industries are phosphate mining, fertilizer production, and
commercial fishing. The country is also working on iron ore and oil
exploration projects. In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and
ambitious economic reform program with the support of the
international donor community. Government price controls and
subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy
contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround,
thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging over
5% annually during 1995-2008. Annual inflation had been pushed down
to the single digits. The country was adversely affected by the
global economic downturn in 2009 and GDP growth fell below 2%. As a
member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU),
Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a
unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. High
unemployment, however, continues to prompt illegal migrants to flee
Senegal in search of better job opportunities in Europe. Under the
IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief program,
Senegal benefited from eradication of two-thirds of its bilateral,
multilateral, and private-sector debt. In 2007, Senegal and the IMF
agreed to a new, non-disbursing, Policy Support Initiative program
which was completed in 2010. Senegal received its first disbursement
from the $540 million Millennium Challenge Account compact it signed
in September 2009 for infrastructure and agriculture development. In
2010, the Senegalese people protested against frequent power cuts.
The government pledged to expand capacity by 2012 and to promote
renewable energy but until Senegal has more capacity, more protests
are likely and economic activity will be hindered. During the year,
bakers protested government price controls on bread. Foreign
investment in Senegal is constrained by Senegal's business
environment, which has slipped in recent years, and by perceptions
of corruption.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$23.86 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
$22.96 billion (2009 est.)
$22.56 billion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$12.66 billion (2010 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
3.9% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
1.8% (2009 est.)
3.3% (2008 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,900 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
$1,900 (2009 est.)
$1,900 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.9%
industry: 21.4%
services: 63.6% (2010 est.)
Labor force:
5.53 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 77.5%
industry and services: 22.5% (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate:
48% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
Population below poverty line:
54% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 30.1% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41.3 (2001)
country comparison to the world: 55
41.3 (1995)
Investment (gross fixed):
25.9% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
Public debt:
32.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
29.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.2% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
-1% (2009 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
4.25% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 95
4.75% (31 December 2008)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
NA%
Stock of narrow money:
$2.8 billion (31 December 2010 est)
country comparison to the world: 112
$2.903 billion (31 December 2009 est)
Stock of broad money:
$4.603 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
$4.745 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$3.516 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
$3.412 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green
vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries:
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer
production, petroleum refining; iron ore, zircon, and gold mining,
construction materials, ship construction and repair
Industrial production growth rate:
3.8% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Electricity - production:
1.88 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
Electricity - consumption:
1.384 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Oil - consumption:
39,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
Oil - exports:
5,653 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Oil - imports:
42,850 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
Natural gas - production:
50 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
Natural gas - consumption:
50 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
Natural gas - proved reserves:
NA cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
Current account balance:
-$1.046 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
-$1.356 billion (2009 est.)
Exports:
$2.112 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
$1.902 billion (2009 est.)
Exports - commodities:
fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners:
Mali 20.12%, India 9.84%, Gambia 5.58%, France 5.02%, Italy 4.23%
(2009)
Imports:
$4.474 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
$4.549 billion (2009 est.)
Imports - commodities:
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Imports - partners:
France 19.58%, UK 9.64%, China 8.08%, Netherlands 5.64%, Thailand
4.75%, US 3.97% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
$2.123 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Debt - external:
$3.885 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
$3.462 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 507.71
(2010), 470.9 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006)
Communications ::Senegal
Telephones - main lines in use:
278,800 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 118
Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.902 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 82
Telephone system:
general assessment: good system with microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
domestic: above-average urban system with a fiber-optic network;
nearly two-thirds of all fixed-line connections are in Dakar where a
call-center industry is emerging; expansion of fixed-line services
in rural areas needed; mobile-cellular service is expanding rapidly
international: country code - 221; the SAT-3/WASC fiber optic cable
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia while Atlantis-2 provides
connectivity to South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean) (2007)
Broadcast media:
state-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) operates 2 TV
stations; a few private TV subscription channels rebroadcast foreign
channels without providing any local news or programs; RTS operates
a national radio network and a number of regional FM stations; a
large number of community and private-broadcast radio stations are
available; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters
are accessible on FM in Dakar (2007)
Internet country code:
.sn
Internet hosts:
241 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 190
Internet users:
1.818 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 76
Transportation ::Senegal
Airports:
20 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 135
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2010)
Pipelines:
gas 43 km; refined products 8 km (2009)
Railways:
total: 906 km
country comparison to the world: 94
narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000 meter gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 13,576 km
country comparison to the world: 127
paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)
Waterways:
1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2008)
country comparison to the world: 64
Merchant marine:
total: 1
country comparison to the world: 155
by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Dakar
Military ::Senegal
Military branches:
Senegalese Armed Forces: Army, Senegalese Navy (Marine Senegalaise),
Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal) (2009)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 3,211,279
females age 16-49: 3,250,128 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 2,109,080
females age 16-49: 2,287,510 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 157,468
female: 156,689 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Transnational Issues ::Senegal
Disputes - international:
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist violence,
cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their countries from
Senegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectively accepted 6,000
and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict; 2,500
Guinea-Bissau residents fled into Senegal in 2006 to escape armed
confrontations along the border
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 19,630 (Mauritania)
IDPs: 22,400 (approximately 65% of the IDP population returned in
2005, but new displacement is occurring due to clashes between
government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2007)
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and
South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit
cultivator of cannabis
page last updated on January 20, 2011
======================================================================
@Serbia (Europe)
Introduction ::Serbia
Background:
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its
name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands
resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from
1941 to 1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as
the invaders. The military and political movement headed by Josip
"TITO" Broz (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German
and Croatian separatist forces were defeated in 1945. Although
Communist, TITO's new government and his successors (he died in
1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact
nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989,
Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and
his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent
breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia,
Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in
1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a
new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under
MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to
unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia."
These actions led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992,
but Serbia continued its - ultimately unsuccessful - campaign until
signing the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC kept tight
control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in
1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly
autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian
counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive
expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC
government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to
NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999, to the withdrawal of
Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in June 1999, and to
the stationing of a NATO-led force in Kosovo to provide a safe and
secure environment for the region's ethnic communities. FRY
elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the
installation of democratic government. MILOSEVIC was arrested in
2001 and sent to be tried in The Hague for crimes against humanity;
he died in March 2006 before the completion of his trial. In 2001,
the country's suspension from the UN was lifted. In 2003, the FRY
became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two
republics with a federal level parliament. Widespread violence
predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 caused
the international community to open negotiations on the future
status of Kosovo in January 2006. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked
its right to secede from the federation and - following a successful
referendum - it declared itself an independent nation on 3 June
2006. Two days later, Serbia declared that it was the successor
state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. A new Serbian
constitution was approved in October 2006 and adopted the following
month. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive
negotiations, the UN-administered province of Kosovo declared itself
independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At
Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008
sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice
(ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was
in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered
unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July
2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of
independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA
Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new
round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo.
Geography ::Serbia
Location:
Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary
Geographic coordinates:
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 77,474 sq km
country comparison to the world: 116
land: 77,474 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
total: 2,026 km
border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria 318 km,
Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Kosovo 352 km, Macedonia 62 km,
Montenegro 124 km, Romania 476 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid
summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental
and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy
snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Terrain:
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and
hills
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
highest point: Midzor 2,169 m
Natural resources:
oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold,
silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land
Land use:
arable land: NA
permanent crops: NA
other: NA
Irrigated land:
NA
Total renewable water resources:
208.5 cu km (note - includes Kosovo) (2003)
Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water
pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows
into the Danube
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
and the Near East
People ::Serbia
Population:
7,344,847
country comparison to the world: 97
note: does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.4% (male 586,806/female 549,900)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 2,503,194/female 2,502,807)
65 years and over: 16.8% (male 508,606/female 728,026) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 41.1 years
male: 39.4 years
female: 42.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.469% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 223
Birth rate:
9.2 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 208
Death rate:
13.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
Urbanization:
urban population: 52% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.065 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and above: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.65 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 172
male: 7.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.09 years
country comparison to the world: 102
male: 71.26 years
female: 77.1 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,400 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 100 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Nationality:
noun: Serb(s)
adjective: Serbian
Ethnic groups:
Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%,
Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)
Religions:
Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%,
unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census)
Languages:
Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany
(Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census)
note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all
official in Vojvodina
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.4%
male: 98.9%
female: 94.1% (2003 census)
note: includes Montenegro
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2008)
Education expenditures:
4.5% of GDP (2007)
country comparison to the world: 91
Government ::Serbia
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Serbia
conventional short form: Serbia
local long form: Republika Srbija
local short form: Srbija
former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Belgrade (Beograd)
geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
167 municipalities (opcstine, singular - opcstina)
Serbia Proper: Belgrade City (Beograd): Barajevo, Cukarica, Grocka,
Lazarevac, Mladenovac, Novi Beograd, Obrenovac, Palilula, Rakovica,
Savski Venac, Sopot, Stari Grad, Surcin, Vozdovac, Vracar, Zemun,
Zvezdara; Bor: Bor, Kladovo, Majdanpek, Negotin; Branicevo: Golubac,
Kucevo, Malo Crnice, Petrovac, Pozarevac, Veliko Gradiste, Zabari,
Zagubica; Grad Nis: Crveni Krst, Mediana, Niska Banja, Palilula,
Pantelej Jablanica: Bojnik, Crna Trava, Lebane, Leskovac, Medveda,
Vlasotince; Kolubara: Lajkovac, Ljig, Mionica, Osecina, Ub, Valjevo;
Macva: Bogatic, Koceljeva, Krupanj, Ljubovija, Loznica, Mali
Zvornik, Sabac, Vladimirci; Moravica: Cacak, Gornkji Milanovac,
Ivanjica, Lucani; Nisava: Aleksinac, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Merosina,
Nis, Razanj, Svrljig; Pcinja: Bosilegrad, Bujanovac, Presevo,
Surdulica, Trgoviste, Vladicin Han, Vranje; Pirot: Babusnica, Bela
Palanka, Dimitrovgrad, Pirot; Podunavlje: Smederevo, Smederevskia
Palanka, Velika Plana; Pomoravlje: Cuprija, Despotovac, Jagodina,
Paracin, Rekovac, Svilajnac; Rasina: Aleksandrovac, Brus, Cicevac,
Krusevac, Trstenik, Varvarin; Raska: Kraljevo, Novi Pazar, Raska,
Tutin, Vrnjacka Banja; Sumadija: Arandelovac, Batocina, Knic,
Kragujevac, Lapovo, Raca, Topola; Toplica: Blace, Kursumlija,
Prokuplje, Zitorada; Zajecar: Boljevac, Knjazevac, Sokobanja,
Zajecar; Zlatibor: Arilje, Bajina Basta, Cajetina, Kosjeric, Nova
Varos, Pozega, Priboj, Prijepolje, Sjenica, Uzice
Vojvodina Autonomous Province: South Backa: Bac, Backa Palanka,
Backi Petrovac, Becej, Beocin, Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci,
Srobobran, Temerin, Titel, Vrbas, Zabalj; South Banat: Alibunar,
Bela Crkva, Kovacica, Kovin, Opovo, Pancevo, Plandiste, Vrsac; North
Backa: Backa Topola, Mali Idjos, Subotica; North Banat: Ada, Coka,
Kanjiza, Kikinda, Novi Knezevac, Senta; Central Banat: Nova Crnja,
Novi Becej, Secanj, Zitiste, Zrenjanin; Srem: Indija, Irig, Pecinci,
Ruma, Sid, Sremska Mitrovica, Stara Pazova; West Backa: Apatin,
Kula, Odzaci, Sombor
Independence:
5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
National holiday:
National Day, 15 February
Constitution:
adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations; note - Serbia is working to reform its justice sector
and harmonize its judicial systems with EU standards
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Boris TADIC (since 11 July 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Mirko CVETKOVIC (since 7 July
2008)
cabinet: Republican Ministries act as cabinet
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 February 2008
(next to be held in 2013); prime minister elected by the National
Assembly
election results: Boris TADIC elected president in the second round
of voting; Boris TADIC received 51.2% of the vote and Tomislav
NIKOLIC 48.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (250 seats; deputies elected according
to party lists to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 11 May 2008 (next to be held in May 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - For a European Serbia
coalition 38.4%, SRS 29.5%, DSS-NS 11.6%, SPS-led coalition 7.6%,
LPD 5.2%, other 7.7%; seats by party - For a European Serbia
coalition 102, SRS 57, DSS-NS 30, SNS 21, SPS-led coalition 20, LDP
13, other 7
Judicial branch:
courts of general jurisdiction (municipal courts, district courts,
Appellate Courts, the Supreme Court of Cassation); courts of special
jurisdiction (commercial courts, the High Commercial Court, the High
Magistrates Court, the Administrative Court)
Political parties and leaders: