THE GREATEST MENACE OF THE SOUTH.
In every age there are great and pressing problems to be
solved,--problems whose solution will have seemingly, a far reaching and
lasting effect upon the economic life of the country concerned. It was
the case in this country from its very beginning and the same condition
obtains today, although each section of the country has its own peculiar
problems the true American citizen recognizes the fact that the success
of one section in solving its problems will be beneficial to the entire
nation.
Perhaps, no section of this country has been confronted with more
difficult problems than the South. I therefore, wish to present what I
consider to be the greatest menace of this section, not as a prophet
foretelling future events, but humbly expressing my views of the
situation after careful study.
If you were to ask the average white man of the South today what is the
greatest menace to this section, his answer, undoubtedly, would be, the
Negro and Negro domination. At least this would be the answer of the
politician. That he would take this view, is shown by the great amount
of legislation that has been enacted, aiming either directly or
indirectly to retard the Negro's progress. I do not believe that there
has been one piece of legislation enacted in the South within the last
thirty years for the express purpose of promoting the Negro's welfare.
This does not mean, however, that the entire white South is against the
Negro or that it means to oppose his advancement. There are thousands of
white men and women throughout the length and breadth of the South, who
are today, laboring almost incessantly for the advancement of the Negro.
To these, we owe a great debt of gratitude, and to these should be given
much credit for what has been accomplished. This class of white
southerns are not, as a rule, politicians and it is seldom, if ever,
they are elected to office. When we speak of the average southern white
man then, we have particular reference to the great horde of office
seekers and politicians that infest the entire south-land. It is this
class that will tell you that Negro domination is the greatest menace to
the South.
Now, Negro domination may be a menace to the South, but it is certainly
not the greatest. Neither is the extermination of our forests to be
greatly feared. There are organizations and societies on foot in all
parts of the South for the conservation of our forests.
Southern citizenship is suffering much from child labor, but even this,
although being a great danger to our future development and prosperity,
cannot rightly be classed as our greatest menace. The one thing today,
in which we stand in greatest danger, is the loss of the fertility of
the soil. If we should lose this, as we are gradually doing, then all is
lost. If we should save it, then all other things will be added. Our
great need is the conservation and preservation of the soil.
The increased crops which we have in the South occasionally, are not due
to improved methods of farming, but to increased acreage. Thousands of
acres of new land are added each year and our increase in farm
production is due to the strength of these fresh lands. There is not
much more woodland to be taken in as new farm lands, for this source has
been well nigh exhausted. We must then, within a few years, expect a
gradual reduction in the farm production of the South. Already the old
farm lands that have been in cultivation for the past fifty or
fifty-five years are practically worn out. I have seen in my day where
forty acres of land twenty or twenty-five years ago would produce from
twenty to twenty-five bales of cotton each year, and from 800 to 1000
bushels of corn. Now, these forty acres will not produce more than eight
or nine bales of cotton and hardly enough corn to feed two horses. In
fact, one small family cannot obtain a decent support from the land
which twenty years ago supported three families in abundance. This farm
is not on the hill-side, neither has it been worn away by erosion. It is
situated in the lowlands, in the black prairie, and is considered the
best farm on a large plantation. This condition obtains in all parts of
the South today. This constant deterioration of land, this gradual
reduction of crops year after year, if kept up for the next fifty years,
will surely prove disastrous to the South.
Practically, all the land in the black belt of the South is cultivated
by Negroes and the farm production has decreased so rapidly during the
last ten or fifteen years that the average Negro farmer hardly makes
sufficient to pay his rent and buy the few necessaries of life. Of
course, here and there where a tenant has been lucky enough to get hold
of some new land, he makes a good crop, but after three or four years of
cultivation, his crop begins to decrease and this decrease is kept up at
a certain ratio as long as he keeps the land. Instead of improving, the
tenant's condition becomes worse each year until he finds it impossible
to support his family on the farm. Farm after farm is being abandoned or
given up to the care of the old men and women. Already, most of these
are too old and feeble to do effective work.
Now, the chief cause of these farms becoming less productive, is the
failure on the part of the farmers to add something to the land after
they have gathered their crops. They seem to think that the land
contains an inexhaustible supply of plant food. Another cause of this
deficiency of the soil is the failure of the farmer to rotate his crop.
There are farms being cultivated in the South today where the same piece
of land has been planted in cotton every year for forty or fifty years.
Forty years ago, I am told by reliable authority, that this same land
would yield from one bale to one and a half per acre. And today it will
take from four to six acres to produce one bale.
Still another cause for the deterioration of the soil is erosion. There
is practically no effort put forth on the tenant's part to prevent his
farm from washing away. The hill-side and other rolling lands are not
terraced and after being in use four or five years, practically all of
these lands are washed away and as farm lands they are entirely
abandoned. Not only are the hillside lands unprotected from the beating
rains and flowing streams, but the bottom or lowlands are not properly
drained, and the sand washed down from the hill, the chaff and raft from
previous rains soon fill the ditches and creeks and almost any ordinary
rain will cause an overflow of these streams.
Under these conditions an average crop is impossible even in the best of
years. At present, the South does not produce one-half of the foodstuff
that it consumes and if the present condition of things continue for the
next fifty years, this section of the country will be on the verge of
starvation and famines will be a frequent occurrence. Of course, Negro
starvation will come first, but white man starvation will surely follow.
I believe, therefore, that I am justified in saying that there is even
more danger in Negro starvation than there is in Negro domination.
I have noticed in this country that the sins of the races are
contagious. If the Negro in a community be lazy, indifferent, and
careless about his farm, the white man in the community will soon fall
into the same habit. On the other hand, if the white man is smart,
industrious, energetic and persevering in his general makeup, the Negro
will soon fall into line; so after all, whatever helps one race in the
South will help the other and whatever degrades one race in the South,
sooner or later will degrade the other. But you may reply to this
assertion by saying that the Negro can go to the city and make an
independent living for himself and family, but you forget that all real
wealth must come from the soil and that the city cannot prosper unless
the country is prosperous. When the country fails, the city feels the
effect; when the country weeps, the city moans; when agriculture dies,
all die. Such are the conditions which face us today. Now for the
remedy.
It is worth while to remember that there are ten essential elements of
plant food. If the supply of any one of the elements fails, the crop
will fail. These ten elements are carbon and oxygen taken into the
leaves of the plant from the air as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, a
constituent of water absorbed through the plant roots; nitrogen, taken
from the soil by all plants also secured from the air by legumes. The
other elements are phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and
sulphur, all of which are secured from the soil. The soil nitrogen is
contained in the organic matter or humus, and to maintain the supply of
nitrogen, we should keep the soil well stored with organic matter,
making liberal use of clover or other legumes which have power to secure
nitrogen from the inexhaustible supply in the air.
It is interesting to note that one of the ablest chemists in this
country, Prof. E. W. Clark of the U. S. Geological Survey, has said that
an acre of ground seven inches deep contains sufficient iron to produce
one hundred bushels of corn every year for 200,000 years, sufficient
calcium to produce one hundred bushels of corn or one bale of cotton
each year for 55,000 years, enough magnesium to produce such a crop
7,000 years, enough sulphur for 10,000 years and potassium for 2,600
years, but only enough phosphorus for 130 years. The nitrogen resting
upon the surface of an acre of ground is sufficient to produce one
hundred bushels of corn or a bale of cotton for 700,000 years; but only
enough in the plowed soil to produce fifty such crops. In other words,
there are enough of eight of the elements of plant food in the ordinary
soil to produce 100 bushels of corn per acre or a bale of cotton per
acre for each year for 2,600 years; but only enough of the other two,
phosphorus and nitrogen, to produce such crops for forty or fifty years.
Let us grant that most of our farm lands in the South have been in
cultivation for fifty or seventy-five years, and in many instances for
one hundred years, it is readily seen that practically all of the
phosphorus and nitrogen in the plowed soil have been exhausted. Is it
any wonder then that we are having such poor crops? The wonder is that
our crops have kept up so well. Unless a radical change is made in our
mode of farming, we must expect less and less crops each year until we
have no crops, or such little that we can hardly pay the rent.
To improve and again make fertile our soils, we must restore to them the
phosphorus and nitrogen which have been used up in the seventy-five or
more crops that we have gathered from them. This is a herculean task but
this is what confronts us and I for one, believe we can accomplish it.
By the proper rotation of crops, including oats, clover, cowpeas, as
well as cotton and corn, and a liberal use of barn-yard manure and
cotton seed fertilizer, all of the necessary elements of plant food can
be restored to our worn out soil. But the proper use of these require
much painstaken study.
The black as well as the white should give this matter serious
consideration. The landlords and the tenants should co-operate in this
great work. The merchants and bankers must lend their aid and influence,
preachers and teachers should be pioneers in this movement to save our
common country. Our agricultural colleges should imprint their courses
of study in something more than their annual catalogues. They should be
imprinted in the minds and hearts of their students, and especially
those who are to do farm work. Thus far, but very little general good
has been accomplished by these schools. The reason is that the farmers,
those who till the soil, have not had access to these schools and those
who attend are not the farming class, and do not take to farming as
their life's work. The man who works the soil must be taught how to
farm. We have in this state nine purely agricultural schools, each of
which is a white institution. It is true that some agricultural training
is given for Negroes at Normal, Montgomery and Tuskegee, but these are
not purely agricultural schools and the great mass of Negro farmers
cannot hope to attend them.
If the Negro is to remain the farming class in the Black Belt of the
South, then he must be taught at least the rudiments of the modern
methods of improved farming. He must have agricultural schools and must
be encouraged to attend them. The loss of the fertility of the soil is
the greatest menace of the South. How can we regain this lost fertility,
is the greatest question of the hour.