Name │ Kind of Plant │ Capacity │When │ Design
│ │ │Built│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
─────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼─────┼────────────
New York │Reduction. │2,000 tons.│1896 │Arnold.
City[54] │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Buffalo │Incineration. │40 tons. │1903 │Heenan-
│ │ │ │ Froude.
Rochester │Reduction. │ │1907 │Genesee
│ │ │ │ Reduction
│ │ │ │ Co.
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Albany │ │ │ │
Binghamton │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Schenectady │Reduction. │30 tons. │1914 │Chamberlain.
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Syracuse │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Troy │ │ │ │
Yonkers │Incineration. │9 tons. │1839 │N. Y.
│ │ │ │ Garbage
│ │ │ │ Crematory.
Utica │Reduction. │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Rochelle │ │ │1917 │Morse-
│ │ │ │ Boulger.
Watertown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Auburn │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Beacon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Mechanicville│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Dunkirk │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Saratoga │ │ │ │
Middletown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Kingston │ │ │ │
Jamestown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fulton │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Port Jervis │ │ │ │
Elmira │Incineration. │Uses about │1906 │
│ │ half city│ │
│ │ garbage. │ │
Salamanca │ │ │ │
Rome │ │ │ │
Niagara Falls│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Cortland │ │ │ │
Cohoes │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Plattsburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ithaca │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Olean │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Johnstown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ogdensburg │ │ │ │
Gloversville │ │ │ │
Hudson │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Little Falls │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
North │ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
Newburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Norwich │ │ │ │
Mount Vernon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Lockport │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Hornell │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Rensselaer │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Batavia │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Corning │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Oswego │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Canandaigua │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Borough of │3 crematories. │30 │1900 │
Queens │ │ tons.[57]│ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Amsterdam │ │ │ │
Poughkeepsie │ │ │ │
Atlanta, Ga. │Incineration. │250 tons. │1913 │Destructor
│ │ │ │ Co.
Columbus, │Reduction. │200 tons. │1910 │
Ohio │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Cincinnati, │Reduction. │ │ │Heenan-
O. │ │ │ │ Froude.
│ │ │ │
Milwaukee, │Incineration. │300 tons. │1910 │
Wis. │ │ │ │
Detroit, │Reduction. │ │ │Detroit
Mich. │ │ │ │ Reduction
│ │ │ │ Co.
Washington, │Reduction. │ │1900 │Arnold.
D. C. │ │ │ │
St. Louis, │Reduction. │400 tons. │1913 │
Mo. │ │ │ │
Lawrence, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Orleans, │ │ │ │
La. │ │ │ │
Hartford, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
Baltimore, │ │ │ │
Md. │ │ │ │
Bridgeport, │Reduction. │60 tons. │1910 │
Conn │ │ │ │
Cleveland, O.│Reduction. │300 tons. │1905 │Newburgh
│ │ │ │ Reduction
│ │ │ │ Co.
Lowell, Mass.│ │ │ │
Cambridge, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Louisville, │ │ │ │
Ky. │ │ │ │
Pittsburgh, │Reduction. │ │ │
Pa. │ │ │ │
Denver, Col. │ │ │ │
Savannah, Ga.│Incineration. │130 tons. │1914 │Heenan-
│ │ │ │ Froude.
Chicago, Ill.│Reduction. │900 tons. │1913 │Arnold.
│ │ │ │
Kansas City, │ │ │ │
Mo. │ │ │ │
Boston, Mass.│Reduction. │ │ │
Lynn, Mass. │ │ │ │
Grand Rapids,│ │ │ │
Mich. │ │ │ │
Minneapolis, │Incineration. │ │1905 │Decarie.
Minn. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
St. Paul, │ │ │ │
Minn. │ │ │ │
Jersey City, │ │ │ │
N. J. │ │ │ │
Passaic, N. │ │ │ │
J. │ │ │ │
Paterson, N. │Incineration. │60 tons. │1912 │Destruction
J. │ │ │ │ Co.
Trenton, N. │Incineration. │65 tons. │1901 │Davis.
J. │ │ │ │
Dayton, O. │Reduction. │125 tons. │1915 │
│ │ │ │
Providence, │ │ │ │
R. I. │ │ │ │
Charleston, │ │ │ │
S. C. │ │ │ │
Nashville, │ │ │ │
Tenn. │ │ │ │
Seattle, │ │ │ │
Wash. │ │ │ │
Spokane, │Incineration. │120 tons. │1908 │Decarie.
Wash. │ │ │ │
Oakland, Cal.│Incineration. │100 tons. │1907 │Decarie.
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Bedford, │Reduction. │30 tons. │1905 │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Springfield, │Reduction. │75 tons. │1913 │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Portland, │Incineration. │150 tons. │1910 │F. P. Smith
Ore. │ │ │ │
Philadelphia,│Reduction. │500 tons. │ │
Pa. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Scranton, Pa.│Incineration. │80 tons. │ │Lewis &
│ │ │ │ Kitchen
│ │ │ │ Co.
Reading, Pa. │Incineration. │100 tons. │1914 │
Richmond, Va.│Incineration. │100 tons. │1910 │Morse,
│ │ │ │ Boulger &
│ │ │ │ Decarie.
Los Angeles, │Reduction. │300 tons. │1915 │
Cal. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
San │Reduction. │750 tons. │1897 │Chas.
Francisco, │ │ │ │ Thackery
Cal. │ │ │ │ patents.
Newark, N. J.│ │ │ │
Indianapolis,│ │ │ │
Ind. │ │ │ │
Toledo, O. │ │ │ │
Worcester, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
New Haven, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Birmingham, │ │ │ │
Ala. │ │ │ │
Memphis, │Incineration. │50 tons. │ │
Tenn. │ │ │ │
Omaha, Neb. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fall River, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
─────────────┴───────────────┴───────────┴─────┴────────────
─────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────┬────────────
Name │ Any Odor? │Annual Cost│ By- │What is Done
│ │ of │ Products │ with By-
│ │ Operation │ │ Products
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────────
New York │ │ │Grease and│
City[54] │ │ │ tankage.│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Buffalo │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Rochester │ │ │Grease and│
│ │ │ tankage.│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Albany │ │ │ │
Binghamton │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Schenectady │Yes. │ $27,000.00│Tankage │Sold.
│ │ │ and │
│ │ │ grease. │
Syracuse │At times. │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Troy │ │ │ │
Yonkers │No. │ 3,380.50│ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Utica │Very little. │ │Grease. │Sold for
│ │ │ │ soap,
│ │ │ │ residue
│ │ │ │ used for
│ │ │ │ fuel.
New Rochelle │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Watertown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Auburn │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Beacon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Mechanicville│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Dunkirk │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Saratoga │ │ │ │
Middletown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Kingston │ │ │ │
Jamestown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fulton │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Port Jervis │ │ │ │
Elmira │No. │ │None. │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Salamanca │ │ │ │
Rome │ │ │ │
Niagara Falls│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Cortland │ │ │ │
Cohoes │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Plattsburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ithaca │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Olean │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Johnstown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ogdensburg │ │ │ │
Gloversville │ │ │ │
Hudson │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Little Falls │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
North │ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
Newburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Norwich │ │ │ │
Mount Vernon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Lockport │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Hornell │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Rensselaer │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Batavia │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Corning │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Oswego │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Canandaigua │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Borough of │ │ .161 cu.│ │
Queens │ │ yd.[58]│ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Amsterdam │ │ │ │
Poughkeepsie │ │ │ │
Atlanta, Ga. │None from │25¢ per ton│Cinders. │Dumped.
│ operation. │ │ │
Columbus, │Slight. │ $1.86│Grease, │Sold.
Ohio │ │ │ tankage,│
│ │ │ hides. │
Cincinnati, │Not 50 feet │ $68,892.45│Electric │Operates
O. │ outside │ │ power. │ pumping
│ wall │ │ │ station.
Milwaukee, │ │ │ │
Wis. │ │ │ │
Detroit, │ │ │ │
Mich. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Washington, │40 miles from│ │Grease and│Sold.
D. C. │ city. │ │ tankage.│
St. Louis, │Occasionally │ │Grease and│Sold.
Mo. │ │ │ tankage.│
Lawrence, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Orleans, │ │ │ │
La. │ │ │ │
Hartford, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
Baltimore, │ │ │ │
Md. │ │ │ │
Bridgeport, │Occasionally.│ │ │
Conn │ │ │ │
Cleveland, O.│Very little. │$132,890.00│Grease and│Sold.
│ │ │ tankage.│
│ │ │ │
Lowell, Mass.│ │ │ │
Cambridge, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Louisville, │ │ │ │
Ky. │ │ │ │
Pittsburgh, │Yes. │ │ │
Pa. │ │ │ │
Denver, Col. │ │ │ │
Savannah, Ga.│No. │ .615[56]│Steam and │Used on
│ │ │ clinker.│ roads.
Chicago, Ill.│Very little. │ │Dried │Sold.
│ │ │ garbage.│
Kansas City, │ │ │ │
Mo. │ │ │ │
Boston, Mass.│ │ │ │
Lynn, Mass. │ │ │ │
Grand Rapids,│ │ │ │
Mich. │ │ │ │
Minneapolis, │No. │ │Power. │Heats
Minn. │ │ │ │ buildings,
│ │ │ │ lights
│ │ │ │ buildings
│ │ │ │ and
│ │ │ │ streets.
St. Paul, │ │ │ │
Minn. │ │ │ │
Jersey City, │ │ │ │
N. J. │ │ │ │
Passaic, N. │ │ │ │
J. │ │ │ │
Paterson, N. │No. │ │ │None.
J. │ │ │ │
Trenton, N. │No. │ │Only │None.
J. │ │ │ ashes. │
Dayton, O. │Slight. │ │Grease and│Sold.
│ │ │ tankage.│
Providence, │ │ │ │
R. I. │ │ │ │
Charleston, │ │ │ │
S. C. │ │ │ │
Nashville, │ │ │ │
Tenn. │ │ │ │
Seattle, │ │ │ │
Wash. │ │ │ │
Spokane, │No. │ │Ashes. │Sold.
Wash. │ │ │ │
Oakland, Cal.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Bedford, │No. │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Springfield, │Some. │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
Portland, │No. │ │ │
Ore. │ │ │ │
Philadelphia,│Yes. │ │Grease and│
Pa. │ │ │ tankage.│
│ │ │ │
Scranton, Pa.│No. │ .28│Ashes. │Sold.
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Reading, Pa. │No. │ │ │
Richmond, Va.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Los Angeles, │No. │ │Grease and│
Cal. │ │ │ tankage.│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
San │Much. │ │None. │
Francisco, │ │ │ │
Cal. │ │ │ │
Newark, N. J.│ │ │ │
Indianapolis,│ │ │ │
Ind. │ │ │ │
Toledo, O. │ │ │ │
Worcester, │ │ │Manure and│Sold.
Mass. │ │ │ hogs. │
New Haven, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Birmingham, │ │ │ │
Ala. │ │ │ │
Memphis, │Yes, at │ 30¢ to 40¢│ │
Tenn. │ times. │ │ │
Omaha, Neb. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fall River, │ │ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
─────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────────
─────────────┬───────────┬─────────────────────────┬──────────────
Name │ Annual │Net Cost of Disposal[53] │ Net Profit
│ Revenue │ │
│ from By- │ │
│ Products │ │
│ │ │
│ ├─────────┬───────────────┤
│ │ Per Ton │ Year │
─────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼───────────────┼──────────────
New York │ │ │ │$112,500 a yr.
City[54] │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Buffalo │ │ $1.25│ │
│ │ │ │
Rochester │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Albany │ │ │ │
Binghamton │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Schenectady │ $3,000.00│ 10.23│ $34,200.00│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Syracuse │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Troy │ │ │ │
Yonkers │ │ 1.40│ 3,880.50│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Utica │ │ │ 4,100.00│
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Rochelle │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Watertown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Auburn │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Beacon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Mechanicville│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Dunkirk │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Saratoga │ │ │ │
Middletown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Kingston │ │ │ │
Jamestown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fulton │ │ │ 600.00│
│ │ │ │
Port Jervis │ │ │ 960.00[55]│
Elmira │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Salamanca │ │ │ │
Rome │ │ │ │
Niagara Falls│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Cortland │ │ │ 200.00[56]│
Cohoes │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Plattsburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ithaca │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Olean │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Johnstown │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Ogdensburg │ │ │ │
Gloversville │ │ │ │
Hudson │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Little Falls │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
North │ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
Newburgh │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Norwich │ │ │ │
Mount Vernon │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Lockport │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Hornell │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Rensselaer │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Batavia │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Tonawanda │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Corning │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Oswego │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Canandaigua │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Borough of │ │ │ │
Queens │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Amsterdam │ │ │ │
Poughkeepsie │ │ │ │
Atlanta, Ga. │ None.│ [59] │ [59] │ [59]
│ │ │ │
Columbus, │ $66,772.35│ │ │$1.226 per ton
Ohio │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Cincinnati, │ $10,000.00│$1.26[60]│ │
O. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Milwaukee, │ │ │ │
Wis. │ │ │ │
Detroit, │ │ City pays nothing. │
Mich. │ │ │
│ │ │
Washington, │ │$2.31[61]│ │ $1.89 per
D. C. │ │ │ │ ton[62]
St. Louis, │ │ .87[63]│ │
Mo. │ │ │ │
Lawrence, │ │ │ │ $1.25 a load.
Mass. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Orleans, │ │ │ │
La. │ │ │ │
Hartford, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
Baltimore, │ │ │ 68,000.00[64]│
Md. │ │ │ │
Bridgeport, │ │ 50[64]│ │
Conn │ │ │ │
Cleveland, O.│$195,000.00│ │ │$1.49½ per ton
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Lowell, Mass.│ │ │ │ $5,919.77
Cambridge, │ │ │ │$15,000.00[65]
Mass. │ │ │ │
Louisville, │ │ │ │
Ky. │ │ │ │
Pittsburgh, │ │ $2.25│ $290,000.00│
Pa. │ │ │ │
Denver, Col. │ │ Free.│ │
Savannah, Ga.│ │ .36│ │
│ │ │ │
Chicago, Ill.│ │ │ $144,744.00│
│ │ │ │
Kansas City, │ │ │ │
Mo. │ │ │ │
Boston, Mass.│ │ │$925,318.56[66]│
Lynn, Mass. │ │ │ │
Grand Rapids,│ │ │ │ 45¢ per ton.
Mich. │ │ │ │
Minneapolis, │ $27,000.00│ .85│ $16,000.00│
Minn. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
St. Paul, │ │ │ │ 80¢ per ton.
Minn. │ │ │ │
Jersey City, │ │ │ │
N. J. │ │ │ │
Passaic, N. │ │ │ │
J. │ │ │ │
Paterson, N. │ │ .877[67]│ $9,527.42│ $1.18
J. │ │ │ │
Trenton, N. │ │ .48[69]│ $7,108.37[69]│
J. │ │ │ │
Dayton, O. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Providence, │ │ │ │
R. I. │ │ │ │
Charleston, │ │ │ │
S. C. │ │ │ │
Nashville, │ │ │ │
Tenn. │ │ │ │
Seattle, │ │ │ │
Wash. │ │ │ │
Spokane, │ $5.00│ .60│ │
Wash. │ │ │ │
Oakland, Cal.│ │ .60│ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
New Bedford, │ │ │ $25,500.00│
Mass. │ │ │ │
Springfield, │ │ [68] │ [68] │ [68]
Mass. │ │ │ │
Portland, │ 34[56] per│ .34[69]│ │
Ore. │ ton.│ │ │
Philadelphia,│ │ │ │
Pa. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Scranton, Pa.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Reading, Pa. │ $1.00[70]│ │ │
Richmond, Va.│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Los Angeles, │ │ │ │ 51¢ per ton
Cal. │ │ │ │for reduction,
│ │ │ │ $1 for
│ │ │ │ feeding.
San │ │ .60[71]│ │
Francisco, │ │ │ │
Cal. │ │ │ │
Newark, N. J.│ │ │ │
Indianapolis,│ │ │ │
Ind. │ │ │ │
Toledo, O. │ │ │ │
Worcester, │ $38,838.67│ │ │
Mass. │ │ │ │
New Haven, │ │ │ │
Conn. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Birmingham, │ │ │ │
Ala. │ │ │ │
Memphis, │ │ │ │
Tenn. │ │ │ │
Omaha, Neb. │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Fall River, │ │ No│ │
Mass. │ │ expense.│ │
─────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴───────────────┴──────────────
Glens Falls and Oneonta, N. Y., report that they have no systems.
-----
Footnote 53:
A Includes interest, depreciation, maintenance and repair charges.
Footnote 54:
Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn Boroughs only.
Footnote 55:
Collection and disposal.
Footnote 56:
No cost for superintendence, man receiving salable rubbish for his
pay.
Footnote 57:
Eight-hour capacity.
Footnote 58:
Includes maintenance and repair charges, and is for crematories only.
Footnote 59:
Plant not yet under control of city, court action pending.
Footnote 60:
Labor and supply.
Footnote 61:
Gross.
Footnote 62:
Estimated.
Footnote 63:
Contract price.
Footnote 64:
Price paid by city.
Footnote 65:
City sells for 70¢ per cord ft.
Footnote 66:
Includes collection.
Footnote 67:
Labor only.
Footnote 68:
City may buy plant at end of ten years for $50,000, at end of twenty
years it becomes property of city free of cost.
Footnote 69:
Does not include interest and depreciation.
Footnote 70:
Fuel and wages.
Footnote 71:
Price paid reduction company by scavengers.
Footnote 72:
Guaranteed.
CARE AND DISPOSAL OF MANURE
REGULATIONS IN MANY AMERICAN CITIES—PROVISIONS FOR STORING AND REMOVING
THE WASTE—CARE OF STABLES
Some cities have made very stringent regulations for the care,
collection and disposal of stable manure within their limits; others are
not so exacting and many have not as yet given any thought to the
subject, or if they have no municipal laws have been enacted. The
importance of municipal regulation is recognized by all sanitarians, and
especially since the house fly has been regarded as one of the chief
spreaders of disease. If for no other reason than to eliminate the
greatest breeding place of the fly, stable manure should be properly
cared for, and stables and other places where animals are kept in cities
should be clean.
The regulations of most cities require the individual to dispose of the
manure on the premises he owns or occupies. Only a few cities have a
municipal collection system or have the work done under contract. In
those cities where gardeners and farmers are permitted to collect the
waste voluntarily no trouble has been experienced during the winter
months when the farmer is not busy on the soil, but during the spring
and summer, when the need of cleanliness is greatest, but when the
farmer is too busy planting and harvesting, the collection is neglected.
Minneapolis is one of the cities which have suffered in this way. In
several cities one or more companies deal in manure, maintaining wagons
exclusively for collection purposes. The manure is carted either to the
railroad direct for shipment or to persons purchasing it. In most
instances these companies pay a small amount for the manure. The stable
manure in Washington is collected and disposed of in this manner.
Toronto, Canada, contracts with four different companies to remove the
manure. These make a nominal charge for the collection, the city being
under no expense. In Jersey City the waste is carted away by private
contractors and most of it is sold to farmers. Denver transfers its
stable manure to the city dump where it is hid during the summer months
and in the spring is sold to gardeners. The city sanitary inspector does
not regard this plan as satisfactory.
There seems to be an unanimity of opinion among most municipal
sanitarians that the city itself should be prepared to remove manure
when owners or occupants fail or refuse to do so. Every owner should be
allowed to sell it if he can; otherwise, it should be regarded as a
nuisance, and the city should remove it without compensating the owner,
but charging him for the service. Unquestionably as cities continue to
grow and as congestion becomes greater such a plan will be adopted by
most municipalities.
One of the best systems in operation is that in Columbus, Ohio, where
manure is collected by municipal employees from any stable within the
city limits. The Columbus ordinance provides that any person desiring to
have the manure removed must take out a permit for such service at a
yearly charge of $3 for one horse, $5 for two horses and $1 for each
additional horse. After the ordinance became a law the Department of
Public Safety began to notify the public that from and after April 1,
1912, no manure would be removed without the payment of a fee.
Between September 1 and June 1 the demand for manure is greatly in
excess of the supply and the city could sell three or four times as much
as it collects. During the remainder of the year there is practically no
demand for the waste as farmers cannot handle it.
The collection is made under the following rules: Whenever a person pays
to the city treasury the ordinance charge for manure collection the
Department of Public Service is notified on a blank form. The name,
address, permit number, and number of horses are recorded in
alphabetical order. To each of the four drivers employed in collection
is given a separate list of barns from which to collect, and each
evening he reports the places from which he made collection during the
day.
Following is a detailed statement of the cost of collection and the
receipts from the sale of manure for 1916 when prices were normal:
Total number of loads hauled 1486
Total number of tons collected 2972
_Expenses_
Teams and labor $2,689.25
Superintendent, inspection, etc. 200.21
Repairs, etc. 546.49
_Receipts_
Sale of manure $2,029.50
Receipts from citizens for collection 672.00
Cash on hand 15.00
Open account on books for year 148.00
Net cost 739.90
Cost of collection per load 2.31
Cost of collection per load less receipts .49
Cost of collection per ton less receipts .24½
The Civil Engineer of the Columbus Health Department says that a market
has been found for the entire output of the city, the prevailing price
being $2 a wagon load delivered anywhere inside the city limits, and for
shipment $15 per average car f. o. b. cars, city loading station. He
further says that about 15 per cent. of the manure produced in Columbus,
a city of 200,000 inhabitants, is collected. “It seems,” he says,
“perfectly possible to collect all manure produced in the city at a very
low cost to the municipality, for during the year 1913 only three 2-ton
wagons were used in manure collection and they proved to be sufficient
to handle the work with ease.”
In Chicago manure must be removed every seventy-two hours and collected
by licensed scavengers at the expense of the stable owner. Only during
the last two or three years was specific authority over stables granted
to the Health Department, which immediately began an inspection of all
stables. Of the first 500 inspected it was found that from a sanitary
standpoint they were in very poor condition.
An example of stringent regulations in a large city is the ordinance
adopted by New York City. It follows:
“No manure vault, pit or bin shall be allowed upon the premises used for
stabling purposes, except upon premises used for barning in unimproved
sections of the city. All manure and stable refuse shall be kept within
the stable and removed daily, or if not removed daily shall be pressed
into bales or barrels adequately screened or otherwise protected or
covered so that flies cannot have access thereto, or otherwise treated
as approved by the Department of Health. All such manure or stable
refuse so baled, barreled or treated, shall be removed from stables at
least twice weekly.
“The loading of manure for removal shall be done within the stable
without causing a nuisance.
“No person shall engage in the business of transporting manure or drive
any cart for that purpose, in the City of New York, without a permit
therefor issued by the Board of Health or otherwise than in accordance
with the terms of said permit and with the regulations of said board.
“The permit issued by the Board of Health shall be securely fastened in
a conspicuous place, on the right side near the front of the vehicle
used in the transportation of offensive materials. Vehicles used in the
transportation of offensive materials while loaded, either wholly or in
part, shall not remain on the street or place any unreasonable length of
time, and shall not, except when unavoidable, stop in front of any
premises other than those from which material is being collected.
“All vehicles and contents therein shall be thoroughly cleaned upon the
completion of a day’s use, and so stored as not to cause a nuisance.
“Manure may be transported to a dump operated under a permit issued by
the Department of Health or to firms in the unimproved sections of the
city, or to points outside the city of New York. Every vehicle used in
transporting manure shall be tight and provided with a suitable cover so
as to prevent the dropping of manure upon the streets; if the cover be
of canvas or of other similar material, it shall be of sufficient size
completely to cover the manure within the vehicle and shall be securely
fastened on all sides of the vehicle.
“No vehicle engaged in the transportation of manure shall be permitted
to load upon the sidewalk, in the alleyway, in the yard or any place
except the stable.”
For a small city the ordinance of Newburgh, New York, contains several
good suggestions. It is as follows:
“All stables, barns and other places wherein horses or cattle are kept,
shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. All accumulations of
manure shall be stored in such places and be removed with such frequency
and in such manner as to prevent offensive and noxious odors. Not more
than two loads of horse or cow manure shall be allowed to accumulate on
any premises within the city limits and no piles of manure shall be
allowed to accumulate in any position or manner whereby they shall
become breeding places of flies or whereby any leachings therefrom may
pass into any stream or water course. Any violation of this ordinance
shall subject the offending party to a penalty of not more than $50 for
each offense and for each day’s continuance or repetition of the
offense.
“No manure or stable refuse shall be deposited within any building or
the cellar thereof unless said receptacle shall be enclosed by eight-
inch brick, cement or concrete walls, all of which shall be waterproofed
on sides and have cement waterproof floors, and connected with public
sewers by suitable tile pipes properly trapped and with suitable fall to
carry off all liquid, said outlet to be covered with fine grating or
screen, top of said pit or receptacle to be covered with a tight cover
and to have a brick, cement, concrete or galvanized iron flue, at least
eight inches in diameter, and to be air-tight and to extend to the top
or cover of said receptacle or pit up to and through the roof, and at
least three feet above said roof and above the roof of any adjoining
buildings, access to said pit to be by door hung on suitable hinges and
to be kept closed and fastened except when refuse is being deposited in
or removed from the same; in no case shall said receptacle be
constructed within any building where no connection can be made with
public sewers. All receptacles for manure or stable refuse that are
constructed outside of any building shall be commenced at least twelve
inches below the lowest grade of the land adjoining same and shall be
waterproof on both sides and covered with suitable cover properly hinged
and to be kept closed except when depositing therein or removing manure
or refuse therefrom; the sides of said pit may be constructed of matched
plank and as directed by the health officer; all of the above
construction must be so done as to make same inaccessible to flies.”
Exceptional regulations have been noted in the following cities:
Aberdeen, Washington, does not allow a bin or receptacle to be built
nearer to an adjoining house than 25 feet. Manure for agricultural or
garden purposes must be thoroughly mixed and covered with soil so as not
to attract flies. Bayonne, New Jersey, will not allow any pit nearer
than 10 feet to the line of any adjoining lot, alley or public place.
Truck gardeners must secure a permit to store manure, and the waste
cannot be carted through the streets between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. without a
permit. Manure cannot be unloaded, discharged or put upon or along the
line of any railroad (except in transit), street or highway. A permit
must be secured for cars containing manure to remain on or stand on or
along any railroad, street or highway. In Cincinnati disinfectants must
be used about those portions of the floor where manure and urine
habitually fall or are maintained. Manure stacked for fertilizer on a
truck farm must be at least 50 feet from any dwelling and shall be
stored in a closed bin or screened receptacle in order to prevent access
of flies thereto.
Los Angeles requires a permit from its Health Commissioner for piling
manure for fertilization, the permit to designate the place and amount
that may be kept. Manure cannot be scattered even if covered in Mankato,
Minnesota, except for fertilization or the “protection of plants,
shrubs, houses or buildings in winter months.”
North Yakima, Washington, requires that manure used as fertilizer from
May 15 to October 15 must be mixed and covered with soil. It cannot be
used as grading.
In Oyster Bay, New York, no manure is allowed to be brought in or
unloaded or placed on any dock or landing from June 1 to September 1.
All manure brought into town must be entirely removed by June 15. All
brought in by rail must be unloaded within 250 feet of any station.
Several cities provide that all collections or accumulations of any
hennery park, stable refuse or manure in or about any hennery park,
barn, stable, yard or appurtenance thereof must be removed before the
same shall become offensive. Dumping of manure in any river, canal,
stream or pond is prohibited in Little Falls, New York. Every person
keeping a stable for horses, mules, cows or similar animals in
Poughkeepsie, New York, must report his name and the location of the
stable to the Health Officer.
There is no general uniformity of regulations as to how often manure
shall be removed. In some cities the ordinances are specific, in others
the refuse must be removed when ordered by the Board of Health, and in
many it must be carted away before it becomes offensive. Some of the
various regulations follow: Aberdeen, Washington, every 30 days from
April 1 to November 1, and oftener if the Health Officer directs;
Bayonne, New Jersey, once a week in all cases where the Board of Health
by written notice shall require; Chattanooga, Tennessee, once a week;
Cincinnati, Ohio, once a day and disposed of to the satisfaction of the
Health Department; Des Moines, Iowa, twice weekly from March 15 to
December 1 and once a week thereafter; Erie, Pennsylvania, accumulation
of only one wagon load from May 1 to October 1 in any private stable,
and two loads in any private or livery stable without permission of
Board of Health; Greenfield, Mass., where more than four horses are kept
it must be removed at least once a month and no more than five cords are
allowed on premises at any one time; Los Angeles, California, every ten
days when kept in bins and every day otherwise; Mankato, Minnesota, as
often as necessary and when ordered by the Board of Health.
Every city and town should regulate at least the care of manure and in
congested communities it is imperative that the city either provide a
municipal collection or make provisions whereby the refuse can be
removed under contract. Any community which fails to do this continues a
nuisance and fails to check the breeding of flies and the possible
spreading of disease.
MUNICIPAL CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGNS
INTENSIVE COMMUNITY EFFORTS TO TEACH URBAN RESIDENTS THE NEED OF
CLEANLINESS AND FIRE PREVENTION
Cooperative effort to give the municipality a thorough cleaning at least
once a year, and, by so doing, to teach the citizen the importance of
continuous cleanliness in and about his home, has been undertaken within
the last ten years by most American cities. These intensive community
efforts are popularly known as clean-up campaigns.