including lactic, butyric, alcoholic and dextran are discussed.
The main part of the text deals with the manufacture of white sugar by
the carbonitation and sulphitation processes, and particular attention
is given to the acid-thin-juice-method which has been elaborated in
the Java factories with such great success during the past few years.
This book may be obtained from Norman Roger, 2 St. Dunstan's Hill,
London, England. Price 7s. 6d. net (P4 Philippine currency).
CURRENT NOTES--FIRST QUARTER.
NOTES BY P. J. WESTER, Horticulturist in Charge of Lamao Experiment
Station.
Shield Budding the Mango.
The one defect in the Pound method of shield budding the mango
described in Bureau of Agriculture Bulletin No. 18, The Mango, consists
of the necessity of placing an apron to protect the long petiole
left on the bud from the sun and the entrance of water, which work
necessarily requires more time than if the bud could be wrapped as is
the case in budding citrus trees. However, a possible use of scarred or
nonpetioled budwood as a means of obviating the need of the apron was
suggested in the above-mentioned publication. The results obtained
in recent experiments conducted at the Lamao experiment station
(November and December, 1914) have fully come up to the expectations
of this modification, and if the work is carefully performed, the
operator should have no trouble in obtaining 85 per cent of live buds
by proceeding in accordance with the following directions:
(1) Select budwood that is well matured, from the first, second,
and third flushes from the end of a branch. This budwood is always
green and smooth.
(2) Three weeks or more in advance of the date when the budding is to
be performed, cut off the leaf blades of the budwood selected. This
causes the petioles to drop. When the scars left after the petioles
have fallen are well healed the budwood is in condition for budding.
(3) The buds should be cut about 4 centimeters long, with an ample
wood shield, and inserted in the stock at a point where the bark is
green and smooth like the budwood, not where it is rough and brownish.
(4) Use waxed tape in tying and cover the entire bud.
(5) When in the course of two to three weeks a good union has formed,
unwind the wrapping so as to expose the leaf bud from which the growth
is to issue, and cut off the top of the stock 10 to 15 centimeters
above the bud.
(6) Every ten days after unwrapping the buds go through the nursery and
carefully rub off all stock sprouts in order to force the buds to grow.
All other precautions that are taken in ordinary shield budding must,
of course, also be attended to in order to insure success.
Experiments in Shield Budding.
After repeated attempts the shield-budding experiments at the Lamao
experiment station with the camia (Averrhoa Bilimbi) and the santol
(Sandoricum koetjape) have been successful, and it has also been found
that the barobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus), a nut tree indigenous to the
Philippines (Dillenia indica), and the sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera),
may be propagated by means of shield budding. Detailed information
relative to the budding of these plants will be published on the
completion of the experiments.
Improvement of Tropical Fruits in the Philippines.
The average fruit is so poor that most foreigners never give any
attention to the santol, and the fruit is a drug even in the native
markets and enormous quantities annually rot on the ground. Few are
aware that there are mutations among the santol trees the fruit of
which in point of flavor vies with the best fruits in the Tropics, and
that in this respect it is superior even to its celebrated relative,
the lanzon (Lansium domesticum), the greatest defects being the large
seeds and the adherence of the flesh to the seeds. If the seed in these
superior santols were abortive in the same proportion as those in
the mangosteen, the now despised santol, with its translucent pulp,
separable from the pericarp as that of the mangosteen, subacid,
juicy and of a vinous, excellent flavor, would rapidly become one
of the most popular fruits in the Tropics. Its thick, tough "rind"
should make the santol at least equal to the mangosteen as a shipper.
What is probably the first horticultural, asexually propagated
variety of the santol is now being established at the Lamao experiment
station from buds obtained by Mr. F. Galang, assistant agricultural
inspector, from a tree in Pampanga, the fruit of which is so highly
prized locally that the fruit never retails below the relatively high
price of 2 centavos apiece even when other santols are so plentiful
as to be literally unsalable.
Mr. B. Malvar, assistant agricultural inspector, has obtained
in Batangas budwood of a sweet-fruited camia which is also being
propagated. This is the first mutation of this kind coming to the
attention of the writer.
The collection of Philippine citrus fruits of economic value or
of botanical interest has been in progress since in 1911, but
no systematized selection work in the mandarin district has been
attempted until December, 1914, when Mr. B. Malvar was detailed
to visit the citrus region in Batangas. Mr. Malvar returned with
sample fruits of some twenty odd trees, a number of which were found
to be of very good quality. These are being propagated for future
distribution. Mr. Malvar also found another "Tizon" (Citrus nobilis
var. papillaris) of excellent flavor and quality which has been added
to the citrus collection at Lamao.
Petioled Vs. Nonpetioled Budwood.
The last three years' experiments in shield budding tropical fruits
which have been conducted by the writer at the Lamao experiment
station indicate that for practical purposes in propagation work the
tropical fruits may be divided into two groups: (1) Those species the
budwood of which may be cut at the time of budding and the petioles
cut off close to the bud--for instance, the citrus fruits, avocado,
guava, and carambola; and (2) those species in which decay enters the
bud from the adhering remnant of the petiole so frequently as to make
impracticable budding from newly cut budwood from twigs with the leaves
still adhering, such as the mango, hevi, and cacao. It has been found,
however, that this trouble may be easily overcome by the simple method
of cutting off the leaf blade about three weeks in advance of when
the budding is to be done so as to induce the formation of a leaf
scar. Then when the petioles have dropped and a well-healed scar has
formed, the budwood may be cut and the buds inserted and tied as in
ordinary shield budding.
In the case of some species, whether or not the bud is of the
same age as the stock at the point of insertion is of little or no
practical importance, but in other species this condition is one
of the requirements for success. Therefore, two chances of failure
are insured against in experimental work with species that hitherto
have not been budded--(a) by defoliating the budwood previously to
the budding operation, and using what may be termed nonpetioled or
scarred budwood; and (b) by inserting the buds at a point in the stock
which approximately is of the same age and appearance as the budwood.
NOTES BY CLEVE. W. HINES, M. S., Station Superintendent.
A New Sugar Industry.
The beginning of a tropical industry in what would be considered a
semitropical climate was noted in 1914, when the Southwestern Sugar
Company of Arizona milled their first crop of sugar cane and made it
into sugar. The factory had been used previously for the manufacture
of beet sugar only. It is a singular coincidence to find a region
where both cane and beets will thrive well and where sugar is made
from both sources in the same factory, and the sugar world is looking
forward with great interest to the results of this new venture.
The World's Sugar Supply.
The world's production of sugar amounts to nearly seventeen million
tons, practically one half of which is derived from the beet root,
the greater percentage of which is produced in Europe. Now that the
ravages of war have devastated many of the better beet-sugar regions
of Europe a greater demand will be made on the more fortunate sugar
countries as soon as the present supply of storage sugar is exhausted
and trade resumes its normal condition.
Progress in Sugar Manufacture.
The past few years have shown great progress in the method of sugar
making. It used to be thought that a high grade of sugar could be
made only by the use of the bone-black or animal-char process.
The beet-sugar producers were the first to diverge from this method and
succeeded in making a perfectly satisfactory sugar in their factories
in one continuous process by the aid of the carbonitation system.
Louisiana had been making a fairly good sugar known as yellow clarified
for a number of years, but the great step in improvements along these
lines was brought about by the acid-thin-juice process of Java. This
was a combination of the carbonitation and sulphitation processes
which gave a satisfactory sugar, though unfortunately the yield of
resulting molasses was also quite high.
The latest improvement in this work was the introduction of the
"Battille Process" which has certain similarities to the Steffens
process of beet-sugar manufacture. This method has given an excellent
grade of sugar and the maximum rendement since practically all of the
sugar is extracted in crystalized form.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE.
Subscription rates for The Philippine Agricultural Review are as
follows: In the Philippine Islands and the United States P2 ($1 United
States currency) per year; in foreign countries in the Postal Union
P4 ($2 United States currency) per year. A limited number of the
following-named bulletins are available for free distribution. All
communications should be addressed to the Director of Agriculture,
Manila, P. I.
BULLETINS.
No. 7. The Garden. (Spanish.) (62 pp., 9 ill.)
No. 12. Abaca (Manila Hemp). (Revised.) (English and Spanish.) (40 pp.,
11 ill.)
No. 13. The Cultivation of Maguey in the Philippine
Islands. (Spanish.) (26 pp., 9 ill.)
No. 14. The Cultivation of Sesamum in the Philippine
Islands. (Spanish.) (8 pp.)
No. 16. Cultivation of Tobacco in the Philippines (Spanish, English,
Ilocano, and Ibanag.) (24 pp., 6 ill.)
No. 17. Coconut Culture. (Spanish.) (20 pp., 4 ill.)
No. 18. The Mango. (English.) (60 pp., 9 ill.) (Out of print.)
No. 19. Tests of the Efficiency of Antirinderpest
Serum. (English.) (110 pp., 187 Charts and Diagrams.)
No. 20. Notes on the Muscular Changes Brought about by Intermuscular
Injection of Calves with the Virus of Contagious Pleuropneumonia
(English.) (18 pp., 4 ill.)
No. 21. A Study of the Normal Blood of Carabao. (English) (12 pp.)
No. 24. The Role of Stomoxys calcitrans in the Transmission of
Trypanosoma evansi. (English.) (51 pp., 5. ill.)
No. 25. The Philippine Coconut Industry. (English.) (67 pp., 21 ill.)
No. 26. The Kapok Industry. (English.) (41 pp., 11 ill.)
No. 27. Citriculture in the Philippines. (English.) (60 pp., 43 ill.)
No. 28. The Mechanical Transmission of Surra by Tabanus striatus. (11
pp.)
NOTES
[1] Bureau of Agriculture Bulletin No. 27, Citriculture in the
Philippines, 1913, contains illustrations of several unnamed
citrus fruits described in this paper. Those readers who possess the
above-mentioned bulletin may be interested to know that in accordance
with the classification herein these fruits should be named as follows:
Bull. No. 27, Plate IV, Mandarin Lime = C. webberii; VIII,
Lime (Mindanao type) = C. excelsa var. davaoensis; VIII, Lime,
"Limon Real" = C. excelsa; X, Cabuyao = C. histrix; XI, Cabuyao
= C. histrix var. torosa; XII, Biasong = C. micrantha; XII,
Type from Bohol = C. histrix var. torosa; XII, Type from Bohol =
C. histrix var. boholensis; XIV, Colo = C. macrophylla; XIV, Samuyao =
C. micrantha var. microcarpa; XV, Talamisan = C. longispina; XV, Tizon
= C. nobilis var. papillaris; XV, Tihi-tihi = C. medica var. odorata;
XVIa = C. webberii var. montana; XVIb = C. southwickii.
[2] In the above description the pistil is said to be small. Citron
flowers examined by the writer have been found to have large pistils
similar to those in C. m. var. odorata and C. m. var. nanus.
[3] Paper read before the Louisiana Sugar Planters Assn., June 12,
1913.
[4] Cultivation of Sugar Cane, by Dr. Stubbs.
[5] From United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 107,
p. 203.
[6] Bulletin 91, Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station.
[7] All statistics, and much of the information that applies
specifically to robusta coffee have been adapted from "Robusta and Some
Allied Coffee Species" by Dr. C. J. J. Van Hall, of the department
of agriculture, Buitenzorg, Java, published in the Agr. Bul. of
the F. M. S., Vol. I: No. 7, 1913, and from a review of a series of
articles on robusta coffee by Dr. E. Wildeman, in the Monthly Bul. of
Agr. Intelligence, etc., Vol. IV: No. 4, 1913.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippine Agricultural Review, by Various