CONCLUDING REMARKS.
The resemblance which these Homeric poems bear, in many remarkable
features, to the romances of mediæval chivalry, has been long ago
remarked, and has already been incidentally noticed in these pages. The
peculiar caste of kings and chiefs--or kings and knights, as they are
called in the Arthurian and Carlovingian tales--before whom the
unfortunate “churls” tremble and fly like sheep, is a feature common to
both. “Then were they afraid when they saw a knight”--is the pregnant
sentence which, in Mallory’s ‘King Arthur,’ reveals a whole volume of
social history; for the knight, in the particular instance, was but
riding quietly along, and there ought to have been no reason why the
“churls” should dread the sight of a professed redresser of grievances.
But even so Ulysses condescends to use no argument to this class but the
active use of his staff; and Achilles dreads above all things dying “the
death of a churl” drowned in a brook. It is only the noble, the priest,
and the divine bard who emerge into the light of romance. The lives and
feelings of the mere toilers for bread are held unworthy of the
minstrel’s celebration. Just as in the early romances of Christendom we
do not get much lower in the social scale than the knight and the lady,
the bishop and the wizard, so in these Homeric lays--even in the more
domestic Odyssey, unless we make Eumæus the exception--the tale still
clings to the atmosphere of courts and palaces, and ignores almost
entirely, unless for the purpose of drawing out a simile or
illustration, the life-drama of the great mass of human kind. In both
these cycles of fiction we find represented a state of things--whether
we call it the “heroic age” or the “age of chivalry”--which could hardly
have existed in actual life; and in both the phase of civilisation, and
the magnificence of the properties and the scenery, seem far beyond what
the narrators could have themselves seen and known.
The character of the hero must not be judged by modern canons of
morality. With all the honest purpose and steadfast heart which we
willingly concede to him, we cannot but feel there is a shiftiness in
his proceedings from first to last which scarcely savours of true
heroism. We need not call him, as Thersites does in Shakespeare, “that
dog-fox Ulysses,” nor even go quite so far as to look upon him as what a
modern translator terms him, “the Scapin of epic poetry;” but we see in
him the embodiment of prudence, versatility, and expediency, rather than
of the nobler and less selfish virtues. Ulysses, both in the Iliad and
in the Odyssey, is the diplomatist of his age; and it is neither his
fault nor Homer’s that the diplomacy of that date was less refined, and
less skilful in veiling its coarser features. Even in much later times,
dissimulation has been held an indispensable quality in rulers;[45] and
an English philosopher tells us plainly that “the intriguing spirit, the
overreaching manner, and the over-refinement of art and policy, are
naturally incident to the experienced and thorough politician.”[46] At
the same time, it must be remembered that Ulysses employs deceit only
where it was recognised and allowed by the moral code of the
age--against his enemies; he is never for a moment otherwise than true
to his friends. Nay, while the kings and leaders in the Iliad are too
fairly open to the reproach of holding cheap the lives and the interests
of the meaner multitude who followed them, Ulysses is, throughout his
long wanderings, the sole protecting providence, so far as their
wilfulness will allow him, of his followers as well as of himself.
The tale of his wanderings has been a rich mine of wealth for poets and
romancers, painters and sculptors, from the dim date of the age which we
call Homer’s down to our own. In this wonderful poem, be its authorship
what it may, lie the germs of thousands of the volumes which fill our
modern libraries. Not that all their authors are either wilful
plagiarists or even conscious imitators; but because the Greek poet,
first of all whose thoughts have been preserved to us in writing,
touched, in their deepest as well as their lightest tones, those chords
of human action and passion which find an echo in all hearts and in all
ages.
First, that is to say, of all whose utterances we regard as merely
human. There are, indeed, other recorded utterances to which the song of
Homer, unlike as it is, has yet wonderful points of resemblance. For the
student of Scripture, the prince of heathen poets possesses a special
interest. It is quite unnecessary to insist upon the actual connection
which some enthusiastic champions of sacred literature have either
traced or fancied between the lays of the Greek bard and the inspired
records of the chosen people. Whether the Hebrew chronicles, in any
form, could have reached the eye or ear of the poet in his many
wanderings is, to say the least, extremely doubtful. But Homer bears an
independent witness to the truth and accuracy of the sacred narrative,
so far as its imagery and diction are to be taken into account, which is
very remarkable and valuable. Allowing for the difference in the local
scenery, the reader of the Iliad may well fancy at times that he is
following the night-march of Abraham, the conquests of Joshua, or the
wars of the Kings; while in the Odyssey the same domestic interiors, the
same primitive family life, the same simple patriarchal relations
between the king or chief of the tribe and his people, remind us in
every page of the fresh and living pictures of the book of Genesis.
Fresh and living the portraits still are, in both cases, after the lapse
of so many centuries, because in both the writers drew faithfully from
what was before their eyes, without any straining after effect--without
any betrayal of that self-consciousness which spoils many an author’s
best work, by forcing his own individuality upon the reader instead of
that of the scenes and persons whom he represents. To trace the many
points of resemblance between these two great poems and the sacred
records as fully as they might be traced would require a volume in
itself. It may be enough in these pages shortly to point out some few of
the many instances in which Homer will be found one of the most
interesting, because assuredly one of the most unconscious, commentators
on the Bible.
The Homeric kings, like those of Israel and Judah, lead the battle in
their chariots: Priam sits “in the gate,” like David or Solomon:
Ulysses, when he would assert his royalty, stands by a pillar, as stood
Joash and Josiah. Their riches consist chiefly in “sheep and oxen,
men-servants and maid-servants.” When Ulysses, in the Iliad, finds
Diomed sleeping outside his tent,--“and his comrades lay sleeping around
him, and under their heads they had their shields, and their spears were
fixed in the ground by the butt-end”[47]--we have the picture, almost
word for word, of Saul’s night-bivouac when he was surprised by David:
“And behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in
the ground at his bolster, and the people lay round about him.” Ulysses
and Diomed think it not beneath their dignity, as kings or chiefs, to
act what we should consider the part of a spy, like Gideon in the camp
of the Midianites. Lycurgus the Thracian slays with an ox-goad, like
Shamgar in the Book of Judges. The very cruelties of warfare are the
same--the insults too frequently offered to the dead body of an enemy,
“the children dashed against the stones”--the miserable sight which
Priam foresees in the fall of his city, as Isaiah in the prophetic
burden of Babylon.[48]
The outward tokens of grief are wholly Eastern. Achilles, in the Iliad,
when he hears of the death of his friend Patroclus--Laertes, in the
Odyssey, when he believes his son’s return hopeless--throw dust upon
their heads, like Joshua and the elders of Israel when they hear of the
disaster at Ai. King Priam tears his hair and beard in his vain appeal
to Hector at the Scæan gates, as Ezra does, when he hears of the
trespasses of the Jewish princes.[49] Penelope sits “on the threshold”
to weep, just as Moses “heard the people weeping, every man in the door
of his tent.” “Call for the mourning women,” says the prophet
Jeremiah,[50] “that they may come; and let them make haste, and take up
a wailing for us.” So when the Trojan king bears off his dead son at
last to his own palace, the professional mourners are immediately sent
for--“the bards, to begin the lament.”[51] As Moses carries forth the
bones of Joseph into Canaan, and David gathers carefully those of Saul
and Jonathan from the men of Jabesh-Gilead, so Nestor charges the
Greeks, when they have almost determined to quit Troy in despair, to
carry the bones of their slain comrades home to their native land.
Sarpedon’s body is borne to his native Lycia, there to be honoured “with
a mound and with a column”--as Jacob set up a pillar for his dead
Rachel on the road by Bethlehem. The Philistines, after the battle of
Gilboa, bestow the armour of Saul in the house of their goddess
Ashtaroth: the sword of Goliath is laid up as a trophy with the priest
Ahimelech, “wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod;”[52] even so does
Hector vow to hang up the armour of Menelaus in the temple of Apollo in
Troy.
The more peaceful images have the same remarkable likeness. The fountain
in the island of Ithaca, faced with stone, the work of the forefathers
of the nation, Ithacus and Neritus, recalls that “well of the
oath”--Beer-sheba--which Abraham dug, or that by which the woman of
Samaria sat, known as “the well of our father Jacob.” The stone which
the goddess Minerva upheaves to hurl against Mars, which “men of old had
set to be a boundary of the land”--the two white stones,[53] of unknown
date and history even in the poet’s own day, of which he doubts whether
they be sepulchral or boundary, which Achilles made the turning-point
for the chariot-race,--these cannot fail to remind us of the stones
Bohan and Ebenezer, and of the warning in the Proverbs--“Remove not the
ancient landmark, which thy fathers have set up.” The women grinding at
the mill, the oxen treading out the corn, the measure by cubit, the
changes of raiment, the reverence due to the stranger and to the
poor,--the dowry given by the bridegroom, as by way of purchase, not
received with the bride,--all these are as familiar to us in the books
of Moses as in the poems of Homer. The very figures of speech are the
same. The passionate apostrophe of Moses and Isaiah--“Hear, O heavens,
and give ear, O earth”--is used by Juno in the Iliad, and by Calypso in
the Odyssey.[54] “Day” is commonly employed as an equivalent for fate or
judgment; “the half of one’s kingdom” is held to be a right royal gift;
“the gates of hell” are the culmination of evil. Telemachus swears “by
the woes of his father,” as Jacob does “by the fear of his father
Isaac;” and the curse pronounced on Phœnix by his father--“that never
grandchild of his begetting might sit upon his knees”[55]--recalls the
sacred text in which we are told that “the children of Machir, the son
of Manasseh, were brought up on Joseph’s knees.”
Many and various have been the theories of interpretation which have
been employed, by more or less ingenious writers, to develop what they
have considered the inner meaning of the poet’s tale. Such speculations
began at a very early date in literary history. They were current among
Greek philosophers in the days of Socrates, but he himself would not
admit them. It is impossible, and would be wearisome even if it were
possible, to discuss them all. But one especially must be mentioned, not
wholly modern, but which has won much favour of late in the world of
scholars,--that in both poems we have certain truths of physical and
astronomical science represented under an allegorical form, imported
into Greek fable from Eastern sources. This theory is, to say the least,
so interesting and ingenious, that without presuming here to discuss
its truth, it claims a brief mention. It may be fairest to put it in the
words of one of its most enthusiastic advocates. So far as it applies to
the Odyssey, it stands thus:--
“The Sun [Ulysses] leaves his bride the Twilight [Penelope] in the sky,
where he sinks beneath the sea, to journey in silence and darkness to
the scene of the great fight with the powers of Darkness [the Siege of
Troy]. The ten weary years of the war are the weary hours of the
night.... The victory is won: but the Sun still longs to see again the
beautiful bride from whom he parted yester-eve. Dangers may await him,
but they cannot arrest his steps: things lovely may lavish their beauty
upon him, but they cannot make him forget her.... But he cannot reach
his home until another series of ten long years have come to an end--the
Sun cannot see the Twilight until another day is done.”[56]
So, in the Iliad, as has been already noticed, Paris and the Trojans
represent the powers of Darkness, “who steal away the beautiful Twilight
[Helen] from the western sky;” while Achilles is the Sun, who puts to
rout these forces of the Night.[57]
In contrast, though not necessarily in contradiction, to this physical
allegory, stands the moral interpretation, a favourite one with some of
the mediæval students of Homer, which sees in the Odyssey nothing less
than the pilgrimage of human life--beset with dangers and seductions on
every side, yet blessed with divine guidance, and reaching its goal at
last, through suffering and not without loss. Every point in the
wanderings of the hero has been thus made to teach its parable, more or
less successfully. The different adventures have each had their special
application: Circe represents the especially sensual appetites; the
Lotus-eating is indolence; the Sirens the temptations of the ear; the
forbidden oxen of the Sun the “flesh-pots of Egypt”--the sin of
gluttony. It is at least well worthy of remark how, throughout the whole
narrative, the false rest is brought into contrast with the true. Not in
the placid indolence of the Lotus-eaters, not in the luxurious halls of
Circe or in the grotto of Calypso, nor even in the joyous society of the
Phæacians, but only in the far-off home, the seat of the higher and
better affections, is the pilgrim’s real resting-place. The key-note of
this didactic interpretation, which has an undoubted beauty and pathos
of its own, making the old Greek poet, like the Mosaic law, a
schoolmaster to Christian doctrine, has been well touched by a modern
writer:--
“O beautiful and strange epitome
Of this our life, while through the tale we trace
Homeless Ulysses on the land and sea!
From childhood to old age it is the face
Of heaven-lost, yearning man: from place to place
Whether he wander forth abroad, or knows
No change but of home-nature and of grace,
Still is he as one seeking for repose--
A man of many thoughts, a man of many woes.”[58]
Some of the early religious commentators pushed such interpretations to
extravagance; they dealt with Homer as the extreme patristic school of
theology dealt with the Old Testament: they so busied themselves in
seeking for mystical interpretations in every verse, that they held the
plain and literal meaning of the text as of almost secondary importance.
It was said of one French scholar--D’Aurat--a man of some learning, that
he spent his life in trying to find all the Bible in Homer. Such men saw
Paradise disguised in the gardens of Alcinous; the temptation of the
chaste Bellerophon was but a pagan version of the story of Joseph; the
fall of Troy evidently prefigured, to their fancy, the destruction of
Jerusalem. Some went even further, and turned this tempting weapon of
allegory against their religious opponents: thus Doctor Jacobus Hugo saw
the Lutheran heretics prefigured in the Lotus-eaters of the Odyssey, and
thought that the reckless Antinous was a type of Martin Luther himself.
Those who are content to take Homer as he is, the poet of all ages,
without seeking to set him up either as a prophet or as a moral
philosopher, may take comfort from, the brief criticism of Lord Bacon
upon all over-curious interpretation--“I do rather think the fable was
first, and the exposition devised after.” The most ingenious theories as
to the hidden meaning of the song are at best but the mists which the
Homerists have thrown round their deity--
“The moony vapour rolling round the king.”
He moves among them all, a dim mysterious figure, but hardly less than
divine.
END OF THE ODYSSEY.
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sciences to Physical Geography are brought out with so much precision,
that every reader will feel that difficulties have been removed, and the
path of study smoothed before him.”--_Athenæum._
“Whether as a school-book or a manual for the private student, this work
has no equal in our Educational literature.”--_Iron._
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By the Same. With Engravings.
Second Edition. 5s.
“A thoroughly good Text-Book of Physical Geography.”--_Saturday Review._
“It is not often our good fortune to meet with scientific manuals so
cheap and so excellent in matter, and so useful for the practical
purposes of education, as this admirable work, which is beyond all
question the best of its kind.”--_Evening Standard._
EXAMINATIONS ON PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. A Progressive Series of Questions,
adapted to the Introductory and Advanced Text-Books of Physical
Geography. By the Same. Second Edition. 9d.
* * * * *
COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY. By CARL RITTER. Translated by W. L. GAGE. Fcap.,
3s. 6d.
* * * * *
_Zoology._
OUTLINES OF NATURAL HISTORY, for Beginners; being Descriptions of a
Progressive Series of Zoological Types. By HENRY ALLEYNE NICHOLSON,
M.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., &c., Professor of Zoology in the Royal College
of Science, Dublin. 52 Engravings, 1s. 6d.
“There has been no book since Patterson’s well known ‘Zoology for
Schools’ that has so completely provided for the class to which it is
addressed as the capital little volume by Dr Nicholson.”--_Popular
Science Review._
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY, FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR CLASSES. With
127 Engravings. A New Edition, 2s. 6d.
“Very suitable for junior classes in schools. There is no reason why any
one should not become acquainted with the principles of the science, and
the facts on which they are based, as set forth in this
volume.”--_Lancet._
“Nothing can be better adapted to its object than this cheap and
well-written Introduction.”--_London Quarterly Review._
TEXT-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. Second Edition, enlarged.
Crown 8vo, with 188 Engravings on Wood, 6s.
“This capital introduction to natural history is illustrated and well
got up in every way. We should be glad to see it generally used in
schools.”--_Medical Press and Circular._
A MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY, FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. With a General
Introduction on the Principles of Zoology. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, pp.
706, with 280 Engravings on Wood, 12s. 6d.
“It is the best manual of zoology yet published, not merely in England,
but in Europe.”--_Pall Mall Gazette, July 20, 1871._
“The best treatise on Zoology in moderate compass that we
possess.”--_Lancet, May 18, 1872._
A MANUAL OF PALÆONTOLOGY, FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. With a General
Introduction on the Principles of Palæontology. Crown 8vo, with upwards
of 400 Engravings, 15s.
“This book will be found to be one of the best of guides
to the principles of Palæontology and the study of organic
remains.”--_Athenæum._
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY. Crown 8vo, with numerous
Engravings, 5s.
EXAMINATIONS IN NATURAL HISTORY; being a Progressive Series of Questions
adapted to the Author’s Introductory and Advanced Text-Books and the
Student’s Manual of Zoology. 1s.
* * * * *
_History._
EPITOME OF ALISON’S HISTORY OF EUROPE, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. Sixteenth
Edition. Post 8vo, pp. 604. 7s. 6d. bound in leather.
ATLAS TO EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. ELEVEN COLOURED MAPS. By A.
KEITH JOHNSTON, LL.D., F.R.S.E. In 4to, 7s.
THE EIGHTEEN CHRISTIAN CENTURIES. By the Rev. JAMES WHITE, Author of
‘The History of France.’ Seventh Edition, post 8vo, with Index, 6s.
“He goes to work upon the only true principle, and produces a picture
that at once satisfies truth, arrests the memory, and fills the
imagination. It will be difficult to lay hands on any book of the kind
more useful and more entertaining.”--_Times._
HISTORY OF FRANCE, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES. By the Rev. JAMES WHITE,
Author of ‘The Eighteen Christian Centuries.’ Fifth Edition, post 8vo,
with Index, 6s.
“An excellent and comprehensive compendium of French
history.”--_National Review._
FACTS AND DATES; or, The Leading Events in Sacred and Profane History,
and the Principal Facts in the Various Physical Sciences: the Memory
being aided throughout by a Simple and Natural Method. For Schools and
Private Reference. By the Rev. ALEX. MACKAY, LL.D., F.R.G.S., Author of
‘A Manual of Modern Geography,’ &c. Second Edition, crown 8vo, pp. 336.
4s.
THE LIFE AND LABOURS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. A continuous Narrative for
Schools and Bible Classes. By CHARLES MICHIE, M.A. Second Edition,
Revised and Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1s.
“The details are carefully collected and skilfully put together, and the
outcome is a succinct, yet clear and comprehensive, view of the life and
labours of the great Apostle. The story of Paul’s life, so replete with
spirit-stirring incidents, is told in a manner extremely well fitted to
arrest the attention of advanced pupils, and we can with confidence
commend this little work as an admirable text-book for Bible-classes.
The narrative is enriched by footnotes, from which it is apparent that
Mr Michie is well posted up in the literature of the subject. These are
subjoined without any pretence or parade of learning, and only when
required to elucidate or illustrate the text. The map at the close will
enable the reader to trace the course of the Apostle in his various
missionary tours. We give this handbook our warm commendation: it
certainly deserves a wide circulation.”--_National Education Gazette._
A COURSE OF HISTORICAL STUDY, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FOR PRIVATE
READING. In Three Parts, comprising--Ancient History, Middle Ages,
Modern History. By MADEMOISELLE REYNAUD.
[_In the Press._
* * * * *
IMPROVED EDITIONS.
_School Atlases._
BY A. KEITH JOHNSTON, LL.D., &c. Author of the Royal and the Physical
Atlases, &c.
ATLAS OF GENERAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. A New and Enlarged Edition,
suited to the best Text-Books; with Geographical information brought up
to the time of publication. 26 Maps, clearly and uniformly printed in
colours, with Index. Imp. 8vo. Half-bound, 12s. 6d.
ATLAS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, illustrating, in a Series of Original
Designs, the Elementary Facts of GEOLOGY, HYDROGRAPHY, METEOROLOGY, and
NATURAL HISTORY. a New and Enlarged Edition, containing 4 new Maps and
Letter-press. 20 Coloured Maps. Imp. 8vo. Half-bound, 12s. 6d.
ATLAS OF ASTRONOMY. A New and Enlarged Edition, 21 Coloured Plates. With
an Elementary Survey of the Heavens, designed as an accompaniment to
this Atlas, by ROBERT GRANT, LL.D., &c., Professor of Astronomy and
Director of the Observatory in the University of Glasgow. Imp. 8vo.
Half-bound, 12s. 6d.
ATLAS OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. A New and Enlarged Edition. Constructed
from the best materials, and embodying the results of the most recent
investigations, accompanied by a complete INDEX OF PLACES, in which the
proper quantities are given by T. HARVEY and E. WORSLEY, MM.A. Oxon. 21
Coloured Maps. Imp. 8vo. Half-bound, 12s. 6d.
“This Edition is so much enlarged and improved as to be virtually a new
work, surpassing everything else of the kind extant, both in utility and
beauty.”--_Athenæum._
ELEMENTARY ATLAS OF GENERAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, for the Use of
Junior Classes; including a MAP OF CANAAN and PALESTINE, with GENERAL
INDEX. 8vo, half-bound, 5s.
NEW ATLAS FOR PUPIL-TEACHERS.
THE HANDY ROYAL ATLAS. 46 Maps clearly printed and carefully coloured,
with GENERAL INDEX. Imp. 4to, £2, 12s. 6d., half-bound morocco. A New
Edition, brought up to the present time.
This work has been constructed for the purpose of placing in the hands
of the public a useful and thoroughly accurate ATLAS of Maps of Modern
Geography, in a convenient form, and at a moderate price. It is based on
the ‘ROYAL ATLAS,’ by the same Author; and, in so far as the scale
permits, it comprises many of the excellences which its prototype is
acknowledged to possess. The aim has been to make the book strictly what
its name implies, a HANDY ATLAS--a valuable substitute for the ‘Royal,’
where that is too bulky or too expensive to find a place, a needful
auxiliary to the junior branches of families, and a _vade mecum_ to the
tutor and the pupil-teacher.
* * * * *
_Keith Johnston’s Atlases._
_EXTRACTS FROM OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._
SCHOOL ATLASES.
“They are as superior to all School Atlases within our knowledge, as
were the larger works of the same Author in advance of those that
preceded them.”--_Educational Times._
“Decidedly the best School Atlases we have ever seen.”--_English Journal
of Education._
“ ... The ‘Physical Atlas’ seems to us particularly well executed....
The last generation had no such help to learning as is afforded in these
excellent elementary Maps. The ‘Classical Atlas’ is a great improvement
on what has usually gone by that name; not only is it fuller, but in
some cases it gives the same country more than once in different periods
of time. Thus it approaches the special value of a historical atlas. The
‘General Atlas’ is wonderfully full and accurate for its scale....
Finally, the ‘Astronomical Atlas,’ in which Mr Hind is responsible for
the scientific accuracy of the maps, supplies an admitted educational
want. No better companion to an elementary astronomical treatise could
be found than this cheap and convenient collection of maps.”--_Saturday
Review._
“The plan of these Atlases is admirable, and the excellence of the plan
is rivalled by the beauty of the execution.... The best security for the
accuracy and substantial value of a School Atlas is to have it from the
hands of a man like our Author, who has perfected his skill by the
execution of much larger works, and gained a character which he will be
careful not to jeopardise by attaching his name to anything that is
crude, slovenly, or superficial.”--_Scotsman._
“This Edition of the ‘Classical Atlas’ is so much enlarged and improved
as to be virtually a new work, surpassing everything else of the kind
extant, both in utility and beauty.”--_Athenæum._
THE HANDY ROYAL ATLAS.
“Is probably the best work of the kind now published.”--_Times._
“Not only are the present territorial adjustments duly registered in all
these Maps, but the latest discoveries in Central Asia, in Africa, and
America, have been delineated with laborious fidelity. Indeed the ample
illustration of recent discovery, and of the great groups of
dependencies on the British Crown, renders Dr Johnston’s the best of all
Atlases for English use.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._
“This is Mr Keith Johnston’s admirable Royal Atlas diminished in bulk
and scale so as to be, perhaps, fairly entitled to the name of ‘Handy,’
but still not so much diminished but what it constitutes an accurate and
useful general Atlas for ordinary households.”--_Spectator._
“The ‘Handy Atlas’ is thoroughly deserving of its name. Not only does it
contain the latest information, but its size and arrangement render it
perfect as a book of reference.”--_Standard._
* * * * *
_Arithmetic._
THE THEORY OF ARITHMETIC. By DAVID MUNN, F.R.S.E., Mathematical Master,
Royal High School of Edinburgh. Crown 8vo, pp. 294. 5s.
“We want books of this kind very much--books which aim at developing the
educational value of Arithmetic by showing how admirably it is
calculated to exercise the thinking powers of the young. Your book is, I
think, excellent--brief, but clear; and I look forward to the good
effects which it shall produce, in awaking the minds of many who regard
Arithmetic as a mere mechanical process.”--_Professor Kelland._
ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC. By EDWARD SANG, F.R.S.E. This Treatise is
intended to supply the great desideratum of an intellectual instead of a
routine course of instruction in Arithmetic. Post 8vo, 5s.
THE HIGHER ARITHMETIC. By the same Author. Being a Sequel to ‘Elementary
Arithmetic.’ Crown 8vo, 5s.
FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS. Arranged by E. Sang, F.R.S.E. Sixpence. For the
Waistcoat-Pocket.
TREATISE ON ARITHMETIC, with numerous Exercises for Teaching in Classes.
By JAMES WATSON, one of the Masters of Heriot’s Hospital. Foolscap, 1s.
* * * * *
_Botany._
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. For the Use of Students. By ROBERT BROWN,
M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S., Lecturer on Botany under the Science and Art
Department of the Committee of the Privy Council on Education. Crown
8vo, with numerous Illustrations. 12s. 6d.
* * * * *
_Agriculture._
CATECHISM OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E., Author
of the ‘Book of the Farm.’ A New Edition. With Engravings. 1s.
PROFESSOR JOHNSTON’S CATECHISM OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. A New Edition,
edited by Professor VOELCKER. With Engravings. 1s.
PROFESSOR JOHNSTON’S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. A
New Edition, revised and brought down to the present time, by G. T.
ATKINSON, B.A., F.C.S., Clifton College. Foolscap, 6s. 6d.
* * * * *
_Miscellaneous._
A TREASURY OF THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES. Compiled from the best
Authors and Lexicographers in both Languages. Adapted to the Use of
Schools, Students, Travellers, and Men of Business; and forming a
Companion to all German-English Dictionaries. By JOSEPH CAUVIN, LL.D. &
Ph.D., of the University of Göttingen, &c. Crown 8vo 7s. 6d., bound in
cloth.
“An excellent English-German Dictionary, which supplies a real
want.”--_Saturday Review._
“The difficulty of translating English into German may be greatly
alleviated by the use of this copious and excellent English-German
Dictionary, which specifies the different senses of each English word,
and gives suitable German equivalents. It also supplies an abundance of
idiomatic phraseology, with many passages from Shakespeare and other
authors aptly rendered in German. Compared with other dictionaries, it
has decidedly the advantage.”--_Athenæum._
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF METEOROLOGY. By ALEXANDER BUCHAN, M.A.,
F.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, Author of
‘Handy Book of Meteorology,’ &c. Crown 8vo, with 8 Coloured Charts and
other Engravings, pp. 218. 4s. 6d.
“A handy compendium of Meteorology by one of the most competent
authorities on this branch of science.”--_Petermann’s Geographische
Mittheilungen._
“We can recommend it as a handy, clear, and scientific introduction to
the theory of Meteorology, written by a man who has evidently mastered
his subject.”--_Lancet._
“An exceedingly useful volume.”--_Athenæum._
A GLOSSARY OF NAVIGATION. Containing the Definitions and Propositions of
the Science, Explanation of Terms, and Description of Instruments. By
the Rev. J. B. HARBORD, M.A., Assistant Director of Education,
Admiralty. Crown 8vo, Illustrated with Diagrams, 6s.
DEFINITIONS AND DIAGRAMS IN ASTRONOMY AND NAVIGATION. By the Same. 1s.
6d.
ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK OF PHYSICS. With 210 Diagrams. By WILLIAM ROSSITER,
F.R.A.S., &c. Crown 8vo, pp. 390. 5s.
“A singularly interesting Treatise on Physics, founded on facts and
phenomena gained at first hand by the Author, and expounded in a style
which is a model of that simplicity and ease in writing which betokens
mastery of the subject. To those who require a non-mathematical
exposition of the principles of Physics a better book cannot be
recommended.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._
* * * * *
Crown 8vo, pp. 760, 7s. 6d.,
AN ETYMOLOGICAL AND PRONOUNCING
DICTIONARY
OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
INCLUDING A VERY COPIOUS SELECTION OF
SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, AND OTHER TERMS AND PHRASES.
DESIGNED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES,
AND AS
A HANDY BOOK FOR GENERAL REFERENCE.
BY THE REV. JAMES STORMONTH,
AND THE
REV. P. H. PHELP, M.A.
_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._
“This will be found a most admirable and useful Dictionary by the
student, the man of business, or the general inquirer. Its design is to
supply a full and complete pronouncing etymological, and explanatory
Dictionary of the English language; and, as far as we can judge, in that
design it most completely succeeds. It contains an unusual number of
scientific names and terms, English phrases, and familiar
colloquialisms; this will considerably enhance its value to the general
searcher after information. The author seems to us to have planned the
Dictionary exceedingly well. The Dictionary words are printed in bold
black type, and in single letters, that being the form in which words
are usually presented to the reader. Capital letters begin such words
only in proper names, and others which are always so printed. They are
grouped under a leading word, from which they may be presumed naturally
to fall or be formed, or singly follow in alphabetical order--only so,
however, when they are derived from the same leading root, and when the
alphabetical order may not be materially disturbed. The roots are
enclosed within brackets, and for them the works of the best and most
recent authorities seem to have been consulted. The meanings are those
usually given, but they have been simplified as much as possible.
Nothing unnecessary is given; but, in the way of definition, there will
be found a vast quantity of new matter. The phonetic spelling of the
words has been carefully revised by a Cambridge graduate--Mr Phelp; and
Dr Page, the well-known geologist, has attended to the correctness of
the various scientific terms in the book. The Dictionary altogether is
very complete.”--_Greenock Advertiser._
“This Dictionary is admirable. The etymological part especially is good
and sound. We have turned to ‘calamity,’ ‘forest,’ ‘poltroon,’ and a
number of other crucial words, and find them all derived according to
the newest lights. There is nothing about ‘calamus,’ and ‘foris,’ and
‘pollice truncus,’ such as we used in the etymological dictionaries of
the old type. The work deserves a place in every English School, whether
boys’ or girls’.”--_Westminster Review._
“That which is now before us is evidently a work on which enormous pains
have been bestowed. The compilation and arrangement give evidence of
laborious research and very extensive scholarship. Special care seems to
have been bestowed on the pronunciation and etymological derivation, and
the ‘root-words’ which are given are most valuable in helping to a
knowledge of primary significations. All through the book are evidences
of elaborate and conscientious work, and any one who masters the varied
contents of this Dictionary will not be far off the attainment of the
complete art of ‘writing the English language with propriety,’ in the
matter of orthography at any rate.”--_Belfast Northern Whig._
“This strikes us as likely to prove a useful and valuable work.... The
number of scientific terms given is far beyond what we have noticed in
previous works of this kind, and will in great measure render other
special dictionaries superfluous. Great care seems also to have been
exercised in giving the correct etymology and pronunciation of words. We
trust the work may meet with the success it deserves.”--_Graphic._
“On the whole, we may characterise Mr Stormonth’s as a really good and
valuable Dictionary; and with the typical exceptions we have pointed
out, we frankly allow his claim to have laboured earnestly and
conscientiously in the production of it.”--_Journal of Education._
“I have examined Stormonth’s Dictionary minutely, and again and again
with satisfaction on points where other Dictionaries left me hopeless.
It is an elaborate and splendid work, and with its great fulness, its
grouping of words, and its meanings of phrases, should be the _vade
mecum_ of every student. It is a book I would like very much to see in
the hands of all my advanced pupils.”--_David Campbell, Esq., The
Academy, Montrose._
“I am happy to be able to express--and that in the strongest terms of
commendation--my opinion of the merits of this Dictionary. Considering
the extensive field which it covers, it seems to me a marvel of
painstaking labour and general accuracy. With regard to the scientific
and technical words so extensively introduced into it, I must say, that
in this respect I know no Dictionary that so satisfactorily meets a real
and widely felt want in our literature of reference. I have compared it
with the large and costly works of Latham, Wedgwood, and others, and
find that in the fulness of its details, and the clearness of its
definitions, it holds its own even against them. The etymology has been
treated throughout with much intelligence, the most distinguished
authorities, and the most recent discoveries in philological science
having been laid under careful contribution.”--_Richard D. Graham, Esq.,
English Master, College for Daughters of Ministers of the Church of
Scotland, and of Professors in the Scottish Universities._
“For clearness of printing, neatness of arrangement, and amount of
information, this Dictionary leaves nothing to be desired; while its
correctness and condensed form giving all that is necessary with no
redundance, will prove of great service to all who want a work of
complete and easy reference, without having recourse to a Cyclopedia. In
all cases where I have referred to the etymology, I have found it most
satisfactory; once or twice after being unable to find a word in another
Dictionary, I have met what I wanted in this one.”--_John Wingfield,
Esq., M.A._
THE SCHOOL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND WORD-BOOK. Combining the
advantages of an ordinary Pronouncing School Dictionary and an
Etymological Spelling-Book. By the Rev. JAMES STORMONTH. Fcap. 8vo, pp.
254, 2s.
“This is mainly an abridgment of Mr Stormonth’s larger Etymological
Dictionary, which has already been favourably criticised in ‘The
Schoolmaster.’ The Dictionary, which contains every word in ordinary
use, is followed up by a carefully prepared list of prefixes and
postfixes, with illustrative examples, and a vocabulary of Latin, Greek,
and other root-words, followed by derived English words. It will be
obvious to every experienced teacher, that these lists may be made
available in many ways for imparting a sound knowledge of the English
language, and for helping unfortunate pupils over the terrible
difficulties of our unsystematic and stubborn orthography. We think this
volume will be a valuable addition to the pupil’s store of books, and,
if rightly used, will prove a safe and suggestive guide to a sound and
thorough knowledge of his native tongue.”--_The Schoolmaster._
“For these reasons we always advocate the good old practice of teaching
children English to a large extent by means of lists of spellings, all
but the most elementary classes learning spellings with ‘meanings.’ Mr
Stormonth, in this admirable word-book, has provided the means of
carrying out our principle in the higher classes, and of correcting all
the inexactness and want of completeness to which the English student of
English is liable. His book is an etymological dictionary curtailed and
condensed.... As a dictionary the book is very carefully compiled, and
much labour has been expended on the task of economising words and space
with as little actual loss to the student as possible. The pronunciation
is indicated by a neat system of symbols, easily mastered at the outset,
and indeed pretty nearly speaking for themselves.”--_School Board
Chronicle._
“A concise handy-book of this kind was much wanted in schools, for most
pocket-dictionaries are by no means reliable guides. Besides the word
and its meaning, the pronunciation is given in each case, together with
the kindred or root words in other languages. The work seems very
complete.”--_Educational Times._
“The derivations are particularly good.”--_Westminster Review._
“This cheap and careful abridgment of Mr Stormonth’s larger Dictionary,
which has met with so cordial a welcome in all quarters, will be
received as a boon by all interested in the education of the young....
We heartily endorse its claim to be ‘a thoroughly practical school-book,
and fitted for daily use by the pupil in and out of the school-room, in
the preparation of the English lessons.’”--_Aberdeen Herald._
“The work is admirably adapted for teaching the meanings of words, since
after the meanings of the various postfixes have been learnt, the pupil
will obtain excellent exercise in the formation of words derived from
those given in the Dictionary.”--_Mechanics’ Magazine._
* * * * *
_NOW COMPLETE._
ANCIENT CLASSICS
FOR
ENGLISH READERS
BY VARIOUS AUTHORS.
EDITED BY
REV. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A.
Author of ‘Etoniana,’ ‘The Public Schools,’ &c.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
“We gladly avail ourselves of this opportunity to recommend the other
volumes of this useful series, most of which are executed with
discrimination and ability.”--_Quarterly Review._
“These Ancient Classics have, without an exception, a twofold value.
They are rich in literary interest, and they are rich in social and
historical interest. We not only have a faithful presentation of the
stamp and quality of the literature which the master-minds of the
classical world have bequeathed to the modern world, but we have a
series of admirably vivid and graphic pictures of what life at Athens
and Rome was. We are not merely taken back over a space of twenty
centuries, and placed immediately under the shadow of the Acropolis, or
in the very heart of the Forum, but we are at once brought behind the
scenes of the old Roman and Athenian existence. As we see how the heroes
of this ‘new world which is the old’ plotted, intrigued, and planned;
how private ambition and political partisanship were dominant and active
motives then as they are now; how the passions and the prejudices which
reign supreme now reigned supreme then; above all, as we discover how
completely many of what we may have been accustomed to consider our most
essentially modern thoughts and sayings have been anticipated by the
poets and orators, the philosophers and historians, who drank their
inspiration by the banks of Ilissus or on the plains of Tiber, we are
prompted to ask whether the advance of some twenty centuries has worked
any great change in humanity, and whether, substituting the coat for the
toga, the park for the Campus Martius, the Houses of Parliament for the
Forum, Cicero might not have been a public man in London as well as an
orator in Rome?”--_Morning Advertiser._
“It is difficult to estimate too highly the value of such a series as
this in giving ‘English readers’ an insight, exact as far as it goes,
into those olden times which are so remote and yet to many of us so
close. It is in no wise to be looked upon as a rival to the translations
which have at no time been brought forth in greater abundance or in
greater excellence than in our own day. On the contrary, we should hope
that these little volumes would be in many cases but a kind of
stepping-stone to the larger works, and would lead many who otherwise
would have remained in ignorance of them to turn to the versions of
Conington, Worsley, Derby, or Lytton. In any case a reader would come
with far greater knowledge, and therefore with far greater enjoyment, to
the complete translation, who had first had the ground broken for him by
one of these volumes.”--_Saturday Review, Jan. 18._
* * * * *
Now complete, in 20 vols., fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. each,
_Ancient Classics for English Readers._
1.--HOMER: THE ILIAD. By THE EDITOR.
2.--HOMER: THE ODYSSEY. By THE EDITOR.
3.--HERODOTUS. By GEORGE C. SWAYNE, M.A.
4.--THE COMMENTARIES OF CÆSAR. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE.
5.--VIRGIL. By THE EDITOR.
6.--HORACE. By THEODORE MARTIN.
7.--ÆSCHYLUS. By REGINALD S. COPLESTON, B.A.
8.--XENOPHON. By SIR ALEXANDER GRANT, Bart., Principal of
the University of Edinburgh.
9.--CICERO. By THE EDITOR.
10.--SOPHOCLES. By CLIFTON W. COLLINS, M.A.
11.--PLINY’S LETTERS. By the Rev. ALFRED CHURCH, M.A.,
and the Rev. W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A.
12.--EURIPIDES. BY W. B. DONNE.
13.--JUVENAL. By EDWARD WALFORD, M.A.
14.--ARISTOPHANES. By THE EDITOR.
15.--HESIOD AND THEOGNIS. By the Rev. J. DAVIS, M.A.
16.--PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. By THE EDITOR.
17.--TACITUS. By W. B. DONNE.
18.--LUCIAN. By THE EDITOR.
19.--PLATO. By CLIFTON W. COLLINS, M.A.
20.--THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. By LORD NEAVES.
45 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH; 37 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Said to be an Ionian term--“One who follows a guide.” There are
several other interpretations of the name, not necessary to be given
here.
[2] Max Müller; Cox’s Tales of Ancient Greece.
[3] Curtius’s Hist. of Greece, i. 80.
[4] Grote, Hist. of Greece, i. 271.
[5] It can hardly be necessary to do more than remind the reader how
exquisitely this story is told in Tennyson’s “Œnone.”
[6] “Standing before the castle portal of Mycenæ, even he who knows
nothing of Homer must imagine to himself a king like the Homeric
Agamemnon, a warlike lord with army and fleet, who maintained relations
with Asia, and her wealth of gold and arts.”--Curtius’s Hist. of
Greece, i. 145.
[7] Catullus’s Nuptials of Peleus and Thetis (transl. by Theodore
Martin).
[8] The legend bears a remarkable resemblance to that of the hero
Siegfried, in the German ‘Nibelungen Lied.’ By bathing in the blood
of the slain dragon he acquires the same property of invulnerability,
with the exception of one spot on his back which had been kept dry by a
fallen leaf. And he meets his death, like Achilles, by a wound in that
spot, dealt treacherously.
[9] Nat. Hist., xvi. 44.
[10] The mythology of Homer supposes the gods to dwell in an aërial
city on Mount Olympus (in the north-east of Thessaly), whose summit
was always veiled in cloud, and from which there was imagined to be an
opening into the heavens.
[11] Why specially “blameless?” has been sometimes asked. The author of
the ‘Mill on the Floss’ suggests that it was because they lived so far
off that they had no neighbours to criticise them.
[12] Translations, 1863.
[13] It may be satisfactory to a matter-of-fact reader to know that
Eurybates, his attendant, takes care of it. The old Greek bard is much
more particular on such points than modern novelists, who make even
their heroines take sudden journeys without (apparently) having any
chance of carrying with them so much as a _sac-de-nuit_.
[14] Page 17.
[15] Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome.
[16] Book iii. st. 12.
[17] There is a parallel, probably quite unconscious and therefore a
higher testimony to the truth of Homer’s simile, in Kinglake’s vivid
description of the charge of Scarlett’s brigade on the Russian cavalry
at Balaclava: “As heard on the edge of the Chersonese, a mile and a
half towards the west, the collected roar which arose from this thicket
of intermixed combatants had the unity of sound which belongs to the
moan of a distant sea.”--Kinglake’s Crimea, iv. 174.
[18] The idea is borrowed by Milton in a well-known passage;--
“To nobler sights
Michael from Adam’s eyes the film removed
Which that false fruit, which promised clearer sight,
Had bred; then purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see.”
--Par. Lost, xi. 411.
[19] There is pretty good authority for considering the whole of this
night expedition, which forms a separate book (the tenth) in the
division of the poem, as an interpolation. It is a separate lay of an
exploit performed by Ulysses and Diomed, and certainly does not in any
way affect the action of the poem.
[20] Eustathius, as quoted by Pope.
[21] Madame Dacier’s remarks on this valuation, and Pope’s note upon
them, are amusing:--
“I cannot in civility neglect a remark made upon this passage by
Madame Dacier, who highly resents the affront put upon her sex by the
ancients, who set (it seems) thrice the value upon a tripod as upon a
beautiful female slave. Nay, she is afraid, the value of women is not
raised even in our days; for she says there are curious persons now
living who had rather have a true antique kettle than the finest woman
alive. I confess I entirely agree with the lady, and must impute such
opinions of the fair sex to want of taste in both ancients and moderns.
The reader may remember that these tripods were of no use, but made
entirely for show; and consequently the most satirical critick could
only say, the woman and tripod ought to have borne an equal value.”
[22] Liter. of Anc. Greece, i. 349.
[23] Short Studies on Great Subjects, ii. 175.
[24] Guido de Colonna.
[25] Gladstone.
[26] See Iliad, p. 143.
[27] Ulysses Homer; or, a Discovery of the True Author of the Iliad and
Odyssey. By Constantine Koliades.
[28] B. xiii. 345 (st. 45, Worsley).
[29] Probably the modern Coryphasium.
[30] See Hayman’s Odyssey, I. 118, note.
[31] The Esquimaux adopt the very same stratagem in order to get near
the seals. “Sir Edward Beecher, in a dissertation on Esquimaux habits
read before the British Association, told a story, that he was once
levelling his rifle at a supposed seal, when a shipmate’s well-known
voice from within the hide arrested his aim with the words, ‘Don’t
shoot--it’s Husky, sir!’”--Hayman’s Odyssey, app. xliii.
[32] Possibly Corfu, if the geography is to be at all identified.
[33] This humorous impersonation of one of the lowest, but certainly
the strongest, influences of our common nature, has been made use of
by later writers. The Roman poets Virgil and Persius take up Homer’s
idea; and Rabelais, closely following the latter, introduces his
readers to a certain powerful personage whom he found surrounded by
worshippers--“one Master Gaster, the greatest Master of Arts in the
world.” [“Gaster” is Homer’s Greek word, which Mr Worsley renders by
“appetite,” but which is more literally Englished by the old Scriptural
word “belly.”]
[34] The Greek historian Herodotus places a tribe of lotus-eaters,
“who live by eating nothing but the fruit of the lotus,” on the coast
of Africa somewhere near Tripoli. Pliny and other ancient writers on
natural history speak of this fruit as in shape like an olive, with a
flavour like that of figs or dates, not only pleasant to eat fresh, but
which, when dry, was made into a kind of meal. The English travellers
Shaw and Park found (in the close neighbourhood of Herodotus’
lotus-eaters) what they thought to be the true lotus--a shrub bearing
“small farinaceous berries, of a yellow colour and delicious taste.”
Park says--“An army may very well have been fed with the bread I have
tasted made of the meal of the fruit, as is said by Pliny to have
been done in Libya.” There is also a water-plant in Egypt mentioned
by Herodotus under the name of lotus--probably the _Nymphæa lotus_ of
Linnæus.
[35] Tennyson, “The Lotus-Eaters.”
[36] So sensible was Fénélon of this contrast that, in his romance
already mentioned, when he describes Calypso’s cave, he thinks it
necessary, like a true Frenchman of the days of the great Louis, almost
to apologise for the rude simplicity of nature, as hardly befitting so
enchanting a personage. There were no statues, he says, no pictures, no
painted ceilings, but the roof was set with shells and pebbles, and the
want of tapestry was supplied by the tendrils of a vine.
[37] So the Spirit, in Milton’s “Comus,” gives to the brother of the
Lady a sure antidote to the spell of the enchanter (himself represented
as a son of Circe):--
“Among the rest a small unsightly root,
But of divine effect, he culled me out;
The leaf was darkish, and had prickles on’t,
But in another country, as he said,
Bore a bright golden flower, but not in this soil:
Unknown, and like esteemed, and the dull swain
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon;
And yet more med’cinal is it than that Moly
That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave.”
[38] The judges of the Dead--Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Æacus.
[39] ‘Faery Queen,’ Book ii. c. 12.
[40] When Adam Bede speaks roughly to his mother, and then tenderly to
his dog Gyp, the author thus moralises on his inconsistency: “We are
apt to be kinder to the brutes that love us than to the women that love
us. Is it because the brutes are _dumb_?”
[41] From this maternal ancestor Ulysses might have inherited a large
share of the subtlety which distinguished him. Autolycus was the
reputed son of Hermes (Mercury)--the god of thieves--and did not in
that point disgrace his blood. He was said to have the power of so
transforming all stolen property, that the owner could not possibly
recognise it. Shakespeare borrows the name, and some of the qualities,
for one of his characters in the ‘Winter’s Tale’--“Autolycus, a rogue,”
as he stands in the list of _dramatis personæ_, who professes himself
“not naturally honest, but sometimes so by chance.”
[42] Πολλὰ μεταξὺ πέλει κύλικος καὶ χείλεος ἄκρου
[43] The Straits of Gibraltar.
[44] The metaphor is Homer’s, Odyss. xi. 124.
[45] “Qui nescit dissimulare, nescit regnare.”
[46] Shaftesbury’s Characteristics.
[47] Il. x. 150.
[48] Isa. xiii. 16.
[49] Ezra ix. 3.
[50] Jer. ix. 17.
[51] Il. xxiv. 720.
[52] 1 Sam. xxi. 9.
[53] Il. xxiii. 329.
[54] Il. xv. 36. Od. v. 184.
[55] Il. ix. 455.
[56] Cox’s ‘Tales of the Gods and Heroes,’ p. lvii.
[57] Iliad, p. 8. (Paris is said to be the Sanscrit Pani--“the
deceiver;” Helen is Saramà--“the Dawn;” and Achilles is the solar hero
Aharyu.)
[58] Williams’s ‘Christian Scholar.’