country comparison to the world: 43
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 44.6%
industry: 19.8%
services: 35.5% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
9.8% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
9.1% (2009 est.)
Population below poverty line:
15% (2007 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 33.2% (2007)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.9 (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
39.5 (1999 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
30.2% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Public debt:
58.2% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
56.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
1% (2009 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
3.31% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 112
3.32% (31 December 2008)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
6.5% (31 December 2008)
Stock of narrow money:
$67.33 billion (31 December 2010 est)
country comparison to the world: 40
$64.58 billion (31 December 2009 est)
Stock of broad money:
$108.7 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 51
$99.5 billion (31 December 2008)
Stock of domestic credit:
$93.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
$91.83 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$62.91 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 46
$65.75 billion (31 December 2008)
$75.49 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, citrus fruits, grapes, vegetables, olives; livestock;
wine
Industries:
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather
goods, textiles, construction, energy, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Electricity - production:
19.78 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Electricity - consumption:
20.78 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
3.429 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Oil - production:
4,053 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Oil - consumption:
187,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Oil - exports:
17,420 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
Oil - imports:
195,800 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Oil - proved reserves:
100 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Natural gas - production:
60 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
Natural gas - consumption:
560 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Natural gas - imports:
500 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.501 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Current account balance:
-$7.922 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
-$4.958 billion (2009 est.)
Exports:
$14.49 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$13.92 billion (2009 est.)
Exports - commodities:
clothing and textiles, electric components, inorganic chemicals,
transistors, crude minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates),
petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, fish
Exports - partners:
Spain 22.02%, France 20.22%, India 4.91%, Italy 4% (2009)
Imports:
$34.19 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
$30.55 billion (2009 est.)
Imports - commodities:
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment,
wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics
Imports - partners:
France 16.95%, Spain 14.72%, China 7.1%, Italy 6.76%, Germany 6.28%,
US 5.66%, Saudi Arabia 5.11% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$24.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
$23.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Debt - external:
$22.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
$21.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$42.19 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
$40.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$1.047 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
$1.333 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Exchange rates:
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2010), 8.0571 (2009),
7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)
Communications ::Morocco
Telephones - main lines in use:
3.516 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 45
Telephones - mobile cellular:
25.311 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 35
Telephone system:
general assessment: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables,
and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are
Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using
fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio
relay; Internet available but expensive
domestic: fixed-line teledensity is roughly 10 per 100 persons;
mobile-cellular subscribership approached 75 per 100 persons in 2009
international: country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas
Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Euroafrica, Spain-Morocco, and
SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optical telecommunications undersea cables that
provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara;
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in
Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and
Tunisia (2009)
Broadcast media:
2 television broadcast networks with state-run Radio-Television
Marocaine (RTM) operating one network and the state partially owning
the other; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite dish; 3
radio broadcast networks with RTM operating one; the
government-owned network includes 10 regional radio channels in
addition to its national service (2007)
Internet country code:
.ma
Internet hosts:
277,793 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 61
Internet users:
13.213 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 29
Transportation ::Morocco
Airports:
58 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 81
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 26
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 8 (2010)
Heliports:
1 (2010)
Pipelines:
gas 830 km; oil 439 km (2009)
Railways:
total: 1,907 km
country comparison to the world: 74
standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1,022 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 57,625 km
country comparison to the world: 79
paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways)
unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)
Merchant marine:
total: 30
country comparison to the world: 84
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, container 7, passenger/cargo
15, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 6 (France 4, Germany 2)
registered in other countries: 5 (Gibraltar 4, Panama 1) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Casablanca, Jorf Lasfar, Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier
Military ::Morocco
Military branches:
Royal Armed Forces (Forces Armees Royales, FAR): Royal Moroccan Army
(includes Air Defense), Royal Moroccan Navy (includes Coast Guard,
Marines), Royal Moroccan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawyiya al Malakiya
Marakishiya; Force Aerienne Royale Marocaine) (2010)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; service obligation -
18 months (2010)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 8,167,760
females age 16-49: 8,599,418 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 6,960,026
females age 16-49: 7,307,491 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 300,262
female: 298,227 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
5% of GDP (2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
Transnational Issues ::Morocco
Disputes - international:
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains
unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since
September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and
parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; Morocco
protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both
countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have not
progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limits
on resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's
2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line
from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary
launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa
Illicit drugs:
one of the world's largest producers of illicit hashish; shipments
of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for
cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; significant
consumer of cannabis
page last updated on January 20, 2011
======================================================================
@Mozambique (Africa)
Introduction ::Mozambique
Background:
Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with
independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on
South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered
the country's development until the mid 1990's. The ruling Front for
the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned
Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided
for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated
peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National
Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In December
2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO
stepped down after 18 years in office. His elected successor,
Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, promised to continue the sound economic
policies that have encouraged foreign investment.
Geography ::Mozambique
Location:
Southeastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South
Africa and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates:
18 15 S, 35 00 E
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total: 799,380 sq km
country comparison to the world: 35
land: 786,380 sq km
water: 13,000 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline:
2,470 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
tropical to subtropical
Terrain:
mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in
northwest, mountains in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m
Natural resources:
coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
Land use:
arable land: 5.43%
permanent crops: 0.29%
other: 94.28% (2005)
Irrigated land:
1,180 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
216 cu km (1992)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 0.63 cu km/yr (11%/2%/87%)
per capita: 32 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and
southern provinces
Environment - current issues:
a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have
resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and
coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant
poaching for ivory is a problem
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of
the country
People ::Mozambique
Population:
22,061,451
country comparison to the world: 52
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997
Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2010
est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.3% (male 4,829,272/female 4,773,209)
15-64 years: 52.8% (male 5,605,227/female 5,842,679)
65 years and over: 2.9% (male 257,119/female 361,772) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 17.5 years
male: 17.1 years
female: 17.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.797% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Birth rate:
37.8 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Death rate:
19.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
country comparison to the world: 114
Urbanization:
urban population: 37% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 4.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.017 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 103.82 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 6
male: 106.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 101.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 41.37 years
country comparison to the world: 222
male: 42.05 years
female: 40.68 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
5.13 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
12.5% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.5 million (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
81,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Nationality:
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican
Ethnic groups:
African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Europeans
0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Religions:
Catholic 23.8%, Muslim 17.8%, Zionist Christian 17.5%, other 17.8%,
none 23.1% (1997 census)
Languages:
Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken
by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena
6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign
languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.8%
male: 63.5%
female: 32.7% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 8 years
male: 9 years
female: 7 years (2005)
Education expenditures:
5% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 70
Government ::Mozambique
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique
former: Portuguese East Africa
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Maputo
geographic coordinates: 25 57 S, 32 35 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city (cidade)*;
Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de Maputo*,
Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence:
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Constitution:
30 November 1990
Legal system:
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Armando GUEBUZA (since 2 February 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Aires Bonifacio ALI (since 16
January 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 October 2009
(next to be held in 2014); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Armando GUEBUZA reelected president; percent of
vote - Armando GUEBUZA 76.3%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 14.9%, Daviz SIMANGO
8.8%
Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250
seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held on 28 October 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: percent of vote by party - FRELIMO 74.7%, RENAMO
17.7%, MDM 3.9%, other 3.7%; seats by party - FRELIMO 191, RENAMO
51, MDM 8
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional
judges are appointed by the president, and some are elected by the
Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court,
Constitutional Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts
marshal, labor courts
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de
Mocambique) or MDM [Daviz SIMANGO]; Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando
Emilio GUEBUZA]; Mozambique National Resistance (Resistencia
Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO [Afonso DHLAKAMA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos
Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Amelia Matos SUMBANA
chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146
FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Leslie V. ROWE
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (21) 492797
FAX: [258] (21) 490114
Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with
a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is
edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed
star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an
open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white
peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals,
and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense
and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open
book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents
Marxism and internationalism
National anthem:
name: "Patria Amada" (Lovely Fatherland)
lyrics/music: Salomao J. MANHICA/unknown
note: adopted 2002
Economy ::Mozambique
Economy - overview:
At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest
countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from
1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the government embarked
on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the
economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with
political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, have
led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate. Fiscal
reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform
of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue
collection abilities. In spite of these gains, Mozambique remains
dependent upon foreign assistance for more than half of its annual
budget, and the majority of the population remains below the poverty
line. Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority
of the country's work force and smallholder agricultural
productivity and productivity growth is weak. A substantial trade
imbalance persists although the opening of the Mozal aluminum
smelter, the country's largest foreign investment project to date,
has increased export earnings. At the end of 2007, and after years
of negotiations, the government took over Portugal's majority share
of the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectricity (HCB) company, a dam that was
not transferred to Mozambique at independence because of the ensuing
civil war and unpaid debts. More power is needed for additional
investment projects in titanium extraction and processing and
garment manufacturing that could further close the import/export
gap. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced
through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is
now at a manageable level. In July 2007 the Millennium Challenge
Corporation (MCC) signed a Compact with Mozambique; the Compact
entered into force in September 2008 and will continue for five
years. Compact projects will focus on improving sanitation, roads,
agriculture, and the business regulation environment in an effort to
spur economic growth in the four northern provinces of the country.
Mozambique grew at an average annual rate of 9% in the decade up to
2007, one of Africa's strongest performances. However, heavy
reliance on aluminum, which accounts for about one-third of exports,
subjects the economy to volatile international prices. The sharp
decline in aluminum prices during the global economic crisis lowered
GDP growth by several percentage points. Despite 8.3% GDP growth in
2010, the increasing cost of living prompted citizens to riot in
September 2010, after bread price increases were announced. In an
attempt to contain the cost of living, the government implemented
subsidies, decreased taxes and tariffs, and instituted other fiscal
measures.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$22.19 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
$20.49 billion (2009 est.)
$19.28 billion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$10.21 billion (2010 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
8.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8
6.3% (2009 est.)
6.8% (2008 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,000 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 218
$900 (2009 est.)
$900 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 28.8%
industry: 26%
services: 45.2% (2010 est.)
Labor force:
9.87 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 81%
industry: 6%
services: 13% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate:
21% (1997 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Population below poverty line:
70% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 39.2% (2003)