The "Signal-Arm" generating apparatus ma_Acetylene, the Principles of Its Generation and Use A Practical Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Subsequent Treatment of Acetylene for the Development of Light, Heat, and Power

gasholder _A_, from the tank _B_ of which water is supplied

through a swivelled pipe _C_ to a generating chamber _D_. One

end of the swivelled pipe is provided with a delivery nozzle, the other

end is closed and counter-weighted, so that normally the open end of the

pipe is raised above the level of the water in the tank. A tappet

_E_ on the bell of the gasholder comes into contact with, and

depresses, the open end of the swivelled pipe when the bell falls below a

certain point. As soon as the open end of the swivelled pipe has thus

been lowered below the level of the water in the tank, water flows

through it into the funnel-shaped mouth _F_ of a pipe leading to the

bottom of the generating chamber. The latter is filled with cages

containing carbide, which is attacked by the water rising in the chamber.

The gas evolved passing into and raising the bell of the gasholder causes

the open end of the swivelled pipe to rise, through the weight of the

counterpoise _G_, above the level of the water in the tank and so

cuts off the supply of water to the generating chamber until the bell

again descends and depresses the swivelled pipe. The tappet on the bell

also displaces a cap _H_ which covers the funnel-shaped mouth of the

pipe leading to the generating chamber, which cap, except when the

swivelled supply-pipe is being brought into play, prevents any extraneous

moisture or other matter entering the mouth of the funnel. Between the

generating chamber and the gasholder is a three-way cock _J_ in the

gas connexion, which, when the gasholder is shut off from the generator,

brings the latter into communication with a vent-pipe _K_ leading to

the open. The gas passes from the holder to a chamber _L_ under

grids packed with purifying material, through which it passes to the

outlet of the purifier and thence to the service-pipe. Either heratol or

chloride of lime is used in the purifier, the lid of which, like the

cover of the generator, is water-sealed.

[Illustration: FIG. 58.--"SIGNAL-ARM" GENERATING PLANT.]

_Maker_: ST. JAMES' ILLUMINATING CO., LTD., 3 VICTORIA STREET,

LONDON, S.W.

_Type_: (1) Automatic; water-to-carbide; contact, superposed trays.

This plant consists of the generators _A_, the washer _B_, the

equalising gasholder _C_, the purifier _D_, and the water-tank

_E_. The carbide is arranged in baskets in the generators to which

water is supplied from the cistern _E_ through the pipe _F_.

The supply is controlled by means of the valve _H_, which is

actuated through the rod _G_ by the rise and fall of the gasholder

_C_. Gas travels from the gasholder through the purifier _D_ to

the service-pipe. The purifier is packed with heratol resting on a layer

of pumice. The washer _B_ contains a grid, the object of which is to

distribute the stream of gas through the water. There is a syphon-pot

_J_ for the reception of condensed moisture. Taps _K_ are

provided for shutting off the supply of water from the generators during;

recharging, and there is an overflow connexion _L_ for conveying the

water to the second generator as soon as the first is exhausted. There is

a sludge-cock _M_ at the base of each generator.

(2) Non-automatic; water-to-carbide; contact, superposed trays.

This resembles the preceding plant except that the supply of water from

the cistern to the generators takes place directly through the pipe

_N_ (shown in dotted lines in the diagram) and is controlled by hand

through the taps _K_. The automatic control-valve _H_ and the

rod _G_ are omitted. The gasholder _C_ is increased in size so

that it becomes a storage holder capable of containing the whole of the

gas evolved from one charging.

[Illustration: FIG. 59.--GENERATING PLANT OF THE ST. JAMES' ILLUMINATING

CO., LTD. (SECTIONAL ELEVATION AND PLAN.)]

_Maker_: THE STANDARD ACETYLENE CO., 123 VICTORIA STREET, LONDON,

S.W.

_Type_: (1) Non-automatic; carbide-to-water.

This plant comprises the generator _A_, the washer _B_, the

storage gasholder _C_, and the purifier _D_. The generator is

first filled with water to the crown of the cover, and carbide is then

thrown into the water by hand through the gas-tight lock, which is opened

and closed as required by the horizontal handle _P_. A cast-iron

grid prevents the lumps of carbide falling into the sludge in the conical

base of the generator. At the base of the cone is a sludge-valve

_G_. The gas passes from the generator through the pipe _H_

into the washer _B_, and after bubbling through the water therein

goes by way of the pipe _K_ into the gasholder _C_. The syphon-

pot _E_ is provided for the reception of condensed moisture, which

is removed from time to time by the pump _M_. From the gasholder the

gas flows through the valve _R_ to the purifier _D_, whence it

passes to the service-pipes. The purifier is charged with material

supplied under the proprietary name of "Standard."

[Illustration: FIG. 60.--CARBIDE-TO-WATER GENERATING PLANT OF THE STANDARD

ACETYLENE CO.]

(2) Automatic; water-to-carbide; contact, superposed trays.

This plant comprises the generators _A_, the washer _B_, the

equalising gasholder _C_, the purifier _D_, and the water-tank

_E_. The carbide is arranged on a series of wire trays in each

generator, to which water is supplied from the water-tank _E_

through the pipe _Y_ and the control-tap _U_. The gas passes

through the pipes _H_ to the washer _B_ and thence to the

holder _C_. The supply of water to the generators is controlled by

the tap _U_ which is actuated by the rise and fall of the gasholder

bell through the rod _F_. The gas passes, as in the non-automatic

plant, through a purifier _D_ to the service-pipes. Taps _W_

are provided for cutting off the flow of water to either of the

generators during recharging and an overflow pipe _h_ serves to

convey the water to the second generator as soon as the carbide in the

first is exhausted. A sludge-cook _G_ is put at the base of each

generator.

[Illustration: FIG. 61.--AUTOMATIC, WATER-TO-CARBIDE GENERATING PLANT OF

THE STANDARD ACETYLENE CO.]

(3) Non-automatic; water-to-carbide; contact, superposed-trays.

This apparatus resembles the preceding except that the supply of water to

the generators is controlled by hand through the taps _W_, the

control valve _U_ being omitted, and the gasholder _C_ being a

storage holder of sufficient dimensions to contain the whole of the

acetylene evolved from one charging.

_Maker_: THORN AND HODDLE ACETYLENE CO., 151 VICTORIA STREET, S.W.

_Type_: Automatic; water-to-carbide; "drawer."

The "Incanto" generating plant made by this firm consists of a rising

bell gasholder which acts mainly on an equaliser. The fall of the bell

depresses a ball valve immersed in the tank, and so allows water to flow

from the tank past an outside tap, which is closed only during

recharging, to a generating chamber. The generating chamber is horizontal

and is fixed in the base of the tank, so that its outer case is

surrounded by the water in the tank, with the object of keeping it cool.

The charge of carbide is placed in a partitioned container, and is

gradually attacked on the flooding principle by the water which enters

from the gasholder tank when the ball valve is depressed. The gas evolved

passes from the generating chamber by a pipe which extends above the

level of the water in the tank, and is then bent down so that its end

dips several inches below the level of the water. The gas issuing from

the end of the pipe is thus washed by the water in the gasholder tank.

From the gasholder the gas is taken off as required for use by a pipe,

the mouth of which is just below the crown of the holder. There is a lip

in the upper edge of the gasholder tank into which water is poured from

time to time to replace that consumed in the generation of the gas. There

are from one to three generating chambers in each apparatus according to

its size. The purifier is independent, and a purifying mixture under the

proprietary name of "Curazo" is supplied for use in it.

[Illustration: FIG. 62.--"INCANTO" GENERATOR.]

_Maker:_ WELDREN AND BLERIOT, 54 LONG ACRE, LONDON, W.C.

_Type:_ Automatic; contact.

This firm supplies the "Acétylithe" apparatus (_see_ Belgium).

INDEX

Absorbed acetylene,

Acagine,

Accidents, responsibility for,

Acetone, effect of, on acetylene,

solution of acetylene in,

Acetylene-copper,

Acetylene-oil-gas,

Acetylene Association (Austrian)--regulations as to carbide,

Acetylene Association (British)--analysis of carbide,

generator rules,

pressure gauges,

purification rules,

Acetylene Association (German)--analysis of carbide,

holders,

generator rules,

standard carbide,

Acetylene tetrachloride, production of,

Ackermann burner,

Advantages of acetylene, general,

hygienic,

intrinsic,

pecuniary,

"After generation,"

Air, admission of, to burners,

and acetylene, ignition temperature of,

composition of,

dilution of acetylene with, before combustion,

effect of acetylene lighting on,

coal-gas lighting on,

on illuminating power of acetylene,

paraffin lighting on,

in acetylene,

in flames, effect of,

in generators, danger of,

objections to,

in incandescent acetylene,

in service-pipes,

proportion of, rendering acetylene explosive,

removing, from pipes,

specific gravity of,

sterilised by flames,

Air-gas,

and acetylene, comparison between,

and carburetted acetylene, comparison between,

effect of cold on,

illuminating power of,

Alcohol, action of, on carbide,

for carburetting acetylene,

holder seals,

from acetylene, production of,

Allgemeine Carbid und Acetylen Gesellschaft burner,

Alloys, fusible, for testing generators,

Alloys of copper. See _Copper (alloyed)_

Aluminium sulphide, in carbide

America (U.S.), regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters,

American gallon, value of,

Ammonia, in acetylene,

in coal-gas,

removal of,

solubility of, in water,

Analysis of carbide,

Ansdell, compressed and liquid acetylene,

Anthracene, formation of, from acetylene,

Anti-freezing agents,

Area of purifiers,

Argand burners,

Aromatic hydrocarbons,

Arrangement of generating plant,

Arsenious oxide purifier,

Atkins, dry process of generation,

Atmospheric moisture and carbide,

Atomic weights,

Attention needed by generators,

Austrian Acetylene Association, regulations as to carbide,

Austrian Government Regulations,

Autogenous soldering and welding,

Automatic generators. See _Generators (automatic)_

Baking of carbide

Ball-sockets for acetylene,

Barium peroxide purifier,

sulphate in bleaching-powder,

Barrel, gas, for acetylene, quality of

Bell gasholders. See _Holders (rising)_

Benz purifying material,

Benzene,

for carburetting acetylene,

production of, from acetylene,

Benzine. See _Petroleum spirit_

Bergé, detection of phosphorus,

and Reychler, purification of acetylene,

and Reychler's reagent, solubility of acetylene in,

Bernat, formula for mains and pipes,

Berthelot, addition of chlorine to acetylene,

sodium acetate,

sulphuric acid and acetylene,

Berthelot and Matignon, thermochemical data,

and Vieille, dissolved acetylene,

Billwiller burners,

Black, acetylene,

Blagden, sodium hypochlorite,

Bleaching-powder purifier (simple),

Blochmann, copper acetylide,

Blow-off pipes. See _Vent-pipes_

Blowpipe, acetylene,

Boiling-ring,

Boistelle. See _Molet_

Borek, enrichment of oil-gas,

_Bougie décimale_,

Brackets for acetylene,

Bradley, Read, and Jacobs, calcium carbophosphide,

Brame and Lewes, manganese carbide,

Bray burners,

British Acetylene Association. See _Acetylene Association

(British)_,

Fire Offices Committee Regulations,

regulations. See _Acetylene Association (British); Home Office;

Orders in Council_

Bromine-water purifier,

Bullier, effect of heat on burners,

phosphorus in acetylene,

and Maquenne purifier,

Bunsen burner, principle of,

Bunte, enrichment of oil-gas,

Burner orifices and gas density,

Burners,

atmospheric,

principle of,

design of,

glassware for,

heating,

incandescent,

Ackermann,

Allgemeine Carbid und Acetylen Gesellschaft,

Bray,

firing back in,

Fouché,

Günther's,

illuminating power of,

Jacob, Gebrüder,

Keller and Knappich,

Knappich,

O.C.A.,

pressure for,

principles of construction of,

Schimek,

Sirius,

Trendel,

typical,

Weber,

Zenith,

self-luminous,

Argand,

as standard of light,

Billwiller,

Bray,

choking of,

corrosion of,

cycle,

Falk, Stadelmann and Co.'s,

Konette,

Phôs,

Wiener's,

Dolan,

Drake,

effect of heat on,

Elta,

Falk, Stadelmann and Co.'s,

firing back in,

fish-tail,

Forbes,

Hannam's,

illuminating power of,

self-luminous injector,

Javal,

Kona,

Luta,

Naphey,

Orka,

Phôs,

Pintsch,

pressure for,

rat-tail,

Sansair,

Schwarz's,

Stadelmann,

Suprema,

twin, angle of impingement in,

injector,

non-injector,

warping of,

Wiener's,

Wonder,

By-products, See also _Residues_

Cadenel, shape of incandescent acetylene mantle,

"Calcidum,"

Calcium carbide, action of heat on,

action of non-aqueous liquids on,

analysis of,

and carbon bisulphide, reaction between,

and hydroxide, reaction between,

and ice, reaction between,

and steam, reaction between,

and water, reaction between,

as drying material,

baking of,

balls and cartridges. See _Cartridges_

bulk of,

chemical properties of,

crushing of,

decomposition of,

by solids containing water,

heat evolved during,

imperfect,

speed of,

temperature attained during,

deterioration of, on storage,

drums of,

dust in,

explosibility of,

fire, risk of,

formula for,

granulated,

heat-conducting power of,

of formation of,

impurities in,

inertness of,

in residues,

physical properties of,

purity of,

quality, regulations as to,

sale and purchase of, regulations as to,

scented,

shape of lumps of,

sizes of,

small, yield of gas from,

specific gravity of,

heat of,

standard, British,

German,

"sticks,"

storage regulations for,

subdivided charges of,

sundry uses of,

swelling of, during decomposition,

"treated,"

yield of acetylene from,

Calcium carbophosphide,

Calcium chloride, cause of frothing in generators,

for seals,

purifier,

solubility of acetylene in,

Calcium hydroxide,

adhesion of, to carbide,

and carbide, reaction between,

milk of, solubility of acetylene in,

physical properties of,

space occupied by,

Calcium hypochlorite,

Calcium oxide,

and water, reaction between,

hydration of,

hygroscopic nature of,

physical properties of,

Calcium phosphide,

Calcium sulphide,

Calorie, definition of,

Calorific power of acetylene,

various gases,

Candle-power. See _Illuminating power_

Capelle, illuminating power of acetylene,

Carbide. See _Calcium carbide_

Carbide-containers,

air in,

filling of,

partitions in,

water-jacketing,

Carbide-feed generators. See _Generators (carbide-to-water)_

Carbide impurities in acetylene,

Carbide-to-water generators. See _Generators (carbide-to-water)_

Carbides, mixed,

Carbolic acid, production of, from acetylene,

Carbon, combustion of, in flames,

deposition of, in burners,

gaseous, heat of combustion of,

heat of combustion of,

vaporisation of,

pigment, production of,

Carbon bisulphide and acetylene, reaction between,

and calcium carbide, reaction between,

in coal-gas,

Carbon dioxide, addition of, to acetylene,

dissociation of,

effect of, on explosibility of acetylene,

for removing air from pipes,

heat of formation of,

produced by respiration,

benzene,

coal-gas,

in flame of acetylene,

Carbon monoxide, in acetylene,

heat of combustion of,

formation of,

temperature of ignition of,

Carbonic acid. See _Carbon dioxide_

Carburetted acetylene, composition of,

effect of cold on,

illuminating power of,

manufacture of,

pecuniary value of,

Carburetted water-gas, enrichment of,

Carburine. See _Petroleum spirit_

Carlson, specific heat of carbide,

Caro, acetone vapour in acetylene,

addition of petroleum spirit to generator water,

air in incandescent acetylene,

calorific power of gases,

colour of incandescent acetylene,

composition of mantles,

durability of mantles,

heat production in generators,

illuminating power of carburetted acetylene,

of incandescent acetylene,

oil of mustard,

silicon in crude acetylene,

Caro and Saulmann, "Calcidum,"

Carriage, cost of, and artificial lighting,

Cartridges of carbide,

Cast-iron pipe for acetylene,

Castor oil for acetylene joints,

Catani, temperature of acetylene flame,

Caustic potash purifier,

Cedercreutz, yield of gas from carbide,

and Lunge, purification,

Ceilings, blackening of,

Ceria, proportion of, in mantles,

Cesspools for residues,

Chandeliers, hydraulic, for acetylene,

Charcoal and chlorine purifier,

Charging generators after dark,

at irregular intervals,

Chassiron lighthouse,

Chemical formulæ, meaning of,

Chemical reactions and heat,

of acetylene,

Chimneys for stoves, &c.,

glass, for burners,

Chloride of lime. See _Bleaching-powder_

Chlorine and acetylene, compounds of,

and charcoal purifier,

in acetylene,

Chromic acid purifier,

Cigars, lighted, danger of,

Claude and Hess, dissolved acetylene,

Coal-gas, enrichment of, with acetylene,

illuminating power of,

impurities in,

vitiation of air by,

Cocks, hand-worked, in generators,

Coefficient of expansion of acetone,

air,

dissolved acetylene,

gaseous acetylene,

liquid acetylene,

simple gases,

Coefficient of friction of acetylene,

of coal-gas,

Coke filters for acetylene,

Cold, effect of, on acetylene,

on air-gas,

on carburetted acetylene,

on generation,

Colour judging by acetylene,

of acetylene flame,

of air-gas flame,

Colour of atmospheric acetylene flame,

of coal-gas flame,

of electric light,

of incandescent acetylene flame,

of spent carbide,

Combustion of acetylene,

deposit from,

Composition pipe for acetylene,

Compounds, endo- and exo-thermic,

explosive, of acetylene and copper,

"Compounds," of phosphorus and sulphur,

silicon,

Compressed acetylene,

Condensed matter in pipes, removal of,

Condensers,

Connexions, flexible, for acetylene,

Construction of generators, principles of,

regulations as to,

Contact generators,

Convection of heat,

Cooking-stoves,

Copper acetylide,

(alloyed) in acetylene apparatus,

(unalloyed) in acetylene apparatus,

and acetylene, reactions between,

carbides,

chloride purifier

Corrosion in apparatus,

avoidance of,

Corrosive sublimate purifier,

as test for phosphorus

Cost of acetylene lighting,

Cotton-wool filters for acetylene,

Council, Orders in. See _Orders in Council_

Counterpoises for rising holders,

Couples, galvanic,

Coward. See _Dixon_

Critical pressure and temperature of acetylene,

Crushing of carbide,

"Cuprene,"

Cuprous chloride purifier,

Cycle lamps,

burners for,

dilute alcohol for,

Cylinders for absorbed acetylene,

Davy, addition of chlorine to acetylene,

Davy's lamp for generator sheds,

Decomposing vessels. See _Carbide containers_

Decomposition of acetylene,

of carbide, See _Calcium carbide (decomposition of)_

De Forcrand, heat of formation of carbide,

Density. See _Specific gravity_

Deposit at burner orifices,

on reflectors from combustion of acetylene,

Deterioration of carbide in air,

Diameter of pipes and explosive limits,

Diaphragms, flexible, in generators,

Diffusion through gasholder seals,

Diluted acetylene,

Dimensions of mains and pipes,

Dipping generators,

Displacement gasholders. See _Holders (displacement)_

Dissociation of acetylene,

carbon dioxide,

water vapour,

Dissolution of acetylene, depression of freezing-point by,

of gas in generators,

Dissolved acetylene,

Dixon and Coward, ignition temperature of acetylene,

of various gases,

Dolan burners,

Doors of generator sheds,

Drainage of mains,

Drake burners,

Driers, chemical,

Dripping generators,

Drums of carbide,

Dry process of generation,

Dufour, addition of air to acetylene,

"Dummies" in gasholder tanks,

Dust and incandescent lighting,

in acetylene,

carbide,

Effusion of gases,

Eitner, explosive limits of acetylene,

and Keppeler, estimation of phosphine,

phosphorus in crude acetylene,

Electric lamps in generator sheds,

lighting, cost, and efficiency of,

Elta burner,

Endothermic compounds,

nature of acetylene,

Engines, use of acetylene in,

Enrichment, value of acetylene for,

with acetylene,

épurène purifying material,

Equations, chemical, meaning of,

Erdmann, acetylene as a standard of light,

colour of acetylene flame,

production of alcohol,

Ethylene, formation of from acetylene,

heats of formation and combustion of,

ignition temperature of,

Exhaustion of air by flames,

Exothermic compounds,

Expansion of gaseous acetylene, coefficient of,

of liquid acetylene coefficient of,

various coefficients of,

Explosibility of carbide,

Explosion of chlorine and acetylene,

of compressed acetylene,

Explosive compounds of acetylene and copper,

effects of acetylene dissociation,

limits, meaning of term,

of acetylene,

of various gases,

nature of acetylene,

wave, speed of, in gases,

Expulsion of air from mains,

Faced joints for acetylene,

Falk, Stadelmann and Co., boiling-ring,

burners,

cycle-lamp burner,

Ferric hydroxide purifier,

Fery, temperature of flames,

and Violle, acetylene as standard of light,

Filters for acetylene,

Filtration,

Fire Offices Committee Regulations (British),

risks of acetylene apparatus,

carbide,

flame illuminants,

Underwriters, United States, Regulations,

"Firing back" in incandescent burners,

self-luminous burners,

Fish, action of lime on,

Fittings for acetylene, quality of,

Flame, colour of, air-gas,

atmospheric acetylene,

coal-gas,

incandescent, acetylene,

self-luminous acetylene,

Flame illuminants, risk of fire with,

of acetylene containing air,

steadiness of acetylene,

Flame temperature of acetylene,

temperature of various gases,

Flames, distortion of, by solid matter,

effect of air on,

nitrogen on,

evolution of heat in,

light in,

jumping of,

liberation of carbon from,

loss of heat from,

shading of acetylene,

size of,

Flare lamps,

Flash-point of paraffin,

Flexible connexions for acetylene,

Floats in holder seals,

Flooded-compartment generators,

Flow of gases in pipes,

Flues for heating burners,

Fog, transmission of light through,

Forbes burner,

Foreign regulations,

Formulæ, meaning of chemical,

Fouché, absorbed acetylene,

burner,

dissolved acetylene,

illuminating power of acetylene air mixtures,

incandescent acetylene,

liquid acetylene,

oxy-acetylene blowpipe,

Fournier. See _Maneuvrier_

Fowler, enrichment of oil-gas,

Fraenkel, deposit on reflectors from combustion of acetylene,

silicon in acetylene,

France, regulations of the Conseil d'Hygiène de la Seine,

village acetylene mains in,

Frank, freezing-point of calcium chloride solutions,

preparation of black pigment,

purifier,

Frankoline,

Freezing of generators,

of holder seals,

Freezing of portable lamps,

of pressure-gauges,

Freezing-point, depression of by dissolution of acetylene,

of calcium chloride solutions,

of dilute alcohol,

of dilute glycerin,

Freund and Mai, copper acetylide,

Friction of acetylene, coefficient of,

coal-gas, coefficient of,

gas in pipes,

Frost, effect of, on air-gas,

on carburetted acetylene,

Froth, lime, in acetylene,

Frothing in generators,

Fuchs and Schiff, olive oil,

Furnace gases for removing air from pipes,

Gallon, American, value of,

Galvanic action,

Garelli and Falciola, depression of freezing-point by dissolution of

acetylene,

Gas barrel for acetylene, objection to,

drying of,

engines, acetylene for,

escape of, from generators,

firing, effects of,

volumes, correction of, for temperature and pressure,

yield of, from carbide,

determining,

standard,

Gases, calorific value of,

effusion of,

explosive limits of,

flame temperature of,

illuminating power of,

inflammable properties of,

speed of explosive wave in,

temperature of ignition of,

Gasfitters' paint,

Gasholders. See _Holders_

Gatehouse, F. B., test-papers,

J. W., estimation of phosphine,

Gaud, blocking of burners,

polymerisation of acetylene,

Generation, dry process of,

Generating plant, regulations as to construction of,

Generator impurities in acetylene,

pressure, utilisation of,

sheds,

lighting of,

smoking in,

water, addition of bleaching-powder to,

of petroleum spirit to,

Generators and holders, isolation of,

attention needed by,

Generators, charging after dark,

chemical reactions in,

construction of,

copper in,

corrosion in,

dissolution of gas in,

effect of tarry matter in,

escape of gas from,

failure of,

for analytical purposes,

for welding,

frothing in,

frozen, thawing of,

gauge of sheet-metal for,

heat dissipation in,

economy in,

produced in,

high temperatures and impurities in,

instructions for using,

joints in, making,

"lagging" for,

lead solder in,

materials for construction of,

maximum pressure in,

output of gas from,

overheating in,

polymerisation in,

pressure in,

protection of, from frost,

purchase of,

regulations as to,

American (National Board of Fire Underwriters),

Austrian Government,

British Acetylene Association,

Fire Offices Committee,

Home Office Committee(1901),

French (Council d' Hygiene de la Seine),

German Acetylene Association,

Hungarian Government,

Italian Government,

responsibility for accidents with,

selection of,

temperatures in,

typical,

vent-pipes for,

waste-pipes for,

water-jackets for,

water-scale in,

Generators (automatic),

advantages of,

carbide-to-water,

definition of,

flexible diaphragms for,

holders of,

interlocking in,

mechanism for,

pressure thrown by,

speed of reaction in,

store of gas in,

supply of water to,

use of oil in,

water-to-carbide,

worked by holder bell,

by pressure,

Generators (carbide-to-water),

advantages of,

frothing of,

grids for,

loss of gas in,

maximum temperature in,

pressure in,

quantity of water required by,

Generators (contact),

(dipping),

temperatures in,

(dripping),

temperatures in,

(flooded compartment),

(non-automatic),

advantages of,

carbide-to-water,

hand-charging of,

water required for,

definition of,

speed of reaction in,

water-to-carbide,

(portable),

(shoot),

(water-to-carbide),

overheating in,

with carbide in excess,

with water in excess,

Gerard, silicon in crude acetylene,

Gerdes, acetylene copper,

German Acetylene Association. (See _Acetylene Association, German_)

Gin, heat of formation of carbide,

Glassware, for burners,

Glow-lamps, electric, in generator sheds,

Glucose for treatment of carbide,

Glycerin for holder-seals,

for wet meters,

Governor, displacement holder as,

Governors,

Graham, effusion of gases,

Gramme-molecules,

Granjon, illuminating power of self-luminous burners,

phosphine in acetylene,

pressure,

purifier,

Granulated carbide. See _Calcium carbide, (granulated)_

Graphite, artificial, production of,

Grease for treatment of carbide,

Grids for carbide-to-water generators,

in purifiers,

Grittner, acetylene, and copper,

Guides for rising holders,

Güntner burner,

Haber, effect of heat on acetylene,

Haldane, toxicity of sulphuretted hydrogen,

Hammcrschmidt, correction of gas volumes,

and Sandmann, milk of lime,

Hannam's Ltd., burners,

Hartmann, acetylene flame,

Haze, on combustion of acetylene,

Heat absorbed during change of physical state,

action on acetylene. See _Overheating_

carbide,

and temperature, difference between,

conducting power of carbide

iron and steel,

water,

convected,

developed by acetylene lighting,

coal-gas lighting,

electric lighting,

paraffin lighting,

dissipation of, in generators,

economy in generators,

effect of, on acetylene. (See _Overheating_)

on burners,

evolution of, in flames,

expansion of gaseous acetylene by,

liquid acetylene by,

from acetylene, production of,

latent. See _Latent heat_

loss of, from flames,

of chemical reactions,

of combustion of acetylene,

carbon,

carbon monoxide,

ethylene,

of formation of acetylene,

calcium carbide,

hydroxide,

oxide,

carbon dioxide,

monoxide,

ethylene,

water,

of hydration of calcium oxide,

of reaction between carbide and calcium hydroxide,

between carbide and water,

of solution of calcium hydroxide,

of vaporisation of carbon,

water,

radiant,

specific. See _Specific heat_

Heating apparatus for generator sheds,

Hefner unit,

Heil, atmospheric acetylene flame,

carburetted acetylene,

Heise, acetylene flame,

Hempel, enrichment of coal-gas,

Heratol,

Hess. See _Claude_

Hexachlorethane, production of,

High houses, supply of acetylene to,

Holder-bells, for testing mains,

supplying water to automatic generators,

weighting of,

Holder-seals, freezing of,

level of liquid in,

liquids in,

and pressure,

solubility of acetylene in,

use of floats in,

liquids in, for decomposing carbide,

oil in,

water in, for washing the gas,

Holders (gas) and generators, isolation of,

and pressure, relationship between,

and purifiers, relative position of,

exposed, roofs over,

false interiors for,

freezing of,

gauge of sheet-metal for,

loss of pressure in,

moistening of gas in,

of automatic generators,

preservation of, from corrosion,

situation of,

size of,

vent-pipes for,

value of,

Holders (displacement),

action of,

pressure given by,

(rising),

guides and counterpoises for,

pressure thrown by,

equalisation of,

tanks for,

Home Office, maximum pressure permitted by,

prohibition of air in acetylene by,

Committee, 1901, recommendations,

report,

Home Secretary's Orders. See _Orders in Council_

Hoxie. See _Stewart_,

Hubou, acetylene black,

Hungarian rules for apparatus,

Hydraulic pendants for acetylene,

Hydrocarbons formed by polymerisation,

illuminating power of,

volatile, names of,

Hydrochloric acid in purified acetylene,

Hydrogen and acetylene, reactions between,

effect of, on acetylene flame,

ignition temperature of,

in acetylene,

liberated by heat from acetylene,

silicide in crude acetylene,

Hygienic advantages of acetylene,

Ice, reaction between carbide and,

Ignition temperature of acetylene,

various gases,

Illuminating power and illuminating effect,

definition of,

of acetylene, after storage,

carburetted,

effect of air on,

incandescent,

nominal,

self-luminous,

of acetylene-oil-gas,

of air-gas,

of polymerised acetylene,

of candles,

of coal-gas,

of electric lamps,

of hydrocarbons, various,

of paraffin,

Illumination, amount of, required in rooms,

of lighthouses,

of optical lanterns,

Impurities in acetylene, carbide,

detection and estimation of,

effect of, on air,

generator,

harmfullness of,

water soluble,

See also _Ammonia_ and _Sulphuretted hydrogen_

in coal-gas,

in purified acetylene,

maximum limits of,

Incandescent acetylene,

burners. See _Burners (incandescent)_

mantles,

Inertness of carbide,

Inflaming-point of acetylene,

Inflammability, spontaneous,

Installations, new, removal of air from,

Interlocking of automatic generators,

Iron and acetylene, reactions between,

and steel, heat-conducting power of,

silicide in carbide,

Insecticide, carbide residues as,

Isolation of apparatus parts,

Intensity, specific, of acetylene light,

of oil light,

Italian Government rules,

Jackets for generators,

Jacob, Gebrüder, burner,

Jacobs. See _Bradley_

Jaubert, arsenious oxide purifier,

Javal burners,

blocking of,

purifier,

Jet photometer of acetylene,

Joint-making in generators,

pipes,

Keller and Knappich burner,

Keppeler, lead chromate in acagine,

Keppeler, purification,

silicon in acetylene,

test-papers,

The "Signal-Arm" generating apparatus made by this firm comprises a bell