§ 591. On November 29, 1906, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, France,
Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland, Russia, Servia, Sweden, and
Switzerland signed at Brussels an agreement concerning the Unification
of the Pharmacopoeial Formulas for Potent Drugs.[1006]
[Footnote 1006: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 592, and Treaty
Series, 1907, No. 1.]
[Sidenote: Humanity.]
§ 592. In the interest of humanity two Unions--although the term "Union"
is not made use of in the treaties--are in existence, namely, that
concerning Slave Trade and that concerning the so-called White Slave
Traffic.
(1) A treaty concerning slave trade[1007] was already in 1841 concluded
between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia. And article
9 of the General Act of the Berlin Congo Conference of 1885 likewise
dealt with the matter. But it was not until 1890 that a Union for the
suppression of the slave trade came into existence. This Union was
established by the General Act[1008] of the Brussels Conference, signed
on July 2, 1890, and possesses two International Offices,[1009] namely,
the International Maritime Office at Zanzibar and the Bureau Spécial
attached to the Foreign Office at Brussels. The signatory Powers
are:--Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Congo Free State,
Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Persia, Portugal, Russia,
Spain, Sweden-Norway, the United States of America, Turkey, and
Zanzibar. Liberia acceded later.
[Footnote 1007: See above, § 292, p. 368, note 2.]
[Footnote 1008: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XVI. p. 3.]
[Footnote 1009: See above, § 468.]
(2) On May 18, 1904, an Agreement for the Suppression of the White
Slave Traffic[1010] was signed at Paris by Great Britain, Germany,
Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia,
Sweden-Norway, and Switzerland. Brazil and Luxemburg acceded later. A
further Agreement concerning the subject was signed at Paris on May 4,
1910, by thirteen States, but has not yet been ratified.
[Footnote 1010: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXII. p. 160, and Treaty
Series, 1905, No. 24--See also Butz, "Die Bekämpfung des Mädchenhandels
im internationalen Recht" (1908); Rehm in Z.V. I. (1907), pp. 446-453.]
[Sidenote: Preservation of Animal World.]
§ 593. Two general treaties are in existence for the purpose of
preserving certain animals in certain parts of the world:--
(1) In behalf of the preservation of wild animals, birds, and fish in
Africa, the Convention of London[1011] was signed on May 19, 1900, by
Great Britain, the Congo Free State, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal,
and Spain; Liberia acceded later. However, this convention has not yet
been ratified.
[Footnote 1011: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXX. p. 430.]
(2) In behalf of the prevention of the extinction of the seals in the
Behring Sea, the Pelagic Sealing Convention[1012] of Washington was
signed on July 7, 1911, by Great Britain, the United States of America,
Japan, and Russia, but has not yet been ratified.
[Footnote 1012: See above, § 284.]
[Sidenote: Private International Law.]
§ 594. Various general treaties have been concluded for the purpose of
establishing uniform rules concerning subjects of the so-called Private
International Law:--
(1) Already on November 14, 1896, a general treaty concerning the
conflict of laws relative to procedure in civil cases was concluded at
the Hague. But this treaty was replaced by the Convention[1013] of the
Hague of July 17, 1905, which is signed by Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland,
Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland.
[Footnote 1013: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 243.]
(2) On June 12, 1902, likewise at the Hague, were signed three
conventions[1014] for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws
concerning marriage, divorce, and guardianship. The signatory Powers are
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg,
Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Sweden, and Switzerland.
[Footnote 1014: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXI. pp. 706, 715, 724.]
(3) Again at the Hague, on July 17, 1905, were signed two conventions
for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws concerning the effect
of marriage upon the personal relations and the property of husband and
wife, and concerning the placing of adults under guardians or curators.
The signatory Powers are Germany, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal,
Roumania, and Sweden.[1015]
[Footnote 1015: Meili and Mamelok, "Das internationale Privat und
Zivilprozessrecht auf Grund der Haager Konventionen" (1911), offers a
digest of all the Hague Conventions concerned.]
[Sidenote: American Republics.]
§ 595. The first Pan-American Conference held at Washington in 1889
created the International Union of the American Republics for prompt
collection and distribution of commercial information.[1016] This Union
of the twenty-one independent States of America established an
International Office at Washington, called at first "The American
International Bureau," but the fourth Pan-American Conference, held at
Buenos Ayres in 1910, changed the name of the Office[1017] to "The
Pan-American Union." At the same time this conference considerably
extended[1018] the scope of the task of this Bureau to include, besides
other objects, the function of a permanent commission of the
Pan-American Conferences which has to keep the archives, to assist in
obtaining the ratification of the resolutions and conventions adopted,
to study or initiate projects to be included in the programme of the
conferences, to communicate them to the several Governments, and to
formulate the programme and regulations of each successive conference.
[Footnote 1016: See Barrett, "The Pan-American Union" (1911).]
[Footnote 1017: See above, § 467_a_.]
[Footnote 1018: See Reinsch, "Public International Unions" (1911), p.
117.]
[Sidenote: Science.]
§ 596. In the interest of scientific research the following Unions[1019]
have been established:--
[Footnote 1019: The conventions which have created these Unions would
seem to be nowhere officially published and are, therefore, not to be
found in the Treaty Series or in Martens. The dates and facts mentioned
in the text are based on private and such information as can be gathered
from the _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, pp. 389-401.]
(1) On October 30, 1886, Great Britain, Germany, Argentina,
Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America,
France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal,
Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed a convention at Berlin
for the purpose of creating an International Geodetic Association.
Already in 1864 a number of States had entered at Berlin into an
Association concerning geodetic work in Central Europe, and in 1867 the
scope of the association was expanded to the whole of Europe, but it was
not until 1886 that the geodetic work of the whole world was made the
object of the Geodetic Association. The convention of 1886, however, was
revised and a new convention was signed at Berlin on October 11,
1895.[1020] The Association, which arranges an international conference
every three years, possesses a Central Office at Berlin.
[Footnote 1020: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie
Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 390.]
(2) On July 28, 1903, was signed at Strasburg a convention for the
purpose of creating an International Seismologic Association. This
convention was revised on August 15, 1905, at Berlin.[1021] The
following States are parties:--Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chili, Spain, the United States of America,
France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal,
Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Switzerland. The Association, which
arranges an international conference at least once in every four years,
has a Central Office at Strasburg.
[Footnote 1021: The text of this Convention is not published in the
_Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, but its predecessor of
1903 is published there on p. 393.]
(3) On May 11, 1901, a convention was signed at Christiania for the
International Hydrographic and Biologic Investigation of the North
Sea.[1022] The parties are Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark,
Holland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. The Association possesses a Central
Office.
[Footnote 1022: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie
Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 397.]
INDEX
A
Abandoned river-beds, 302
Abdicated monarchs, 432
Absorption of a State, 127
Abuse of flag, 336
Abyssinia, independence of, 76, 145, 147, 156, 164
Accession to treaties, 568
Accretion of territory:
abandoned river-beds, 302
alluvions, 300
artificial formations, 299
conception of, 299
deltas, 300
different kinds of, 299
new-born islands, 301
Acosta, 97
Acquisition of territory, 281-284
Acquisition of territory by individuals and corporations, 282
Acts, 551
Adhesion to treaties, 569
Administration of territory by a foreign Power, 232
Aegi, case of, 496
Africa:
notification of future occupations on the coast of, 294, 590
preservation of wild animals in, 623
African states, 164, 165
Agadir, German action at, 76
Agent consular, 486
Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character, 509
_Agents provocateurs_, 510
Agricultural Institute, International, 518, 617
Agriculture, Convention for preservation of birds useful to, 618
Aix-la-Chapelle:
Congress of (1818), 67, 444, 566, 588
Peace treaty of (1668), 62;
(1748), 64
Aland Islands, 277, 564
Alaska boundary dispute, 272, 320
Alcazar, case of, 220
Alcorta, 97
Alexander II. of Russia, assassination of, 416, 418, 420
Alexander VI., Pope, 316
Alexandria, International Court of appeal at, 499
Algeciras, International Conference of, 75, 156
Algeria, trade between France and, 608
Aliens Act, the, 391
Aliens:
Act for the registration of, 398
expulsion of, 399-403
how far they can be treated according to discretion, 397
in Eastern countries, 395
protection to be afforded to, 397
reception of, 390
reconduction of, 402
right of asylum of, 392
subjected to territorial supremacy, 393
their departure from the foreign country, 398
under protection of their home State, 395
Alliances:
_casus foederis_, 599
conception of, 595
conditions of, 598
different kinds of, 597
parties to, 597
Alluvion, 300
Alsace, 279, 291
"Alternat" clause, the, 173
Amakouron, river, 242
Ambassadors, 57, 444. _See also_ Diplomatic envoys.
Ambrose Light, case of the, 342
Amelia Island, case of the, 186
American International Bureau, 517, 624
American Civil War, 70
Amos, Sheldon, 94
Andorra, international position of, 146
Anglo-French Agreement (1904), 278, 539
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, text of, 596
Anna, case of the, 301
Annexation, 303
Anti-Slavery Conference at Brussels, 368, 517, 560
Antivari, port of, 327
Antoninus Pius, 315
Anzilotti, 104
_Apocrisiarii_, 437
Aral, Sea of, 245, 321
Arbitration:
International Court of, 79, 274, 278, 372, 410, 503
Permanent Court of, suggested in 1306 by Pierre Dubois, 58
Tribunal at Paris (1893), 352
Armed forces on foreign territory, 500. _See also_ Jurisdiction.
Armed neutrality, first (1780), 64
Army of Occupation, jurisdiction of, 503
Art, Union for the protection of works of, 516, 615
Artificial boundaries, 270
Artificial formation of territory, 299
Asiatic States, 164, 165
Asylum of criminals:
in foreign countries, 392
in hôtels of diplomatic envoys, 461
in men-of-war and other public vessels abroad, 507
Atmosphere, territorial, 236
Attachés of Legation, 472
Attentat clause, the Belgian, 416, 421
_Aubaine, droit d'_, 398
Aubespine, case of L', 459
Austin, 5, 98
Austria-Hungary as a real union, 134
Authentic interpretation, 582
Aviation, 236
_Avulsio_, 300
Awards of the Court of Arbitration, 521
Ayala, 84
Azoff, Sea of, 321
Azuni, 320
B
Baker, Sir Sherston, 94
Balance of power, 62, 65, 80, 193, 289, 307
Baltic, the, 248, 267
maintenance of status quo in the, 604
Bancroft treaties, 389
Barbeyrac, 90
Barents Sea, 266
Barima, river, 242
Bass, case of De, 459
Batoum, 539, 575, 579
Bavaria sends and receives diplomatic envoys, 441
Bay:
of Cancale, 262
of Chesapeake, 262, 263
of Conception, 262, 263
of Delaware, 262, 263
of Stettin, 263
Bays, 262
Bearers of despatches, 511, 512
Beckert, case of, 474
Behring Sea Award Act (1894), 352
Behring Sea conflict between Great Britain and United States,
320, 351
Belgium, independence of, 68, 312
neutralisation of, 152, 588
Belle-Isle, case of Maréchal de, 471
Belli, 84
Bello, 97
Bentham, 4, 88
Berlin:
Congo Conference of (1884-85), 72, 153, 368, 514, 537, 590, 605
Congress of (1878), 71, 118, 272, 368, 514
Decrees of, 65
Treaty of (1878), 71, 76, 327, 364, 369, 387, 575, 576, 579, 590
Bernard, 102
Berne Convention, 615
Bill of lading, 331
Binding force of treaties, 541, 545, 546
Biologic investigation of the North Sea, 626
Birds:
in Africa, preservation of, 623
useful to agriculture, Convention for the preservation of, 618
Birkenfeld, 230
Birth, acquisition of nationality by, 375
Black Sea, 247, 268, 269, 321
neutralisation of, 70, 325, 575
Blockade, 63, 335, 538, 588
of Venezuela, 74
Bluntschli, 36, 96, 99
Bodin, 111, 112
Bombardments, convention concerning, 594
Bon, 96
Bonfils, 95, 100
Bornemann, 97
Bosnia and Herzegovina, international position of, 77, 233, 576
Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 247, 266, 267, 268, 321
Boundaries of State territory, 270-273
Boundary:
Commissions, 272
dispute, 272, 296
mountains, 272
waters, 270
Boundary dispute:
between Great Britain and Venezuela, 198, 242
Louisiana, 295
Oregon, 295
Boundary treaty:
between Great Britain and the United States, 272
of Buenos Ayres (1881) between Argentina and Chili, 267, 564,
592
Bounties on sugar, Convention concerning, 515, 617
Brazil, international position of, 72, 312
Bristol Channel, 266
British seas, 317
Brooke, Sir James, Sovereign of Sarawak, 282
Brunus, 84
Brussels:
Anti-Slavery Conference of, 368, 517, 560, 591
Conference of (1874), 71, 552
Convention concerning sugar, 515, 617
Bry, 95
Buddhist States, 30, 154
Buenos Ayres, Boundary treaty of (1881), between
Argentina and Chili, 267, 564, 592
Buffer States, 148
Bulgaria:
a party to the Hague Peace Conferences, 534
international position of, 71, 183, 576
_Bulletin des Douanes_, 517
Bulmerincq, 96, 100
Bumboats in the North Sea, 338, 351
_Bundesrath_, the, 433, 516, 546
_Bundesgericht_, the, 417
Burlamaqui, 90
Burroughs, Sir John, 319
Bynkershoek, 91, 320
C
Cabotage, 258, 606
Calhoun, 115
Callao, revolutionary outbreak at, 342
Calvo, 97, 99
Campos, 97
Canals, 248-254
Cancale, bay of, 262
Cancellation of treaties on account of:
subsequent change of status of a party, 579
their inconsistency with subsequent rules of International Law,
578
their violation by one of the parties, 579
war, 580
Canning, case of George, 532
Canning, case of Sir Stratford, 451
Canonists, 55
Canon Law, 8
Cape Breton Island, restitution of, to France, 566
Capitulations, 395, 482, 497
Capture in maritime war, Convention concerning, 594
Carlowitz, Peace Treaty of, 63
Carnazza-Amari, 96
Carnot, assassination of, 418, 420
Caroline, case of the, 187, 501
Caroline Islands, sold by Spain to Germany, 288
Carthagena, rebel men-of-war at, 342
Casa Blanca incident, the, 502
Casanova, 96
Caspian Sea, 246
Castione, case of, 415
Castlereagh, Lord, 412
_Casus foederis_, 599
Cavour, Count, 426
Cellamare, case of Prince, 459
Celsus, 315
Central American Court of Justice, 525
Ceremonials, maritime. _See_ Maritime ceremonials.
Certificate of registry, 331
Cession of territory, 285-291
acquisition of nationality through, 289, 377
Ceylon, pearl fishery off the coast of, 348
Chablais and Faucigny, 279, 286
Chalmers, 103
Chambers of Reunion (1680-1683), 62
Changes in the condition of States, 121-125
Channel:
Bristol, 266
North, 266
St. George's, 266
Channel tunnel, proposed, 359
_Chapelle, droit de_, 467
_Chargés d'Affaires_, 445-481. _See also_ Diplomatic envoys.
_Chargés des Affaires_, 445
Charkieh, case of the, 507
Charles I., 319
Charlton, case of Porter, 408
Charter-party, 332
Chesapeake, Bay of, 262, 263
China, international position of, 164
China and Japan, war between, 72
Cholera. _See_ Sanitary Conventions.
Christiania, Treaty of, 75, 135
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 431
"Citizen" and "subject" of a State synonymous in
International Law, 370
Civilians, the, 55
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 251
Coasting trade, 258, 606
Code of signals, International, 333
Codification of International Law, 35
Collective guarantee, treaties of, 601
Collision at sea, 334
Colonial States cannot be parties to international
negotiation, 530
Colonies rank as territory of the motherland, 231
Comity of Nations, 24, 261
Commercial Code of Signals, 333, 334
Commissaries, 511
Commissions, International, 512-515
in the interest of:
fisheries, 513
foreign creditors, 515
navigation, 513
sanitation, 515
sugar, 515
Common Consent, 16
Como, Lake of, 245
Composite International Persons, 132-140
Compromise clause, 583
Conception, Bay of, 262, 263
Concert, European, 170
Concordat, 161
_Condominium_, 232, 272
Confederate States, 133, 135
Conferences. _See_ Congresses.
Congo, river, 242
Congo Commission, the international, 242
Congo Conference of Berlin, 72, 368, 514, 537, 590, 605
Congo Free State:
annexation of, 76
merged in Belgium, 34, 287
neutralisation of, 153
recognition of, 73
Congresses, international:
cannot be distinguished from Conferences, 533
conception of, 533
envoys representing states at, 443, 453
parties to, 534
permanent, suggested by Podiebrad, 58
procedure at, 535
reception of envoys at, 452
Conquest, 302. _See also_ Subjugation.
_Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire_ at
Alexandria, 515
_Conseil supérieur de santé_ at Constantinople, 515
_Consolato del mare_, 56
Constance, Lake of, 246
Constantinople:
Conference of (1885-6), 71
Treaty of (1888), 514, 591
Constitution, case of the, 507
Constitutional restrictions concerning the treaty-making
power, 545
Constitutional system, 68
Consular Act, 484
Consular districts, 485
Consul-general, 486
Consular jurisdiction in non-Christian States, 497
Consular officers, 485
Consular service, British, 487
Consuls:
appointment of, 487-490
archives of, 495, 496
consular organisation, 485
_consules missi and electi_, 485
consular districts, 485
different classes of, 486
functions of, 480, 490-493
general character of, 484
informal appointment of, 490
in non-Christian States, 497
in the fifteenth century, 483
no obligation to admit, 488
non-professional, 495
position and privileges of, 493-495
qualification of, 487
subordinate to diplomatic envoys, 487
termination of consular office, 496
the institution of, 482
_Consuls Marchands_, 482
Contiguity, right of, 295
Contraband, 335
Contract debts, recovery of, 192, 592
_Conventio omnis intelligitur rebus sic stantibus_, 573
Convention, 551:
Anglo-French (1904), 278
concerning matters of international administration, 79
concerning the North Sea Fisheries, 349
concerning radiotelegraphy, 236, 355
for the protection of submarine cables, 354
Co-operation, 189
Copenhagen:
Peace Treaty of, 63
Treaty (1857) abolishing Sound dues, 268
Copyright:
Union concerning, 615
Acts concerning, 616
Corinth Canal, 248
Corps, diplomatic, 446
Corsica, pledged by Genoa to France, 233, 288
Costa Rica Packet, case of the, 217
Councillors of Legation, 472
Couriers, 472, 473, 475. _See also_ Retinue of envoy.
Courland merged in Russia, 124, 287
Court of Arbitration. _See_ Arbitration.
Court of Justice, Central American, 525
Cracow, republic of, 151, 310
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, 94
Crete:
international position of, 72, 144
possesses no right of legation, 441
Crews of men-of-war, their position when on land abroad, 508
Crime:
against the Law of Nations, 209
extraditable, 408
political, 415
Crimean war, 68
Cromwell, 172, 459
Crucée, Émeric, 58
Cruchaga, 97
Cuba:
independence of, 72, 181
intervention in, 190
Cuban debt, 132
_Culte, droit du_, 467
Cumberland, Duke of (1837), 433
Cussy, 102
Custom, as source of International Law, 16, 22, 23
Custom tariffs, Union for publication of, 616
office of the Union for publication of, 517
Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 608
Cutting, case of, 205
Cyprus, international position of, 233
D
Danish fleet, case of, 186
Danube, navigation on the, 71, 242
Danube Commission, 242, 513
Dardanelles, 247, 266, 267, 268, 321
Davis, 95
Dead Sea, 244, 321
Death:
of consul, 496
of diplomatic envoy, 480
De Bass, case of, 459
Debts to be taken over by the succeeding State, 131, 287
Declaration:
of Brussels, 37
of London, 78, 343, 537, 538, 560, 585, 595
of Paris, 12, 68, 537, 569, 588
of St. Petersburg, 70, 537, 590
Declarations, 551
three kinds of, 536
_De facto_ subjects, 372
De Jager _v._ Attorney-General for Natal, 394
Delagoa Bay, case of, 314
Delaware, Bay of, 262, 263
Delinquency, international, 209
_Délits complexes_, 415
Delta, 300
Delusion and error in parties to treaties, 547
Deniers of the Law of Nations, 89
Denization, 381, 383
Denmark, 186
her sovereignty over the Baltic, 316
Deposed monarchs, 432
Deprivation, loss of nationality through, 378
_De Recuperatione Terre Sancte_, 58
Derby, Lord, 601
Dereliction of territory, 313
Deserters not to be extradited, 409
Despagnet, 95, 100
Despatches, sealed, transmission through belligerents' lines,
471
Diena, 96
Dignity of States, 174-177
Diplomacy, 438
language of, 439
Diplomatic corps, 446
Diplomatic envoys:
appointment of, 446-448
ceremonial and political, 443
classes of, 66, 443-481, 588
death of, 480
dismissal through delivery of passports, 455, 478
exempt from criminal and civil jurisdiction, 458, 464
exempt from police regulations, 466
exempt from subpoena as witnesses, 465
exempt from taxes, &c., 467
exterritoriality of, 460
family of, 474
found on enemy territory by a belligerent, 471
functions of, 453
immunity of domicile of, 461
injurious acts of, 215
interference with affairs of third States by, 472
interference in internal politics by, not permitted, 455
inviolability of, 457-466
official papers of, 447, 458, 478, 480
persons and qualifications of, 446
position of, 455
privileges of, 456
promotion of, 478
recall of, 477
reception of, 449-452
refusal to receive certain individuals as, 450
retinue of, 472-475
request for, and delivery of, passports, 478
right of chapel of, 467
self-jurisdiction of, 468
servants of, 474
suspension of mission of, 476
termination of mission of, 476-481
travelling through third States, 469
Diplomatic usages, 439
Discovery, inchoate title of, 294
Discretion of States:
to admit aliens, 391
to appoint envoys, 446
to conclude extradition treaties, 406
to expel aliens, 400
to protect their citizens abroad, 396
to receive and send envoys, 440
to recognise new heads of States, 426
Dissolution of treaties:
in contradistinction to fulfilment, 570
through mutual consent, 571
through vital change of circumstances, 572
through withdrawal by notice, 571
Dogger Bank, case of the, 219
Domicile:
of envoys abroad, 474
through naturalisation, 375, 379
Domin-Petrushévecz, 36
Doyen of the diplomatic corps, 446
Drago doctrine, 192
_Droit_:
_d'aubaine_, 398
_de chapelle_, 467
_de convenance_, 184
_d'enquête_, 336
_d'étape_, 278
_de préséance_, 172
_de recousse_, 347
_de renvoi_, 402
_du culte_, 467
Dubois, case of, 465
Dubois, Pierre, 58
Duke of Brunswick _v._ King of Hanover, 433
Duke of Cumberland, 433
Dum-dum bullets, 592
Dumont, 102
Dunkirk, fortification of, 183, 583
Duplessix, E., 37
E
Eastern countries:
Consuls in, 497
Protection of individuals in, 372, 395
Effect of treaties:
how affected by changes in government, 562
upon the parties, 561
upon the subjects of the parties, 562
upon third States, 563
Effective occupation. _See_ Occupation.
Egypt, international position of, 142, 164, 498
international courts in, 498
possesses no right of legation, 441
Elizabeth, Queen, 318, 459
Emigration, 373
loss of nationality through, 378
Emperor William Canal, 248
Enclosure, 230
Enemy goods covered by neutral flag, 588
_Enquête, droit d'_, 336
Envoys extraordinary, 444, 445
Equality of States, 20, 168
Equilibrium, 80. _See also_ Balance of power.
Erie, Lake, 246, 247
Error and delusion in parties to treaties, 547
Estate duty, 398
_Étape, droit d'_, 278
European Concert, 170
European Danube Commission, 513
Exchange, case of the, 507
Exchange of State territory, 287
_Exequatur_:
requisite for consuls, 489, 493, 494, 496
revoked, 426
Exclusion of aliens in the discretion of every State, 391
Expiration, loss of nationality through, 378
Expiration of treaties:
in contradistinction to fulfilment, 570
through expiration of time, 571
through resolutive condition, 571
Explosives, discharge of from balloons prohibited, 39
Expulsion of aliens:
from Great Britain, 399
from Switzerland, 399
how effected, 402
in the discretion of every State, 400
just causes of, 400
Exterritoriality, 460
of a monarch's retinue abroad, 431
of consuls in non-Christian States, 497
of diplomatic envoys and the members of their suite, 460-469
of monarchs and the members of their suite, 430
of men-of-war in foreign waters, 506
of presidents of republics, 434
of the wife of a monarch, 430, 431
Extinction of States, 124
Extraditable crimes, 409
Extradition:
conception of, 403
condition of, 409
effectuation of, 409
municipal laws concerning, 406
no obligation to grant, 404
of deserters, 409
of political criminals, 409, 411-422
treaties of, 392
treaties stipulating, how arisen, 404
Extradition Acts, British, 406, 409
F
Family of Nations:
conditions of membership of, 31, 166
definition of, 11
position of States in the, 165
Faröe Island Fisheries, 353
Fauchille, 95, 103
Faucigny, 279, 286
Federal States, 136
as regards appointment of envoys by, 138, 441
as regards appointment of consuls by, 489
as regards conclusion of treaties by, 544
Federalist, The, 115, 137
Female consuls, 488
Female diplomatic envoys, 446
Ferguson, 97
_Fetiales_, 51
Field, 36
Final Act of a Congress, 536
Finance Act (1894), 399
Fiore, 37, 96, 99
Fisheries:
around the Faröe Islands, 353
as servitudes, 278
in gulfs and bays, 265
in straits, 266
in the maritime belt, 258
in the North Sea, 316, 337, 349
in the Open Sea, 348-353
in the White Sea, 348
off the coast of Iceland, 348, 353
pearl, off Ceylon, 348
Fishery Commissions, 513
Fish in Africa, preservation of, 623
Fitzmaurice, Lord, 262
Flag:
abuse of, on the part of vessels, 336
claims of States to maritime, 326
claims of vessels to sail under a certain, 329
commercial, 327
enemy goods covered by neutral, 588
special, for bumboats, 351
verification of, 335, 337
_Force majeure_, 521, 524
Foreign Jurisdiction Act (1890), 395, 498
Foreign Offices, 435
Foreigner. _See_ Alien.
Forerunners of Grotius, 83
Form of treaties, 550
France, as an International person, 122
_Franchise de l'hôtel_, 461
_du quartier_, 461
Franconia, case of, 29
Frankfort:
Peace Treaty of, 290, 291, 606
subjugation of, 304
Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, 316
Frederick William of Brandenburg, 464
Freedom of action necessary for consent to treaties, 547
French:
Convention, 35, 65
Constitution, 412
Revolution, 65, 98, 411
Frische Haff, 263
Fugitive Offenders Act (1881), 406
Fulfilment of treaties, 570
Full powers, 447, 544
Funck-Brentano, 95
Fundamental rights of States, 165
G
_Gabella emigrationis_, 398
Gallatin, case of the coachman of Mr., 474
Gareis, 96
General Act of a Congress, 536
Geneva Convention, 70, 569, 589
Convention for its adaptation to Naval War, 594
Geneva, Lake of, 246
Genoa, her sovereignty over the Ligurian Sea, 316
Gentilis, 84, 318
Geodetic Association, International, 625
Germany, member-States of:
competent to conclude treaties, 544
recognised as independent, 61, 66
Ghillany, 102
Gibraltar, 278
Good offices, 189, 568
Gore, American Commissioner, 513
_Grand_ cabotage, 607
Great Powers, 3
hegemony of, 168
Greece, independence of, 68
Greeks, their rules for international relations, 49
Gregoire, Abbé, 35
Grotians, the, 92
Grotius, Hugo, 4, 59, 85-88, 283, 318, 438
Guarantee as a means of securing the performance of treaties, 567
Guarantee of government or dynasty, 191
Guarantee, treaties of, 599
collective, 601
conception of, 599
effect of, 600
pseudo-guarantees, 602-604
Guébriant, Madame de, 447
Gulfs, 262
Gulistan, Treaty of, 246
Gurney, case of, 473
Gyllenburg, case of, 459
H
Haggerty, case of, 489
Hague:
Convention concerning conversion of merchant ships into war
ships, 505
Convention (1882), concerning fisheries in the North Sea, 349
Convention concerning laws and usages of war, 552, 569, 586
Convention (1887), concerning Liquor Traffic on the North Sea,
351
Conventions (1907), 207, 213, 218, 538
International Court of Arbitration at the, 74, 274, 278, 518
First Peace Conference at the, 12, 37, 73, 534, 589, 591
Second Peace Conference at the, 12, 38, 77, 365, 534, 589, 592
Haiti, 32
Half-Sovereign States, 141
cannot send or receive diplomatic envoys, 441
competent to conclude treaties, 544
may be parties to international congresses, 534
Hall, 94, 100
Halleck, 95, 99
Hamilton, A., 115
Hanover:
King of, 433, 450
subjugation of, 304
Hanseatic League, 56
Hartmann, 96, 100
Havana, Treaty of, 181
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 251, 557, 559, 563, 592
Hay-Varilla Treaty, 252, 254, 564
Heads of States, 425-428
competence of, 427
honours and privileges of, 428
injurious acts of, 214
legitimate, 426, 427
objects of Law of Nations, 427
position of, 427
predicates of, 174
privileges of, 428
recognition of new, 425
usurping, 427
Health Office, International, 518
Heffter, 96, 98, 509
Henry IV. of France, 58
Herring Fishery (Scotland) Act, 264
Hertslet, 103
Herzegovina, international position of, 233, 576
Hesse-Cassel, subjugation of, 304
Hinterland, 297
Hobbes, 4, 89, 112
Holland, Professor, 85
Holldack, 104
Holtzendorff, 96, 100
Holy Alliance, 66, 68, 196, 413, 544, 596
Holy Roman Empire, origin of doctrine of servitudes in the, 275
Holy See, 157-162, 441
cannot be party to international negotiation, 161, 441
receives ambassadors of first class, 444
Hostages as a means of securing the performance of treaties, 566
Hostilities:
convention relative to the opening of, 593
convention regarding enemy merchantmen, 593
Hovering Acts, 261
Huascar, the, 342
Hubertsburg, Peace treaty of, 64
Humanity, Unions in the interest of, 622, 623
Humbert of Italy, assassination of King, 418, 420
Hüningen, 279
Huron, Lake of, 246, 247
Hutcheson, 90
Hydrographic investigation of the North Sea, 626
I
Iceland, fisheries around, 348, 353
Illegal obligations, 550
Immoral obligations, 549
Immunity of domicile, 461, 474
Independence of States:
consequences of, 178
definition of, 177
restrictions upon, 180
violations of, 179
Indian vassal States of Great Britain, 142
Indians, Red, 35
"Indigenousness," international, 367
Individuals:
never subjects of International Law, 19, 362
objects of International Law, 366
stateless, 366, 387
_In dubio mitius_, 584
Industrial property, union for protection of, 616
office of, 517
Informing gun, the, 337
Inquiry, international commissions of, 512
Institute of International Law, the, 36
_règlement_ concerning acts of insurgents, 224
_règlement_ concerning consuls, 494
_règlement_ concerning men-of-war in foreign ports, 508
_règlement_ concerning utilisation of flow of rivers, 243
rules concerning aliens, 391, 401
rules concerning double and absent nationality, 390
rules concerning extradition, 410, 417
rules concerning immunities of diplomatic envoys, 450, 457
_voeux_ concerning emigrants, 374
Instructions of diplomatic envoys, 448
Insurgents and rioters, 223
Insurgents recognised as a belligerent Power, 107, 119
do not possess the right of legation, 442
_règlement_ of the Institute of International Law concerning
acts of, 224
send public political agents, 509
Integrate territory, 230
Intercession, 189
Intercourse of States, 199-201, 328
International bureau of the International Court of
Arbitration, 516, 519
International Code of Signals, 333
International Commission concerning sugar, 515
International Commission of the Congo, 514
International Commission of the proposed Channel Tunnel,
memorandum respecting, 359
International Commissions, 512
in the interest of foreign creditors, 515
of Inquiry, 512
International Council of Sanitation at Bucharest, 515
International Court of Arbitration at the Hague:
Awards of, 521
Bureau of, 519
deciding Tribunal of, 520
Permanent Council of, 518
International Court of Justice, proposed, 524
International Courts in Egypt, 498
International crimes, 209
International delinquencies, 209
International disputes, convention for the settlement of, 592
International Health Office, 518
International Jurists, schools of, 82, 89
International Law:
basis of, 15
basis of international relations, 67
codification of, 35
definition of, 3
development of, 45, 59
dominion of, 30
factors influencing the growth of, 24
legal force of, 4
periodicals relating to, 103, 104
relations between International Law and Municipal Law, 25
sources of, 20
States as subjects of, 19, 107
International Law Association, the, 37
International Maritime Committee, conference of (1910), 333,
339
International negotiation. _See_ Negotiation.
International offices:
agriculture, 518
customs tariffs, 517
health, 518
industrial property, 517
maritime office at Zanzibar, 517
Pan-American Union, 517
post, 516
sugar, 517
telegraphs, 516
transports, 517
weights and measures, 516
works of literature and art, 516
International personality as a body of qualities, 166
definition of, 167
International persons, 107, 121, 125, 132, 154, 162
International Prize Court, 12, 522
convention concerning, 594
International Radiographic Convention, 236, 355
International Telegraph Union, 614
International transactions. _See_ Transactions.
Internoscia, Jerome, 37
Internuncios, 445
_Interpretatio authentica_, 583
Interpretation of treaties, 582-586
Intervention, 81, 188
admissibility in default of right, 193
by right, 189
concerning a treaty concluded by other States, 568
concerning extradited criminals, 410
definition of, 188
for maintaining the balance of power, 193
in the interest of humanity, 194
on behalf of citizens abroad, 396
Ionian Islands, international position of, 146, 286
Inviolability:
of bearers of despatches, 512
of commissaries, 511
of consular buildings, 495
of consuls in non-Christian States, 497
of diplomatic envoys, 457-460
of members of international commissions, 514
of monarchs abroad, 429
of presidents of republics, 433, 434
of public political agents, 510
Irish Sea, 266
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 426, 432
Island, new-born, 301
Italy as a Great Power, 70, 171
her "Law of Guaranty" concerning the Pope, 158
J
Jacquin, case of, 416
Jade Bay, 263
James I., 317, 469
Japan, 33, 72, 171
and Russia, war between, 74
conflict with United States concerning Japanese school
children in California, 211
treaty of alliance with Great Britain, 565
text of the treaty of alliance, 596
Jassy, case of the, 507
Jay, John, 115
Jay Treaty, article concerning privileges of commissioners, 513
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 89
Jenkinson, 103
Jews:
not a subject of International Law, 108
sometime excluded from Gibraltar, 278
their rules for international relations, 46
their treatment in Roumania and Russia, 369, 387, 392
Johann Friederich, case of the, 339
_Journal Télégraphique_, 516
_Juges Consuls_, 482
Jurisdiction, 201-205
exemption of envoys from, 458, 462-464
in actions for collision at sea, 334
in Straits, 266
of an Army of Occupation, 503
of monarchs abroad over their retinue, 430
of States over their citizens in Eastern countries, 395
on the Open Sea, 203, 329-339
over armed forces abroad, 501
over citizens abroad, 202
over crews of men-of-war when on land abroad, 508
over foreigners abroad, 204
over foreign vessels sailing under the flag of a State, 330
over monarchs as subjects, 433
over pirates, 345
within the maritime belt, 260
_Jus_:
_albinagii_, 398
_avocandi_, 371
_fetiale_, 51, 52
_quarteriorum_, 461
_repraesentationis omnimodae_, 427
_sacrale_, 51
_sanguinis_, 375
_soli_, 375
_transitus innoxii_, 470
K
Kainardgi, Treaty of, 441
Kalkstein, case of Colonel von, 464
Kamptz, 103
Kara Sea, 266
Kara Straits, 266
Kardis, Peace Treaty of, 63
Karlstad, Treaty of, 75
Katschenowsky, 36
Kattegat, the, 267
Keiley, case of, 450
Kelmis, 232
Kent, James, 95, 137
Kertch, Strait of, 267, 321
Khedive of Egypt, 498
Kiauchau leased to Germany, 233, 288
King's Chamber, 263
Klüber, 95, 98, 103
Kohler, 104
Korea:
extinction of treaties of, 128
merged in Japan, 287
Koszta, case of Martin, 388
Kurische Haff, 263
L
Lado Enclave, leased to Congo Free State, 234
Laibach, Congress of, 67
Lakes, 245
Landlocked seas, 245
Language of diplomacy, 439
Law of Guaranty, the Italian, 158
Law of Nations. _See_ International Law.
Law of Nature, 86
Law-making treaties, 23, 541, 587-595
Lawrence, 94, 100
Lease of territory, 233, 288
Lebanon, the, 357
_Le Droit d'Auteur_, 517
Legation:
combined, 448
institution of, 435, 438
members of, 472-475
papers of the, 478
right of, 440
_Legati a latere_ or _de latere_, 444
_Leges Wisbuenses_, 56
Legitimacy, doctrine of, 67
Legnano, 84
Leibnitz, 102
_Lèse-majesté_, 413, 415
Letters:
of credence, 447, 476, 477, 479, 509
of marque, 341, 342
of recall, 477
of recommendation, 509, 510
_Lettre_:
_de créance_, 447
_de provision_, 477
_de récréance_, 477
Levi, Leone, 37, 94
Liberia, 32
Lichtenstein, neither sends nor receives permanent diplomatic
envoys, 449
Lieber, 36
Lincoln, assassination of, 418, 420
Liquor Traffic among North Sea Fishermen, Convention
concerning, 351
Liszt, 96, 101
Literature, Union for the protection of works of, 516, 615
Log-book, 331
Locke, John, 112
Lombardy, ceded in 1859 by Austria to France, 288
Lomonaco, 96
London:
Conference of (1871), 70, 575
Convention of (1841), 268
Convention of (1884), 181
Convention of (1901), concerning fisheries, 353
Declaration of, 78, 343, 537, 538, 560, 585, 595
Declaration of, concerning Egypt and Morocco, 249
Naval Conference of, 38, 39, 43, 78, 595
Treaty (1831), 588
Treaty (1840), 555
Treaty (1841), 268, 368
Treaty (1867), 589
Treaty (1871), 247, 269, 325
Treaty (1883), 514, 587
Treaty (1906), 76, 156
Treaty (1908-9), 38
Lorenzelli, 160
Lorimer, James, 94, 100
Lorraine, 291
Loss of territory, 311
Louis XI. of France, 111
Louisiana boundary dispute, 295
Louter, De, 97
_L'Union Postale_, 516
Luxemburg, neutralisation of, 152, 289, 590
Lymoon Pass, 266
M
Macartney _v._ Garbutt, 450, 467
Mackintosh, Sir James, 412
McGregor, adventurer, 186
McLeod, case of, 501
Madagascar, annexed by France, 147, 539
Madison, J., 115
Magellan, Straits of, 267, 564
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 94
Maine, the river, 241
Mancini, 36
Manifest of cargo, 331
Mankind, rights of, 35, 367
Manning, 94, 98
Mardyck, port of, 583
_Mare clausum_, 318
_Mare liberum_, 318
Marini, Antoine, 58
Marino, international position of San, 146
Maritime belt, 255-261
Maritime ceremonials, 176, 258, 317, 326
Maritime Conference:
of London, 38, 39, 43, 78, 595
of Washington, 333
of Brussels, 333, 339
Maritime Conventions Bill, 333, 339
Maritime office at Zanzibar, 517
Marmora Sea, 321
Martens, Charles de, 92
Martens, F. von, 97, 100
Martens, G. F. von, 91, 102, 320
Mary, Queen, 317
Matzen, 97
Maxey, 95, 101
Means of securing performance of treaties, 565
guarantee, 567
hostages, 566
oaths, 565
occupation of territory, 566
pledge, 566
Measures. _See_ Weights and Measures.
Mediation, 189, 568
Mediterranean, maintenance of status quo in the, 603
Mehemet Ali, 555
Mendoza, Spanish Ambassador, 318
case of, 459
Men-of-war:
admittance to maritime belt, 260
admittance to gulfs, 265
admittance to straits, 267
excluded from the Bosphorus, 268
in foreign waters, 504
in revolt, 504
on the Open Sea, 325, 326
position in foreign waters, 235, 506
position of crew on land abroad, 508
proof of character, 505
powers over merchantmen, 335, 337
shipwrecked, 504
Merchantmen. _See_ Merchant ships _and_ Navigation.
Merchant Shipping Act (1873), 333
Merchant Shipping Act (1894), 330, 331, 332, 333, 337
Merchant ships, conversion into war ships, 593
Merger of States, 124, 127, 372
Mérignhac, 95
Metternich, Prince, 249
Metric system, Convention concerning, 619
Meunier, case of, 415
Meuse, the, 241
Mines:
Convention concerning, 593
in the subsoil of the sea bed, 357
Ministers Plenipotentiary, 445
Ministers Resident, 445, 588
Miruss, 103
Mixed Commission of the Danube, 514
Mohammedan States, 30, 154
Mohl, 103
Moldavia, 441
Monaco, international position of, 146
Monaldeschi, case of, 431
Monarchs:
acts of violence committed by foreign, 431
consideration due to, 429
deposed or abdicated, 432
exterritoriality of, 430
in the service of, or subjects of, foreign Powers, 432
position of wife of, 430, 431
residence of, 430
retinue of, abroad, 431
sovereignty of, 428
travelling incognito, 431
Monetary Conventions, 619
Monetary Conference, International, 619
Monroe Doctrine, 67, 196
Montagnini, case of, 160
Montenegro:
independence of, 71;
restricted, 183
restricted to a commercial flag only, 327
Monti, case of Marquis de, 472
Moore, 95, 101
Moors in Gibraltar, 278
Moray Firth, case of the, 264
Moresnet, 232, 273
Morocco:
independence of, 75, 156, 164
protection of natives by foreign Powers, 372
treaties of (1863 and 1880), 373
Mortensen _v._ Peters, case of, 264
Moselle, the river, 241
Moser, 91
Most-favoured-nation clause, 563, 585, 606, 610
Motor vehicles, circulation of, 615
Motor Car (International Circulation) Act, 615
Mulhouse merged in 1798 in France, 287
Municipal Law:
in conflict with treaty obligations, 578
not identical with law in general, 9, 14
relations between International and Municipal Law, 25
respecting offences against foreign States, 222
Murdered rulers, 418, 420
Muscat Convention, 373
Muscat Dhows, case of the, 372
Muster Roll, 331
Mutinous crew, 343
N
Names of vessels, 332, 350
Napoleon I., 65, 183
Napoleon III., 416, 470
Narrow Seas:
sovereignty of Great Britain over the, 266, 316
Nassau, subjugation of, 304
National. _See_ Citizen.
Nationality:
absent, 383, 387
acquisition of, 306, 374
conception of, 369
difficulties arising from double and absent nationalities, 388
double, 383, 384
function of, 370
loss of, 377
principle of, 68, 81
the link between individuals and International Law, 366
Natural boundaries, 270
Natural boundaries _sensu politico_, 273
Naturalisation Acts, British, 377, 381, 382, 383
Naturalisation in Great Britain, 382
Naturalisation:
acquisition of nationality by, 375
conception of, 379
conditions of, 380
loss of nationality through, 378, 381
object of, 380
through grant on application, 376
Naturalists, the, 89
Naval Conference of London, 38, 39, 43, 78, 595
Naval war code of the United States, 38
Navigation:
Commissions in the interest of, 513
in gulfs and bays, 265
in straits, 266
in the Suez Canal, 513, 514
on rivers, 240-243, 588
on the Congo, 514
on the Danube, 513
on the Open Sea, 319, 324
supervised by consuls, 491
through the Straits of Magellan, 267
within and through the maritime belt, 259, 326
_See also_ Open Sea.
Navigation Act, 607
Neckar, river, 241
Negotiation:
by whom conducted, 531
conception of, 529
end and effect of, 532
envoy's function of, 453
form of, 531
parties to, 529
purpose of, 530
Negro Republics, 32
_Nemo plus juris transferre potest, quam ipse habet_, 288
_Nemo potest exuere patriam_, 381
_Ne quis invitus civitate mutetur, neve in civitate maneat
invitus_, 381
Netherlands, revolt of, 312
Neutralisation of the Black Sea, 575
Neutralised States, 147-154
as regards State servitudes, 278
cannot cede territory without consent of the Powers, 286
can be parties to defensive alliances, 597
Neutral Powers in Naval War, Convention concerning the rights
and duties of, 594
Newfoundland fishery dispute, 278
New Hebrides, international position of, 232
Niemeyer, 103
Niger, river, 242
Night work of women, Convention for the prohibition of, 618
Nikitschenhow, case of, 463
Nillins, case of, 407
Non-Christian States, 154-156
Non-extradition:
Attentat clause of, 416, 421
principle of, 411-422
rationale for, 418
Russian proposal concerning, 416, 421
Swiss solution of, 417, 421
North Atlantic coast fisheries, case of, 275, 276, 278
North Channel, 266
North Pole, 292
North Sea fisheries, 337, 349
Convention for the regulation of, 349
North Sea:
hydrographic and biologic investigation of, 626
maintenance of status quo in the, 603
Norway, international position of, 75
Notarial functions:
of consuls, 492
of diplomatic envoys, 454
Notification:
as an international transaction, 537
of a change in the headship of a State, 425
of occupation, 294
Nuncios, 444
Nymeguen, Treaty of, 62
Nys, 97, 101, 103
Nystaedt, Treaty of, 63
O
Oath as a means of securing performance of treaties, 551, 565
Observation, envoy's function of, 454, 455
Occupation of territory, 291-298
as a means of securing the performance of treaties, 566
conception of, 291
extent of, 295
how affected, 292
notification of, 294
object of, 292
_Office central des transports internationaux_, 517
Offices, international, 515-518
Official publications, 620
Oléron, Laws of, 56
Oliva, Peace Treaty of, 63
Olivart, Marquis de, 97, 103
_Omnia rex imperio possidet, singuli dominio_, 283
Ompteda, 103
Ontario, Lake of, 246, 247
Open Sea, 315
ceremonials on, 326
claims to sovereignty over parts of, 316
collisions on, 333
conception of, 321
fisheries in the, 348-353
freedom of, 201, 323-328
in time of war, 325
jurisdiction on, 329-339
legal order on, 324
navigation on, 326
neutralisation of parts, 325
piracy on, 339-348
powers of men-of-war over merchantmen on the, 335, 337
rationale for freedom of, 327
right of pursuit on, 336
shipwreck and distress on, 339
subsoil beneath the sea bed, 292, 357-361
telegraph cables in, 353-355
verification of flag on, 337
wireless telegraphy on the, 355-357
_See also_ Vessel.
Operation of nature as a mode of losing territory, 312
Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernard, 96
Oppenheim, L., 104
Option:
loss of nationality through, 378
of inhabitants of ceded territory to
retain their old citizenship, 290
Orange Free State, 304
Oregon Boundary dispute, 295
Ottoman law (1863), concerning protégés, 373
P
_Pacta sunt servanda_, 573
_Pacta tertiis nee nocent nec prosunt_, 563
_Pactum de contrahendo_, 546
Paladini, case of Salvatore, 408
Panama:
international position of the Republic, 182, 312
intervention in, 191
Panama Canal, 251, 592
Pan-American Conferences, 72, 405, 517
Pan-American Union, 517, 624
Pando, 97
_Panther_, case of the, 219
Papal Nuncio. _See_ Nuncio.
Papal States, 157, 450
_Par in parem non habet imperium_, 169, 430, 460
Paris:
Convention for the protection of submarine telegraph cables, 354
Declaration of, 12, 68, 537, 569, 588
Peace Treaty of (1763), 64, 183, 314
Peace Treaty of (1856), 68, 190, 247, 268, 277, 325, 514, 549,
564, 575, 578
Peace Treaty of (1898), 72
Parkinson _v._ Potter, 467
Parlement Belge, case of the, 507
Parliaments, injurious attitude of, 216
Participation of third States in treaties:
accession, 568
adhesion, 569
good offices and mediation, 568
intervention, 568
Parties to treaties, 543-548
Parts of treaties, 552
Part-Sovereign States, 441
Passports:
dismissal of diplomatic envoys through delivery of, 455
of courier, 475
of diplomatic envoy, 448
Passport of vessels, 331
Peace Conferences at the Hague. _See_ Hague.
Peace Treaty of:
Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), 62
Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), 64, 183
Carlowitz, 63
Christiania, 75
Copenhagen, 63
Frankfort, 290, 291, 606
Hubertsburg, 64
Kainardgi (1774), 441
Kardis, 63
Karlstad, 75, 135
Munster, 241
Nymeguen, 62
Nystaedt, 63
Oliva, 63
Paris (1763), 64, 183, 314
(1856), 68, 190, 247, 268, 277, 325, 514, 549, 564, 575, 578
(1898), 72
Prague (1866), 364
Pyrenees, 62
Rastadt and Baden, 63
Roeskild, 63
Ryswick, 63
San Stefano, 71, 190, 549
Seoul, 75
Shimonoseki, 72
Tilsit, 183, 186
Utrecht, 63, 183, 278
Versailles (1783), 64, 278
Westminster (1674), 319
Westphalia, 61, 151, 435, 587
Pearl fishery off Ceylon and in the Persian Gulf, 348
Peary, Admiral, 292
Pelagic Sealing Conference, 352
Persia, international position of, 164
Persian Gulf, pearl fishery in the, 348
_Persona grata_ of diplomatic envoy, 451
Personal supremacy:
consequences of, 178
definition of, 177
restrictions upon, 183
violations of, 179
Personal union of States, 133
Pertille, 96
_Petit_ cabotage, 607
Pharmacopoeial formulas, unification of, 622
Philip II. of Spain, 316
Philippine Islands, 72
Phillimore, Sir Robert, 94, 99
Phosphorus. _See_ White phosphorus.
Phylloxera conventions, 618
Physically impossible obligations, 549
Piédelièvre, 95, 100
Pierantoni, 96
Pillau, alliance of, 551
Pinkney, American commissioner, 513
Piracy, 203, 340-348
_Pirata non mutat dominium_, 346
Pirates:
jurisdiction over, 345
may be pursued into the territorial maritime belt, 346
Plague. _See_ Sanitary Conventions.
Platen-Hallermund, case of Count, 306
Plebiscite concerning cession of territory, 289, 364
Pledge, 233, 288, 566
_Pleins pouvoirs_, 447
Podiebrad, 58
Poelitz, 96
Poland, 566
partition of, 151, 310, 370
Polish revolution (1830), 413
Political agents:
public, 509
secret, 510
spies, 510
Political crime, conception of, 414-421
Political criminals, non-extradition of, 411-422
Pollicitations, 546
Polson, Archer, 94
Pope, position of the, 70, 157-162. _See also_ Holy See.
Port Arthur leased to Russia, 233, 288
Porto Rico, 72
Portugal:
her claims to parts of the Open Sea, 316
international position of, 77
passage of troops through territory of, 280
republic proclaimed in, 76
Position:
of armed forces abroad, 501
of consuls, 493
of diplomatic envoys, 455
of diplomatic envoys as regards third States, 469
Positivists, the, 90, 98
Postal Union, Universal, 516
Powers of men-of-war over merchantmen of all nations, 335, 337
Pradier-Fodéré, 95, 100
Prague, Peace Treaty of (1866), 364
Precedence among envoys, 444
Predicates of heads of States, 174
Prescription, 308-311
Presidents of republics:
not sovereigns, 433
position of, 434
Private International Law:
conception of, 4
Hague Conventions concerning, 623, 624
Privateer, 341, 342
Privateering abolished by Declaration of Paris, 69, 588
Privileges of:
consuls, 494
couriers, 475
diplomatic envoys, 456
judges of the Prize Court, 522
members of legation, 473
members of the Tribunal of the Court of Arbitration, 521
Proconsul, 487
Projectiles, Convention concerning, 594
Protection, treaties of, 604
Protection:
envoy's function of, 454
of citizens abroad, 371, 372, 396, 492
Protectorate, 144
Protectorate as precursor of occupation, 296
Protégés, 371
Protest as an international transaction, 538
Protestant States, 449
Prussia becomes a Great Power, 64
Pseudo-guarantees, 602
Publications, official, 620
Public Health, international office of, 518, 621
Public political agents, 509
Pufendorf, 4, 89, 112
_Punctationes_, 546
Pursuit into the Open Sea, right of, 336
Pyrenees, Peace of the, 62
Q
Quabbe, 604
_Quidquid est in territorio est etiam de territorio_, 178, 231
_Qui in territorio meo est, etiam meus subditus est_, 231
R
Rachel, 90
Radiotelegraphy, 236
office of, 516
on the Open Sea, 355
Radiotelegraphic Convention, 355
Union, 614
Railway transports and freights, Union concerning, 614
Office of, 517
Rank of States, 171
Rastadt and Baden, Peace Treaty of, 63
Ratification of treaties:
by whom effected, 558
conception of, 553
effect of, 561
form of, 557
not absolutely necessary, 554
not to be partial or conditional, 559
rationale for, 554
refusal of, 556
space of time for, 555
Rationale for the freedom of the Open Sea, 327
Real Union of States, 123, 131, 134
_Rebus sic stantibus_, clause of, 280, 573-574
Recall of diplomatic envoys, 477
Reception of diplomatic envoys, 449, 451, 452
Reception of aliens:
may be received conditionally only, 392
no obligation to receive aliens, 390
Recognition:
of a change in the form of government, 120
of a change in the title of a State, 121, 173
of a new head of a State, 425
of a State through appointment of consul, 489
of States, 116-121
of insurgents as a belligerent Power, 119
Reconduction of foreigners, 402
Reconfirmation of treaties, 581
_Recousse, droit de_, 347
Red Indians, 35
Redintegration, acquisition of nationality by, 376
Redintegration of treaties, 581
Regents, 432
Registration of Aliens, Act for the, 398
Reign of Terror, 412
Release, loss of nationality through, 378
Religious disabilities, 364, 368
in Roumania, 388
Renewal of treaties, 580
Renunciation as an international transaction, 539
Renunciation of a treaty, 571
_Renvoi, droit de_, 402
Reprisals, 396
Republics:
American, 624
Italian, 438
Negro, 32
Presidents of, 433, 434
Rescission of treaties, 571
_Res extra commercium_, 323
Residents, 445
_Responsales_, 437
Responsibility of States, 206-225
for acts of courts of justice, 216
for acts of diplomatic envoys, 215
for acts of heads of States, 214
for acts of insurgents and rioters, 222
for acts of members of Governments, 215
for acts of officials and military forces, 218
for acts of Parliaments, 216
for acts of private individuals, 221
_Res transit cum suo onere_, 128, 288
Retinue of diplomatic envoys, 472-475
of monarchs abroad, 430
Retorsion, 391, 396, 400
Revenue Laws, 261
Revolt as a mode of losing territory, 312
Rhine, the river, 241
Rhodian laws, 56
Ricci-Busatti, 104
Right:
of asylum, 392, 461, 462
of chapel, 467
of contiguity, 295
of legation, 440
of protection over citizens abroad, 395, 400
of pursuit on the sea, 336
Right of legation:
by whom exercised, 442
conception, 440
not possessed by a revolutionary party recognised as
a belligerent Power, 442
what States possess the, 441
Rights of mankind, 35, 367, 369
Rights of Nations, Declaration of, 35, 65
Rioters, _règlement_ of the Institute of International Law
concerning Acts of, 224
Ripperda, case of the Duke of, 461
Riquelme, 97
Rivers, 239
abandoned beds of, 302
international, 240
South American, 242
utilisation of the flow of, 243
_See also_ Navigation.
Rivier, 97, 101, 103
Roeskild, Peace Treaty of, 63
Rolin, 103
Roman Catholic Church, 8
Roman Law, 283
Romans, their rules for international relations, 50
Rome, Congress at, 613
Ross, case of Bishop, 443
Roumania:
Convention of 1877 with Russia, 597
independence of, 71;
restricted, 183
treatment of Jews in, 388
Rousseau, J. J., 113
Rousset, 102
Royal honours, States enjoying, 172
Russian Ambassador, case of, 457
Rutherford, 90
Rymer, 102
Ryswick, Peace Treaty of, 63
S
Sà, case of Don Pantaleon, 475
Saalfeld, 96
Sackville, case of Lord, 455
St. George's Channel, 266
St. Lawrence, navigation on the river, 243
St. Petersburg:
Convention of, 614
Declaration of, 70, 537, 590
Sale of State territory, 287
Salvage, 339
Samos, international position of, 144
San Domingo, 32
San Marino, international position of, 146
San Stefano, Peace Treaty of, 71, 549, 568
Sandona, 96
Sanitary Conventions, 620
Sanitary laws, 261
Sanitation, International Council of, at Bucharest, 515
Santa Lucia, case of, 313
Sarawak, 282
Sarpi, Paolo, 319
Savarkar, case of, 410
Scheldt, the river, 241
Schmalz, 95
Schmauss, 102
Schnaebélé, case of, 511
Schools of International Jurists, 82, 89
Scientific Research, Unions in the interest of, 625, 626
Scott, James Brown, 104
Scott, Sir William, 98. _See also_ Lord Stowell.
Sea-brief, 331
Sea-letter, 331
Seal fisheries in the Behring Sea, 351, 623
Sealing Conference, pelagic, 352, 623
Secret political agents, 510
Secret protocol, 555
Secretaries of Legation, 472
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 435
Seismologic Association, International, 625
Selden, John, 89, 318
Self-jurisdiction:
of diplomatic envoys, 468
of monarchs abroad, 429, 430
Self-preservation, 184-187
Semi-sovereign. _See_ Half- _and_ Part-Sovereign.
Seneca, 230, 283
Senigallia, 104
Seoul, Peace of, 75
Servia, independence of, 71
restricted, 183
Servitudes, 273-281
_Servitus in faciendo consistere nequit_, 279
_Servitutes juris gentium naturales_, 274
_Servitutes juris gentium voluntariae_, 274
Shenandoah, case of the, 343
Shimonoseki, Peace Treaty of, 72, 568
Ship. _See_ Vessel.
Ship-papers, 331, 491
Shipwreck on the Open Sea, 339
Siam, international position of, 164
Slave-trade, 66, 348, 368, 588, 591, 622
Smith, F. E., 94
Solent, the, 266
Solferino, battle of, 544
Sorel, Albert, 95
Soudan, international position of, 232
Soulé, case of, 470
Sound dues, 267
Sources of International Law, 20
South African Republic, 74, 142, 181, 304, 441
her alliance with the Orange Free State, 597
Sovereignty:
conception of, 110, 112, 177
divisibility of sovereignty contested, 110
history of meaning of sovereignty, 111-115
in contradistinction to suzerainty, 141
Sovereignty of monarchs, 428
Spheres of influence, 297
Spies, 510
Spirit-trade in certain parts of Africa, 591
Spitzbergen, 232
_Sponsio_, 545
Springer, case of, 461
State, conception of, 108
State property. _See_ State territory.
States:
American, 163
a product of law, 14
changes in the conditions of, 121-125
confederated, 135
dignity of, 174-177, 456
equality of, 20, 168
European, 162
extinction of, 124
Federal, 130, 136
full- and not-full Sovereign, 109
heads of. _See_ Heads of States.
independence of, 177
intercourse of, 166, 199-201
jurisdiction of, 201-205
neutralised, 147-154
new-born, 281
non-Christian, 154, 497
order of precedence of, 172
part-Sovereign, 141
personal supremacy of, 177
personal union of, 133
possessing royal honours, 172
rank of, 171
real union of, 123, 131, 134
recognition of, 116-121
responsibility of, 206-225
self-preservation of, 184-187
suzerain, 140, 190
territorial supremacy of, 177
titles of, 173
under protectorate, 144
vassal, 140
State servitudes, 273-281
State territory:
cession of, 285
definition of, 229
different kinds of, 230
different parts of, 235
dismembered, 230
importance of, 231
inalienability of parts of, 238
integrate, 230
loss of, 311-314
modes of acquiring, 281-284
servitudes on, 273-281
States under protectorate cannot cede territory without
consent of the superior State, 286
Status quo:
in the Baltic, 604
in the Mediterranean, 603
in the North Sea, 603, 604
treaties guaranteeing maintenance of, 602-604
Stettin, Bay of, 263
Stockton, Capt. C. H., 38
Stoerk, 103
Story, 137
Stowell, Lord, 98, 302
Straits, 265
of Kara, 266
of Kertch, 267
of Magellan, 267
of Yugor, 266
Strupp, 102
Stuart Pretender, the, 278
Suarez, 84
Subject of a State, his position when a diplomatic envoy
of a foreign State, 450
Subjugation:
conception of, 302
consequences of, 305
in contradistinction to occupation, 303
justification of, 304
of the whole or of a part of enemy territory, 304
veto by third Powers, 307
Subjugation, acquisition of nationality through, 306, 377
Subsoil, territorial, 235
beneath the sea bed, 357
Substitution of one treaty for another, 571
Substitution, loss of nationality through, 378
Succession of States, 125-132
Suez Canal, 249, 514, 591
Sugar Convention, 617
Office of, 517
_Sujets mixtes_, 386
Sully, 58
Sully, case of, 468
Sun Yat Sen, case of, 464
Suzerainty, conception of, 141
Sweden, her sovereignty over the Baltic, 316
Sweden-Norway, Real Union dissolved, 135
Swiss Confederation reorganised, 61
Switzerland, neutralisation of, 66, 151, 588
member-States conclude treaties, 544
without a maritime flag, 327
T
_Tabula Amalfitana_, 56
Taylor, Hannis, 95, 101
Telegraph cables:
Convention for the protection of, 354
in the Open Sea, 353
Telegraph Union, Universal, 516
Telegraphy, wireless, on the Open Sea, 355
_Terrae potestas finitur ubi finitur armorum vis_, 257
Territorial atmosphere, 236
Territorial supremacy:
consequences of, 178
definition of, 177
restrictions upon, 182, 273
violations of, 179
Territorial waters, 235
contrasted with Open Sea, 321
Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 29, 257, 260, 266
_Territorium clausum_, 230
_Territorium dominans_, 276
_Territorium serviens_, 276
Territory. _See_ State Territory.
Textor, 90
Tezkereh, 389
Thalweg, the, 271
Tibet, international position of, 164
Titles of States, 173
Thomasius, 90
Toll, maritime, 259
Tourkmantschai, Treaty of, 246
Tourville, case of, 407
Trading Consular Officers, 485
Tradition of ceded territory, 288
Transactions:
declarations, 536
different kinds of, 536
notifications, 537
protests, 538
renunciation, 539
Traffic on the Open Sea, 333
Transports, Central Office of International, 517
Transvaal. _See_ South African Republic.
Trawling in Prohibited Areas Prevention Act, 265
Treaties:
accession and adhesion to, 568, 569
binding force of, 541, 545, 546
cancellation of, 578
commercial and consular, 488, 605-612
conception of, 540
constitutional restrictions concerning the treaty-making
power, 545
different kinds of, 540
effect of, 561
expiration and dissolution of, 570-576
extradition, 412-422
form of, 550
fulfilment of, 570
interpretation of, 582
law-making, 23, 541, 587
lists of, 94, 102
means of securing performance of, 565
objects of, 548
of alliance, 595
of cession, 290
of extradition, 404-406
of guarantee, 599
of protection, 604
of subsidy, 598
_pactum de contrahendo_, 546
participation of third States in, 567
parties to, 543, 546-548
parts of, 552
pseudo-guarantees, 602
_punctationes_, 546
ratification of, 553-561
reconfirmation of, 581
redintegration of, 581
regarding spheres of influence, 297
renewal of, 580
sources of International Law, 23
voidance of, 576
who can exercise the power of making, 543
Triepel, 102
Troppau, Congress of, 67
Tucker, 95
Tunis, international position of, 147, 164
Tunnel, proposed Channel, 359
Turkey, reception into the Family of Nations through Peace
Treaty of Paris (1856), 32, 69
Twiss, Sir Travers, 94, 99, 249
U
Ullmann, 96, 101
Ulpianus, 315
Unions concerning:
Agriculture, 617
birds useful to agriculture, 618
Cholera and plague, 620
Coinage, 619
Copyright, 615
Customs tariffs publication, 616
Geodetic work, 625
Humanity, 622
Hydrographic work, 626
Industrial property, 616
Literature and Art, 615
Metric system, the, 619
Motor Vehicles, 615
Night work of women, 618
Official publications, 620
Pelagic Sealing, 623
Pharmacopoeial formulas, 622, 623
Phylloxera epidemics, 618
Post, 613
Private International Law, 623
Public health, 621
Radiotelegraphy, 614
Railway transport, 614
Sanitation, 620
Science, 625
Seismology, 625
Submarine cables, 614
Sugar, 617
Telegraphs, 614
Transport, 614
White phosphorus, the use of, 618
White slave traffic, 622, 623
Wild animals in Africa, 623
Unions, object of, 612
United States of America:
become a Great Power, 70, 171, 312
become a member of Family of Nations, 64
intervene in the revolt of Cuba, 72
member-States cannot conclude treaties, 544
naval war code of, 38
Universal Postal Union, 613
Universal Telegraph Union, 614
Usage, international, in contradistinction to international
custom, 22
Usurper, 427
Utrecht, Peace of, 63, 278, 583
V
Vaderland, case of the, 357
Vassal States, 140
cannot be parties to offensive alliances, 142, 597
cannot cede territory without consent of suzerain, 286
competent to appoint consuls, 488
competent to make treaties, 544
competent to send public political agents, 509
of Great Britain, Indian, 142
Vatican, the, 158, 449
Vattel, 93, 320, 405
Venezuela, blockade of (1902), 74
Venice:
ceded by Austria to France, 287
her sovereignty over the Adriatic Sea, 316
Verdun, Treaty of, 54
Verification of flag, 335
Verona, Congress of, 67
Versailles, Peace of, 64, 567
Vessels:
arrest of, 338
collision of, 333
distress of, 339, 356
names of, 332, 350
papers of, 331
search of, 338
territorial quality of, when on the Open Sea, 332
visit of, 337
_See also_ Men-of-War.
Veto concerning a cession of territory, 289
concerning subjugation, 307
Vexaincourt, case of, 219
Vice-consul, 486
Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, 426
Victoria, 84
Vienna Congress, 65, 75
(1815), 241, 280, 444, 587, 588
Vienna, Treaty of (1878), 364
Villafranca, Preliminary Peace Treaty of, 544
Virginius, case of the, 187
Visit of vessels, 337
Vital change of circumstances, 573
Voidance of treaties:
through extinction of object concerned, 577
through extinction of one of the parties, 576
through impossibility of execution, 577
through realisation of purpose, 577
_Völkerrechts-Indigenat_, 367
W
Waddington, case of, 475
Walker, Thomas Alfred, 94, 100
Wallachia, 441
War, Convention concerning Laws of, 593
Convention concerning rights and duties of neutrals in, 593
Laws of (U.S.A.), 36
Laws of (U.S.A.) at sea, 38
Warsaw, non-admittance of consuls to, 488
Washburne, case of, 471
Washington:
Boundary Treaty of (1908), 272, 513
Congress of (1890), 304
Maritime Conference of (1889), 333
Pelagic Fishing Conference of, 352
Treaties (1854) and (1871), concerning navigation on the river
St. Lawrence, 243
Treaty (1857) concerning the Sound Dues, 268
Treaty (1901) concerning the Panama Canal, 251
Treaty (1904), 182
Waters, territorial. _See_ Territorial waters.
Webster, Mr., U.S.A., Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 502
Weights and Measures, International Union of, 619
Office of the Union of, 516
Wei-Hai-Wei leased to Great Britain, 233, 288
Welwood, William, 318
Wenck, 102
Westlake, 94, 101
Westminster, Treaty of (1674), 319
Westphalian Peace, 61, 151, 435, 587
Wharton, 95, 100
Wheaton, 95, 98
White Phosphorus, Convention for the prohibition of the use of,
618
White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act, 618
White Sea fisheries, 348
White slave traffic, 623
Wild animals, &c., in Africa, preservation of, 623
Wildman, Richard, 94
William of Holland, case of King, 432
Wilson, 95, 101
Wireless telegraphy, 236
on the Open Sea, 355
Wisby, the maritime laws of, 56
Wismar, pledged by Sweden to Mecklenburg, 233, 288
Wolff, Christian, 92
Women. _See_ Night-work of women.
Woolsey, 95, 103
Wrech, case of Baron de, 465
Y
Young Turks movement, 76
Yugor Straits, 266
Z
Zanzibar, international position of, 147
Zone for revenue and sanitary laws extended beyond the
maritime belt, 261
Zouche, 88
Zuider Zee, 263
END OF VOL. I.
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