HENRY MORLAND STANLEY.
His Nativity -- Early Life -- Comes to America -- His Adoption by a
New Orleans Merchant -- His Career during the Civil War -- Becomes
Correspondent of the New York “Herald” -- Sails for the Island of
Crete to enlist in the cause of the Cretans, then at war -- But
changes his mind on arriving there -- Instead Undertakes a journey
through Asia Minor, the Provinces of Russian Asia, etc. -- Attacked
and plundered by Turkish Brigands -- Relieved by Hon. E. Joy Morris,
the American Minister -- Goes to Egypt; to Abyssinia -- Remarkable
success there -- His sudden call to Paris from Madrid by Mr. Bennett,
of the “Herald” -- Account of the Interview -- Mr. Stanley goes to
find Livingstone in command of the “Herald’s” Livingstone Expedition.
The subject of our sketch was born near Denbigh, Wales, in 1840. His
parents’ name was Rowland. At three years of age he was sent to the
poor-house at St. Asaph, to get an education. He, the poor, unpromising
lad, remained until he had finished such an education as this
institution could furnish, and then sought employment as teacher; and
for a year was employed as such at Mold, Flintshire. But it was then
that the strong instincts of his nature began to show themselves. He
felt that a school-teacher’s life, however honorable and useful, could
not be his, and with his scant earnings shipped as a cabin-boy in a ship
bound for New Orleans. Arriving in safety, he began to look about for
employment. By what lucky chance it happened we do not know, but he fell
into the hands of a merchant named Stanley, who became so attached to
the frank, energetic, ambitious youth that he finally adopted him and
gave him his name. Thus the Welsh boy Rowland became the American youth
Stanley. Fortune had certainly smiled upon him, and his future seemed
secure.
But in his case, as in that of hundreds of others, the fate of war
stepped in to mar his fair prospects at this stage of his career. The
outbreak of the Rebellion led him into the ranks of the Southern
Confederacy; but only for a brief period. He was taken a prisoner by the
Union forces, and shortly thereafter, upon taking the oath of
allegiance, was released on parole. As the Union cause really had his
sympathies, he at once proposed to enlist in the Northern army. But
whether the military authorities were afraid of this sudden conversion,
or not daring to give too much freedom of action to one who showed by
his whole bearing and language that there was no undertaking too daring
for him to attempt, we are not told; but they put him, however, where he
would probably have little chance to show what stuff he was made of--on
board of the iron-clad ship Ticonderoga, he consenting to volunteer in
the navy. Though totally unfit for service of any kind on board of a
man-of-war, he soon became an acting ensign. At the close of the war he
looked about for some field of active service, and what little war he
had seen seemed to fit his peculiar character. Hearing that the Cretans
were about to attempt to throw off the Turkish yoke, he resolved to join
them. He proceeded to that country in company with two other adventurous
spirits in 1866, after having first made an engagement with the New York
“Herald” as its correspondent. But upon arriving at his destination
he found occasion to become displeased with the leaders of the
revolution, and declined to volunteer in the army of the famous little
island.
[Illustration: AN ARAB COURIER]
“His chief recommendation at this time,” says a great journal, “was his
energy and industry and fearlessness in collecting facts, not the style
in which he told them; for although he had previously shown some
indications of literary ability, his pen was as yet neither practiced
nor fluent.” His energy, industry and fearlessness were doubtless better
appreciated in the “Herald” office than by the general public; but his
reputation as a writer grew with time, and he constantly performed his
correspondential duties to the satisfaction of his experienced
employers.
It appears that he had a sort of roving commission from the “Herald,”
and now undertook a journey on foot with a few traveling companions of
his own country, by which it was contemplated to pass through Asia
Minor, the provinces of Russian Asia, the Khanates, Bokhara, and Kiva,
Eastern Turkestan, and so through China to the coast. This project came,
however, to a disastrous end. The little party had not penetrated more
than about an hundred miles from Smyrna, when it was attacked by Turkish
brigands, completely plundered, and compelled, in consequence, to
return. Arriving at Constantinople in a most sorry plight, the members
of the party were kindly received by the Hon. E. Joy Morris, then United
States Minister to the Turkish Sultan, and their wants supplied by a
check upon the generous Minister’s private banker. An account of the
affair, written by Mr. Stanley, had appeared in a public journal of the
country, so that Mr. Morris had been apprised of the facts--afterwards
fully substantiated in a court of justice--before the travelers
appeared, in shabby attire, attesting a needy situation.
On the return of Mr. Stanley to Constantinople, a few years after this
event, and during the last year of Mr. Morris’ official residence in
Turkey, he called upon that gentleman. He had then just come from Egypt.
We here give Mr. Morris’ description of Stanley, in his own words:
“The uncouth young man whom I first knew had grown into a perfect man of
the world, possessing the appearance, the manners and the attributes of
a perfect gentleman. The story of the adventures which he had gone
through, and the dangers he had passed during his absence were perfectly
marvellous, and he became the lion of our little circle. Scarcely a day
passed but he was a guest at my table; and no one was more welcome, for
I insensibly grew to have a strong admiration and felt an attachment for
him myself. Instead of thinking he was a young man who had barely seen
twenty-six summers you would imagine that he was thirty-five or forty
years of age, so cultured and learned was he in all the ways of life. He
possessed a thorough acquaintance with most of the Eastern countries,
and, as I took an interest in all that related to Oriental life, we had
many a talk about what he had seen and what I longed to see. He stated
to me that he had a sort of roving commission for the ‘Herald,’ but that
he had exhausted all known countries, and was at a loss to understand
where he should go next. I said to him, ‘Stanley, what do you think of
trying Persia? That is an unexplored country, and would well repay a
visit, if you could get back with your life.’ Stanley thought over the
proposal, and rapidly came to the conclusion he would go. I busied
myself in procuring him letters of introduction to the Russian
authorities in the Caucasus, in Georgia, and in other countries through
which he would have to pass. He saw the Russian Ambassador at
Constantinople in person, who was so well impressed with him that he
made extra exertions to facilitate his progress to the mysterious home
of the Grand Llama. I had some time previous to this had a Henry rifle
sent me from a friend in New York, as a specimen of American art, and
this I presented to Stanley, with my best wishes for the success of his
undertaking. He started on the desperate enterprise some time after, and
my table thereby lost one of its most entertaining guests. When I say
desperate enterprise I mean it, for Persia is to a European a
practically unexplored country; and in consequence of its weak
government and the marauders with which it abounds, a journey to
Zanzibar or Unyanyembe would be a safe trip compared to it. How Mr.
Stanley accomplished the task he undertook the columns of the ‘Herald’
will tell. I received a letter from him, while on the way, narrating the
hospitable manner in which he had been entertained by the Russian
authorities, and the way in which he had astonished them by the
performances of his Henry rifle. His journey through the Caucasus and
Georgia was a sort of triumphal march, though he was looked upon as a
lost man by all who knew anything of the East. The route he took was an
entirely new one, as he went in a kind of zigzag way to Thibet, and he
must have a charmed life to have come through so much peril in complete
safety.”
[Illustration: EQUIPPED FOR WAR.]
A considerable portion of the year 1868 was spent by Mr. Stanley in
Abyssinia, where he accompanied the British expedition against King
Theodore. He went with the English army as far as Magadla, and upon
several occasions was enabled to transmit accounts of the expedition,
embracing most important news, to the “Herald” in advance of
intelligence sent to the British government. The people of America were
thus supplied with intelligence of this singular British foray in
northeastern Africa in advance of the people of England. These
remarkable successes in Abyssinia were highly appreciated by the
“Herald,” and considerably enhanced the correspondent’s abilities and
services in the special line he was working upon. And it was no doubt
the signal ability thus displayed which led the younger Bennett to
choose this man for his purpose when he had decided to send an
expedition after Livingstone.
The account of the interview and the incidents leading to it between
James Gordon Bennett, Jr., and Mr. Stanley are exceedingly interesting,
as given in the words of Mr. Stanley himself. He was at the time in
Madrid, Spain, October 16th, 1869. At 10 o’clock A. M. he was handed a
telegram, which read: “Come to Paris on important business,” and bore
the signature of James Gordon Bennett, Jr., then the young manager of
the “Herald.”
“Down come my pictures from the walls of my apartments on the second
floor; into my trunks go my books and souvenirs; my clothes are hastily
collected, some half-washed, some from the clothes-line half-dry, and
after a couple of hours of hasty hard work my portmanteaus are strapped
up and labelled for Paris.
“The express train leaves Madrid for Hendaye at 3 P. M. I have yet time
to say farewell to my friends. I have one at No. 6 Calle Goya, fourth
floor, who happens to be a contributor to several London dailies. He has
several children in whom I have taken a warm interest. Little Charlie
and Willie are fast friends of mine; they love to hear of my adventures,
and it has been a pleasure to me to talk to them. But now I must say
farewell.
“Then I have friends at the American Legation whose conversation I
admire. There has come a sudden ending of it all. ‘I hope you will write
to us. We shall always be glad to hear of your welfare.’ How often have
I not during my feverish life as a flying journalist heard the very same
words, and how often have I not suffered the same pang at parting from
friends just as warm as these.
“But a journalist in my position must needs suffer. Like a gladiator in
the arena, he must be prepared for the combat. Any flinching, any
cowardice, and he is lost. The gladiator meets the sword that is
sharpened for his bosom--the flying journalist or roving correspondent
meets the command that may send him to his doom. To the battle or the
banquet it is ever the same--‘Get ready and go.’
“At 3 P. M. I was on my way, and being obliged to stop at Bayonne a few
hours, did not arrive at Paris until the following night. I went
straight to the Grand Hotel, and knocked at the door of Mr. Bennett’s
room.
“‘Come in,’ I heard a voice say.
“Entering, I found Mr. Bennett in bed.
“‘Who are you?’ he asked.
“‘My name is Stanley,’ I answered.
“‘Ah, yes; sit down. I have important business on hand for you.’”
After throwing over his shoulders his robe-de-chambre, Mr. Bennett
proceeded to ask Stanley, “Where do you think Livingstone is?”
“I really do not know, sir,” answered Stanley.
“Do you think he is alive?” continued Bennett.
“He may be, and he may not be,” replied Stanley.
“Well, I think he is alive, and that he can be found, and I am going to
send you to find him,” was Bennett’s rejoinder.
“What!” said Stanley. “Do you really think I can find Dr. Livingstone?
Do you mean me to go to Central Africa?”
“Yes; I mean that you shall go and find him, wherever you may hear that
he is, and to get what news you can of him, and perhaps”--delivering
himself thoughtfully and deliberately--“the old man may be in want. Take
enough with you to help him, should he require it. Of course you will
act according to your own plans, and do what you think best--BUT FIND
LIVINGSTONE!”
“Have you considered seriously the great expense you are likely to
incur on account of this little journey?” suggested Stanley, wondering
at the cool order of sending one to Central Africa to search for a man
whom he, in common with almost all other men, believed to be dead.
[Illustration: RECEPTION OF THE OFFICERS OF THE EXPEDITION AT THE
SULTAN’S PALACE, ZANZIBAR.]
“What will it cost?” asked Mr. Bennett.
“Burton and Speke’s journey to Central Africa cost between £3,000 and
£5,000, and I fear it cannot be done under £2,500,” replied Mr. Stanley.
“Well, I will tell you what you will do. Draw a thousand pounds now, and
when you have gone through that, draw another thousand; and when that is
spent, draw another thousand; and when you have finished that, draw
another thousand, and so on; but FIND LIVINGSTONE!”
Stanley, though somewhat surprised, yet not confused at the order--for
he knew that Mr. Bennett, when once he had made up his mind, was not
easily drawn aside from his purpose--thought, seeing it was such a
gigantic undertaking, that he had not quite fully considered in his own
mind the pros and cons of the case, and said, “I have heard that should
your father die you would sell the ‘Herald’ and retire from business.”
“Whoever told you that is wrong, for there is not money enough in New
York city to buy the ‘Herald.’ My father has made it a great paper; but
I mean to make it greater. I mean that it shall be a newspaper in the
true sense of the word. I mean that it shall publish whatever news will
be interesting to the world, at no matter what cost.”
“After that,” says Stanley, “I have nothing more to say. Do you mean me
to go straight on to Africa to search for Dr. Livingstone?”
Mr. Bennett thereupon outlined a course of instructions as to what he
would have Stanley do in the matter, closing with these words:
“Bagdad will be close on your way to India. Suppose you go there and
write up something about the Euphrates Valley Railroad. Then, when you
have come to India, you can go after Livingstone. Probably you will hear
by that time that Livingstone is on his way to Zanzibar; but if not, go
into the interior and find him, if alive. Get what news of his
discoveries you can; and, if you find he is dead, bring all possible
proof of his being dead. That is all. Good night, and God be with you.”
Thus it was that Stanley received his _carte blanche_, and as promptly
set out upon his mission. He was then about twenty-nine years of age, a
thick-set, powerful man, though short of stature, being only about five
feet seven inches in height. He is a sure shot, an expert swimmer, a
fine horseman, a trained athlete. But few men living have had more
experience in “roughing it.” A better selection for the command of its
singular undertaking could not possibly have been made by the “Herald,”
and this the result, so astonishing to the world, has practically
demonstrated.
All civilized nations had shared the anxiety to know whether Livingstone
was living or dead. If living, where; if dead, where he died, and how.
It was surmised that he had with him the records of a number of years,
covering many of the most important discoveries ever made in Africa,
containing many things of infinite consequence in connection with the
great work of African evangelization, and of immense importance in the
interests of science. There were reasons, therefore, why he should not
die in the forests of Manyuema.
Mr. Stanley was a “flying correspondent,” but God saw in him the
elements of a hero demanded by so great an occasion. We do not believe
that he does himself justice in insinuating that he went to Africa only
as he would have gone anywhere else under orders from his employer. Such
a spirit of obedience and faithfulness under an engagement is
commendable; but we prefer to recognize in Mr. Stanley a spirit which
lifts him above the common level of ordinary business honesty. He
manifested an enthusiasm in this undertaking which betrayed a greatness
of soul which he has preferred to conceal, that his employer might have
the more honor. He might not have essayed this expedition at the
suggestions of his own benevolence--he probably could not have done so;
but when he found that he might do it, his heart bounded to the work. We
believe he went forth from Paris under a higher commission than that of
Mr. Bennett. There was needed money, and there was needed a man. God
knew where to find both, and He did find them just when He saw that one
of His noblest servants was approaching an extremity.
From Mr. Stanley’s Zanzibar letter of February 9th, 1869, we quote his
conclusion:
“Now the readers of this letter know really as much of the whereabouts
of Dr. Livingstone as I do; but probably from conversations heard from
different persons I have greater reasons for judging of the case, and I
believe it will be a very long time yet before Dr. Livingstone arrives,
and that his return will be by the river Nile.”
With this opinion, but with a good stock of supplies for Livingstone’s
journey down the Nile, should he be found proceeding in that way, and
with the best escort attainable, Stanley, in charge of the unique
newspaper expedition, after long delay, on account of wars, plunged into
the wilderness, to be heard from no more until after many long months of
suspense and conjecture.
[Illustration]