along the naked shores. The moment they see you the cry of alarm is
sounded, and the flock, which now consists of one, two, or perhaps
three families, suffer you to come almost within shot, as if purposely
to tantalize you, but at this moment fly off circuitously over the
water, and alight at the distance of some hundred yards. At such
times you may procure them by floating your boat quietly along the
shores; but the experiment rarely succeeds on the same flock more
than once. When they are on large racoon-oyster beds, it is almost
impossible to approach them; and if there should be a few Curlews or
Oyster-catchers among them, it were better for you to go in search
of some other game.
The flight of this species is strong, rapid, and greatly protracted.
Its movements on wing greatly resemble those of the Oyster-catcher,
and, unless during the breeding season, are performed low over the
waters. They seldom rise without emitting their usual notes, which
resemble the syllables _will-willet_, or _will_, _will_, _willet_,
and are different from the softer and more prolonged whistling notes
which they emit during the love season. They generally travel in
flocks, even in spring, and congregate for the purpose of breeding,
being attracted when passing by the notes of those which have already
arrived at a chosen spot. The males and females remain together until
autumn, when several families join and live peaceably together. When
wounded and brought to the water, they swim tolerably well, but do
not dive, although they now and then, on being approached, try to
submerse themselves.
The Willets retire to the interior of the larger salt-marshes for the
purpose of forming their nests and raising their broods in security.
There, in the vicinity of the shallow pools, which frequently occur
in such places, the bird prepares a nest on the ground, among the
rank grass, of which the tenement itself is composed. It is usually
raised to the height of from three to five inches, and is, I believe,
annually augmented or repaired. WILSON says that this augmentation
or raising of the nest is carried on whilst the Willet is laying
and sitting; but this I have never observed. The eggs, usually four
in number, are placed with the broad end outwards, as is the case
with those of most birds of this tribe. They measure two inches and
one-eighth in length, by one inch and a half in breadth, are much
flattened at the larger end, and more or less pointed at the other.
The shell is smooth, of a dull yellowish-olive tint, irregularly
spotted and blotched with dark umber. The eggs afford excellent
eating. Both birds incubate, sitting alternately day and night. The
young run about on leaving the shell, and are carefully fed by their
parents. They are of a greyish hue, and covered with down, but soon
shew feathers, grow rapidly, become fat and juicy, and by the time
they are able to fly, afford excellent food. At the first moult they
acquire their full plumage.
The food of the Willet consists of aquatic insects, small crabs, and
fiddlers, which they procure either by pursuing them on foot or by
probing for them in their burrows, along the mud bars, and in the
crevices of the creeks and salt-water ditches. I have also observed
it turning over stones and shells to seek for worms beneath them.
The males are smaller than the females. I have presented you with
figures of the adult both in the winter and summer plumage.
SCOLOPAX SEMIPALMATUS, _Lath._ Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 722.
TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, _Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of Birds of
the United States, p. 323.
SEMIPALMATED SNIPE, SCOLOPAX SEMIPALMATA, _Wils._ Amer.
Ornith. vol. vii. p. 27. pl. 56. fig.3.
TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, SEMIPALMATED TATLER, _Swains. and
Richards._ Fauna Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 388.
SEMIPALMATED SNIPE OR WILLET, _Nuttall_, Manual, vol. ii.
p. 144.
Adult Male in spring. Plate CCLXXIV. Fig. 1.
Bill long, slender, compressed, tapering, straight or recurved in
an almost imperceptible degree. Upper mandible with the dorsal line
straight, the ridge convex, flattened at the base, the sides grooved
to the middle, afterwards convex, the edges broad and flattened, the
breadth of the mandible a little increased towards the point, which is
narrowed, slightly deflected and obtuse. Nostrils subbasal, linear,
pervious, nearer the edge than the dorsal line. Lower mandible with
the angle very narrow and medial, beyond it the outline slightly
ascending and straight, sides grooved as far as the angle, and convex,
the edges broad and flat, the point narrow and slightly incurved.
Head small, oblong, narrowed before. Neck rather long, slender.
Body slender. Feet long and slender; tibia bare for nearly half its
length, scutellate before and behind; tarsus long, slender, covered
before and behind with numerous scutella, the narrow lateral spaces
with extremely small oblong scales. Toes small, slender, scutellate
above, flat beneath, marginate, the anterior toes connected by basal
membranes which extend along their sides, the outer membrane larger
than the inner; first toe extremely small, second and fourth about
equal, third little longer. Claws small, compressed, slightly arched,
obtuse, that of third toe with a dilated inner edge.
Plumage soft and blended, on the fore part of the head very short,
on the neck short and very soft. Wings long, very acute, narrow;
primaries tapering and rounded, the first longest, the second little
shorter, the rest rapidly graduated; secondaries obliquely rounded,
the inner elongated and tapering. Tail short, of twelve narrow,
rounded feathers, the two middle ones a little longer than the rest.
Bill light blue, dusky towards the end. Iris brown. Feet light blue;
claws black. Head and neck brownish-grey, streaked with blackish-brown;
the throat, and a band from the bill over the eye white. Fore part of
back and scapulars brownish-grey, variegated with central markings
and bars of blackish-brown; the hind part of the back brownish-grey
with a gloss of olive. Wing-coverts grey with central lines of
brownish-black; primary coverts and primary quills brownish-black,
but the latter white in their basal half; outer secondaries white,
inner like the scapulars. Lower wing-coverts dusky; breast and sides
white, the latter undulatingly barred with brownish-black; abdomen
and lower and upper tail-coverts white, some of them, however, with
a few dusky bars. The four middle tail-feathers are barred with
brownish-black and brownish-grey, the rest pale grey fading to white
on the outer, and all more or less minutely mottled with pale brown.
Length to end of tail 15-1/4 inches, to end of wings 15, to end of
claws 17-1/2; extent of wings 27-3/4; wing from flexure 8-1/4; tail
3-2/12; bill along the back 2-1/4; along the edge of lower mandible
2-4/12; tarsus 2-1/4; middle toe 1-5/12, its claw 1/4. Weight 7 oz.
Adult Female in winter. Plate CCLXXIV. Fig. 2.
In winter the upper parts are light brownish-grey, the fore part of
the neck and the sides of the same colour but paler; the throat,
breast, abdomen, and rump white; the lower and upper tail-coverts
with a few undulated lines of brownish-grey; the wings as in summer;
as is the tail, only that the middle feathers are grey.
Length 15-1/2 inches; wing from flexure 8-1/2; extent of wings 31; tail
3-1/4; bill along the back 2-7/12, along the edge of lower mandible
2-(6-1/2)/12; tarsus 1-7/12; middle toe 1-5/12, its claw 1/4. Weight 10
oz.
THE NODDY TERN.
_STERNA STOLIDA_, LINN.
PLATE CCLXXV.
About the beginning of May, the Noddies collect from all parts of
the Gulf of Mexico, and the coasts of Florida, for the purpose of
returning to their breeding places, on one of the Tortugas called
Noddy Key. They nearly equal in number the Sooty Terns, which also
breed on an island a few miles distant. The Noddies form regular nests
of twigs and dry grass, which they place on the bushes or low trees,
but never on the ground. On visiting their island on the 11th of May
1832, I was surprised to see that many of them were repairing and
augmenting nests that had remained through the winter, while others
were employed in constructing new ones, and some were already sitting
on their eggs. In a great many instances, the repaired nests formed
masses nearly two feet in height, and yet all of them had only a
slight hollow for the eggs, broken shells of which were found among
the entire ones, as if they had been purposely placed there. The birds
did not discontinue their labours, although there were nine or ten
of us walking among the bushes, and when we had gone a few yards into
the thicket, thousands of them flew quite low over us, some at times
coming so close as to enable us to catch a few of them with the hand.
On one side might be seen a Noddy carrying a stick in its bill, or a
bird picking up something from the ground to add to its nest; on the
other several were seen sitting on their eggs unconscious of danger,
while their mates brought them food. The greater part rose on wing
as we advanced, but re-alighted as soon as we had passed. The bushes
were rarely taller than ourselves, so that we could easily see the
eggs in the nests. This was quite a new sight to me, and not less
pleasing than unexpected.
The Noddy, like most other species of Terns, lays three eggs, which
average two inches in length, by an inch and three-eighths in breadth,
and are of a reddish-yellow colour, spotted and patched with dull
red and faint purple. They afford excellent eating, and our sailors
seldom failed to collect bucketfuls of them daily during our stay at
the Tortugas. The wreckers assured me that the young birds remain
along with the old through the winter, in which respect the Noddy,
if this account be correct, differs from other species, the young of
which keep by themselves until spring.
At the approach of a boat, the Noddies never flew off their island,
in the manner of the Sooty Terns. They appeared to go farther out
to sea than those birds, in search of their food, which consists of
fishes mostly caught amid the floating sea-weeds, these Terns seizing
them, not by plunging perpendicularly downwards, as other species do,
but by skimming close over the surface in the manner of Gulls, and
also by alighting and swimming round the edges of the weeds. This I
had abundant opportunities of seeing while on the Gulf of Mexico.
The flight of this bird greatly resembles that of the Night Hawk
when passing over meadows or rivers. When about to alight on the
water, the Noddy keeps its wings extended upwards, and touches it
first with its feet. It swims with considerable buoyancy and grace,
and at times immerses its head to seize on a fish. It does not see
well by night, and it is perhaps for this reason that it frequently
alights on the spars of vessels, where it sleeps so sound that the
seamen often catch them. When seized in the hand, it utters a rough
cry, not unlike that of a young American Crow taken from the nest. On
such occasions, it does not disgorge its food, like the Cayenne Tern
and other species, although it bites severely, with quickly repeated
movements of the bill, which, on missing the object aimed at, snaps
like that of our larger Fly-catchers. Some which I kept several days,
refused all kinds of food, became dull and languid, and at length died.
While hovering over us near their nests, these birds emitted a low
querulous murmur, and, if unmolested, would attempt to alight on our
heads. After a few visits, however, they became rather more careful
of themselves, although the sitting birds often suffered us to put
a hat over them. Like the Sooty Tern, this species incubates both
day and night. The differences exhibited by Terns with respect to
their mode of nestling and incubation, are great, even in the same
neighbourhood, and under the same degree of atmospheric temperature.
This species breeds on bushes or low trees, placing several nests
on the same bush, or in fact as many as it will hold. The _Sterna
fuliginosa_ scoops out a slight hollow in the sand, under the bushes,
without forming any nest, and incubates closely like the former. The
Sandwich, the Cayenne, and the Roseate Terns, drop their eggs on the
sand or the bare rock, and seldom sit upon them until evening, or
during cloudy or rainy weather. The Cayenne, Sooty, and Noddy Terns
differ greatly in their flight, their manner of feeding, and the
extent of their migrations. The Tail of the Noddy is cuneate, instead
of being forked, in which respect it differs essentially from that
of the other species. Perhaps the naturalists who placed it in the
same genus with the Roseate Tern, may have been nodding over their
books.
Since writing the above account, I have read the article on this
species by my esteemed friend Mr NUTTALL, and am surprised to find him
state that “the Noddies breed in great numbers in the Bahama Islands,
laying their eggs on the shelvings of rocks.” No authority is given
for this, which I regret, because had he given the fact as observed
by himself, it would have astonished me as much as my account of the
breeding of the Noddy in the Tortugas may astonish others.
STERNA STOLIDA, _Linn._ Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 227.—_Lath._
Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 805.—_Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of
Birds of the United States, p. 356.
NODDY, _Nuttall_, Manual, vol. ii. p. 285.
Adult Male. Plate CCLXXV.
Bill longer than the head, strong, slender, nearly straight,
compressed, very acute. Upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly
arched, the ridge broad and convex at the base, narrowed towards the
end, the sides convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip acute.
Nasal groove extended to beyond half the length of the bill, slightly
deflected towards the edge; nostrils submedial, linear, direct,
pervious. Lower mandible with the angle very narrow, acute, extending
to the middle, the dorsal line straight, or very slightly concave,
the sides convex, the sharp edges inflected, the tip extremely acute.
Head of moderate size, oblong, compressed; neck of moderate length;
body slender; feet very short, rather stout. Tibia bare for a short
space; tarsus very short, roundish, covered anteriorly with small
scutella, laterally and behind with reticulated scales; toes slender,
the first very small, the third longest, the fourth nearly as long,
the second much shorter, all scutellate above, the anterior united by
reticulated webs, having an incurved margin; claws curved, compressed,
acute, that of hind toe smallest, of middle toe by much the largest,
and having the inner edge thin and dilated.
Plumage soft, close, blended, very short on the head; the feathers
in general broad and rounded. Wings very long, narrow, and pointed;
primary quills tapering but rounded, the first longest, the rest
rapidly graduated; secondaries short, broad, rather acute, the inner
more tapering. Tail long, cuneate, of twelve tapering rounded feathers.
Bill black. Iris brown. Feet dull brownish-red, the webs dusky, the
claws black. The general colour is sooty brown; the primaries and
tail-feathers brownish-black; the upper part of the head greyish-white;
a black spot anterior to and over the eye.
Length to end of tail 16-4/12, to end of wings 16-1/12, to end of claws
13-11/12; extent of wings 32; wing from flexure 10-10/12; tail 5-3/4;
bill along the back 1-3/4, along the edge of lower mandible 2-1/4;
tarsus (10-1/2)/12, middle toe 1-1/4, its claw (4-1/2)/12. Weight 4-3/4
oz.
STILL BECALMED.
On the 4th of June we were still in the same plight, although the
currents of the Gulf had borne us to a great distance from the place
where, as I have informed you, we had amused ourselves with catching
Dolphins. These currents are certainly very singular, for they
carried us hither and thither, at one time rendering us apprehensive
of drifting on the coast of Florida, at another threatening to send
us to Cuba. Sometimes a slight motion in the air revived our hopes,
swelled our sails a little, and carried us through the smooth waters
like a skater gliding on ice; but in a few hours it was again a dead
calm.
One day several small birds, after alighting on the spars, betook
themselves to the deck. One of them, a female Rice Bunting, drew our
attention more particularly, for, a few moments after her arrival,
there came down, as if in her wake, a beautiful Peregrine Falcon. The
plunderer hovered about for a while, then stationed himself on the end
of one of the yard-arms, and suddenly pouncing on the little gleaner
of the meadows, clutched her and carried her off in exultation. But,
Reader, mark the date, and judge besides of my astonishment when I
saw the Falcon feeding on the Finch while on wing, precisely with
the same ease and composure as the Mississippi Kite might shew while
devouring high in air a Red-throated Lizard, swept from one of the
magnificent trees of the Louisiana woods.
There was a favourite pet on board, belonging to our Captain, and
which was nothing more nor less than the female companion of a cock,
in other words, a common hen. Some liked her because she now and then
dropped a fresh egg,—a rare article at sea, even on board the Delos;
others, because she exhibited a pleasing simplicity of character;
others again, because, when they had pushed her overboard, it gave
them pleasure to see the poor thing in terror strike with her feet,
and strive to reach her floating home, which she would never have
accomplished, however, had it not been for the humane interference
of our Captain, Mr JOSEPH HATCH of Kennebunk. Kind, good-hearted
man! when, several weeks after, the same pet hen accidentally flew
overboard, as we were scudding along at a furious rate, I thought I
saw a tear stand in his eye, as she floated panting in our wake.—But
as yet we are becalmed, and heartily displeased at old Æolus for
overlooking us.
One afternoon we caught two sharks. In one of them, a female, about
seven feet long, we found ten young ones, all alive, and quite capable
of swimming, as we proved by experiment; for, on casting one of them
into the sea, it immediately made off, as if it had been accustomed
to shift for itself. Of another, that had been cut in two, the head
half swam off out of our sight. The rest were cut in pieces, as was
the old shark, as bait for the dolphins, which I have already said
are fond of such food.
Our captain, who was much intent on amusing me, informed me that the
rudder-fishes were plentiful astern, and immediately set to dressing
hooks for the purpose of catching them. There was now some air above
us, the cotton sheets aloft bulged out, the ship moved through the
water, and the captain and I repaired to the cabin window. I was
furnished with a fine hook, a thread line, and some small bits of
bacon, as was the captain, and we dropped our bait among the myriads
of delicate little fishes below. Up they came, one after another, so
fast in succession, that, according to my journal, we caught three
hundred and seventy in about two hours. What a mess! and how delicious
when roasted! If ever I am again becalmed in the Gulf of Mexico, I
shall not forget the rudder-fish. The little things scarcely measured
three inches in length; they were thin and deep in form, and afforded
excellent eating. It was curious to see them keep to the lee of
the rudder in a compact body; and so voracious were they, that they
actually leaped out of the water at the sight of the bait, as “sunnies”
are occasionally wont to do in our rivers. But the very instant that
the ship became still, they dispersed around her sides, and would no
longer bite. I made a figure of one of them, as indeed I tried to do
of every other species that occurred during this death-like calm.
Not one of these fishes did I ever see when crossing the Atlantic,
although many kinds at times come close to the stern of any vessel
in the great sea, and are called by the same name.
Another time we caught a fine Porpoise, which measured about two
yards in length. This took place at night, when the light of the moon
afforded me a clear view of the spot. The fish, contrary to custom,
was grained, instead of being harpooned; but in such a way and so
effectually, through the forehead, that it was thus held fast, and
allowed to flounce and beat about the bows of the ship, until the
person who had struck it gave the line holding the grains to the
Captain, slided down along the bob-stays with a rope, and after a while
managed to secure it by the tail. Some of the crew then hoisted it
on board. When it arrived on deck, it gave a deep groan, flapped with
great force, and soon expired. On opening it next morning, eight hours
after death, we found its intestines still warm. They were arranged
in the same manner as those of a pig; the paunch contained several
cuttlefishes partially digested. The lower jaw extended beyond the
upper about three-fourths of an inch, and both were furnished with a
single row of conical teeth, about half an inch long, and just so far
separated as to admit those of one jaw between the corresponding ones
of the other. The animal might weigh about four hundred pounds; its
eyes were extremely small, its flesh was considered delicate by some
on board; but in my opinion, if it be good, that of a large alligator
is equally so; and on neither do I intend to feast for some time.
The Captain told me that he had seen these Porpoises leap at times
perpendicularly out of the water to the height of several feet, and
that small boats have now and then been sunk by their falling into
them, when engaged with their sports.
During all this time flocks of Pigeons were crossing the Gulf, between
Cuba and the Floridas; many a Rose-breasted Gull played around by
day; Noddies alighted on the rigging by night; and now and then, the
Frigate bird was observed ranging high over head in the azure of the
cloudless sky.
The directions of the currents were tried, and our Captain, who had
an extraordinary genius for mechanics, was frequently employed in
turning powder horns and other articles. So calm and sultry was the
weather that we had a large awning spread, under which we took our
meals, and spent the night. At length we got so wearied of it, that
the very sailors I thought seemed disposed to leap overboard, and swim
to land. But at length, on the thirty-seventh day after our departure,
a smart breeze overtook us. Presently there was an extraordinary
bustle on board; about twelve the Tortugas light-house bore north of
us, and in a few hours more we gained the Atlantic. Æolus had indeed
awakened from his long sleep; and on the nineteenth day after leaving
the Capes of Florida, I was landed at Liverpool.
THE KING DUCK.
_FULIGULA SPECTABILIS_, BONAP.
PLATE CCLXXVI. MALE AND FEMALE.
This beautiful species rarely advances farther south along our eastern
coast than the neighbourhood of the Bay of Boston. I have, however,
been assured by old and trustworthy gunners that the King Duck, about
thirty years ago, was by no means of rare occurrence there during
winter, and that a few had been known to breed in company with the
Eider along the coast. At the period of my arrival at Labrador, the
greater number of the King Ducks had proceeded farther north; and
although some were seen there, we found none of their nests. I can
say nothing of the habits of this bird, which, although they may be
similar to those of the Eider, must yet differ in many particulars,
as is the case with all birds that are nearly allied in form. The
eggs of the King Duck collected by Captain JAMES CLARK ROSS, R. N.,
measure two inches and five-eighths by one inch and three-fourths,
and have a smooth shell, of an uniform dull greenish-colour.
ANAS SPECTABILIS, _Linn._ Syst. Nat. vol. ii. p. 198.—_Lath._
Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 845.
FULIGULA SPECTABILIS, _Ch. Bonaparte_, Synops. of Birds of
the United States, p. 389.
SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS, KING DUCK, _Swains. and Richards._
Fauna Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 447.
KING DUCK, _Nuttall_, Manual, vol. ii. p. 414.
Adult Male. Plate CCLXXVI. Fig. 1.