country comparison to the world: 94
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 25
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2010)
Heliports:
1 (2010)
Railways:
total: 1,810 km
country comparison to the world: 76
broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 49,250 km
country comparison to the world: 82
paved: 2,824 km
unpaved: 46,426 km (includes 1,994 km with gravel surface and 1,874
km with improved surface) (2009)
Waterways:
580 km
country comparison to the world: 82
note: only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge
River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry
little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May
to September (2010)
Merchant marine:
total: 58
country comparison to the world: 67
by type: bulk carrier 20, cargo 29, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas
2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, North Korea 1, Russia 4, Singapore
1, Turkey 1, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 34) (2010)
Military ::Mongolia
Military branches:
Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force; there
is no navy (2010)
Military service age and obligation:
18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 12 months in land or air defense forces or
police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is
comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas
for military operations (2006)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 887,059
females age 16-49: 880,788 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 715,585
females age 16-49: 748,083 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 29,240
female: 28,156 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.4% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 106
Transnational Issues ::Mongolia
Disputes - international:
none
page last updated on January 20, 2011
======================================================================
@Montenegro (Europe)
Introduction ::Montenegro
Background:
The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the
Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta;
over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its
independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th
centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop
princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality.
After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in
1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent
republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the
latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser
union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its
right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to
hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for
severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU
- allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June
2006.
Geography ::Montenegro
Location:
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Geographic coordinates:
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 13,812 sq km
country comparison to the world: 161
land: 13,452 sq km
water: 360 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries:
total: 625 km
border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km,
Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km
Coastline:
293.5 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: defined by treaty
Climate:
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain:
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged
high limestone mountains and plateaus
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Natural resources:
bauxite, hydroelectricity
Land use:
arable land: 13.7%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 85.3%
Irrigated land:
NA
Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location along the Adriatic coast
People ::Montenegro
Population:
666,730 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
Age structure:
0-14 years: 16% (male 52,645/female 54,846)
15-64 years: 70.3% (male 244,949/female 227,794)
65 years and over: 13.7% (male 37,217/female 54,729) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 37.2 years
male: 35.9 years
female: 38.8 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.777% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 229
Birth rate:
11.09 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Death rate:
8.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Urbanization:
urban population: 60% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: -0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.074 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)
Nationality:
noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Montenegrin
Ethnic groups:
Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other
(Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)
Religions:
Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified
3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)
Languages:
Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian
5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census)
Education expenditures:
NA
Government ::Montenegro
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Crna Gora
former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of
Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Podgorica
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar,
Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi,
Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine,
Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Independence:
3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
National holiday:
National Day, 13 July (1878)
Constitution:
approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Igor LUKSIC (since 29 December
2010)
cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008
(next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president,
accepted by Assembly
election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip
VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%,
Srdan MILIC 11.9%
Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to
serve four-year terms; note - seats increased from 74 seats in 2006)
elections: last held on 29 March 2009 (next to be held in 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European
Montenegro 51.94%, SNP 16.83%, NOVA 9.22%, PZP 6.03%, other
(including Albanian minority parties) 15.98%; seats by party -
Coalition for European Montenegro 48, SNP 16, NOVA 8, PZP 5,
Albanian minority parties 4
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court (five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme
Court (judges have life tenure)
Political parties and leaders:
Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for European
Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of
Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], Bosniak Party of BS [Rafet HUSOVIC], and
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC); Coalition
SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan
MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and
Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]);
Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet
BARDHIJ]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSHA]; For
a Different Montenegro (bloc) [Goran BATRICEVIC] (includes
Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] and Liberal Party of
Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]); FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; Movement
for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; National Coalition (includes
People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC] and Democratic
Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); New Serb
Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]; Socialist People's Party of
Montenegro or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]
International organization participation:
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO
(correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (observer), OPCW, OSCE,
PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC
chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Benjamin
LOWENTHAL
embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [382] 81 225 417
FAX: [382] 81 241 358
Flag description:
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the
Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a
double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and
state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in
its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over
the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a
blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back
to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a
theocracy
National anthem:
name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
note: adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin
folk song
Economy ::Montenegro
Economy - overview:
Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia
during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank,
adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav
dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed
its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between
Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several
international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined
the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in
the World Trade Organization and signed a Stabilization and
Association agreement with the European Union in October 2007. The
European Council granted candidate country status to Montenegro at
the December 2010 session. Unemployment and regional disparities in
development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has
privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as
well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract
foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global
financial crisis has had a significant negative impact on the
economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real
estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$6.569 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
$6.689 billion (2009 est.)
$7.093 billion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$3.884 billion (2010 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-1.8% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204
-5.7% (2009 est.)
6.9% (2008 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$9,900 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
$10,000 (2009 est.)
$10,500 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Labor force:
259,100 (2004)
country comparison to the world: 166
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 2%
industry: 30%
services: 68% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:
14.7% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Population below poverty line:
7% (2007 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
30 (2003)
country comparison to the world: 113
Investment (gross fixed):
30.5% of GDP (2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
Public debt:
38% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 79
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.4% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 101
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
9.36% (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
9.24% (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$816.8 million (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 143
$1.172 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of broad money:
$1.406 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 149
$1.446 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$3.29 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 116
$3.771 billion (31 December 2008)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$4.289 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 89
$2.863 billion (31 December 2008)
$3.699 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:
tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep
Industries:
steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods,
tourism
Electricity - production:
2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
Electricity - consumption:
18.6 million kWh (2005)
country comparison to the world: 206
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Oil - consumption:
5,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
Oil - exports:
314 bbl/day (2005)
country comparison to the world: 128
Oil - imports:
6,093 bbl/day (2005)
country comparison to the world: 152
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Natural gas - consumption:
NA cu m
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
Current account balance:
-$1.102 billion (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
Exports:
$171.3 million (2003)
country comparison to the world: 182
Exports - partners:
Italy 29.52%, Greece 22.65%, Slovenia 11.83%, Hungary 8.96%, US
7.93% (2009)
Imports:
$601.7 million (2003)
country comparison to the world: 184
Imports - partners:
Italy 17.54%, Slovenia 14.62%, Germany 10.5%, Austria 7.82%, China
7.82%, Russia 4.4%, Hungary 4.11%, Greece 4.11%, Netherlands 3.96%
(2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$NA
Debt - external:
$650 million (2006)
country comparison to the world: 156
Exchange rates:
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009), 0.6827
(2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Communications ::Montenegro
Telephones - main lines in use:
366,600 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 106
Telephones - mobile cellular:
752,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 151
Telephone system:
general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to
European satellites
domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple
providers with national coverage, is growing
international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect
the national system
Broadcast media:
state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial
television networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks;
roughly a dozen privately-owned TV broadcasters operate networks
nationally, regionally, and locally; in addition to the 2
state-owned national radio networks, roughly 50 privately-owned
radio stations and networks broadcast (2007)
Internet country code:
.me
Internet hosts:
6,247 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 137
Internet users:
280,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 133
Transportation ::Montenegro
Airports:
5 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 182
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)
Heliports:
1 (2010)
Railways:
total: 250 km
country comparison to the world: 125
standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2007)
Roadways:
total: 7,404 km
country comparison to the world: 146
paved: 4,927 km
unpaved: 2,477 km (2008)
Merchant marine:
total: 2
country comparison to the world: 144
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries: 5 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 2, Slovakia 1)
(2010)
Ports and terminals:
Bar
Military ::Montenegro
Military branches:
Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army, Navy, Air Force
(2009)
Military service age and obligation:
compulsory national military service abolished August 2006
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 151,798
females age 16-49: 134,267 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 3,407
female: 3,741 (2010 est.)
Transnational Issues ::Montenegro
Disputes - international:
none
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 7,000 (Kosovo); note - mostly ethnic
Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
IDPs: 16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)
page last updated on January 19, 2011
======================================================================
@Montserrat (Central America and Caribbean)
Introduction ::Montserrat
Background:
English and Irish colonists from St. Kitts first settled on
Montserrat in 1632; the first African slaves arrived three decades
later. The British and French fought for possession of the island
for most of the 18th century, but it finally was confirmed as a
British possession in 1783. The island's sugar plantation economy
was converted to small farm landholdings in the mid 19th century.
Much of this island was devastated and two-thirds of the population
fled abroad because of the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano
that began on 18 July 1995. Montserrat has endured volcanic activity
since, with the last eruption occurring in July 2003.
Geography ::Montserrat
Location:
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico
Geographic coordinates:
16 45 N, 62 12 W
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total: 102 sq km
country comparison to the world: 225
land: 102 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
40 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate:
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: lava dome in English's Crater (in the Soufriere Hills
volcanic complex) estimated at over 930 m (2006)
Natural resources:
NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (2005)
Irrigated land:
NA
Natural hazards:
severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere
Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995)
Environment - current issues:
land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation
Geography - note:
the island is entirely volcanic in origin and comprised of three
major volcanic centers of differing ages
People ::Montserrat
Population:
5,118
country comparison to the world: 229
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the
resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned
(July 2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.6% (male 731/female 678)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,599/female 1,738)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 232/female 119) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 29.1 years
male: 28.8 years
female: 29.4 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.391% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
Birth rate:
11.72 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Death rate:
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
country comparison to the world: 115
Urbanization:
urban population: 14% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 2.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.033 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 2.03 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.8 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 119
male: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.91 years
country comparison to the world: 119
male: 74.82 years
female: 70.91 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.25 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 217
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Nationality:
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian
Ethnic groups:
black, white
Religions:
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day
Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages:
English
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97% (1970 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 15 years
male: 14 years
female: 17 years (2007)
Education expenditures:
3.3% of GDP (2004)
country comparison to the world: 138
Government ::Montserrat
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat
Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK
Government type:
NA
Capital:
name: Plymouth
geographic coordinates: 16 42 N, 62 13 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Plymouth was abandoned in 1997 because of volcanic activity;
interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate in the
Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat