[1] This arrangement is based on the terms of the peace of Carlowitz
1699 (articles IX. and XI. of the Turco-Venetian Treaty). It is due
to the commercial and maritime rivalry between Venice and Ragusa. The
Ragusans bribed the Turkish envoys at Carlowitz to stipulate for a
double extension of the Ottoman dominions down to the Adriatic; and
thus the Ragusan lands, which otherwise would have bordered upon the
Dalmatian possessions of Venice, were surrounded by neutral
territory.
[2] These figures, taken from the Austrian official returns, include
the population of the entire commune, not merely the urban residents.
Only in Zara, Spalato, Sebenico and Ragusa, do the actual townsfolk
number more than 1000.
[3] Also written _Dalminium_, _Deminium_, and _Delmis_. Thomas of
Spalato (c. 1200-1250) mentions that the site of Delminium had been
forgotten in his time, although certain ancient walls among the
mountains were believed to be its ruins. It has been variously
identified, by modern archaeologists, with Almissa, on the coast,
Dalen, in the Herzegovina, Duvno, near Sinj, and Gardun, in the same
locality. It was evidently a stronghold of considerable size and
importance, and Appian (_De bellis Illyricis_) alludes to its almost
impregnable fortifications.
[4] Long extracts from these reports or diaries are published by
Wilkinson, _Dalmatia and Montenegro_ (London, 1840), ii. 297-350.
DALMATIC (Lat. _dalmatica_, _tunica dalmatica_), a liturgical vestment
of the Western Church, proper to deacons, as the tunicle (_tunicella_)
is to subdeacons. Dalmatic and tunicle are now, however, practically
identical in shape and size; though, strictly, the latter should be
somewhat smaller and with narrower arms. In most countries, e.g.
England, France, Spain and Germany, dalmatic and tunicle are now no
longer tunics, but scapular-like cloaks, with an opening for the head to
pass through and square lappets falling from the shoulder over the upper
part of the arm; in Italy, on the other hand, though open up the side,
they still have regular sleeves and are essentially tunics. The most
characteristic ornament of the dalmatic and tunicle is the vertical
stripes running from the shoulder to the lower hem, these being
connected by a cross-band, the position of which differs in various
countries (see figs. 3, 4). Less essential are the orphreys on the hem
of the arms and the fringes along the slits at the sides and the lower
hem. The tassels hanging from either shoulder at the back (see fig. 6),
formerly very much favoured, have now largely gone out of use.
The _dalmatica_, which originated--as its name implies--in Dalmatia,
came into fashion in the Roman world in the 2nd century A.D. It was a
loose tunic with very wide sleeves, and was worn over the _tunica alba_
by the better class of citizens (see. fig. 2). According to the _Liber
pontificalis_ (ed. Duchesne, l. 171) the dalmatic was first introduced
as a vestment in public worship by Pope Silvester I. (314-335), who
ordered it to be worn by the deacons; but Braun (_Liturg. Gewandung_, p.
250) thinks that it was probably in use by the popes themselves so early
as the 3rd century, since St Cyprian (d. 258) is mentioned as wearing it
when he went to his death. If this be so, it was probably given to the
Roman deacons to distinguish them from the other clergy and to mark
their special relations to the pope. However this may be, the dalmatic
remained for centuries the vestment distinctive of the pope and his
deacons, and--according at least to the view held at Rome--could be worn
by other clergy only by special concession of the pope. Thus Pope
Symmachus (498-514) granted the right to wear it to the deacons of
Bishop Caesarius of Arles; and so late as 757 Pope Stephen II. gave
permission to Fulrad, abbot of St Denis, to be assisted by six deacons
at mass, and these are empowered to wear "the robe of honour of the
dalmatic." How far, however, this rule was strictly observed, and what
was the relation of the Roman dalmatic to the diaconal alba and
subdiaconal tunica, which were in liturgical use in Gaul and Spain so
early as the 6th century, are moot points (see Braun, p. 252). The
dalmatic was in general use at the beginning of the 9th century, partly
as a result of the Carolingian reforms, which established the Roman
model in western Europe; but it continued to be granted by the popes to
distinguished ecclesiastics not otherwise entitled to wear it, e.g. to
abbots or to the cardinal priests of important cathedrals. So far as the
records show, Pope John XIII. (965-972) was the first to bestow the
right to wear the dalmatic on an abbot, and Pope Benedict VII. the first
to grant it to a cardinal priest of a foreign cathedral (975). The
present rule was firmly established by the 11th century. According to
the actual use of the Roman Catholic Church dalmatic and tunicle are
worn by deacon and subdeacon when assisting at High Mass, and at solemn
processions and benedictions. They are, however, traditionally vestments
symbolical of joy (the bishop in placing the dalmatic on the newly
ordained deacon says:--"May the Lord clothe thee in the tunic of joy and
the garment of rejoicing"), and they are therefore not worn during
seasons of fasting and penitence or functions connected with these, the
folded chasuble (_paenula plicata_) being substituted (see CHASUBLE).
Dalmatic and tunicle are never worn by priests, as priests, but both are
worn by bishops under the chasuble (never under the cope) and also by
those prelates, not being bishops, to whom the pope has conceded the
right to wear the episcopal vestments.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Deacon in dalmatic, apparelled amice and alb.]
In England at the Reformation the dalmatic ultimately shared the fate of
the chasuble and other mass vestments. It was, however, certainly one of
the "ornaments of the minister" in the second year of Edward VI., the
rubric in the office for Holy Communion directing the priest's "helpers"
to wear "albes with tunacles." In many Anglican churches it has
therefore been restored, as a result of the ritual revival of the 19th
century, it being claimed that its use is obligatory under the
"ornaments rubric" of the Book of Common Prayer (see VESTMENTS).
In the Eastern churches the only vestment that has any true analogy with
the dalmatic or liturgical upper tunic is the _sakkos_, the tunic worn
by deacons and subdeacons over their everyday clothes being the
equivalent of the Western alb (q.v.). The sakkos, which, as a liturgical
vestment, first appears in the 12th century as peculiar to patriarchs,
is now a scapular-like robe very similar to the modern dalmatic (see
fig. 5). Its origin is almost certainly the richly embroidered dalmatic
that formed part of the consular insignia, which under the name of
sakkos became a robe of state special to the emperors. It is clear,
then, that this vestment can only have been assumed with the emperor's
permission; and Braun suggests (p. 305) that its use was granted to the
patriarchs, after the completion of the schism of East and West, in
order "in some sort to give them the character, in outward appearance as
well, of popes of the East." Its use is confined to the Greek rite. In
the Greek and Greek-Melchite churches it is confined to the
patriarchs and metropolitans; in the Russian, Ruthenian and Bulgarian
churches it is worn by all bishops. Unlike the practice of the Latin
church, it is not worn under, but has replaced the phelonion (chasuble).
[Illustration: PLATE I.
FIG. 2.--TUNIC OF LINEN, WOVEN WITH BANDS OF PURPLE WOOL EMBROIDERED
WITH WHITE FLAX.
From the tombs at Akhmim. Egypto-Roman; 1st to 4th century. (In the
Victoria and Albert Museum.)
FIG. 3.--BACK OF A DALMATIC OF STAMPED GREEN WOOLLEN VELVET: THE
ORPHREYS AND APPARELS ARE OF EMBROIDERED SILK VELVET.
The two figures on the cross-band or apparel represent St. Gregory the
Great and St. Augustine. The shields of arms are for the dukes of
Julich and Berg, counts of Ravensberg, and for the electors of
Bavaria. Said to have come from the church of St. Severin, Cologne.
German (Cologne); second half of 15th century. (In the Victoria and
Albert Museum.)]
[Illustration: PLATE II.
FIG. 4.--DALMATIC OF WHITE SATIN EMRROIDERED WITH COLOURED SILKS AND
SILVER-GILT AND SILVER THREAD