| |death,” from “bú,” the blood. | | |
| |The king had forty lifeguards, | | |
| |in a narrower sense, men of | | |
| |great authority, called “góma,” | | |
| |twenty at his left hand, and | | |
| |twenty at his right. | | |
| | | | |
| |I now proceed with the list of | | |
| |the succeeding kings. | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| ʿALÍ. |A just prince, who kept Kánem in|Zamtam. | 1. |
| |strict subjection, but whose | | |
|Son of Edrís|reign was too short to be of any| |A.H. 952. |
| and Zíneb. |importance. | |A.D. 1545.|
| | | | |
| | | | |
| DÚNAMA, |Vanquished ʿAbd el Jelíl the son|Ghasréggomo. | 19. |
| surnamed |of Kadé the king of Kánem, who, | | |
| GHAMARÁMI. |once more assuming the | | A.H. |
| |offensive, had come to attack | | 953-971. |
| Son of |him in his own kingdom at | | A.D. |
| Mohammed. |Berberuwá, where Dúnama defeated| |1546-1563.|
| |him, followed him thence to | | |
| |Kánem, and beat him in another | | |
| |battle, in which fell the heir | | |
| |apparent of the throne of Kánem,| | |
| |and several other great men of | | |
| |the Bulála. After this, Kánem | | |
| |once more remained quiet and in | | |
| |a state of subjection; but the | | |
| |people of that country, | | |
| |nevertheless, continued to make | | |
| |predatory incursions into Bórnu.| | |
| |The only other fact which we | | |
| |know of his reign, is that he | | |
| |fortified Ghasréggomo, the | | |
| |capital or birni, built by ʿAlí | | |
| |ben Dúnama. The chronicle, | | |
| |moreover, states that in his | | |
| |reign there was a great famine | | |
| |in Bórnu. It must have been he | | |
| |also who concluded a treaty with| | |
| |Dragút, the famous renegade, in | | |
| |1555. | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|ʿABD ALLAH, |Under him nothing very |Kítaba. | 7. |
| or DÁLA. |remarkable seems to have | | |
| |happened. After some time, ʿAbd | | A.H. |
| Son of |el Jelíl, king of Kánem, whose | | 972-978. |
| Dúnama. |officers never ceased to make | | A.D. |
| |predatory incursions into Bórnu,| |1564-1570.|
| |died, and was succeeded by his | | |
| |son ʿAbd Allah. It is, however, | | |
| |a fact of the highest importance| | |
| |that, under the reign of this | | |
| |Bórnu king, we get the first | | |
| |intimation of the settlements of| | |
| |the Fúlbe, or, as they are | | |
| |called by the Kanúri, the | | |
| |Fellátah (“kabílet el | | |
| |Felatíye”), in Bórnu.[200] In | | |
| |ʿAbd Allah’s reign, also, there | | |
| |is said to have been a great | | |
| |famine in the land. | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| EDRÍS |This is certainly the most |Aláwo. | 33. |
| AMSÁMI, |important reign for us, as this | |(not 53.) |
| |excellent and energetic prince | | |
|Or as he is |found in his imám, Áhmed ben | | A.H. |
| more |Fúrtua (or ben Sofíya), a | |979-1011. |
| generally |trustworthy and able historian, | | A.D. |
|called, from|whose work has outlived the | |1571-1603.|
| Aláwo, his |dynasty of the Séfuwa, and | | |
| place of |fallen into my hands. But, | | |
| burial, |unfortunately, it comprises only| | |
|Alawóma, son|the first twelve years of his | | |
|of ʿAlí ben |reign, so that of the remaining | | |
| Edrís ben |twenty-one years, equally rich | | |
| ʿAlí ben |in events, we know nothing at | | |
|Ahmed Dúnama|all. The imám Áhmed wrote one | | |
|ben ʿOthmán |part of his work evidently in | | |
| ben el Háj |the year of the Hejra 990 or | | |
| Edrís. |991, at the end of Rejeb, in the| | |
| |capital Ghasréggomo; the other | | |
| |part, which contains an account | | |
| |of the expeditions to Kánem, | | |
| |which likewise belong to the | | |
| |first years of the long reign of| | |
| |Edrís, a little later. | | |
| | | | |
| |Edrís Alawóma seems to have | | |
| |ascended the throne after a | | |
| |short interregnum, during which | | |
| |the reins of government were | | |
| |held by the queen mother, or | | |
| |mágira, ʿAáisha Kel- | | |
| |eghrármarám[201], who appears to| | |
| |have been a very distinguished | | |
| |woman, probably of Berber | | |
| |origin, realizing to the Kanúri | | |
| |the ideal perfection of a | | |
| |female, and therefore called | | |
| |“mai kámobe.” Probably it was | | |
| |she who instilled into her son | | |
| |that harmonious union of warlike| | |
| |courage and vigour on the one | | |
| |hand, with mildness and justice | | |
| |on the other, which were the | | |
| |characteristic qualities of this| | |
| |excellent prince. Not long after| | |
| |his accession to the throne, he | | |
| |appears to have sent, probably | | |
| |under the influence of his | | |
| |mother, an embassy to Tripoli, | | |
| |the secure intercourse with | | |
| |which place was very important | | |
| |for any enterprising prince of | | |
| |Bórnu; and to this intercourse | | |
| |we evidently have to ascribe the| | |
| |very remarkable fact, that this | | |
| |king possessed already a good | | |
| |many musketeers, who decided the| | |
| |issue of the most serious | | |
| |battles. We find also in the | | |
| |imám’s history an interesting | | |
| |account of a numerous caravan | | |
| |arriving from the north with a | | |
| |great many Arab horses for sale.| | |
| |I have no doubt that the French | | |
| |Prisoner in Tripoli was mistaken| | |
| |in ascribing the embassy, which | | |
| |in the year 1578 arrived in that| | |
| |place to ʿAbd Allah instead of | | |
| |to the new prince, who had only | | |
| |a few years previously ascended | | |
| |the throne, and was not yet | | |
| |known on the coast. | | |
| | | | |
| |With regard to the interior | | |
| |affairs of the kingdom, the | | |
| |principal object of Edrís | | |
| |Alawóma seems to have been to | | |
| |subdue entirely, or even to | | |
| |exterminate, if possible, those | | |
| |heterogeneous elements of which | | |
| |the kingdom had been formed, and| | |
| |which had been allowed by his | | |
| |predecessors (intent on the | | |
| |superficial advantages of | | |
| |distant conquests) to undermine | | |
| |the very strength of the empire.| | |
| |He therefore seems to have | | |
| |turned his attention immediately| | |
| |to the Só, or Soy, who, though | | |
| |evidently greatly reduced from | | |
| |their former predominance and | | |
| |power, yet still possessed many | | |
| |extensive districts and numerous| | |
| |strongholds in the immediate | | |
| |neighbourhood of the principal | | |
| |settlements of the Bórnu people,| | |
| |against whom they not only | | |
| |successfully vindicated their | | |
| |independence, but even | | |
| |continually harassed them by | | |
| |inroads. He therefore first | | |
| |attacked that division of this | | |
| |great tribe which inhabited the | | |
| |fertile districts on the river | | |
| |(Komádugu Wáúbe), and was called| | |
| |Gháffate (Ngaufate?), with | | |
| |several subdivisions, among | | |
| |which we find the names of the | | |
| |Ghidáma and the Dughúti. In | | |
| |order to conquer their extensive| | |
| |and strong capital, Dámasak, he | | |
| |built at some distance from it a| | |
| |large and fortified camp, where | | |
| |he placed a great part of his | | |
| |army, and further north another | | |
| |smaller one. Having harassed the| | |
| |enemy for some time by daily | | |
| |attacks from these places, | | |
| |cutting down their corn and | | |
| |their trees, he at length | | |
| |undertook to besiege the place; | | |
| |and having succeeded in taking | | |
| |it, he killed or carried away | | |
| |its inhabitants, after which the| | |
| |smaller places around shared the| | |
| |same fate. The rest of the | | |
| |people of Dughúti fled to Kánem.| | |
| |He then attacked another large | | |
| |and strong pagan fortress called| | |
| |Ámsaka, or Ámasak, situated | | |
| |between Gamerghú and Mándará, | | |
| |and succeeded in taking it | | |
| |chiefly by means of his muskets.| | |
| |He then proceeded against the | | |
| |tribe of the Gamerghú, who had | | |
| |been left undisturbed by all the| | |
| |preceding kings, and took | | |
| |several of their towns. | | |
| | | | |
| |Having in this way strengthened | | |
| |the loose structure of his | | |
| |empire towards the east, he | | |
| |turned westward against | | |
| |Kanó[202], a name which by the | | |
| |historian is evidently used only| | |
| |to denote the whole province, | | |
| |and not a single town. Indeed, | | |
| |from what he says about Dalá, it| | |
| |is evident that there was no | | |
| |large _town_ named Kanó at that | | |
| |time. The king succeeded in | | |
| |destroying all the strongholds | | |
| |of the province, which our | | |
| |author expressly states the | | |
| |Kanáwa had then first built, | | |
| |viz. Kazrá, Kelmásana (this | | |
| |seems a Berber name), Majíya, | | |
| |Ukluya, Dulúwo, Auzáki, | | |
| |Ajíyajíya, Saʿayá, Ghálaki, | | |
| |Kayí, and others; but as for | | |
| |Dalá[203], the strongest of | | |
| |these “shokíya” or stockades, he| | |
| |was unable to take it. This Dalá| | |
| |was evidently the village built | | |
| |at the foot of the rocky mount | | |
| |of the same name, which at | | |
| |present forms, for the most | | |
| |part, the quarter of the Arabs | | |
| |in the town of Kanó. After Edrís| | |
| |had humiliated and weakened, in | | |
| |this way, the inhabitants of | | |
| |Kanó, the people of Bórnu | | |
| |continually made predatory | | |
| |expeditions against them. | | |
| | | | |
| |From this circumstance we are | | |
| |enabled to judge of the state of| | |
| |affairs in these loosely | | |
| |aggregated empires; for Kanó had| | |
| |certainly been long before this | | |
| |period a province of Bórnu. | | |
| | | | |
| |Edrís Alawóma then directed his | | |
| |efforts towards the north-west, | | |
| |and undertook three expeditions | | |
| |against the Tawárek (Imóshagh) | | |
| |or Berbers, whom he reduced to | | |
| |obedience. The first of these | | |
| |expeditions was called the | | |
| |kerígu or ghazzia of Síktala, or| | |
| |Bútírsa; the second was named | | |
| |after the tribe Dinkir (the | | |
| |Díggera?), settled only two | | |
| |days’ march from Kulíya, against| | |
| |whom it was directed, or after | | |
| |the place Targhígha. These two | | |
| |expeditions seem to have been of| | |
| |secondary importance; the third,| | |
| |however, was directed against | | |
| |the Berbers of Aïr, on which | | |
| |occasion, starting from Át- | | |
| |rébisa[204], and passing the | | |
| |town Ghamarama, he overtook a | | |
| |numerous host of the inhabitants| | |
| |of Ahír, or Aïr, in the open | | |
| |desert, between the town Tádsa | | |
| |and Aïr, and having, as the imám| | |
| |says, made a great slaughter of | | |
| |them, returned to Zibdúwa, | | |
| |thence to the town Susubáki, | | |
| |and, having remained there | | |
| |awhile, retired to Muniyó.[205] | | |
| |Already, at an earlier date than| | |
| |these three expeditions led by | | |
| |him in person, his vizier, | | |
| |Kúrsuwa ben Harún, had fought a | | |
| |battle with the Tawárek, who had| | |
| |come with a numerous host of | | |
| |Tildhin (?)[206], and other | | |
| |people, to attack him at | | |
| |Aghalwen. Having thus broken the| | |
| |strength of those Berber tribes,| | |
| |he ordered the Kil-yíti, or | | |
| |rather Kélwáti[207], who were | | |
| |living in his dominions, to make| | |
| |continual inroads into their | | |
| |territory, till they were | | |
| |obliged to sue for peace, when | | |
| |they were allowed to return to | | |
| |their former seats, vowing a | | |
| |qualified allegiance to the king| | |
| |of Bórnu, while they ceased to | | |
| |yield obedience to the ruler of | | |
| |Aïr.[208] It is to be lamented | | |
| |that the imám Áhmed does not | | |
| |call the inhabitants of Aïr by | | |
| |the name of their tribe, as it | | |
| |would have been a matter of the | | |
| |greatest interest for us to know| | |
| |what tribe of Berbers had | | |
| |possession of the country at the| | |
| |time. It seems that the Kilyíti,| | |
| |or Kelwáti, are identical with | | |
| |the Keléti, or Jotko, who, | | |
| |intermixed with Tebu, are living| | |
| |on the north side of the | | |
| |komádugu, between Dúchi and Yó. | | |
| | | | |
| |I will here also mention the | | |
| |interesting expedition which | | |
| |Edrís Alawóma undertook some | | |
| |time previously, as it seems, | | |
| |against the Tebu, or Tedá, of | | |
| |the province of Durku, or Dirki,| | |
| |and of Ághram[209] (or Táshi), | | |
| |when, after subjugating the | | |
| |whole country—a measure so | | |
| |important for the communications| | |
| |with the coast—he made a long | | |
| |stay in Bilma, or Bulma. Here we| | |
| |have an example of a similar | | |
| |state of things to those in | | |
| |Kanó; for all this country had | | |
| |long before been tributary to | | |
| |Bórnu. In order to secure | | |
| |facility of access to these | | |
| |distant and inhospitable | | |
| |regions, he built large boats on| | |
| |the komádugu, and collected | | |
| |great herds of camels. | | |
| | | | |
| |Having thus secured his | | |
| |influence in the far distant | | |
| |northern provinces, Edrís again | | |
| |turned southward against the | | |
| |rebellious Marghí prince | | |
| |Maghaya, and having made an | | |
| |inroad into Kufshi, or | | |
| |Kubshi[210], Mitku, and Humdi | | |
| |(these two last places being | | |
| |situated on or at the foot of a | | |
| |rock), and having made captive a| | |
| |part of the prince’s family, the| | |
| |latter came to Birni and threw | | |
| |dust upon his head. After this | | |
| |the ex-ruler of Mándará | | |
| |(Wándalá), having come to ask | | |
| |his assistance against an uncle | | |
| |who had deprived him of his | | |
| |throne, Edrís marched against | | |
| |Karáwa[211], then the capital of| | |
| |Mándará; but the inhabitants | | |
| |having retreated to the summit | | |
| |of the high mountain which is to| | |
| |the west of the town, he was | | |
| |obliged to retrace his steps | | |
| |without effecting his purpose. | | |
| |However, the next year he | | |
| |returned better prepared, and, | | |
| |sitting down at the foot of the | | |
| |rock, compelled the people of | | |
| |Mándará and their chief to quit | | |
| |their retreat and make their | | |
| |submission; and he then | | |
| |reinstated the rightful prince. | | |
| | | | |
| |After this King Edrís led his | | |
| |victorious army against the | | |
| |Eastern Nghizim, who had first | | |
| |directed their predatory forays | | |
| |against the Felláta settled in | | |
| |Bórnu[212], but had soon ceased | | |
| |to make any distinction between | | |
| |foreigners and natives, and | | |
| |attacked all who fell in their | | |
| |way. For two years he laid waste| | |
| |their fields, destroying even | | |
| |the plantations of cotton and | | |
| |sesamum, while his vizier | | |
| |Kúrsuwa ransacked the town | | |
| |Meghúluma till he reduced the | | |
| |inhabitants to obedience. He | | |
| |then without delay proceeded | | |
| |against the western Nghizim, | | |
| |called Bináwa by Imám Áhmed. | | |
| |These Bináwa infested all the | | |
| |neighbouring provinces of the | | |
| |empire, and wholly interrupted | | |
| |the communication between Bórnu | | |
| |and an important trading-place | | |
| |in the west, called by our | | |
| |historian Fágha, and probably | | |
| |identical with the Rágha, or | | |
| |Ragháy, mentioned by Ébn Batúta,| | |
| |just in the same quarter, lying | | |
| |between Góber—that is, the | | |
| |original country of that name, | | |
| |with the capital Tínshamán—and | | |
| |Bórnu. Having conquered all | | |
| |their strongholds,—viz. Máwa, | | |
| |Ágham, Báni, and | | |
| |Ghujémbiná[213],—he so terrified| | |
| |the people around, that all, | | |
| |even those of Katágum[214] | | |
| |included, made their submission.| | |
| |The Nghizim are identical with | | |
| |the tribe now generally called | | |
| |Nkizám, which is at present | | |
| |greatly reduced, living in the | | |
| |following places, all lying | | |
| |between Auyók and | | |
| |Katágum:—Táshiná, Únik, Shágató,| | |
| |Chibiay, Belángu, Badda, Rómeri,| | |
| |Zóngolom, Melebétiye, Úmarí, and| | |
| |a few more. | | |
| | | | |
| |After all these warlike | | |
| |undertakings, this active | | |
| |prince, having rested for a | | |
| |little more than a year, | | |
| |undertook a pilgrimage to Mekka,| | |
| |probably in the ninth year of | | |
| |his reign. Having returned from | | |
| |thence, “Háj Edrís,” as he is | | |
| |now to be styled, led his army | | |
| |against the Tetála, or | | |
| |Telála[215], a warlike and high-| | |
| |spirited pagan tribe settled in | | |
| |the neighbourhood and on the | | |
| |islands of the Tsád (probably | | |
| |identical with the Yediná or, as| | |
| |they are generally named, | | |
| |Búdduma), and whose hatred | | |
| |against their oppressors was so | | |
| |intense that they refused | | |
| |fellowship at meals to those | | |
| |among themselves who had not | | |
| |killed a Mohammedan. They prided| | |
| |themselves chiefly on their | | |
| |white spears. This is exactly in| | |
| |harmony with the custom of the | | |
| |Búdduma. Edrís, in order to | | |
| |subdue them, made use of the | | |
| |Katakú, or Kótokó[216], whom he | | |
| |ordered to harass the enemy by | | |
| |continual incursions with their | | |
| |boats, exactly in the same | | |
| |manner as the sheikh of Bórnu at| | |
| |the present day, when he wants | | |
| |to trouble the Búdduma, orders | | |
| |the people of Máfaté to make an | | |
| |inroad against them. The Tetála | | |
| |retreated into the swampy | | |
| |grounds of the Tsád.[217] Edrís | | |
| |then beat the governor of | | |
| |Mafaté[218], who came to attack | | |
| |him with a number of boats, | | |
| |destroyed the town of Kansa- | | |
| |Kusku, as he had also destroyed | | |
| |Saya[219] and Taghálaghá, | | |
| |belonging to the tribe of the | | |
| |Ghamá, or Ngamá, and other | | |
| |places, and built several | | |
| |fortified encampments, or | | |
| |“sansanne,” in the | | |
| |neighbourhood. The Mákari[220], | | |
| |who seem to be identical with | | |
| |the Kótokó, appear to have | | |
| |offered him friendship or | | |
| |submission, with the exception | | |
| |of the people of Kúsuri[221], | | |
| |whose governor he succeeded in | | |
| |taking prisoner, and of | | |
| |Sabálghutu. He then proceeded | | |
| |once more against Mándará, and | | |
| |vanquished that rebellious and | | |
| |stubborn nation. | | |
| | | | |
| |We shall now notice, but | | |
| |briefly, the expeditions of | | |
| |Edrís to Kánem, which likewise | | |
| |fall within the first twelve | | |
| |years of his reign, but have | | |
| |been described separately by the| | |
| |imám. I can dismiss this subject| | |
| |here in a few words, as I have | | |
| |had occasion to make use of the | | |
| |rich geographical materials | | |
| |contained in this account in the| | |
| |course of my narrative. Edrís, | | |
| |during the first twelve years of| | |
| |his reign, went five times to | | |
| |Kánem; and he may have gone | | |
| |there frequently again in the | | |
| |following years. We have seen | | |
| |above that Kánem, after having | | |
| |been for more than a century | | |
| |entirely torn off from the | | |
| |empire, had been again subdued | | |
| |by preceding Bórnu kings. Edrís | | |
| |Alawóma, on ascending the throne| | |
| |of Bórnu, concluded a treaty of | | |
| |peace with ʿAbd Allah the ruling| | |
| |prince of Kánem; and, what is | | |
| |very remarkable as a commentary | | |
| |on the state of civilization in | | |
| |these countries, the conditions | | |
| |of this treaty were | | |
| |diplomatically exhibited in two | | |
| |written copies, nothing | | |
| |remaining to be settled but a | | |
| |dispute about three places, viz.| | |
| |Kálliya, ʿAkúta, and Belúji, | | |
| |which the people of Bórnu wished| | |
| |to obtain. But ʿAbd Allah died; | | |
| |and his son Mohammed, who | | |
| |succeeded him, was, after a | | |
| |short time, dethroned by his | | |
| |uncle ʿAbd el Jelíl ben ʿAbd el | | |
| |Jelíl, who broke off the | | |
| |negotiation and refused | | |
| |allegiance. In the struggle | | |
| |which ensued, Edrís was, on the | | |
| |whole, victorious, although the | | |
| |Bórnu army apparently sustained | | |
| |some heavy losses; Njímiye, and | | |
| |all the country even further | | |
| |east, was taken from Kánem; but | | |
| |as soon as Edrís turned his | | |
| |back, ʿAbd el Jelíl, with his | | |
| |light troops, was again there, | | |
| |till the Bórnu king at last | | |
| |conferred the crown of Kánem | | |
| |again upon Mohammed, attaching | | |
| |to him a strong party of native | | |
| |chiefs, chiefly Arabs. However, | | |
| |he was obliged to return once | | |
| |more to that country so | | |
| |difficult to manage, Mohammed | | |
| |having been beaten by his | | |
| |restless adversary. Subsequently| | |
| |he was more successful, and by a| | |
| |stipulation the whole of Kánem | | |
| |as far as Babáliyá was attached | | |
| |to Bórnu. Of subsequent events | | |
| |we are wholly ignorant, and hear| | |
| |no more of Kánem till a recent | | |
| |period. During these expeditions| | |
| |Edrís inflicted severe blows | | |
| |upon the Tebu population of | | |
| |Kánem; and we have already seen | | |
| |that, in consequence, a great | | |
| |number of them migrated to | | |
| |Bórnu. | | |
| | | | |
| |Of the events of the one-and- | | |
| |twenty years which followed | | |
| |these first twelve years of this| | |
| |excellent prince, we at present | | |
| |know nothing. But I do not doubt| | |
| |that zealous research may | | |
| |hereafter bring some more | | |
| |documents to light. From the | | |
| |manner of Edrís’s death it may | | |
| |be concluded that he waged war | | |
| |till his last moment; for he | | |
| |died, according to tradition, on| | |
| |the battlefield, being wounded | | |
| |in his breast by a hand-bill or | | |
| |góliyó, thrown at him by a pagan| | |
| |concealed in a tree, while | | |
| |waging war with a tribe on the | | |
| |borders of Bagírmi, perhaps the | | |
| |Ghamergú. We only know for | | |
| |certain that he was buried in | | |
| |Aláwo, a place in the district | | |
| |of Ujé, which I have touched | | |
| |upon on my journey to Ádamáwa. | | |
| | | | |
| |But notwithstanding these | | |
| |continual wars in which the | | |
| |Bórnu hero was engaged, “he | | |
| |promoted the prosperity of the | | |
| |country, and the wealth of the | | |
| |towns.” Indeed this is the only | | |
| |particular which the meagre | | |
| |chronicle relates of him besides| | |
| |mentioning the war with ʿAbd el | | |
| |Jelíl; and we know from Imám | | |
| |Áhmed that he built the mosques | | |
| |of clay in Birni Ghasréggomo, | | |
| |superseding those of reeds; and | | |
| |it is to him probably that we | | |
| |must refer the brick ruins in | | |
| |that town as well as in | | |
| |Ghambarú. | | |
| | | | |
| |Altogether Edrís Alawóma appears| | |
| |to have been an excellent | | |
| |prince, uniting in himself the | | |
| |most opposite qualities: warlike| | |
| |energy combined with mildness | | |
| |and intelligence; courage, with | | |
| |circumspection and patience; | | |
| |severity, with pious feelings. | | |
| |And I hope my readers will draw | | |
| |more favourable conclusions from| | |
| |this example as to the general | | |
| |character of the Bórnu kings | | |
| |than Denham did from the | | |
| |degenerate shadow of his time, | | |
| |when he says[222] that “a sultan| | |
| |of Bórnu carries no arms, and it| | |
| |is beneath his dignity to defend| | |
| |himself.” Certainly such a man | | |
| |as Edrís rarely stands alone; | | |
| |and we cannot refuse to join | | |
| |with his name that of his first | | |
| |minister, the warlike and | | |
| |intelligent Edrís ben Harún, who| | |
| |succeeded in that office his | | |
| |elder brother Kúrsuwa, and who | | |
| |by his excellent arrangements, | | |
| |as well as by his courage, | | |
| |guaranteed the success of many | | |
| |of his master’s undertakings. | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| MOHAMMED, |An excellent prince, but less |Dekána (?). |16 y. 7 m.|
| |warlike and enterprising, as it |[223] | |
| With the |would seem, than his father, | | A.H. |
| surname |whose vigour was no longer |(Perhaps in |1011-1027.|
|Bukalmarámi.|necessary, the empire being well|the territory| A.D. |
|Son of Edrís|established. |of the |1602-1618.|
| and Fanna. | |Duggana.) | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| ÍBRAHÍM. |Sent an embassy to Tripoli in |Ghasréggomo. |7 y. 7 m. |
| |the year 1627. | | |
|Son of Edrís| | | A.H. |
|and Ghumsu. | | |1027-1035.|
| | | | A.D. |
| | | |1618-1625.|
| | | | |
| | | | |
| HÁJ ʿOMÁR. |Made the pilgrimage to Mekka in |Ghasréggomo. |19 y. 9 m.|
| |the year 1642, having ascended | | |
|Son of Edrís|the throne, according to the | | A.H. |
|and Fisháma.|French document, in the year | |1036-1055.|
| |1634 (1624?). | | A.D. |
| | | |1625-1645.|
| | | | |
| | | | |
| ʿALÍ |A valiant and intelligent man, |Ghasréggomo. | 40. |
| |who thrice made the pilgrimage | | |
| Ben el Háj |to Mekka, viz. in the years | | A.H. |
| ʿOmár. |1648, 1656, and 1667; when | |1055-1095.|
| |returning on the last occasion | | A.D. |
| |from his distant journey, he had| |1645-1684.|
| |to extinguish a revolution. He | | |
| |waged several wars with the | | |
| |sultan of Aïr residing in | | |
| |Ágades, and was once besieged in| | |
| |his capital at the same time by | | |
| |the Tawárek and by the Köana, or| | |
| |Kwona, a division of the | | |
| |Korórofa, who had long been | | |
| |subjected to Bórnu, when he | | |
| |managed to set the latter | | |
| |against the former, and then | | |
| |destroyed them also. It seems | | |
| |that in his reign the country | | |
| |was afflicted by several long | | |