EXCURSION TO CANDELAY LAKE IN CEYLON.
The fervid activity of our excellent admiral, Sir Samuel Hood, in
whose flag-ship I served as lieutenant, from 1812 to 1815, was
unceasing. There was a boyish hilarity about this great officer, which
made it equally delightful to serve officially under him, and to enjoy
his friendly companionship. An alligator-hunt, a sport in which the
Malays take great delight, was shared in by the Admiral, who made the
place ring with his exclamation of boyish delight. Scarcely had we
returned from the alligator-hunt, near Trincomalee, when Sir Samuel
applied himself to the collector of the district, who was chief
civilian of the place, and begged to know what he would recommend us
to see next.
"Do you care about antiquities?" said the collector.
"Of course," replied the Admiral, "provided they be genuine and worth
seeing. What have you got to show us in that way? I thought this part
of the country had been a wild jungle from all time, and that the
English were only now bringing it into cultivation."
"On the contrary," observed our intelligent friend, "there are
manifest traces, not very far off, of a dense and wealthy population.
At all events, the inhabitants appear to have understood some of the
arts of life, for they formed a huge tank or pond for the purpose of
irrigation; so large, indeed, that there still exists, in one corner
of it, a sheet of water extensive enough to deserve the name of a
lake."
"Let us go and see it," exclaimed the admiral. "Can we ride? Order the
horses; who minds the heat of the sun?"--for, like almost all
new-comers, Sir Samuel cared nothing for exposure, and laughed at the
precautions of more experienced residents.
The collector of Trincomalee soon satisfied the Admiral that an
expedition to Candelay Lake, as the ancient tank of the natives was
called, could not be undertaken quite so speedily. Boats and horses
indeed were all ready, and tents could easily be procured; but it was
likewise necessary to prepare provisions, to pack up clothes, and to
send forward a set of native pioneers to clear the way through
brushwood, otherwise impenetrable. The Admiral was in such ecstacies
at the prospect of an adventure which was to cost some trouble, that
he allowed nobody rest till everything had been put in train. Early in
the morning of the next day but one, we accordingly set out in several
of the flag-ship's boats, accompanied by a mosquito fleet of native
canoes to pilot and assist us; Lady Hood, whom no difficulties could
daunt, accompanied Sir Samuel; the captain of his ship, and his
flag-lieutenant, with the collector as pilot, and one or two others,
made up the party; and our excursion, though nearly destitute of
adventures vulgarly so called, proved one of the most interesting
possible.
The early part of our course lay over the smooth and beautiful
harbour of Trincomalee, after which we passed through a series of
coves, forming what is called the Lake of Tamblegam, a connecting bay
or arm of the sea, though far out of sight of the main ocean. We soon
lost ourselves amid innumerable little islands clad thickly in the
richest mantles of tropical foliage down to the water's edge, and at
many places even into the water; so that, as not a stone or the least
bit of ground could be seen, these fairy islets appeared actually to
float on the surface. We had to row our boats through a dense aquatic
forest of mangroves for nearly a mile, along a narrow lane cut through
the wood expressly for us the day before by the natives. These
fantastical trees, which grow actually in the water, often recall to
the imagination those villages one sees in countries liable to
frequent inundation, where each house is perched on the top of piles.
We saw with astonishment clusters of oysters and other shell-fish
clinging to the trunk and branches, as well as to the roots of these
trees, which proves that the early voyagers were not such inventors of
facts as folks suppose them, nor far wrong in reporting that they had
seen fish growing like fruit on trees!
Shortly before entering this watery wilderness, we encountered a party
of native pearl-divers; and the Admiral, who was at all times most
provokingly sceptical as to reported wonderful exploits, pulled out
his watch, and insisted on timing the best diver amongst them, to see
how long he could remain under water. In no case did the poor fellow
make out a minute complete; upon which, the Admiral held up his watch
exultingly in his triumph, and laughing to scorn the assurances that
at other parts of the island divers might be found who could remain
five minutes at the bottom. "Show me them! show me them!" cried he,
"and then, but not till then--begging you pardon--I shall believe it."
The challenge remained unanswered.
The method used by these divers is to place between their feet a
basket loaded with one or two large lumps of coral, the weight of
which carries them rapidly to the bottom. The oysters being then
substituted for the stones, the diver disengages his feet, and shoots
up to the surface again, either bringing the full basket with him, or
leaving it to be drawn up by a line.
Nothing could be imagined more wild than the mangrove avenue through
which we rowed, or rather paddled, for the strait was so narrow that
there was no room for the oars when pushed out to their full length.
The sailors, therefore, were often obliged to catch hold of the
branches and roots of the trees, to draw the boats along. The foliage,
as may be supposed, where perennial heat and moisture occur in
abundance, spread overhead in such extraordinary luxuriance that few
of the sun's rays could penetrate the massy net-work of leaves and
branches forming the roof of our fairy passage. Not a single bird
could be seen, either seated or on the wing; nor was even a chirp
distinguishable above the dreamy hum of millions of mosquitoes
floating about, in a calm so profound, that it seemed as if the
surface of the water had never been disturbed since the Creation. The
air, though cool, felt so heavy and choky, that, by the time we had
scrambled to the end of this strange tunnel or watery lane, we could
scarcely breathe, and were rejoiced to enter the open air
again,--although, when we came out, the sun "flamed in the forehead of
the morning sky," and beat fiercely and hotly upon the parched ground,
from which every blade of grass had been scorched away.
The village of Tamblegam, to which we soon came, is inhabited by a
colony of Hindoo emigrants from the coast of Malabar. It is a neat
little place, of which the huts, formed chiefly of branches of the
tamarind-tree and leaves of the plantain, standing under prodigiously
high cocoa-nuts, are so very diminutive, that the whole looks more
like a child's toy-box village than the residence of grown people. The
principal edifice is a pagoda built of stone, exactly ten feet square.
Not fancying there could be any harm in taking such a liberty, we
entered the pagoda unceremoniously, and one of our artists set to work
sketching the bronze image which the natives worship as a deity, a
figure not quite three inches in height; but the Hindoos were shocked
at our impiety, and soon ousted the Admiral and his party. Close by
was a little tank or pool of water, beautifully spangled over with the
leaves and flowers of the water-lily. Here several groups of Indian
girls had assembled to enjoy the coolness of the water in a style
which we envied not a little. Instead of plunging in and swimming
about as with us, one person sits down, while others pour pitchers of
water over the head. We took notice also of one particularly
interesting party of young damsels, who waded in till the water
reached nearly to their breasts. Each of these girls held in her hand
a chatty, or water-pot, shaped somewhat like an Etruscan vase, the
top of which barely showed itself above the level of the pool. Upon a
signal being given by one of the party, all the girls ducked out of
sight, and at the same time raised their water-jars high in the air.
In the next instant, just as their heads began to re-appear above the
surface, the vessels were simultaneously inclined so that the water
might pour out gradually, and in such measure that by the time the
bathers again stood erect, the inverted jars might be quite empty.
Nothing could be more graceful than the whole proceedings; and we sat
in the shade of the pagoda looking at these water-nymphs for
half-an-hour in great admiration.
In the mean time a slender pole, forty feet in height, had been
erected by a set of native tumblers, who presently exhibited before us
various feats of extraordinary agility and strength--some of these are
almost too curious to be believed by those who are not aware of the
flexibility and dexterity of the Hindoos. We were most surprised and
amused by the exploits of a lady of forty, which is considered a very
old age in that climate, who ran up the pole more like a monkey than a
human being, and then sticking herself on the top horizontally like a
weathercock, whirled herself round, to the great astonishment of the
European beholders. What tickled us particularly on this occasion was
the good lady accompanying her strange movements with a noise so
exactly like that of our old and respected friend Punch, when drubbed
by his faithful wife Judy, that we all burst out a-laughing.
The sun had now fallen past that particular angle in the sky above
which it is considered by the bearers inexpedient to travel, we
nestled ourselves into our respective palankeens, and proceeded on
the journey through what seemed to us a very respectable forest,
growing on lands which had once been under the plough, but apparently
very long ago. To our inexperienced eyes and European associations, it
seemed as if a century at least must have elapsed from the time such a
matting of wood first supplanted the labours of the husbandman; but
our friend the collector soon explained to us, that, if any spot of
ground in that rich district were neglected for a very few years,
natural trees, as tall as those we now admired so much, would soon
shoot up spontaneously, and occupy all the soil. We shook our heads at
this with the confident scepticism of ignorance, and exchanged glances
amongst ourselves at the expense of our official companion; but in the
course of an hour we were compelled, by the evidence of our own
senses, to alter our note of disbelief. On coming to the real
untouched virgin forest of the climate, we beheld a most noble
spectacle indeed, in the way of scenery, such as I at least had never
seen before, and have but rarely met with since. I do not recollect
the names of the principal trees, though they were mentioned to us
over and over again. The grand Banyan, however, with which European
eyes have become so correctly familiar through the pencil of Daniell,
rose on every side, and made us feel, even more decidedly than the
cocoa-nut trees had done in the morning, that we were indeed in
another world.
Shortly after we had left the Indian village, the night fell, and,
while we were threading the gigantic forest by the light of torches,
the only thing at all like an adventure promised to occur to us; but
it ended in nothing. The party consisted of six palankeens, each
attended by eight bearers, though only four at a time, or at most six,
supported the poles; these trotted along by the side of the bearers,
between two and three dozen coolies or porters carrying provisions and
torches.
With a mixture of vague alarm and curiosity we now listened to the
accounts of wild elephants in these woods, though in the morning we
had heard the same stories with indifference and incredulity; while
the old hands of the party, who had felt rather piqued at our distrust
of their marvellous narrations, pointed out with malicious
satisfaction the recent foot-marks of these undisputed and formidable
lords of the soil.
Sir Samuel and Lady Hood, with some of his staff, had left their
palankeens and walked forward on the path, which barely admitted two
people abreast, in order to enjoy the exceeding beauty of the Indian
jungle, lighted up with the blaze of our torches. Suddenly the
headmost musalgee or torch-bearer paused, listened, and then
retreated precipitately, upon the hinder ranks. Nothing was said by
them, and nothing could we hear in the woods to explain the cause of
this panic, which, however, soon became general amongst the natives.
The bearers set down the palankeens, and in an instant they, as well
as all the coolies, took to their heels, while the torches flitted
about in the forest in a style which, had there been no apprehension,
might have been acknowledged as very picturesque. Sir Samuel not
only stood fast himself, but ordered all of us to do so
likewise--remarking, that, until we knew what to fly from, we might
only be making matters worse by moving. Presently the loud crashing of
the underwood of the forest, and a heavy thumping on the ground, gave
abundant evidence that a wild elephant was close to us.
Some of the natives told us afterwards that they had seen the monster;
but, although we peered into the forest with all our eyes, none of us
could honestly take upon us to say we actually saw him--though
assuredly we heard his footsteps as he broke his way through the
jungle. Robinson Crusoe and his wolves in Tartary came to our
recollection; and upon our asking the natives what effect fires really
had on wild beasts, they all assured us that hardly any animal,
however ferocious, would come up to a light, and that we were safe so
long as we kept near a torch. This might be consolatory reasoning for
the musalgees, each of whom carried a light, but it afforded little
security to us, who, it was evident, would again be left in the dark
should an elephant cross our path a second time. The Admiral,
therefore, and by his desire all of us, made an attempt to carry the
torches ourselves. But we were soon so plaguily smoked and scorched
for our pains, that we rested contented with the risk, and the bearers
having gradually crept back to the palankeens, we once more moved on.
In spite of all that had passed, some of the party remained so
doggedly sceptical, from being habitually distrustful of all things
wonderful, that they declared the whole affair a mere matter of panic,
and dared to swear there could not be found an elephant within fifty
miles of us. Scarcely had this opinion, so injurious to the honours
and glories of our late adventure, been uttered, when the
commander-in-chief, who, as usual, was leading the way, snatched a
light from one of the men's hands, and waved it over what the
geologists call a "recent deposit," half the size of a wheelbarrow,
and out-rivalling in its column of smoke the muggiest torch in the
line.
"There!" exclaimed the Admiral, better pleased than if he had found a
pile of rupees, instead of so much recent Album Græcum. "Will that
evidence satisfy you? How many hundred yards off do you think can the
fellow be who left this trace of his proximity?"
It was past ten o'clock when we reached our tents, which had been
pitched in the morning on the borders of the celebrated lake we came
to visit. All the party were well fagged, and so ravenously hungry,
that we shouted for joy on seeing supper enter just as we came to the
ground.
"This," said our excellent caterer the collector, "is the dish upon
which we pride ourselves most at Trincomalee. It is the true Malay
curry--rich, as you perceive, in flavour, and more than half of it
gravy--which gravy, I beg you particularly to take notice, is full of
minced vegetables, while the whole is softened with some of the
youngest kind of cocoa-nut, plucked this very evening since the sun
went down."
These praises really fell far short of the merits of this glorious
supper; nor can I remember anything in the way of gourmandise in any
part of the world comparable to this exquisite midnight feast.
At the door and windows of our supper tent were hung up by the neck
sundry well-bedewed goglets of spring water, cheek by jowl with a
jolly string of long-necked bottles of Lafitte and Château Margaux,
joyously fanning themselves in the thorough draught of the cool
night-breeze, breathing so gently along, that we could just hear it
whispering through the leaves of the damp forest, and sweeping towards
the lake past the tents, the curtains of which it scarcely stirred.
The wine perhaps was almost more chilled than a fastidious
wine-fancier might have directed; nevertheless, it flowed over our
parched palates with an intensity of zest which I do not believe it is
in mortals to be conscious of enjoying till they have toiled a whole
day in the sun within half-a-dozen degrees of the equator. Bottle
after bottle--each one more rich and racy than its valued and lamented
predecessor--vanished so fast, that, ere an hour had elapsed, we felt
as if a hundred mad elephants would have stood no chance with us!
As we straggled off to our respective beds, made up in the palankeens,
according to the custom of the country, we became sensible of a
serious annoyance, of which we had taken but little notice while
baling in the hot curries and cool clarets within the tent. A most
potent and offensive smell was brought to us by the land-wind; and the
Admiral, who was not a man to submit to any evil capable of remedy,
insisted on an immediate investigation into the cause of this
annoyance.
After hunting about in the wind's eye for a short time in the jungle,
with torches in our hands, we came upon a huge dead buffalo, swollen
almost to double his natural size. Upon seeing this, the bearers and
servants shrugged their shoulders, as if the case had been hopeless.
Not so the gallant Admiral, who, in his usual style of prompt
resource, called out, "Let us bury this monster before we go to bed."
And, sure enough, under his directions, and by his assistance, we
contrived, in a quarter of an hour, to throw sand, earth, and leaves
enough over the huge carcase to cover it completely. "There's a cairn
for you!" exclaimed the Admiral, throwing down his spade, which he had
been using with his only hand; "and now let us turn in; for by the
first peep of the morning we must have a touch at the wild ducks and
peacocks on the sides of the lake, and perhaps we may contrive to have
a shot at a buffalo or a stray elephant."
Accordingly, next morning, actually before it was light, I felt the
indefatigable Admiral tugging at my ear, and bidding me get up, to
accompany him on a shooting excursion, and as he said, "Mayhap we
shall get sight of some of those elephants, the existence of which you
presumed to doubt last night. Come, Mr. Officer, show a leg! I know
you are a bit of a philosopher, and curious in natural history; so
rouse up and come along with me."
Most cordially did I then anathematise all philosophy, and wish I had
never expressed any curiosity on the score of wild beasts, peacocks,
or ancient tanks; but as the Admiral was not a person to be trifled
with, I made a most reluctant move, and exchanged the delightful dream
of hot curries and cool sherbet for the raw reality of a
shooting-match, up to the knees in water, at five in the morning. At
one place, such was his Excellency's anxiety to secure a good shot at
some ducks, that he literally crawled for a couple of hundred yards
among the muddy shore of the lake on his knees, and at the end
expressing himself fully repaid by getting a single capital shot at a
wild peacock! He was also gratified by bringing down a magnificent
jungle-cock--a bird which resembles our barn-door fowl in form, but
its plumage is vastly more brilliant, and its flight more lofty and
sustained, than any of which the bird can boast in its tame state. Our
scramble in the mud brought us within sight of a drove of several
hundred buffaloes. We saw also several troops of wild deer; but, to
our great disappointment, not a single elephant could we catch even a
glimpse of. We counted, at one time, several dozens of peacocks--some
perched on the trees, some high in the air; we fired at them
repeatedly, but I do not believe any came within shot. Their plumage
exceeded that of our tame peacocks less in the brilliancy of the
colour than in the wonderful fineness of the gloss--a characteristic
of animals of all kinds in their native state. We scarcely saw one
small bird during our whole excursion, or heard a single note but the
hideous screams of the peacock and parrot--tones which dame Nature, in
her even-handed style of doing things, has probably bestowed upon
these dandies of the woods, to counterbalance the magnificence of
their apparel.
While discussing this point, the collector took occasion to point out
to us the great importance of such artificial means of irrigating a
country as the ancient lake of Candelay, by the side of which we were
now encamped, must have furnished to agriculturists of former days,
when its precious waters were husbanded and drawn off to fertilise the
surrounding country.
This stupendous monument of the wealth and industry of some former
race is placed on ground slightly elevated above the districts lying
between it and the sea, which, in a direct line, may be distant about
twelve or fourteen miles. We could not ascertain exactly what was the
precise elevation, but, from the remains of trenches, sluices, and
other contrivances for drawing off and distributing the water, it
appeared that the fall in the ground must have been sufficient to
enable the husbandmen to irrigate the fields at pleasure; though, to
our eyes, no inclination could be perceived. The lake itself is now
greatly diminished in extent, from the dilapidations in its "bund," or
retaining embankment, but still it stretches over many square miles of
area. On three sides it is confined by the swelling nature of the
ground, and it is only on the fourth that any extensive artificial
means have been resorted to for confining the water. At this place,
across a flat broad valley, there has been thrown a huge embankment,
constructed chiefly of oblong stones, many of them as big as a sofa,
extending in a zig-zag line for several miles. At some places it rises
to the height of thirty or forty feet, and the courses of stone being
laid above one another with considerable regularity, this great
retaining wall assumes the appearance of a gigantic flight of steps,
and being crowned at top by an irregular line of tall trees, it breaks
the sky-line beyond the lake in a manner extremely picturesque. Here
and there lateral gaps between the hills occur in the other sides, all
of which are filled up with similar embankments.
Near one end of the principal wall we could distinctly trace the ruins
of a considerable tower, beneath which the great tunnel or outlet used
for tapping the lake most probably passed. It is said that some early
European settlers, a century or two ago, impressed with an idea that
treasure was hid in this building, had torn it down to get at the gold
beneath.