausting the
number of the very miscellaneous purveyors and chroniclers.
Antiquaries, from the days of John Hooker of Exeter, the continuer of
Holinshed, Sir William Pole, Anthony a Wood, and John Prince, to those
of Lysons, Polwhele, Isaac D'Israeli, Payne Collier, and Dr. Brushfield,
have found boundless hunting-ground in his habits, acts, and motives.
Sir John Hawles, Mr. Justice Foster, David Jardine, Lord Campbell, and
Spedding have discussed the technical justice of his trials and
sentences. No historian, from Camden and de Thou, to Hume, Lingard,
Hallam, and Gardiner, has been able to abstain from debating his merits
and demerits. From his own age to the present the fascination of his
career, and at once the copiousness of information on it, and its
mysteries, have attracted a multitude of commentators. His character has
been repeatedly analysed by essayists, subtle as Macvey Napier, eloquent
as Charles Kingsley. There has been no more favourite theme for
biographers. Since the earliest and trivial account compiled by William
Winstanley in 1660, followed by the anonymous and tolerably industrious
narrative attributed variously to John, Benjamin, and James, Shirley in
1677, and Lewis Theobald's meagre sketch in 1719, a dozen or more lives
with larger pretensions to critical research have been printed, by
William Oldys in 1736, Thomas Birch in 1751, Arthur Cayley in 1805, Sir
Samuel Egerton Brydges in 1813, Mrs. A.T. Thomson in 1830, Patrick
Fraser Tytler in 1833, Robert Southey in 1837, Sir Robert Hermann
Schomburgk in 1848, C. Whitehead in 1854, S.G. Drake, of Boston, U.S.,
in 1862, J.A. St. John in 1868, Edward Edwards in the same year, Mrs.
Creighton in 1877, and Edmund Gosse in 1886.
Almost every one of this numerous company, down even to bookmaking
Winstanley the barber, has shed light, much or little, upon dark
recesses. By four, Oldys, Cayley, Tytler, and Edwards, the whole
learning of the subject, so far as it was for their respective periods
available, must be admitted to have been most diligently accumulated.
Yet it will scarcely be denied that there has always been room for a new
presentment of Ralegh's personality. That the want has remained
unsatisfied after all the efforts made to supply it is to be imputed
less to defects in the writers, than to the intrinsic difficulties of
the subject. Ralegh's multifarious activity, with the width of the area
in which it operated, is itself a disturbing element. It is confusing
for a biographer to be required to keep at once independent and in
unison the poet, statesman, courtier, schemer, patriot, soldier, sailor,
freebooter, discoverer, colonist, castle-builder, historian,
philosopher, chemist, prisoner, and visionary. The variety of Ralegh's
powers and tendencies, and of their exercise, is the distinctive note of
him, and of the epoch which needed, fashioned, and used him. A whole
band of faculties stood ready in him at any moment for action. Several
generally were at work simultaneously. For the man to be properly
visible, he should be shown flashing from more facets than a brilliant.
Few are the pens which can vividly reflect versatility like his. The
temptation to diffuseness and irrelevancy is as embarrassing and
dangerous. At every turn Ralegh's restless vitality involved him in a
web of other men's fortunes, and in national crises. A biographer is
constantly being beguiled into describing an era as well as its
representative, into writing history instead of a life. Within an
author's legitimate province the perplexities are numberless and
distracting. Never surely was there a career more beset with insoluble
riddles and unmanageable dilemmas. At each step, in the relation of the
most ordinary incidents, exactness of dates, or precision of events,
appears unattainable. Fiction is ever elbowing fact, so that it might be
supposed contemporaries had with one accord been conspiring to disguise
the truth from posterity. The uncertainty is deepened tenfold when
motives have to be measured and appraised. Ralegh was the best hated
personage in the kingdom. On a conscientious biographer is laid the
burden of allowing just enough, and not too much, for the gall of
private, political, and popular enmity. He is equally bound to remember
and account, often on the adverse side, for inherent contradictions in
his hero's own moral nature. While he knows it would be absurdly unjust
to accept the verdict of Ralegh's jealous and envious world on his
intentions, he has to beware of construing malicious persecution as
equivalent to proof of angelic innocence.
One main duty of a biographer of Ralegh is to be strenuously on the
guard against degenerating into an apologist. But, above all, he ought
to be versed in the art of standing aside. While explanations of
obscurities must necessarily be offered, readers should be put into a
position to judge for themselves of their sufficiency, and to
substitute, if they will, others of their own. Commonly they want not so
much arguments, however unegotistical and dispassionate, as a narrative.
They wish to view and hear Ralegh himself; to attend him on his quick
course from one field of fruitful energy to another; to see him as his
age saw him, in his exuberant vitality; not among the few greatest, but
of all great, Englishmen the most universally capable. They desire
facts, stated as such, simply, in chronological sequence, and, when it
is at all practicable, in the actor's own words, not artificially
carved, coloured, digested, and classified. As for failings and
infirmities, they are more equitable and less liable to unreasonable
disgusts than a biographer is inclined to fancy. They are content that a
great man's faults, real or apparent, should be left to be justified,
excused, or at all events harmonized, in the mass of good and ill.
No biographer of Ralegh need for lack of occupation stray from the
direct path of telling his readers the plain story of an eventful life.
The rightful demands on his resources are enough to absorb the most
plentiful stores of leisure, patience, and self-denial. He should be
willing to spend weeks or months on loosing a knot visible to students
alone, which others have not noticed, and, if they had, would think
might as profitably have been left tied. He should collect, and weigh,
and have the courage to refuse to use, piles of matter which do not
enlighten. He should be prepared to devote years to the search for a
clue to a career with a bewildering capacity for sudden transformation
scenes. He should have the courage, when he has lost the trace, to
acknowledge that he has wandered. He should feel an interest so supreme
in his subject, in its shadows as in its lights, as neither to count the
cost of labour in its service, nor to find affection for the man
incompatible with the condemnation of his errors. Finally, after having
arrived at a clear perception of the true method to be pursued, and ends
to be aimed at, he should be able to recognize how very imperfectly he
has succeeded in acting up to his theory.
W.S.
LONDON:
_September_, 1891.
AUTHORITIES
Not a few readers and critics, who have been so kind as to speak
otherwise only too favourably of the book, have intimated that its value
would be increased by references to the authorities.
In compliance with the suggestion, the author now prints the list--a
formidable one. He has drawn it up in a form which, he hopes, may enable
students without much difficulty to trace the sources of the statements
in the text.
The figures in the parentheses () after the title of each authority are
the date of the original edition, where that is not the one cited. The
figures which follow give the date of the edition actually referred to.
The brackets [] after the pages of the _Life_ contain the pages, or
volumes and pages, of the cited works.
Example--
D'ISRAELI, ISAAC, _Cur. Lit._
(1791-1834), date of original edition.
ed. B. Disraeli, 1849, date of edition referred to.
79, page of _Life_.
[iii. 140], volume and page of _Cur. Lit._
A.
ARBER, EDWARD, _English Reprints_: p. 83 [No. 29, xiv. 13-22].
_Archaeologia_ (Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries): pp. 130
[xxii. 175], 299 [xii. 271], 368 [xliv. 394]. See also Collier, Monson.
_Ashmolean MSS._ (Bodleian Library): pp. 368 [DCCLXXXVI, fol. 101], 386.
AUBREY, JOHN, _Letters by Eminent Persons and Lives of Eminent Men_,
1813: pp. 8, 13, 25, 28, 35, 49, 57, 58, 100, 104, 105, 164, 180, 181,
192, 209, 249, 273, 282, 283, 300 [ii. 416 and 494, and 509-21].
_Aulicus Coquinarius_ (published in _Secret History of James I_,
1811)--'supposed to have been compiled from Bishop Goodman's materials
by William Sanderson': p. 210 [173].
B.
BACON, ANTHONY, Correspondence (_MSS. Tenison_, at Lambeth, and
Catalogue, _Lambeth Palace MSS._): pp. 89 [Cat. 162], 108 [Cat. 166].
BACON, FRANCIS, LORD, _Works, Letters, and Life_, ed. James Spedding,
R.E. Ellis, and D.D. Heath, 1858-1874.
-- _Apophthegms_: pp. 8 [ii. 163], 89 [ii. 129], 155 [ii. 124], 302
[ii. 168].
-- _Life_: pp. 359 [vi. 360-2], 361 [vi. 356, 364-5].
BAYLEY, JOHN, _History and Antiquities of the Tower of London_, 1821:
p. 250 [Appendix, vol. ii. ch. x].
BEATSON, ROBERT, _Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and
Ireland_ (1786), 3rd ed. 1806: pp. 35 [i. 448], 108 [i. 448].
BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHER DE HARLAY DE, _Lettres a Henri IV_ (transcripts
by E. Edwards from MSS. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris):
pp. 182, 195, 201, 227, 237, 239, 240.
_Biographia Britannica_, 1747-1766 (Art. W. Ralegh): pp. 39, 49.
BIRCH, REV. THOMAS, D.D., _Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, 1754: pp. 89
[i. 79], 147 [ii. 418].
-- _Life of Sir Walter Ralegh_ (Oxford ed. of Ralegh's Works): pp. 89
[i. 593], 300 [i. 613].
BLACKSTONE, MR. JUSTICE SIR WILLIAM, _Commentaries on the Laws of
England_ (1765-1769). Revised by Serjeant Henry John Stephen, 3rd
ed. 1853: p. 285 [ii. 475].
BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT ('_The Craftsman_, by Caleb
D'Anvers, Esq.' 1731-1737. Nos. 160, 163, 164, 175, 274): p. 269.
BRAY. See Manning.
BRAYLEY, EDWARD WEDLAKE, and JOHN BRITTON, _History of Surrey_,
1850: p. 380 [ii. 93-4].
BRUCE, REV. JOHN, _Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland with
Sir R. Cecil and others in England_ (Camden Society), 1861: pp. 58
[67], 148 [Appendix 82-3, 90], 172 [15], 173 [67], 175 [43], 176
[18-9], 177 [ibid.], 254 [140-60, 219].
BRUSHFIELD, THOMAS NADAULD, M.D., _Raleghana_ (_Burial-place of
Walter and Katherine Ralegh_), 1896: p. 5 (Devon Assoc. Trans.
xxviii. 291-4).
-- -- (_Birthplace of Sir Walter Ralegh_), 1889: pp. 6, 101 (Devon Assoc.
Trans. xxi. 319-21).
-- -- (_Children of_), 1896: p. 197 (Devon Assoc. Trans. xxviii. 310-12).
-- _London and Suburban Residences of Sir Walter Ralegh:_ pp. 103-5
(_Western Antiquary_, iv. 82-7, 109-12).
-- _Bibliography of Sir Walter Ralegh_ (reprinted from _Western
Antiquary_), 1886: pp. 265-76.
-- (_Tobacco and Potatoes_): p. 49 (Devon Assoc. Trans. xxx. 158-97).
_Builder, The_, Sept. 17, 1864: p. 105.
BULLEN, A.H. (_Poetical Rhapsody_, ed. Francis Davison, 1602), 1890:
pp. 78 [i. 116, and Introd. 83, 84], 79 [i. 28, and Introd. 86].
BULLEN, A.H. (_England's Helicon_, 1600), 1887: p. 80 [Introd. 22, 23].
BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, LORD, _State Papers at Hatfield House_,
Vol. ii, 1571-1596, ed. Rev. Wm. Murdin: pp. 93 [ii. 657], 95 [ii.
658], 102 [ii. 675], 152 [ii. 811].
C.
_Calendar, Carew MSS._ 1515-1624, Lambeth Palace Library, ed. Rev.
John S. Brewer and William Bullen, 1868: pp. 38, 49, 71, 91, 126,
148, 149, 156, 158, 162, 169, 330.
-- _State Papers_, Domestic Series, Elizabeth and James I, 1585-1618:
pp. 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 64, 69, 82, 84, 87, 89,
96, 98, 101, 102, 117, 125, 134, 135, 142, 146, 147, 164, 169, 180,
182, 201, 208, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 252, 254, 257, 260, 262, 263,
264, 266, 288, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 307, 313, 316, 332, 333, 337,
346, 347, 348, 349, 352, 358, 366, 369, 372, 375, 381, 384, 385, 386,
387, 393, 394, 396.
-- _Venetian State Papers_, 1581-1591: pp. 50, 64.
CAMDEN, WILLIAM, _Annales, etc. regnante Elizabetha_ (Part I, to 1589,
1615; Part II, 1627), ed. Thomas Hearne, 1717: pp. 9 [i. 198], 66
[ii. 574-5], 89 [iii. 697], 109 [iii. 697], 137 [iii. 741-2].
-- _Annales Regni Jacobi I_: p. 275 [9].
-- _Epistolae_ (containing in appendix the _Annales Jacobi I_), ed.
Thomas Smith, 1691: pp. 325 [256], 333 [243].
CAMPBELL, JOHN, LORD, _Lives of the Chief Justices of England_,
1849-1857: p. 209 [i. 210-11].
CAREW, RICHARD, _Survey of Cornwall_ (1602), ed. Lord de Dunstanville,
1811: p. 168 [xxv-xxvi].
CARLYLE, THOMAS: p. 279 (see Cromwell).
CARTE, THOMAS, _General History of England_, 1747-1755: p. 205 [iii.
719].
CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, FIRST EARL of, _The Difference and
Disparity between the Estates and Conditions of George, Duke of
Buckingham, and Robert, Earl of Essex_, 'written by the Earl of
Clarendon in his younger Dayes' (in _Reliquiae Wottonianae_, 4th ed.
1685, 185-202): p. 145 [190].
COKE, SIR EDWARD, _Third Institute_ (1644), 1797: p. 214 [24-5].
COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE (_Notes and Queries_, 3rd Series, vol. v): pp. 244
[7], 246 [7].
-- _Archaeologia_ (Society of Antiquaries) 1852-1853: pp. 11 [xxxiv.
139], 15 [xxxiv. 139], 21 [xxxiv. 141], 36 [xxxv. 368-71], 42 [xxxiii.
199, and xxxiv. 151], 89 [xxxiv. 160], 90 [xxxiv. 161], 91 [xxxiv.
165], 133 [xxxiv. 168], 164 [xxxiv. 163-4], 165 [xxxv. 214], 244
[xxxv. 217-8], 252 [xxxv. 219-20].
CORNEY, BOLTON, '_Curiosities of Literature_, by I. D'Israeli, Esq.,
Illustrated by Bolton Corney, Esq.,' 1837: p. 274.
COSTELLO, LOUISA STUART, _Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen_, 1844:
p. 63 [i. 209-10].
_Cotton. Library MSS._, British Museum: pp. 57 [Galba, C. 9, fol. 157],
132 [Vespas. C. 13, fol. 290], 149 [Julius, F. 6, p. 433], 272 [Julius,
C. 3, fol. 311], 316 [Titus, B. 8, fol. 155], 351 [Vitell. C. 17, foll.
439-40], 373 [Titus, C. 6, fol. 93].
_Craftsman._ See Bolingbroke.
CROMWELL, OLIVER, _Letters and Speeches_, ed. Thomas Carlyle, 1870:
p. 279 [ii. 293].
-- _Memoirs of the Protector Oliver Cromwell, and of his sons, Richard
and Henry_, by Oliver Cromwell, Esq. (1820), 3rd ed. 1822: p. 279
[i. 369-70].
D.
_Declaration of the Demeanour and Carriage of Sir Walter Raleigh, as well
in his Voyage, as in and since his Return_, printed by the King's
Printers, 1618; reprinted _Harleian Miscellany_, iii, 1809; _Somers
Collect_, ii, 1809: pp. 301 [Harl. iii. 20-3], 389-93 [Harl. iii. 18,
_et seq._].
DEE, DR. JOHN, _Private Diary_, ed. J.O. Halliwell (Camden Society),
1842: p. 104 [54].
DEVEREUX, WALTER B., _Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of
Essex_, 1853: pp. 61 [i. 86], 62 [i. 186-8], 130 [i. 376-7], 138 [i.
457].
_Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and
Art, Transactions of the_ (see also Brushfield): pp. 2 [xv. 163-79],
313 [xv. 459].
D'EWES, SIR SIMONDS, _Journals of all the Parliaments during the Reign
of Queen Elizabeth_, ed. Paul Bowes (1682), 1862: pp. 105 [478, 492],
106 [508-9], 158 [674-6], 159 [629-33].
D'ISRAELI, ISAAC, _Curiosities of Literature_ (1791-1834), ed. B.
Disraeli, 1849: pp. 79 [iii. 140], 274 [iii. 145-7], 334 [iii. 127],
375 [iii. 141].
-- '_Amenities of Literature_ (Psychological History of Rawleigh
(1840)),' 1841: pp. 59 [iii. 152], 181 [iii. 166-7], 274 [iii. 172-84].
DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH, _Her Majesty's Tower_, 1869-71: pp. 198
[i. 351-4], 266 [i. 369-70].
DREXELIUS, JEREMIAH (_Trismegistus Christianus_), Antwerp, 1643:
p. 40 [469].
DRUMMOND, WILLIAM, of Hawthornden, _'Notes of Ben Jonson's Conversations
with_--January, 1619' (Shakespeare Society), ed. David
Laing, 1842: pp. 13 [21], 270 [15], 274 [15], 301 [21].
E.
ECHARD, ARCHDEACON LAURENCE, _History of England_, 1711: p. 186
[i. 911].
EDWARDS, EDWARD, _Life of Sir Walter Ralegh_, 1868: p. 26 [i. 54-5].
_Egerton Papers_--from MSS. belonging to Lord Francis Egerton, ed.
J. Payne Collier (for Camden Society), 1840: pp. 36 [94], 183 [377].
ELIOT, SIR JOHN, _Monarchy of Man, MSS. Harleian_, 2228, Brit. Mus.
(cf. Forster's _Life of Eliot_ [i. 34, 604]): pp. 375, 397.
EVELYN, JOHN, _Diary and Correspondence_, ed. William Bray (1818-1819),
1872: p. 267 [i. 391].
F.
FEBRE, NICHOLAS LE, _Discours sur le Grand Cordial de Sir Walter
Ralegh_, 1664: p. 266.
_Flying Chudleigh, Chaplain of the_, MSS. Corpus Christi, Oxford: p. 326.
FORSTER, JOHN, _Life of John Eliot_, 1864. See Eliot.
_Fortescue Papers_; collected by John Packer, Secretary to George
Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, ed. S.R. Gardiner, 1871: pp. 332 [40],
386 [80], 387 [67], 395 [143].
FOSS, EDWARD, _Judges of England_, 1857: pp. 209 [vi. 179], 231
[vi. 159].
FOSTER, MR. JUSTICE SIR MICHAEL, _Trial of the Rebels in 1746, and
other Crown Cases_ (1st ed. 1762), new ed. 1809: pp. 214, 222 [234].
FOX (or FOXE), JOHN, _Acts and Monuments_ (1554-1562), 1684: p. 5 [iii.
748].
FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY, _History of England_, 1856-1870: p. 4
[vi. 149].
FULLER, REV. THOMAS, _Church History of Britain_, 1655: p. 7 [170].
-- _History of the Worthies of England_ (1662), 1811: pp. 24 [i. 287],
166 [ii. 286], 394 [ii. 336].
G.
GAINSFORD, CAPTAIN THOMAS, _Vox Spiritus_, or _Sir Walter Rawleigh's
Ghost_, 1620: p. 395 [Fortescue Papers, 143].
GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON, _History of England, from the Accession of
James I to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke, 1603-1616_. 1863:
pp. 190 [i. 102], 193 [i. 89], 226 [i. 58-9], 263 [i. 29-32].
-- _Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623_. 1869: pp. 238
[i. 151], 309 [i. 57-64], 324 [i. 125, 130], 332 [i. 134], 337
[i. 140].
-- _The Case against Sir Walter Ralegh_ (_Fortnightly Review_, vol. vii;
New Series, vol. i), 1867: pp. 305 [613], 318 [602-14].
GASCOIGNE, GEORGE, _The Glasse of Gouernment_ (1576), ed. W.C. Hazlitt
(Roxburghe Library), 1870: p. 12 [ii. 178].
GERARD, JOHN, _Herbal, or General History of Plants_, 1597, with
dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh: p. 105 [546].
GIBBON, EDWARD, _Life and Works_, ed. John Lord Sheffield (1799),
new ed. 1814: pp. 102 [i. 152], 281 [i. 151], 309 [i. 152-3], 398
[i. 153].
_Gibson MSS._, Lambeth Palace Library: p. 345 [viii. fol. 21].
GIFFORD, WILLIAM, _Ben Jonson's Works, with Memoir by_, 1860:
p. 157 [19].
GOODMAN, GODFREY, EX-BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER, _Court of King James
the First_, ed. John S. Brewer, 1839: pp. 195 [ii. 93-7], 381 [i. 69].
GORGES, SIR ARTHUR, _A larger Relation of the said Island Voyage_
(1607), iv. Purchas, 1938-1969: pp. 136 [iv. 1950], 139 [iv. 1965],
140 [iv. 1938-69].
GOSSE, EDMUND, _Athenaeum_, January 2 and 9, 1886: p. 73.
GUTCH, REV. J., _Collectanea Curiosa_, 1781: pp. 368 [i. 94-5], 367, 372,
373, 374, 376 [ii. 421-4].
H.
HAILES, LORD, _Secret Correspondence of Sir Robert Cecil with James VI_,
ed. Lord Hailes, 1766: pp. 171 [116], 174 [9], 175 [29], 176 [68],
180 [231], 182 [107], 254 [140-60, 290].
HAKLUYT, RICHARD, _Voyages, Navigations, Traffics, and Discoveries of
the English Nation_ (1600). New ed. 1810: pp. 11 [iii. 364], 15 [iii.
186], 44 [iii. 301-6], 45 [iii. 324-40], 47 [iii. 365], 50 [iii. 366],
53 [iii. 364], 67 [ii. 169], 84 [ii. 663-70], 119 [iv. 66].
HALL, BISHOP JOSEPH, _Balm of Gilead_ (1660), _Works_, 1837: p. 279
[vii. 171].
HALLAM, HENRY, _Constitutional History of England, Henry VII--George
II_ (1827), 1850: pp. 183 [i. 354], 199 [i. 353], 204 [i. 354],
225 [i. 353], 285 [i. 277], 293 [i. 352-3], 303 [i. 354].
-- _Introduction to the Literature of Europe_ (1838-1839), 1847: pp. 79
[ii. 126], 277 [iii. 149].
_Hampshire, History of_, by Richard Warner, 1795, Woodward, Wilks, and
Lockhart (undated) 209 [i. 298-302], Murray's _Handbook_, 5th ed.
1898: p. 209 [98-9].
HANNAH, ARCHDEACON JOHN, _The Courtly Poets, from Raleigh to
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HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (_Nugae Antiquae_, 1804). _A Brief State of the
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-- _Letters_: pp. 90 [i. 348-53], 93 [i. 362], 156 [i. 342], 171 [ibid.],
205 [i. 343], 293 [i. 348-53].
HARIOT (HARRIOT, HERIOTT, or HERIOT), THOMAS, _A Briefe and True
Report of the new found Land of Virginia_, February, 1587; published,
London, 1588, and in Latin, by Theodore Bry at Frankfort, 1590;
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_Harleian MSS._, British Museum: pp. 20 [6993, fol. 5], 21 [1644, fol.
77], 56 [6994, fol. 2], 181 [11402, fol. 88], 210, 218 [xxxix. ff. 277
_et seq._], 288 [xxxix. fol. 359], 290 [xxxix. ff. 350-1], 329 [4761,
ff. 23-5], 333 [7002, fol. 410].
_Harleian Miscellany_ (from library of Edward, second Earl of Oxford),
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_Hatfield Papers_, Hatfield House: pp. 18, 102, 103, 107, 111, 112, 119,
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HOOKER, JOHN, alias VOWELL. See Holinshed. Also, _Epistle Dedicatory_,
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HOWELL, THOMAS BAYLY (Cobbett's _Complete Collection of State Trials_,
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KINGSLEY, REV. CHARLES, _Miscellanies_, 1859: pp. 151 [i. 65], 204
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L.
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_Leicester's Commonwealth._ See Parsons.
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-- _Discourse of War in General_: p. 11 [viii. 279].
-- _Discourse touching a War with Spain_: p. 17 [viii. 304-5].
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-- _Match between the Lady Elizabeth and the Prince of Piedmont_:
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-- _Marriage between Prince Henry and a Daughter of Savoy_: p. 256 [viii.
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-- _Maxims of State_: p. 286 [viii. 2].
-- _Orders to Commanders_: p. 313 [viii. 682-8].
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-- _Prerogative of Parliaments_: pp. 148 [viii. 199], 159 [viii. 187],
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(1691-1692), ed. Rev. Philip Bliss, 1815: pp. 8 [ii. 235], 12 [ibid.],
54 [ii. 299-303], 89 [ii. 237], 270 [ii. 242], 273 [iii. 18], 274 [ii.
626], 300 [iii. 169], 301 [ii. 612], 382 [ii. 244-5].
CORRIGENDA
P. 5, l. 12, _for_ 'him. It has not been' _read_ 'his career. Until
lately it had not even.'
P. 5, ll. 22-26, _for_ 'In fact no trace ... face of Ralegh's words'
_read_ 'But a few years ago an entry was discovered in the Registers
of St. Mary Major, Exeter, of the burial in that church on February
23, 1581, of "Mr. Walter Rawlye, gentelman." Katherine Ralegh, as
appears from her will, found in 1895, died in 1594.'
P. 89, l. 10, _omit_ 'published in 1615.'
P. 90, l. 2 from bottom, _omit_ 'in 1615 by Ralegh and his wife.'
P. 102, l. 28, _for_ 'absence of the detail of private life' _read_
'barrenness in Oldys's biography of the detail of private life.'
P. 209, l. 7, _for_ 'Wolvesey Castle, the old episcopal palace, now a
ruin' _read_ 'the great Hall of the Castle.'
P. 233, l. 20, _for_ 'Send me my life' _read_ 'Lend me my life.'
P. 248, l. 4, _omit_ 'and there remained all the years of his
imprisonment.'
P. 248, l. 8, _for_ 'died on Tower Hill' _read_ 'was buried in St.
Peter's Chapel in the Tower.'
P. 256, l. 14, _for_ 'the Duke' _read_ 'the Dukes.'
P. 258, l. 8 from bottom, 'Historical scavengers, Aubrey and Osborn,'
_omit_ 'Aubrey and Osborn.'
P. 269, l. 11, _for_ 'against the phrase' _read_ 'against misuse of
the phrase.'
P. 285, l. 12, _for_ 'a statement in the Dialogue' _read_ 'a
statement in the Preface to the History.'
P. 317, l. 2, _for_ 'November 17' _read_ 'November 14, 1617.'
P. 324, l. 10 from bottom, _for_ '"I know"--or, according to the
Apology, "I know not"' _read_ '"I know," according to the
Apology--or, according to another account, "I know not."'
P. 335, ll. 11-14, _omit_ sentence 'Mr.... mob,' which, entirely in
error, attributes to Dr. Gardiner the opinion of another writer.
P. 373, l. 9 from bottom, _for_ 'God hold me and' _read_ 'God hold me
in.'
P. 398, l. 22, _omit_ 'and a fund of materials not yet properly
manufactured.'
_SIR WALTER RALEGH._
CHAPTER I.
GENEALOGY.
The Raleghs were an old Devonshire family, once wealthy and
distinguished. At one period five knightly branches of the house
flourished simultaneously in the county. In the reign of Henry III a
Ralegh had been Justiciary. There were genealogists who, though others
doubted, traced the stock to the Plantagenets through an intermarriage
with the Clares. The Clare arms have been found quartered with those of
Ralegh on a Ralegh pew in East Budleigh church. The family had held
Smallridge, near Axminster, from before the Conquest. Since the reign of
Edward III it had been seated on the edge of Dartmoor, at Fardell. There
it built a picturesque mansion and chapel. The Raleghs of Fardell were,
writes Polwhele, 'esteemed ancient gentlemen.' But the rapacious lawyers
of Henry VII had discovered some occasion against Wimund Ralegh, the
head of the family in their day. They thought him worth the levy of a
heavy fine for misprision of treason; and he had to sell Smallridge.
[Sidenote: _Ralegh's Parents._]
[Sidenote: _Their Character._]
Wimund married into the Grenville family; and in 1497 his son and heir,
Walter, was born. Before the boy attained majority the father died. As
Dr. Brushfield, a Devon antiquarian, to whose diligence and enthusiasm
all students of the life of Walter Ralegh are indebted, has shown,
Walter Ralegh of Fardell, on the termination of his minority, in 1518,
was possessed, in addition to Fardell, of the manors of Colaton Ralegh,
Wythecombe Ralegh, and Bollams. He may be presumed to have succeeded to
encumbrances likewise. Part of Colaton was sold by him; and he did not
occupy Fardell. As he is known to have owned a bark in the reign of
Mary, it has been supposed that he took to commerce. Whether for the
sake of contiguity to Exeter, then the centre of a large maritime trade,
or for economy, he fixed his residence in East Budleigh parish, on a
farm, which was his for the residue of an eighty years' term. His choice
may have been partly determined by his marriage to Joan, daughter to
John Drake of Exmouth. The Exmouth Drakes were connected with East
Budleigh; and Joan's nephew, Robert Drake, bequeathed charitable funds
in 1628 for the benefit of East Budleigh parish in which he lived. The
dates of Joan's marriage and death are uncertain. It is only known that
the two events occurred between 1518 and 1534. Her tomb is in East
Budleigh church, with an inscription asking prayers for her soul. She
left two sons, George and John. Secondly, Walter married a lady of the
family of Darell or Dorrell, though some genealogists describe her as
Isabel, daughter of de Ponte, a Genoese merchant settled in London. She
left a daughter, Mary, who married Hugh Snedale. On her death, some time
before 1549, Walter married thirdly Katherine, daughter of Sir Philip
Champernoun. She was widow of Otho Gilbert, of Compton and Greenway
Castles, to whom she had borne the three Gilbert brothers, John,
Humphrey, and Adrian. By her marriage to Walter Ralegh of Fardell she
had three more children, Carew, and Walter, 'Sir Walter Ralegh,' with a
daughter, Margaret, described sometimes as older, and sometimes as
younger than Walter.
At the time of Ralegh's birth the family had lost its pristine
splendour. But there has been a tendency to exaggeration of the extent
of the decadence, by way of foil to the merit which retrieved the ruin.
John Hooker, a contemporary Devonshire antiquary, uncle to the author of
_The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity_, described the family as
'consopited,' and as having 'become buried in oblivion, as though it had
never been.' Yet Walter Ralegh of Fardell was still a land-owner of
importance. His third marriage indicates that he had not fallen out of
the society of his class. Not even personally can he and his wife
Katherine be set down as altogether obscure. Holinshed names one of
them, and Foxe names both. Walter seems to have had much of his great
son's restlessness and independence of character, if without the genius
and the gift of mounting. After his first wife's death he energetically
adopted reformed doctrines. In 1549 during the rising in the West his
religious zeal endangered his life.
[Sidenote: _In Peril of Death._]
The story is thus told in Holinshed's _Chronicles_. 'It happened that a
certain gentleman named Walter Ralegh, as he was upon a side holy day
riding from his house to Exeter, overtook an old woman going to the
parish church of Saint Mary Clift, who had a pair of beads in her hands,
and asked her what she did with those beads. And entering into further
speech with her concerning religion which was reformed, and as then by
order of law to be put in execution, he did persuade with her that she
should, as a good Christian woman and an obedient subject, yield
thereunto; saying further that there was a punishment by law appointed
against her, and all such as would not obey and follow the same, and
which would be put in execution upon them. This woman nothing liking,
nor well digesting this matter, went forth to the parish church, where
all the parishioners were then at the service; and being impatient, and
in an agony with the speeches before passed between her and the
gentleman, beginneth to upbraid in the open church very hard and
unseemly speeches concerning religion, saying that she was threatened by
the gentleman, that, except she would leave her beads, and give over
holy bread and holy water, the gentlemen would burn them out of their
houses and spoil them, with many other speeches very false and untrue,
and whereof no talk at all had passed between the gentleman and her.
Notwithstanding, she had not so soon spoken but that she was believed,
and in all haste like a sort of wasps they fling out of the church, and
get them to the town which is not far from thence, and there began to
intrench and fortify the town, sending abroad into the country round
about the news aforesaid, and of their doings in hand, flocking, and
procuring as many as they could to come and to join with them. But
before they came into the town they overtook the gentleman Master Ralegh
aforesaid, and were in such a choler, and so fell in rages with him,
that, if he had not shifted himself into the chapel there, and had been
rescued by certain mariners of Exmouth which came with him, he had been
in great danger of his life, and like to have been murdered. And albeit
he escaped for this time, yet it was not long before he fell into their
hands, and by them was imprisoned and kept in prison in the tower and
church of Saint Sidwell, without the east gate of the city of Exeter,
during the whole time of the commotion, being many times threatened to
be executed to death.' He was not released till the battle of Clyst,
called by Holinshed, Clift, Heath, won on August 4, 1549, by Lords Grey
and Bedford near the scene of his misadventure, followed by a second
victory on the next day, forced the Catholic insurgents to raise the
siege of Exeter, which they had been blockading since July 2.
He was no fair weather theologian. His Protestantism out-lived King
Edward. He sympathized with the demonstration in 1553 against the
Spanish marriage. On the failure of the Devonshire movement his cousin,
Sir Peter Carew, the ringleader at Exeter, is stated in official
depositions to have effected his escape abroad through Walter Ralegh,
whom he 'persuaded to convey him in his bark' to France from Weymouth.
The wording implies active and conscious intervention. The strange
thing is that he should not have been punished for complicity. Later in
the reign of Mary his wife exposed herself to similar peril, and
similarly escaped. Foxe in his _Acts and Monuments_ relates that Agnes
Prest, before she was brought to the stake in 1557 at Southernhay, had
been comforted in Exeter gaol by the visits of 'the wife of Walter
Ralegh, a woman of noble wit, and of good and goodly opinion.'
[Sidenote: _Death and Burial._]
Unless that Walter was churchwarden of East Budleigh in 1561, and that a
conveyance by him of the Sidmouth Manor fish tithes proves him to have been
alive in April, 1578, nothing more is known of him. It has not been
ascertained when he and Katherine died, though they are believed to have
been dead in 1584. The interest in the East Budleigh farm had by that time
run out; and it is surmised they had removed into Exeter, if they had not
previously possessed a residence there, perhaps by the Palace Gate. On the
authority of a request by their son in 1603 to be buried, if not at
Sherborne, beside them in 'Exeter Church,' it has been concluded that they
were interred in the Cathedral. A monument erected to Katherine's son by
her first marriage, Sir John Gilbert, was long accepted as theirs. In fact
no trace of their burial in any Exeter church has been found. The present
inclination of local archaeologists seems to be to assume that they were not
buried at Exeter at all. It is hard to assent in the face of Ralegh's
words. At all events, nothing else of any kind is remembered of the pair;
or could reasonably be expected to have been remembered. History has told
much more of them than of most country gentlemen and their wives.