LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY IN AFRICA.
[CONTINUED.]
An Exploration of Tanganyika Lake -- Result -- Christmas at Ujiji --
Livingstone Proceeds with Stanley to Unyanyembe -- Account of the
Journey -- Alleged Neglect of Livingstone by the British Consulate at
Zanzibar -- Departure of the Explorer for the Interior, and of Mr.
Stanley for Europe.
It had been supposed by Dr. Livingstone that the waters of Tanganyika
Lake had outlet northward, and that they were, therefore, a part of the
necessarily vast sources of the great river of the continent whose
annual inundations are among the most wonderful illustrations in nature
of the more than majestic power of Almighty God. His many discoveries of
great lakes and rivers far to the westward of Tanganyika, their evident
connection in a system, similar to that of the great lakes of North
America at last forming the St. Lawrence river, flowing northward; the
natural necessity there is for immense sources of supply to the
Nile--these and other considerations left the explorer to imagine that
Tanganyika formed a part of the same system with that lake which he
named after an illustrious President of the United States. The commander
of the “Herald” expedition, therefore, with a fine appreciation of the
situation, offered his escort to Dr. Livingstone, with a proposal to
accompany him to the head of the lake. The offer was accepted, and the
explorer, as Mr. Stanley says, “like a hero, lost no time in starting.”
The account of this journey, or voyage, rather, for the party travelled
by boat, is given in a dispatch dated December 23, 1871, at Ujiji. It is
as follows:
“On the 20th of November Dr. Livingstone and your correspondent, with
twenty picked men of the HERALD Expedition Corps, started. Despite the
assertion of Arabs that the Warundi were dangerous and would not let us
pass, we hugged their coast closely, and when fatigued boldly encamped
in their country. Once only were we obliged to fly--and this was at dead
of night--from a large party which we knew to be surrounding us on the
land side. We got to the boat safely, and we might have punished them
severely had the Doctor been so disposed. Once also we were stoned, but
we paid no heed to them and kept on our way along their coast until we
arrived at Mokamba’s, one of the chiefs of Usige. Mokamba was at war
with a neighboring chief, who lived on the left bank of the Rusizi. That
did not deter us, and we crossed the head of the Tanganyika to
Mugihewah, governed by Ruhinga, brother of Mokamba.
“Mugihewah is a tract of country on the right bank of the Rusizi,
extending to the lake. With Mokamba and Ruhinga we became most intimate;
they proved to be sociable, good-natured chiefs, and gave most valuable
information concerning the countries lying to the north of Usige; and if
their information is correct, Sir Samuel Baker will be obliged to
curtail the ambitious dimensions of his lake by one degree, if not more.
A Mgwana, living at Mokamba’s, on the eastern shore of the lake, had
informed us that the River Rusizi certainly flowed out of the lake, and
after joining the Kitangule emptied into the Lake Nyanza (Victoria).
“When we entered Ruhinga’s territory of Mugihewah, we found ourselves
about 300 yards from the river about which a great deal has been said
and written. At Unyanyembe I was told that the Rusizi was an affluent.
At Ujiji all Arabs but one united in saying the same thing, and within
ten miles of the Rusizi a freedman of Zanzibar swore it was an affluent.
“On the morning of the eleventh day of our departure from Ujiji, we were
rowed towards the river. We came to a long, narrow bay, fringed on all
sides with tall, dense reeds and swarming with crocodiles and soon came
to the mouth of the Rusizi. As soon as we had entered the river all
doubt vanished before the strong, turbid flood against which we had to
contend in the ascent. After about ten minutes we entered what seemed a
lagoon, but which was the result of a late inundation. About an hour
higher up the river began to be confined to its proper banks, and is
about thirty yards broad, but very shallow.
“Two days higher up, Ruhinga told us, the Rusizi was joined by the
Loanda, coming from the northwest. There could be no mistake then. Dr.
Livingstone and myself had ascended it, had felt the force of the strong
inflowing current--the Rusizi was an influent, as much so as the
Malagarazi, the Linche, and Rugufu, but with its banks full it can only
be considered as ranking third among the rivers flowing into the
Tanganyika. Though rapid it is extremely shallow; it has three mouths,
up which an ordinary ship’s boat loaded might in vain attempt to ascend.
Burton and Speke, though they ascended to within six hours’ journey by
canoe from the Rusizi, were compelled to turn back by the cowardice of
the boatmen. Had they ascended to Meuta’s capital, they could easily
have seen the head of the lake. Usige is but a district of Wumdi,
governed by several small chiefs, who owe obedience to Mwezi, the great
King of Wumdi.
“We spent nine days at the head of the Tanganyika exploring the islands
and many bays that indent its shores.
“In returning to Ujiji we coasted along the west side of the Tanganyika,
as far as the country of the Wasansi, whom we had to leave on no
amicable terms owing to their hostility to Arabs, and arrived at Ujiji
on the 18th of December, having been absent twenty-eight days.
“Though the Rusizi River can no longer be a subject of curiosity to
geographers--and we are certain that there is no connection between the
Tanganyika and Baker’s Lake, or the Albert N’yanza--it is not yet
certain that there is no connection between the Tanganyika and the Nile
River. The western coast has not all been explored; and there is reason
to suppose that a river runs out of the Tanganyika through the deep
caverns of Kabogo Mountain, far under ground and out on the western side
of Kabogo into the Lualaba, or the Nile. Livingstone has seen the
river about forty miles or so west of Kabogo (about forty yards broad at
that place), but he does not know that it runs out of the mountain.
[Illustration: RECEPTION OF THE CHIEF RUHINGI.]
“This is one of the many things which he has yet to examine.”
It thus appearing that the Rusizi is an affluent, not an effluent, of
Tanganyika Lake, the expedition failed to sustain the explorer’s
hypothesis, but added a useful item of geographical knowledge to the
then existing stock. Nor does it follow that because the Rusizi flows
into the Tanganyika, there is no river flowing out of it into that
system of lakes which had before been discovered by the explorer, and of
which the Chambesi--almost a system of rivers itself--is the largest
affluent yet discovered. Should Dr. Livingstone’s hypothesis of an
effluent from the west shore of Tanganyika Lake not be sustained, and
its waters found to procure outlet by Lake Nyassa and the Zambesi, his
future discoveries will in all probability show a similar formation of
the continent in east central Africa to that which he discovered to be
the fact when he explored Lake Dilolo in the land of the Balonda.
The explorers remained in Ujiji until after “merry Christmas,” both
engaged much of the time in writing accounts of their explorations,
which have appeared or will yet appear in this volume. Meanwhile, they
had determined to make a journey together to Unyanyembe. This journey is
described in telegraphic brevity:
KWIHARA, UNYANYEMBE, February 21, 1872.
After spending Christmas at Ujiji Dr. Livingstone, escorted by the NEW
YORK HERALD Expedition, composed of forty Wanguana soldiers, well
armed, left for Unyanyembe on the 26th of December, 1871.
In order to arrive safely, untroubled by wars and avaricious tribes,
we sketched out a road to Unyanyembe, thus:--
Seven days by water south to Urimba.
Ten days across the uninhabited forests of Kawendi.
Twenty days through Unkonongo, direct east.
Twelve days north through Unkonongo.
Thence five days into Unyanyembe, where we arrived without adventure
of any kind, except killing zebras, buffaloes, and giraffes, after
fifty-four days’ travel.
The expedition suffered considerably from famine, and your
correspondent from fever, but these are incidental to the march in
this country.
The Doctor tramped it on foot like a man of iron. On arrival at
Unyanyembe I found that the Englishman Shaw whom I had turned back as
useless, had about a month after his return succumbed to the climate
of the interior and had died, as well as two Wanguana of the
expedition who had been left behind sick. Thus during less than twelve
months William Lawrence Farquhar, of Leith, Scotland, and John William
Shaw, of London, England, the two white men I had engaged to assist
me, had died; also eight baggage carriers and eight soldiers of the
expedition had died.
I was bold enough to advise the Doctor to permit the expedition to
escort him to Unyanyembe, through the country it was made acquainted
with while going to Ujiji, for the reason that were he to sit down at
Ujiji until Mirambo was disposed of he might remain a year there, a
prey to high expectations, ending always in bitter disappointment. I
told him, as the Arabs of Unyanyembe were not equal to the task of
conquering Mirambo, that it were better he should accompany the Herald
expedition to Unyanyembe, and there take possession of the last lot of
goods brought to him by a caravan which left the seacoast
simultaneously with our expedition.
The Doctor consented, and thus it was that he came so far back as
Unyanyembe.
The “Herald” correspondent complains with much earnestness that Dr.
Livingstone has been neglected by the British consulate at Zanzibar.
Handsomely admitting the liberality of the British people and
government, he has hearty denunciations for those in authority at
Zanzibar. The contrast of their insufficiency with the enterprise of the
“Herald” expedition is remarkable. Mr. Stanley says: “Within the time
that the British Consul’s men took to convey Livingstone’s goods and
letters a distance of only 525 miles, the HERALD Expedition was formed,
and marched 2,059 English statute miles, and before the fourteenth month
of its departure from the seacoast the HERALD Expedition will have
arrived at the seacoast, be paid off and disbanded. In the matter of
supplies, then, being sent to Livingstone semi-annually or annually
there is no truth whatever. The cause is extreme apathy at Zanzibar and
the reckless character of the men sent. Where English gentlemen are so
liberal and money so plentiful it should be otherwise.”
* * * * *
Upon this very delicate subject the “Herald” itself editorially remarks:
“On the question of Livingstone’s having received the supplies sent him
by his friends in England these letters will throw a startling light.
The carelessness, theft, and general mismanagement which overtook the
stores forwarded by the British Consulate at Zanzibar, usually wasted
and frittered these almost entirely away before they had time to reach
him. This cannot be better stated than in the HERALD commander’s words:
‘Your correspondent begs to inform his friends that the HERALD
Expedition found him turned back from his explorations when on the eve
of being terminated thoroughly by the very men sent to him by the
British Consulate; that the Expedition found him sitting down at Ujiji
utterly destitute, robbed by the very men sent by the British Consulate
at Zanzibar with his caravan; that the HERALD Expedition escorted him
to Unyanyembe only in time to save his last stock of goods, for they
were rapidly being made away with by the very men entrusted by the
British Consulate with the last lot of goods; that it was only by an
accident that your correspondent saw a packet of letters addressed to
Livingstone, and so, forcibly, took one of Livingstone’s men to carry
the letters to his employer.’”
The commander of the Search Expedition supplied Dr. Livingstone with
such supplies as he could command, in which were several bales of mixed
cloths, about one thousand pounds of assorted beads--all this is African
money--a large quantity of brass wire, a portable boat, revolvers,
carbines, and ammunition.
And thus Mr. Stanley was ready to depart for the sea coast. Bidding the
great explorer farewell, he left Kwihara on March 14, 1872, bending his
course toward Zanzibar by the usual caravan track. At Zanzibar he
forwarded “men and means” to the explorer of whom he had learned to
think so highly, by the aid of which he was doubtless the better enabled
to make his departure from Unyanyembe, and with more confident
anticipations of success.
Meanwhile the chief of the successful Search Expedition discharged his
men at Zanzibar, and by the way of Bombay, thence to Aden in
southwestern Arabia, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal, found his way
rapidly to the abodes of those races of civilized men who had been
astonished and gratified by the summary of the remarkable success of his
enterprise which had preceded him.