A white cock--Russian agency--Specimen of cookery--Dining in
state--Departure from Silivria--Mahometan causeway--Perilous
roads--Knowing horses--First view of Constantinople--Advantages of its
position--Extent of its capabilities--An abstracted goose--Entrance
of the capital--Pera--Vitali’s hotel--The plague--Character of the
malady--Armenian funeral--Associations--Funeral of a Greek.
♦ A WHITE COCK ♦
I sauntered about Silivria for some time, amused by the novel and
animated scene which it presented. Several large charcoal fires were
made up in pans in the street, on which kettles containing pieces of
meat, onions, and other vegetables were boiling, surrounded by groups
of soldiers who fanned the fires occasionally with a turkey’s wing.
Here a baker was as busy as he could possibly be, serving out cakes of
bread, just taken from the oven, to soldiers who passed in single file
before his window. A beautiful white cock was a conspicuous character
all day: he seemed to think that the whole of these preparations were
going on for persons very much inferior to himself in all the requisites
of dignity. Flies swarmed in all directions. The balconies of the
caffinés were filled with Turks, who as usual sipped their nectar,
smoked and continued for hours gazing at vacancy. I was honoured by a
look from a Mussulman who was idling about like myself, one hand in his
breeches pocket, while the other wielded his pipe and a switch. A boy
walking along with a pitcher of water on his head, seemed also very
much astonished at my appearance in Silivria, a feeling in which he was
joined by a shoemaker who was taking home a pair of mended slippers to a
customer hard by.
A fruitman seemed to be making his fortune amongst the recruits, to
whom he had already disposed of five or six large baskets of very fine
fresh grapes. He had still a few clusters remaining, which I purchased
for a small silver coin equivalent to about two pence of our money.
Even out of this he gave me some change in copper, which I presented to
a decent-looking beggar-woman who was going about from shop to shop
veiled. A string of camels laden with merchandise, and as usual led by a
donkey, entered the town from the Constantinople road, their loud bells
tinkling as they paced along. They lay down in the middle of the street,
while their drivers went in search of refreshment. Here and there the
merry tones of the xebeck were heard from latticed windows.
♦ RUSSIAN AGENCY ♦
While I was thus roving about, one of a group of soldiers who were
sitting on a wall addressed me in good French. He turned out to be
a Corsican, who, by some vicissitude of fortune, was enlisted in
the Mahometan service. From him I learned that Constantinople was
perfectly tranquil--that no tumults had recently occurred there--and
that the Russians, as he expressed it, had “not yet” possession of
Constantinople, nor had they “yet” even returned to the Bosphorus. He
placed such an emphasis on his _pas encores_, that I instinctively
assumed him to be a Russian spy. There can be no doubt at all that
Russian agency is at full work in every part of Turkey; and that the
stories which I heard on the road were the inventions of men well paid
for the propagating them, under the impression that, by means of that
kind, Mussulmen will become reconciled, by so often hearing of Russian
invasion, to the ultimate result of Russian supremacy. But this will be
found a most grave mistake, if I have read the Turkish mind with any
thing like critical acumen.
♦ SPECIMEN OF COOKERY ♦
By the time I returned to my balcony I fully expected that my dinner
would have been there before me, but no symptom of it was perceptible.
I called the factotum to account, who assured me that it would be ready
in a few minutes. I waited for half an hour, when I sent him to make
inquiries. He returned with a question, how I wished it to be done?
I desired it to be plainly boiled, and sent to me in its own gravy,
without any rice or oil. He came back, after the lapse of another
half-hour, with a piece of the meat in his hand, by way of a sample for
me to taste, and say whether it was boiled enough! I objected to touch
this precious fragment which he had dug out of my leg of mutton with the
dirtiest fingers I ever beheld, and directed the dish, such as it was,
to be served without further delay.
♦ DEPARTURE FROM SILIVRIA ♦
At length the mutton made its appearance in a wooden dish, without any
accompaniment of any kind! There was not even a grain of salt. The
cook ran off in one direction, the Italian in another, and, in about a
quarter of an hour, the latter returned with a little coarse salt in a
bit of greasy paper. Then there was no bread. Off scampered the Italian
to a baker’s shop, whence he brought back a smoking hot roll, which he
put into my hand. Meantime my Tartar came to claim his share of the
spoil, which he by no means deserved. I cut out some slices, however,
for myself with his knife, and gave him up the remainder. My repast was
soon over; but, after all, not unsatisfactory, concluding with coffee
and grapes. I was glad to see that something continued in the wooden
dish for my faithful auxiliary, for which he waited with a keen eye,
but at the same time with exemplary patience. This dinner scene passed
in the balcony, open to all the street; and I had the felicity of being
closely observed, during the whole transaction, by a group of gaping
recruits and ragged children.
We found some difficulty in procuring four horses at Silivria: at
length, about seven o’clock in the evening, we mounted a set of animals
of the most wretched description, already fatigued, as I afterwards
learned, by a long journey, from which they had rested only a few hours.
We set out by the light of the moon, and, in about an hour, reached a
very handsome khan, where we took coffee. We then proceeded along the
beach of Marmora, the murmur of whose gentle waves, borne on the fresh
atmosphere of the sea, fell upon my heart like a spring shower on the
parched earth. At midnight we arrived near the once magnificent series
of bridges, which, in a former age, were erected over a wide arm of the
sea, and considerably shorten the road to Constantinople. Clouds having
set in and darkened the night, a thunder-storm and violent rains came
on, which compelled us to take shelter in the gateway of an inn at the
foot of the principal bridge. We dismounted and rested here until four
o’clock, when we again proceeded on our journey.
♦ MAHOMETAN CAUSEWAY ♦
From these bridges to Constantinople a causeway has been constructed
upon the plan of the ancient Roman roads. But, like the bridges across
the arms of the Marmora, it has fallen into such a state of ruin as
to become infinitely more a source of danger than of convenience to
the traveller. It is as bad as the worst parts of the track over the
Balkans. Had the sultan taken pains to render his capital inaccessible
to cavalry on the side of Silivria, no engineer could have broken up
the causeway, which in some places is the only road, with more skill,
with a view to render it perilous, than time and shameful negligence
have done throughout the whole of the line. Five hundred or a thousand
men, employed for a fortnight, would, at a trifling expense, restore
it to its pristine solidity and beauty. But the genius of decay seems
to have paralyzed, for the present, the wonted energies of the Turkish
people.
♦ PERILOUS ROADS ♦
The soil through which this causeway runs, is in general a soft clay,
upon some more adhesive strata, which do not rapidly absorb the humid
atmosphere of the neighbouring waters. The consequence is that when
heavy rains have fallen, the earth becomes so slippery that it requires
the greatest care on the part of the rider to preserve his horse from
falling at every step, when he is not on the causeway, which for the
greater portion of the way is absolutely impassable. My Tartar, a bulky
man, was seated on a wretched pony, which came down three or four times.
Once the animal lost footing for both his hinder legs, and stuck so
firmly in the mud on his haunches that the Tartar tumbled backwards head
over heels. He got up in a fury and assailed the postilion in such a
storm of passion, that I thought he would have ended by shooting him.
However he was content with compelling the man to give up his own horse
and mount the pony.
♦ KNOWING HORSES ♦
In a few minutes after down came the unfortunate postilion in a marsh,
whence we had great difficulty in extricating him, covered all over with
mud. I held a tight rein, and though my Rosinante stumbled at every
fourth or fifth step, I had the good fortune to escape the general
destiny. Even the baggage-horse was tripped up repeatedly, falling
sometimes on his haunches, sometimes rolling quite over on his back,
his legs dancing in the air. Whether riding on a level, ascending or
descending the numerous hills which intervene between the bridges
and the capital, the peril was the same. The horses seemed painfully
conscious of the difficulties which they had to go through, and whenever
they could get upon the causeway they preferred it, picking their steps
through the stones with marvellous ingenuity. To the less experienced
traveller, however, the change appeared to be only “from the frying-pan
into the fire.”
♦ VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE ♦
At length we entered on a more sandy track, and rode with less toil
until the day returned: when, from the top of the highest eminence
we had yet ascended, we beheld at three leagues’ distance below the
Ottoman capital, still reposing in the twilight of early morning. The
east soon after began to redden, and the sun rose in all his Asiatic
glory over the mountains behind Scutari, which almost touched the sky.
Their tabled summits were already spread with cloth of gold, and clouds
of fiery dust were rolling around, as if raised by the march of armies
tending towards that splendid plain for encampment. The crescents and
spires of the white minarets, the tall green cypresses, the minarets of
nature, greatly excelling the others in the solemnity of their beauty,
shone out in the descending beams. The venerable watch-towers, and
the countless domes of the mosques were all illumined, and then the
castellated battlements, caravanserais, bazaars, and palaces, extending
in a long line to the waters of the Marmora, which reflected the blaze.
Seen at that moment of enchantment, Constantinople, distinguished from
all other European capitals by its oriental architecture, whose filagree
Arabesques became transparent in the light, and rising from amidst
groves and cemeteries and gardens, where the foliage and the flowers of
summer were still in bloom, looked less a reality than the vision of
some Persian tale.
♦ EXTENT OF CAPABILITIES ♦
It was unnecessary for my Tartar to point downwards and say, “There
is Stamboul!” The capital of the Constantines has no rival upon this
planet of ours, in external appearance, at least, and in the peculiar
advantages of its position. Having free access to the Mediterranean
through the Hellespont, it may with every possible facility defend
itself at the Dardanelles from a maritime force, and having shut its
gates at that point, may withdraw to the Marmora, the Bosphorus, or the
Euxine, repair there its ships, build new fleets, equip and abundantly
provision them from a populous and fertile territory, and rush out again
upon its enemies, with an overwhelming force. Or if the chieftain who is
master of Stamboul choose not to run the further risk of maritime war,
he need only put the key of his gates at the Dardanelles in his pocket,
turn his men of war into merchant ships, and find employment for them
in trading along the coasts of Turkey, Asia Minor, the whole of the
borders of the Black Sea, to which the silks of Broussa, the carpets
and brocades of Persia, the rice, and fruits, and corn of all that
territory, and the riches of central and southern Russia, are brought.
♦ ABSTRACTED GOOSE ♦
If not content with the field of the Euxine, he may extend his commerce
without a single convoy, along the Danube to Wallachia, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Servia, and Austria, attracting within his reach, in exchange
for the productions of the East, the spoils of all Germany. When the
Danube shall be united with the Rhine, by means of the canal now about
to be formed, the ruler of Constantinople, though at war with Syria,
the Barbary States, Egypt, Greece, France, Spain, England, and the
two Americas, may not only live in safety within the castles of his
Dardanelles, but carry his trade to the very verge of the British
channel, fearless of all the naval powers in the world!
While I was indulging in these fine speculations, my reverie was turned
into uncontrollable laughter by a lad whom we overtook, riding behind
a stately Turk, having at his saddle-bow a bag, from which a goose was
looking out. The picture was an odd contrast to my airy dreams, and was
not a little heightened when the winged prisoner, effecting his escape,
ran off towards the home from which he had been just abstracted. The
Turk was discomposed, the lad went off in chase of the goose, which his
lordship had intended for his dinner. But though he would not wait to
witness the result of the pursuit, he cast many a “longing, lingering
look behind,” until at length the boy returned in triumph, and tied up
the goose again in his bag, allowing him, as before, to look at the
beauteous world which he was so soon to leave.
♦ ENTRANCE OF THE CAPITAL ♦
As we approached the outer gate of Constantinople, we were confined
entirely to the causeway, the sands being deep and marshy. It was,
gently speaking, a most execrable road. If our animals from long
experience, and the judicious selection which marked all their steps,
had not been enabled to work miracles, I know not how we could have
got on. It was half-past ten o’clock when we passed the gate, where
my firman was exhibited. We then pursued our way through numerous
cemeteries, planted with cypresses, and crowded with gravestones,
usually small round columns, carved at the top in the figure of a
turban. As I was hastening as well as I could after my Tartar, through
these desperate defiles, a fine-looking Turk stopped me, broke a walnut
in his hand and divided it with me. It was his mode of bidding me
welcome to my destination.
♦ VITALI’S HOTEL ♦
After leaving the receptacles of the dead, which were very extensive,
and afforded by their numberless fresh graves, abundant evidence of the
havoc which the plague had recently made, we entered the streets, and
were immediately in the midst of the industry and bustle of a great
city. Riding to the edge of the “Golden Horn,” as the inner harbour is
called, I gladly dismounted, and transferred my weary limbs to a boat,
where my luggage and Tartar were also speedily deposited. In a few
minutes we were landed at Galata, whence we walked on to Pera, and found
a French youth, who conducted us to Vitali’s hotel, familiarly called
Giusepino’s, in the Strada Santa Maria, and almost next door to the
church of the Holy Trinity.
The hotel was full of Englishmen; but Vitali very civilly offered to
fit up for me in an hour or two, a chamber at the top of his house,
which presented magnificent views of Constantinople. My goods and
my person having been then fumigated--as, through ignorance, I had
taken no precautions whatever in passing through crowds amongst which
the pestilence was absolutely raging--I was admitted to intercourse;
breakfasted, reposed a while on a sofa, then with infinite delight
changed my travelling attire, and noted in my journal, that,
calculating to a moment, I had thus been exactly five days and nights on
the road from Rutschuk to the gate of the capital. This was considered
a good journey, as, although the Tartars perform it in three days and
nights, when great expedition is required, travellers seldom go over the
whole ground in less than nine. The expectation, therefore, held out to
me at the commencement of my ride, that I might accomplish it within
three days was all moonshine.
♦ THE PLAGUE ♦
Vitali’s account of the plague was alarming. Within the last week it had
considerably diminished, but suddenly returned again with more violence
than ever, and in the city no fewer than fifteen hundred victims had
been numbered with the dead only the day before. At Galata and Pera
a few deaths had also occurred, and even Therapia, higher up the
Bosphorus, was said not to be exempt from the contagion. He confirmed
the reports of Mr. Wood’s death; but I afterwards learned, that, in
point of fact, that gentleman had recovered from the plague by means
of prompt, judicious, and vigorous measures; that being then in a very
weakly state, he unfortunately accepted the advice of an Ionian quack,
who promised to restore his strength rapidly by the use of a potion
which he carried about as a sovereign remedy in all cases of debility,
and that the patient died of the dose, in consequence of its having been
too powerful for his then wasted constitution.
♦ ITS CHARACTER ♦
Mr. Cartwright, the British Consul-General, who lived nearly opposite to
Vitali’s, and to whom I lost no time in paying my respects, also assured
me that he had himself recovered from the plague, by the adoption of
timely applications: that the malady was, in truth, nothing more than a
violent typhus fever, which, if permitted to reach its height, seemed
to be in all cases fatal, but if met in the beginning by medical skill,
and determination on the part of the sufferer, it yielded the contest,
though the poison which it diffused through the veins was felt for a
long time after. The first symptoms of the malady are swellings under
the arms, which if not opened at once, spread in an hour over the whole
frame. The only precautions, he said, which I could adopt, were to
procure airy apartments, to live generously, to be attentive to personal
cleanliness, and when I walked out to carry in my hand a substantial
cane, by which I should prevent any body whomsoever from touching me
even with the hem of his garment. I found it awkward enough at first
to guide my way through the very narrow streets of Pera, especially
during the hours when they were most crowded, by poking people away,
now at one side, now at the other. But the same thing, I observed, was
done by every passenger: it was no rudeness, for it was the result of a
universally understood necessity; and I soon found that I was not more
anxious to avoid coming into contact with others, than they were to shun
too near an approach to me.
♦ ARMENIAN FUNERAL ♦
As I was returning from the consul’s, where I had the happiness to find
letters from home, to my hotel, I met an Armenian funeral procession
passing along the street, formed of a long double file of men, preceded
by several priests and choir-boys, who were singing the Roman catholic
anthems of the dead, bearing a large silver crucifix, a vase of holy
water, a pan of incense, smoking censers, and lighted tapers; the
priests in their stoles, surplices, cassocks, and caps; the boys in
surplices and cassocks; all moving on with as much order and freedom
as I had ever observed in any part of Spain. A black velvet pall was
thrown over the coffin, which six men sustained on their shoulders.
I followed the procession to the Frank cemetery, which was at the
distance of about a mile higher up the Bosphorus: when they arrived at
the newly-made grave, the concluding psalms and prayers, closed by that
solemn and affecting series of supplications, the _De Profundis_, were
read by the officiating clergyman, and responded to by the crowd, in a
manner that made me feel at once as if I were not in a Mahometan but a
Catholic country.
♦ ASSOCIATIONS ♦
Here was a remarkable result of the plan upon which that religion was
traced from the earliest ages. By its having adopted for its invariable
and universal dialect the Latin tongue, I, who am wholly ignorant of
Armenian, found myself at home amidst the orisons of that people to the
God of all men. The psalms which they repeated, the _Requiem_ which they
sung, their final adieus to the dead, as the body was lowered into the
grave, were those to which I had been accustomed from my infancy--those
in which I last took a deep share when I was separated from a mother who
had loved me above all earthly things. My tears mingled with those of
the real mourners over the departed--the associations of the scene were
not to be controlled.
♦ FUNERAL OF A GREEK ♦
I was not at all prepared for this open and authorized celebration
of Christian rites in the public streets and cemeteries of the very
capital of the koran. But I had afterwards abundant opportunities of
satisfying my mind, that, in no other part of Europe is the existence
of all religions more liberally secured and even protected than within
the precincts of Constantinople. It was, I think, only the very next day
that I witnessed a similar procession of Greek catholics, whose anthems
and prayers differed in language and in other points from those of the
Armenians. The body was borne on a bier, clothed in the ordinary attire
of life; the head was crowned with a wreath of flowers, the eyes were
still open, and the spirit seemed to have departed but a few moments
before its receptacle was carried to the cemetery, where it had to wait
until its place was hollowed in the earth. On each of these occasions,
Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Franks, were seen collected round the grave,
all listening with respectful and even solemn attention to the prayers
which were uttered by the ministers in attendance.
APPENDIX A.
TREATY OF ALLIANCE CONCLUDED BETWEEN
RUSSIA AND TURKEY ON THE 8th OF JULY, 1833.
_In the Name of Almighty God._
Translation.
His Imperial Majesty the most high and most puissant Emperor and
Autocrat of all the Russias, and his Highness the most high and most
puissant Emperor of the Ottomans, equally animated by a sincere desire
to maintain the system of peace and good harmony happily established
between the two Empires, have resolved to extend and to strengthen the
perfect amity and confidence which reign between them by the conclusion
of a Treaty of defensive Alliance.
In consequence, their Majesties have chosen and nominated as their
Plenipotentiaries, that is to say, his Majesty the Emperor of all the
Russias, the most excellent and the most honourable Alexis Count
Orloff, his Ambassador Extraordinary at the Sublime Ottoman Porte, &c.
&c.
And Mr. Apollinaire Bouténeff his Extraordinary Envoy and Minister
Plenipotentiary at the Sublime Ottoman Porte, &c. &c.
And his Highness the Sultan of the Ottomans, the most illustrious
and most excellent the oldest of his Viziers, Hosrew-Mehmet Pacha,
Seraskier Commander-in-chief of the regular Troops of the Line, and
Governor-General of Constantinople, &c. &c. the most excellent and
the most honourable Ferzi-Achmet Pacha, Mouchir and Commander of his
Highness’s Guard, &c. &c.; and Hadji-Mehmet-Akif Effendi, actual Reis
Effendi, &c. &c.
Who after having exchanged their full powers, which have been found in
good and regular form, have agreed upon the following Articles.
ARTICLE I.
There shall be for ever Peace, Amity, and Alliance between H. M. the
Emperor of all the Russias, and H. M. the Emperor of the Ottomans,
their Empires and their Subjects, as well by land as by sea. This
Alliance having solely for its object the common defence of their
States against all attack, their Majesties promise to have a mutual
and unreserved understanding as to all objects which concern their
tranquillity and safety respectively, and to lend to each other for this
purpose _materiel_ succours and the most efficacious assistance.
ARTICLE II.
The Treaty of Peace concluded at Adrianople on the 2nd of September,
1829, as well as all the other Treaties comprised in it, as well as the
Convention signed at St. Petersburg on the 14th of April, 1830, and the
arrangement concluded at Constantinople on the 9th (21st) of July, 1832,
relative to Greece, are confirmed throughout all their tenour by the
present Treaty of defensive Alliance as if the said Transactions had
been inserted in it word for word.
ARTICLE III.
In consequence of the principle of conservation and of mutual defence
which serves as the basis for the present Treaty of Alliance, and
by reason of the most sincere desire to assure the duration, the
maintenance, and the entire independence of the Sublime Porte, H. M. the
Emperor of all the Russias, in case that circumstances which might again
determine the Sublime Porte to claim naval and military aid from Russia,
should occur, although the case be not now foreseen, if it please God,
promises to furnish by land and sea as many troops and forces as the
contracting parties shall deem necessary. It is accordingly agreed that
in this case the forces by land and sea whose assistance the Sublime
Porte shall demand, shall be held at its disposal.
ARTICLE IV.
According to what has been said above, in case one of the two Powers
shall have demanded assistance from the other, the expenses only
of provisions for the forces by land and sea which shall have been
furnished, shall fall to the charge of the Power which shall have
demanded the succour.
ARTICLE V.
Although the two high contracting Powers be sincerely disposed to
maintain this engagement to the most remote period, inasmuch however as
it is possible that hereafter circumstances may require some alterations
in this Treaty, it has been agreed that its duration should be fixed
at eight years, to run from the date of the exchange of the Imperial
Ratifications. The two Parties, before the expiration of that term,
shall agree according to the state in which things shall be at that
epoch, upon the renewal of the Treaty.
ARTICLE VI.
The present Treaty of defensive Alliance shall be ratified by the two
High Contracting Parties, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at
Constantinople, within the period of two months, or sooner if possible.
The present Instrument, containing six Articles, and to which the last
hand shall be put by the exchange of the respective ratifications,
having been drawn up between us, we have signed and sealed it with our
Seals, in virtue of our full powers, and delivered, in exchange for
another of the like tenour, into the hands of the Plenipotentiaries of
the Sublime Ottoman Porte.
Done at Constantinople, the 26th of June (8th of July), in the year one
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three (the 20th of the moon of Safer,
in the year 1249 of the Hegira).
(Signed)
COUNT ALEXIS ORLOFF (L. S.)
(Signed)
A. BOUTENEFF (L. S.)
_Separate Article of the Treaty of Alliance concluded between Russia and
Turkey, on the 8th of July, 1833._
In virtue of one of the clauses of the First Article of the Patent
Treaty of defensive Alliance concluded between the Sublime Porte and
the Imperial Court of Russia, the two High Contracting Parties have
engaged to lend mutually _materiel_ succours and the most efficacious
assistance for the safety of their respective states. Nevertheless, as
H. M. the Emperor of all the Russias wishing to save the Sublime Ottoman
Porte the expense and the inconveniences which might result to it from
lending such _materiel_ succour, will not demand this succour should
circumstances place the Sublime Porte under the obligation to furnish
it, _the Sublime Porte in lieu of the succour which it is bound to
lend in case of need according to the principle of reciprocity of the
Patent Treaty, should limit its action in favour of the Imperial Court
of Russia to shutting the strait of the Dardanelles, that is to say,
not to permit any foreign vessel of war to enter it under any pretext
whatsoever_.
The present separate and secret Article shall have the same force and
validity as if it were inserted word for word in the Treaty of defensive
Alliance of this day.
Done at Constantinople the 26th of June (8th of July), in the year one
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three (the 20th of the moon of Safer,
in the year 1249 of the Hegira).
(Signed)
COUNT ALEXIS ORLOFF (L. S.)
(Signed)
A. BOUTENEFF (L. S.)
APPENDIX A.
TREATY OF ALLIANCE CONCLUDED BETWEEN
RUSSIA AND TURKEY ON THE 8th OF JULY, 1833.
_In the Name of Almighty God._
Traduction.
S. M. I. le très haut et très puissant Empereur et Autocrat de toutes
les Russies, et S. H. le très haut et très puissant Empereur des
Ottomans, également animés du sincère désir de maintenir le systême de
paix et de bonne harmonie heureusement établies entre les deux Empires,
ont résolu d’étendre et de fortifier la parfaite amitié et la confiance
qui règnent entre eux, par la conclusion d’un Traité d’Alliance
défensive.
En conséquence L. L. M. M. ont choisi et nommé pour leurs
Plénipotentiaires, savoir, S. M. l’Empereur de toutes les Russies, les
très excellens et très honorables le Sieur Alexis Comte Orloff, Son
Ambassadeur Extraordinaire près la Sublime Porte Ottomane, &c. &c.
Et le Sieur Apollinaire Bouténeff, Son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre
Plénipotentiaire près la Sublime Porte Ottomane, &c. &c.
Et S. H. le Sultan des Ottomans, les trés illustre et très excellent le
plus ancien de ses Visirs, Hosrew-Mehmet Pacha, Seraskier Commandant
en chef des Troupes de Ligne regulières et Gouverneur Général de
Constantinople, &c. &c. les très excellens et très honorables
Ferzi-Achmet Pacha, Mouchir et Commandant de la Garde de S. H. &c. &c.;
et Hadji-Mehmet-Akif Effendi, Reis Effendi Actuel, &c.
Lesquels, après avoir échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en bonne et
de forme, sont convenus des Articles suivants.
ARTICLE I.
Il y aura à jamais Paix, Amitié, et Alliance entre S. M. l’Empereur de
toutes les Russies et S. M. l’Empereur des Ottomans, Leurs Empires
et Leurs Sujets, tant sur Terre que sur Mer. Cette Alliance ayant
uniquement pour objet la défense commune de leurs états contre tout
empiètement, L. L. M. M. promettent de s’entendre sans réserve sur tous
les objets qui concernent Leur Tranquilité et Sûreté respectives, et de
se prêter à cet effet mutuellement des secours matériels et l’assistance
la plus efficace.
ARTICLE II.
Le Traité de Paix conclu à Andrinople le 2 Septembre, 1829, ainsi que
tous les autres Traités qui y sont compris, de même aussi la Convention
signée à St. Petersbourg le 14 Avril, 1830, et l’arrangement conclu
à Constantinople le 9 (21) Juillet, 1832, rélatif à la Grèce, sont
confirmés dans toute leur teneur par le présent Traité d’Alliance
défensive comme si les dites Transactions y avaient été insérées mot
pour mot.
ARTICLE III.
En conséquence du principe de conservation et de défense mutuelle qui
sert de base au présent Traité d’Alliance, et par suite du plus sincère
désir d’assurer la durée, le maintien, et l’entière indépendance de
la Sublime Porte, S. M. l’Empereur de toutes les Russies, dans le cas
où les circonstances qui pourraient déterminer de nouveau la S. Porte
à réclamer l’assistance navale et militaire de la Russie, venaient à
se présenter, quoique ce cas ne soit nullement à prévoir, s’il plait
à Dieu, promet de fournir par terre et par mer autant de Troupes et
de Forces que les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes le jugeraient
nécessaire. D’après cela, il est convenu qu’en ce cas les Forces de
terre et de mer dont la S. Porte réclamerait le secours, seront tenues à
sa disposition.
ARTICLE IV.
Selon ce qui a été dit plus haut, dans le cas où l’une des deux
Puissances aura réclamé l’assistance de l’autre, les frais seuls
d’approvisionnement pour les Forces de terre et de mer qui seraient
fournies tomberont à la charge de la Puissance qui aura demandé le
secours.
ARTICLE V.
Quoique les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes soient sincèrement
intentionnés de maintenir cet engagement jusqu’au terme le plus
éloigné, comme il se pourrait que dans la suite les circonstances
exigeassent qu’il fût apporté quelques changemens à ce Traité, on est
convenu de fixer sa durée à huit ans, à dater du jour de l’échange
des Ratifications Impériales. Les deux Parties, avant l’expiration de
ce terme, se concerteront suivant l’état où seront les choses à cette
époque, sur le renouvellement du dit Traité.
ARTICLE VI.
Le présent Traité d’Alliance défensive sera ratifié par les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes, et les Ratifications en seront échangées à
Constantinople, dans le terme de deux mois, ou plutôt si faire se peut.
Le présent Instrument, contenant six Articles, et auquel il sera mis la
dernière main par l’échange des ratifications respectives, ayant été
arrêté entre nous, nous l’avons signé et scellé de nos Sceaux, en vertu
de nos pleins pouvoirs, et délivré, en échange contre un autre pareil,
entre les mains des Plénipotentiaires de la Sublime Porte Ottomane.
Fait à Constantinople, le 26 Juin, l’an mil huit cent trente-trois (le
20 de la lune de Safer, l’an 1249 de l’Hégire).
(Signé)
CTE. ALEXIS ORLOFF (L. S.)
(Signé)
A. BOUTENEFF (L. S.)
_Separate Article of the Treaty of Alliance concluded between Russia
and Turkey, on the 8th of July, 1833._
En vertu d’une des clauses d’Article 1er du Traité Patent d’Alliance
défensive conclu entre la Sublime Porte et la Cour Impériale de
Russie, les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes sont tenues de se prêter
mutuellement des secours matériels et l’assistance la plus efficace pour
la sûreté de leurs états respectifs. Néanmoins, comme S. M. l’Empereur
de toutes les Russies voulant épargner à la Sublime Porte Ottomane la
charge et les embarras qui résulteraient pour elle de la prestation
d’un secours matériel, ne demandera pas ce secours si les circonstances
mettaient la S. Porte dans l’obligation de le fournir, _la Sublime
Porte Ottomane à la place du secours qu’elle doit prêter au besoin
d’après le principe de réciprocité du Traité Patent, devrait borner son
action en faveur de la Cour Impériale de Russie à fermer le détroit des
Dardanelles, c’est à dire, à ne permettre à aucun bâtiment de guerre
étranger d’y entrer sous aucun prétexte quelconque_.
Le présent Article séparé et sécret aura la même force et valeur que
s’il était inséré mot à mot dans le Traité d’Alliance défensive de ce
jour.
Fait à Constantinople le 26 Juin, l’an mil huit cent trente-trois (le 20
de la lune de Safer, l’an 1249 de l’Hégire).
(Signé)
CTE. ALEXIS ORLOFF (L. S.)
(Signé)
A. BOUTENEFF (L. S.)
APPENDIX B.
TREATY BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY, CONCLUDED AT ST. PETERSBURG, BY ACHMET
PACHA, ON THE 29th OF JANUARY, 1834.
Translation.
The most high and most puissant Ottoman Emperor, my benefactor and
master, on the one part, and the most high and most magnanimous
Emperor of all the Russias, on the other, animated by the desire with
which they are inspired by the sincere friendship, cordiality, and
confidence, that happily exist between them, to arrange definitively
certain points of the Treaty concluded between the two High Powers at
Adrianople, which have not been hitherto carried into execution, have
named for this purpose as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say, H.
M. the Ottoman Emperor, His Excellency Mouchir Ahmed Pacha, Military
Counsellor of the Seraglio, Ambassador Extraordinary of the Sublime
Porte at the Imperial Court of Russia, &c. &c., and H. M. the Emperor
of Russia, their Excellencies the Count Nesselrode, Vice-Chancellor
of the Empire, and the Count Alexis Orloff, General of Cavalry,
Aide-de-Camp of the Emperor, &c. &c., who, after having reciprocally
shown their full powers, have agreed on the following Articles:
ARTICLE I.
The two high Courts having deemed it necessary to establish, as
has been already stipulated in the Treaty of Adrianople, a line of
demarcation between the two Empires in the East, such as may henceforth
prevent every species of dispute and discussion, it has been agreed
that a line should be traced that should completely obstruct the
depredations which the neighbouring tribes have been in the habit of
committing, and which have more than once compromised the relations
of neighbourhood and friendship between the two Empires. Accordingly,
and as Commissioners on both sides have examined the localities,
and obtained the necessary information for this purpose, the two
Contracting Parties have resolved to proceed to the settlement of the
frontiers in such a way as that the object wisely laid down in the
Treaty of Adrianople should be completely fulfilled; and with that
view they have adopted, with common accord, the line which may be seen
traced in red on the map which is appended to the present treaty.
Conformably to the fourth Article of the Treaty of Adrianople, this
line departs from Port St. Nicolo on the coast of the Black Sea,
follows the actual frontiers of Guriel, ascends as far as the frontiers
of Juira, thence traverses the Province of Akhiskha, and strikes the
point where the provinces of Akhiskha and of Cars are reunited to the
Province of Georgia. Thus the greatest part of the Province of Akhiskha
remains, together with the other countries and territories mentioned
in the said Treaty, under the dominion of the Sublime Porte, as may be
seen by the map, of which two copies have been made and collated by the
Plenipotentiaries of the two Powers, and which, considered as forming
part of the present Treaty, are to be subjoined to it, as evidence of
the manner in which the future limits of the two empires have been
settled.
After the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty and
as soon as posts shall have been erected by the Commissioners named
on both sides, according to the line traced on the map, from one
end to the other, the Russian troops shall evacuate the territories
situated beyond that line, and shall retire within the limits which
it prescribes. So also the Mussulmans who inhabit the inconsiderable
territories which are comprised within the line that passes by the
Sandjack of Ghroubhan and the extremities of the Sandjacks of Ponskron
and of Djildir, and who may wish to establish themselves within the
territories of the Sublime Porte, shall be at liberty, within the term
of eighteen months, from the date of the exchange of the ratifications
of the Treaty, to arrange the affairs which attach them to the country,
and to transport themselves to the Turkish States without molestation.
ARTICLE II.
By the Instrument executed separately at Adrianople relative to the
Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, the Sublime Porte had
undertaken to recognise formally the regulations made, while the
Russian troops occupied those Provinces, by the Principal inhabitants
with reference to their internal administration; the Sublime Porte
finding nothing in the Articles of that Constitution which can affect
its rights of Sovereignty, consents henceforth to recognise formally
the said Constitution.
It engages to publish in this respect a Firman, accompanied by a Hatti
Sherif, two months after the exchange of ratifications, and to give a
copy of the same to the Russian Mission at Constantinople.
After the formal recognition of the Constitution, the Hospodars of
Wallachia and Moldavia shall be named, but for this time only, and as a
case entirely peculiar, in the manner which was agreed upon some time
ago between the two Contracting Powers, and they will proceed to govern
the two Provinces conformably to the Constitution, in pursuance of the
stipulations above mentioned.
His Majesty the Emperor of Russia wishing to afford a new proof of the
regard and consideration which he entertains towards his Highness, and
to hasten the moment when the Sublime Porte shall exercise the rights
which the Treaties secure to it over the two Provinces, will order
his troops, as soon as the Princes shall have been named, to retire
from the two Provinces. This point shall be executed two months after
the nomination of the Princes. And as a compensation is due in all
justice for the advantages which the Sublime Porte grants as a favour
to the Wallachians and Moldavians, it is agreed and ordained that the
annual tribute, which the two Provinces ought to pay according to the
Treaties, shall be fixed henceforth at six thousand purses (that is to
say, at three millions of Turkish piastres); and the Princes shall take
care that this sum be annually paid, counting from the 1st of January,
1835.
It is agreed between the two Courts that the number of troops, which
shall be employed as garrisons in the interior of the two Provinces,
shall be fixed in an invariable manner and with the approbation of the
Porte, and that the latter is to give colours to the garrisons, and
a flag to the Valacho-Moldavian merchant vessels which navigate the
Danube.
ARTICLE III.
With respect to the desire manifested by His Highness to execute
scrupulously the engagements which he has undertaken by the third
Article of the explanatory and separate Act which is appended to
the Treaty of Adrianople, and by the Treaty of Petersburg relative
thereunto, H. M. the Emperor of all the Russias is most willing to
afford to the Sublime Porte new facilities for the execution of the
engagements imposed by the Acts above mentioned, and it is accordingly
agreed:
1º. That although it has been stipulated by the second Article of the
Treaty of St. Petersburg, that the Sublime Porte shall pay annually,
and during eight years, one million of Dutch ducats, it shall pay only
five hundred thousand ducats per annum.
2º. That the Sublime Porte be no longer obliged, as it has hitherto
been, to pay in the month of May, each year, and at one time only, the
whole yearly sum, and that it shall henceforth pay the five hundred
thousand ducats by degrees, but the entire sum within the interval from
the month of May of one year to the month of May in the following year.
3º. That his Imperial Majesty renounces his right to demand the
difference, which arose at the period of each payment of the portion of
the indemnities for the expenses of the war and the commercial claims,
between the price at which the Sublime Porte paid the ducat in Turkish
piastres, and the real value of the ducats.
4º. That moreover, his Imperial Majesty, taking into consideration the
embarrassments in which the Treasury of that Empire has been lately
involved, consents to the immediate defalcation of two millions of
ducats, which is the third of the amount of the indemnities for the
expenses of the war.
5º. That considering the defalcation above announced, and the other
arrangements already mentioned, the sum total of the indemnities
amounts to four millions of Dutch ducats, of which the first portion to
be paid in one year, as one account, consists of 500,000 ducats, and
which shall be paid from the 1st of May, 1834, to the 1st of May, 1835,
and the corresponding portions in the following years shall be paid
in the same manner until the whole debt be discharged; but upon the
condition that the assurances, guarantees, and facilities stipulated
by Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of the Treaty of St. Petersburg shall
preserve down to that period all their force, as if they had been
inserted word for word in the present Treaty.
CONCLUSION.
In virtue of the powers which have been given me, I have concluded the
present Treaty, which shall be ratified by the Contracting Parties, and
the ratification of which shall be exchanged at Constantinople, within
the term of six weeks, or sooner if possible; I have affixed to it my
seal and signature, and I have delivered it to their Excellencies the
Plenipotentiaries of the Court of Russia at Petersburg, in exchange for
the counterpart which they have delivered to me.
Done the 18th Ramazan,
1249.
APPENDIX B.
TREATY BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY, CONCLUDED AT ST. PETERSBURG, BY ACHMET
PACHA, ON THE 29th OF JANUARY, 1834.
Traduction.
Le très haut et très puissant Empereur Ottoman, mon bienfaiteur et
maître, d’une part, et le très haut et très magnanime Empereur de
toutes les Russies, de l’autre, animés du désir, que leur inspirent
l’amitié sincère, la securité et la confiance qui existent heureusement
entre eux, d’arranger définitivement certains points du Traité conclu
entre les deux Hautes Puissances à Andrinople, lesquels n’ont pas
été mis à exécution jusqu’à présent, ont nommé à cet effet pour
leurs Plénipotentiaires, savoir, Sa Majesté l’Empereur Ottoman, Son
Excellence Mouchir Ahmed Pacha, Conseiller Militaire du Sérail,
Ambassadeur Extraordinaire de la Sublime Porte à la Cour Impériale de
Russie, &c. &c. et Sa Majesté l’Empereur de Russie, leurs Excellences
le Comte Nesselrode, Vice-Chancelier de l’Empire, et le Comte Alexis
Orloff, Général de Cavalerie, Aide-de-Camp de l’Empereur, &c. &c.
lesquels, après avoir montré réciproquement leurs pleins pouvoirs, sont
convenus des Articles suivans:
ARTICLE I.
Les deux hautes Cours ayant jugé nécessaire d’établir, ainsi qu’il
est stipulé dans le Traité d’Andrinople, une ligne de démarcation
entre les deux Empires dans l’Orient, capable de prévenir désormais
toute espèce de disputes et de discussion, il a été convenu que l’on
tracerait une linge qui peut empêcher entièrement les déprédations
que les peuplades circonvoisines commettaient, et qui ont plus d’une
fois compromis les relations de voisinage et d’amitié entre les deux
Empires. En conséquence et après que des Commissaires de part et
d’autre ont examiné les lieux, et pris des renseignemens à cet égard,
les deux Parties Contractantes ont résolu de procéder à la fixation des
frontières de manière à ce que le but qu’on s’est sagement proposé dans
le Traité d’Andrinople fût complètement rempli; et pour cela, elles
ont adopté, de commun accord, la ligne que l’on voit tracée en couleur
rouge dans la carte qui est jointe au présent Traité.
Conformément au IVme Article du Traité d’Andrinople, cette ligne part
du Port de St. Nicolo, sur la côte de la mer noire, suit les frontières
actuelles de la Province de Guriel, monte jusqu’aux confins d’Iuira, et
de là elle traverse la Province d’Akhiskha, et elle aboutit au point
où les Provinces d’Akhiskha et de Cars se réunissent à la Province
de la Georgie. Ainsi la plus grande partie de la Province d’Akhiskha
reste, avec les autres pays et terres dont il est question dans le
dit Traite, sous la domination de la Sublime Porte, comme on voit
par la carte dont deux de copies ont été faites et collationnées par
les Plénipotentiaires des deux Puissances, et qui, considérées comme
faisant partie du présent Traité, doivent y être jointes, pour y voir
la manière dont les limites futures des deux Empires ont étés fixées.
Après l’échange des ratifications du présent Traité, et aussitôt que
l’on aura fait planter des poteaux par des Commissaires nommés de
part et d’autre, d’après la ligne tracée dans la carte, d’un bout à
l’autre, les troupes Russes évacueront les terres situées au dehors
de cette ligne, et se retireront dans les bornes qu’elle prescrit. De
même les Mussulmans qui se trouvent dans les terres peu considérables
qui sont comprises dans la ligne qui passe devant le Sandjack de
Ghroubhan et des extrémités des Sandjacks de Ponskron et de Djildir,
lesquels voudront s’établir dans les terres de la Sublime Porte,
pourront, dans le terme de dix-huit mois, à dater du jour de l’échange
des Ratifications du Traité, finir les affaires qui les attachaient au
pays, et se transporter dans les Etats Turcs, sans que l’on y mette
obstacle.
ARTICLE II.
Par l’Instrument fait séparément à Andrinople relativement au
Principautés de la Valachie et de la Moldavie, la Sublime Porte a
pris l’engagement de reconnaître formellement les règlemens faits,
pendant que les troupes Russes occupaient ces Provinces, par les
principaux habitans sur leur administration intérieure; la Sublime
Porte ne trouvant rien dans les Articles de cette Constitution, qui
puisse affecter ses droits de Souveraineté, consent dès à présent à
reconnaître formellement la dite Constitution.
Elle s’engage à publier à cet égard un Firman, accompagné d’un Hatti
Sherif, deux mois après l’échange des ratifications, et à donner une
copie du même à la Mission Russe à Constantinople,
Après la reconnaissance formelle de la Constitution, les Hospodars de
Valachie et de Moldavie seront nommés, mais pour cette seule fois-ci,
et comme un cas tout particulier, de la manière qui a été convenue,
il y a quelque tems, entre les deux Puissances Contractantes, et
ils commenceront à gouverner les deux Provinces conformément à la
Constitution, laquelle est une suite des stipulations dont il a été
parlé plus haut.
Sa Majesté l’Empereur de Russie voulant donner une nouvelle preuve
des égards et de la considération qu’il a pour Sa Hautesse, et hâter
le moment ou la Sublime Porte usera des droits que les Traités lui
assurent sur les deux Provinces, ordonnera à ses troupes, une fois que
les Princes auront été nommés, de se retirer des deux Provinces. Ce
point aura son exécution deux mois après la nomination des Princes.
Et comme une compensation est dû en toute justice pour les avantages
que la Sublime Porte accorde par faveur aux Valaques et aux Moldaves,
il est convenu et arrêté que le tribut annuel, que les deux Provinces
doivent lui payer d’après les Traités, est fixé desormais à six mille
bourses (c. à d. à trois millions de piastres Turques); et les Princes
auront soin que cette somme lui soit payée annuellement à compter du 1
Janvier, 1835.
Il est convenu entre les deux Cours que le nombre des Troupes, qui
seront employées comme garnisons dans l’intérieur des deux Provinces,
sera fixé d’une manière invariable et au gré de la Sublime Porte, et
que celle-ci donnera les drapeaux aux garnisons, et le pavillon aux
bâtimens marchands Valaco-Moldaves qui naviguent sur le Danube.
ARTICLE III.
En égard au désir témoigné par Sa Hautesse d’exécuter scrupuleusement
les engagemens qu’elle a pris par le troisième Article de l’Acte
explicatif et separé qui fait suite au Traité d’Andrinople, et par le
Traité de Pétersbourg y rélatif, Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les
Russies a bien voulu offrir de nouvelles facilités dans l’exécution
des engagemens imposés par les Actes ci-dessus mentionnés à la Sublime
Porte, et par conséquent il est convenu:
1º. Que quoiqu’il ait été stipulé par le second Article du Traité de
St. Pétersbourg, que la Sublime Porte payera annuellement, et pendant
huit ans, un million de ducats de Hollande, elle ne payera que cinq
cent mille ducats par an.
2º. Que la Sublime Porte n’est plus obligée, comme elle l’était
jusqu’ici, de payer au mois de Mai de chaque année, et en une seule
fois, tout l’argent qui était dû pour l’année, et qu’elle paiera
desormais les cinq cent mille ducats peu à peu, mais en entier dans
l’intervalle du mois de Mai d’une année au mois de Mai de l’année
suivante.
3º. Que Sa Majesté Impériale renonce à son droit de demander la
différénce, qu’il y avait à l’époque de chaque paiement de la portion
des indemnités pour les frais de la guerre et pour le commerce, entre
le prix auquel la Sublime Porte payait le ducat en piastres Turques, et
la véritable valeur des ducats.
4º. Qu’en outre, Sa Majesté Impériale, prenant en considération
les embarras dans lesquels le Trésor de cet Empire s’est trouvé
dernièrement, consent à défalquer sur le champ deux millions de ducats,
ce qui est le tiers du solde des indemnités pour les frais de la guerre.
5º. Que vu la défalcation ci-dessus énoncée et les autres dispositions
dont il a été parlé plus haut, le total des indemnités est de quatre
millions de ducats de Hollande, dont la première portion à payer dans
un an, comme une compte, consiste en 500,000 ducats, et sera payé du
1er Mai, 1834, au 1er Mai, 1835, et les portions préalables
dans les années suivantes seront payées de la même manière jusqu’à
l’acquittement de la dette; mais à condition que les assurances, les
garanties, et les facilités stipulées par les Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, et
9, du Traité de St. Pétersbourg conserveront, jusqu’alors toute leur
vigueur, comme s’ils étaient insérées mot à mot dans le présent Traité.
CONCLUSION.
En vertu des pouvoirs qui m’ont été donnés, j’ai conclu le présent
Traité, qui sera ratifié par les deux Parties Contractantes, et dont
les ratifications seront échangées à Constantinople, dans le terme
de six semaines, ou plutôt si faire se pourra; j’y ai apposé mon
cachet, et mis ma signature, et je l’ai remis à leurs Excellences les
Plénipotentiaires de la Cour de Russie à Pétersbourg, en échange de la
pièce qu’ils m’ont remise.
Fait le 18 Ramazan, 1249.
END OF VOL. I.
C. WHITING, BEAUFORT HOUSE, STRAND.
TRANSCRIBERS’ NOTES
In this version, text originally printed in italics is marked with
_underscores_ and small caps have been converted to ALL CAPITALS.
In the original text, Appendices A and B were printed in two columns,
with the French version on the left side of each page and the English
translation on the right. In this version, the texts have been
separated: the complete English text appears first, followed by the
full French text.
The last listing in the “List of Plates” is: Frontispiece, Vol. II.
Towing boats on the Danube. This illustration does not appear in Vol.
I, but is used as the Frontispiece for Vol. II.
In some cases, the placement of the illustrations has been adjusted to
better align with the text.
Page headings have been placed as sidenotes and enclosed in ‘♦’ symbols.
Original spellings have been kept as printed with the following
exceptions:
Page v: “no” changed to “not” in - “...the steam-boats do not yet
regularly proceed further...”
Page v: a period was added to end of sentence - “...down the Danube
than Galacz.”
Page vi: “poceeding” changed to “proceeding” - “...this strange
proceeding on the part of...”
Page 45: “it-” changed to “its” - “...the day had now nearly reached
its close...”
Page 50: a period was added to end of sentence - “...then the lead
passes on to him who does.”
Page 50: “an” changed to “and” - “...rose from its bed in the sand and
floated into deeper water...”
Page 62: “winte” changed to “winter” - “...have no chance of being
extricated from their position until the winter...”
Page 71: “mmediately” changed to “immediately” - “...we should have
immediately quitted Moldava...”
Page 85: a period was added to end of sentence - “... more than one
volcanic convulsion.”
Page 191: an “I” added to beginning of the sentence - “I calculated
that it would take a day...”
Page 244: “Forsets” changed to “Forests” - “...of the way—Forests of
Hæmus—...”
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