CRITICAL ESSAY ON MATERIALS AND AUTHORITIES
The term bibliography does not accurately or fully describe the
materials upon which this study of the Scandinavians in the Northwest is
based. To the printed sources of all sorts,--official reports of European
and American governments, autobiographies, travels, and the like--and to
a wide range of secondary works, there must be added much matter
relating to the subject gathered by means of personal interviews,
correspondence, and observations extending over a series of years. The
Scandinavian press is an inexhaustible mine of source material; its
information, in nuggets, flakes, and fine particles, must be sought for
diligently, extracted, refined, and shaped; but it is the purest source
material, nevertheless, comprising brief autobiographies, letters,
personal opinions, description of surroundings and movements, and
contributions to current discussion in politics, religion, and
education. The county and local histories which multiplied rapidly
between 1880 and 1895, and which have not yet ceased to appear, are not
far from the borderland of source material. Their sketches of men and
women and settlements, tho for the most part of a crude, innocent,
laudatory type based upon brief personal interviews by canvassers and
elaborated according to the varying size of the subscriptions of
individuals, are almost indispensable for certain statistical purposes.
The customary distinction between source material and secondary material
is often hard to maintain, so recent is the Scandinavian immigration,
and so numerous are the first-hand and second-hand accounts by
contemporaries participating in or observing the phenomena under
consideration. The Northern peoples settling in the United States have
had no William Bradford for a historian, but the work of Norelius and
Mattson is in a class similar to that of _Plimouth Plantation_.
The best bibliography of immigration in general is that published by the
Library of Congress, A. P. C. Griffin (compiler), _A List of Books (with
References to Periodicals) on Immigration_ (3rd issue, with additions,
1907), but this is not complete, especially as relating to Scandinavian
immigration. It omits all state documents, but is strong in its list of
Congressional and executive documents. For the Scandinavian movement,
the bibliography in O. N. Nelson (editor), _History of the Scandinavians
and Successful Scandinavians in the United States_ (2nd ed., I,
265-295), is the most useful, though it is unfortunately arranged on a
strictly chronological basis in two parts. It is, however, far from
complete, omitting practically all Federal and State publications, and
all periodicals save for specific mention of certain articles. In the
field of periodicals, is _Bibliografi; Svensk-Amerikansk Periodisk
Literatur_ (being No. 8, _Kungl. Bibliothekets Handlingar_, Stockholm,
1886).
In a general way, the following bibliography includes only those books,
pamphlets, periodicals, and newspapers which were directly used in the
preparation of this volume. In the case of foreign publications, the
place as well as the date of publication is usually given.
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
1. _Official Publications of the United States._
Five series of reports published by the Federal Government are of very
great importance in the study of immigration, both for their scope and
their accuracy: the _Reports_ of the censuses from 1850 to 1910; the
_Annual Statistical Abstracts_ (36 vols., 1879-1913); _Annual Reports of
the Commissioner-general of Immigration_ (17 vols., 1891-1909); _Reports
from the Consuls of the United States_ (notably vol. 22, No. 76, 1887),
particularly those from the consuls in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; and
_Special Consular Reports_ (particularly vol. 30, 1904). _The Report of
the Industrial Commission_ (especially vols. XV (1901) and XIX (1902)),
contains a vast amount of recent, complete, and diversified material in
the testimony taken by the Commission and in the well-digested reports
prepared by experts like John R. Commons. The Bureau of Statistics of
the Treasury Department, _Immigration into the United States, showing
number, nationality, sex, age, destination_ (etc.) _from 1820-1903_ (in
_Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance_, June, 1903), gives general
tables and a review in convenient form.
The following reports of committees of the House of Representatives and
of the Senate include usually the "hearings" of the committees, if any
have been held: _Report from the Committee on Immigration and
Naturalization_, 51 Cong., 2 Sess., H. R. No. 3472 (Owen Report, 1891);
52 Cong., 1 Sess., H. R. No. 2090 (Stump Report, 1892); _Report of the
Committee on Immigration_, 52 Cong., 2 Sess., S. R. No. 1333 (Chandler
Report, 1893); 54 Cong., 1 Sess., S. R. No. 290 (Lodge Report, 1896); 57
Cong., 2 Sess., S. Doc. No. 62 (Penrose Report, 1902). Special reports
of importance are: _Report of the Immigration Investigating Commission_
(1895); Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, _Special Report
on Immigration_, (42 Cong., 1 Sess., H. Mis. Doc. No. 19 (1871)); and
C. C. Andrews, _Report made to the Department of State on the Conditions
of the Industrial Classes in Sweden and Norway_ (1874).
In a class by itself is the recent elaborate _Report of the Immigration
Commission_, S. Docs., 61 Cong., 2-3 Sess. (Dillingham Report,
1910-1911), 43 vols., of which vols. 1 and 2 (Abstract), 4, 34, and 36
are specially important for this study. The _Report_ is by far the most
scientific, thorough-going, and detailed study of the nature, extent,
distribution and results of immigration to the United States, and to a
few other countries like Canada, Australia, and Brazil, which has yet
been produced.
Various volumes of the United States _Statutes at Large_ and the
_Congressional Directories_ have also some material.
2. _Official Reports of Scandinavian countries._
DENMARK: annual volumes of _Statistisk Aarbog_.
NORWAY: annual volumes of _Norges Officielle Statistik_ (1870-1913), of
_Norges Land og Folk_ (1885-1906), and of _Meddelelser fra det
Statistiske Centralbureau_ (1883-1899); and _Oversigt over Kongeriget
Norges civile, geistlige og judicielle Inddeling_ (1893).
SWEDEN: annual issues of _Bidrag till Sveriges officiella statistik_
(1857-1913), covering a wide range of topics. Gustav Sundbärg (editor),
_Sweden, Its People and Its Industry_ (1904), is a valuable "historical
and statistical handbook published by the order of the Government" of
Sweden, in Swedish, English, and French.
NORWAY,--_Official Publication for the Paris Exhibition, 1900_
(Christiania, 1900) is a companion volume to that for Sweden just
mentioned.
3. _Official Publications of Great Britain._
The _Report of the Board of Trade on Alien Immigration_ (into the United
States) (London, 1893) is at once able, comprehensive, judicious.
4. _Official Publications of the Northwestern States._
The various annual or biennial legislative handbooks contain useful
biographies and statistics, especially the volumes since 1880: _The
Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota_; _Wisconsin Blue Book_;
_The Legislative Manual of North Dakota_; _South Dakota Political
Handbook and Official and Legislative Manual_ (sometimes entitled _South
Dakota Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Directory_). Of the great
number and variety of official State documents and reports, those most
directly useful for this study are the volumes of statistics of
Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota;
those relating to the State censuses, State institutions (a board of
control as in Wisconsin and Iowa, or a board of charities and
corrections, for certain institutions, in Minnesota and South Dakota),
commissioners or boards of immigration, and boards of health. Reports of
officers in charge of immigration matters are in State documents as
follows: Wisconsin, 1853, 1854, 1869-1875, 1880-1882, 1884, 1886, 1897,
1900; Iowa, 1872; Minnesota, 1867-1872. The publications of certain
institutions chiefly supported by the States, like the Wisconsin
Historical Society, the State Historical Society of Iowa, especially
vol. III (1905), and the Minnesota Historical Society, really fall into
this class of sources.
GENERAL WORKS
The classical work on the broad subject of immigration, notable alike
for the breadth and penetration of its views, is Richmond Mayo-Smith,
_Emigration and Immigration: a Study in Social Science_ (1890). Two
other works by the same authority, are: _Immigration and the
Foreign-Born Population_ (in vol. III of the _Publications of the
American Statistical Assn._, 1893), and _Statistics and Sociology_
(1895). The _Publications_ of the Immigration Restriction League take a
wide range in 63 pamphlets (1894-1914). Next to these in importance
come: Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration and its Effects upon the United
States_ (1906), an excellent and compact study, somewhat marred by the
bias of its author, who is secretary of the Restriction League; J. R.
Commons, _Races and Immigrants in America_ (1907), a popular rather than
profound statement, but the fresh work of a careful scholar; E. A.
Steiner, _On the Trail of the Immigrant_ (1906); S. McLanahan, _Our
People of Foreign Speech ... with particular reference to religious work
among them_ (1904).
A group of more recent works by competent scholars combining qualities
of penetration and popular presentation in satisfying proportions are:
H. P. Fairchild, _Immigration: a World Movement and its American
Significance_ (1913); J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, _The Immigration
Problem_ (3d ed. revised and enlarged, 1913), by two men intimately
connected with the making of the Dillingham Report; E. A. Ross, _The Old
World in the New: The significance of past and present immigration to
the American people_ (1914), especially ch. IV; F. J. Warne, _The
Immigrant Invasion_ (1913), ch. XII.
Of less direct bearing, but valuable: W. J. Bromwell, _History of
Immigration to the United States_ (1856); F. L. Dingley, _European
Immigration_ (1890); F. Kapp, _Immigration and the Commissioners of
Immigration of the State of New York_ (1870); R. M. LaFollette (editor),
_The Making of America_, vols. II and VIII (1906); F. A. Walker,
_Discussions in Economics and Statistics_, vol. II (1899).
The great mass of periodical literature is listed in Griffin's
bibliography, already cited. Including general and special articles and
some speeches in the _Congressional Record_, nearly 700 titles are
arranged chronologically. The list is incomplete, omitting several
articles, dealing particularly with the Scandinavians.
SPECIAL HISTORIES
Three works deal with the history of the Scandinavian immigration in a
large-spirited, comprehensive way, and by these characteristics stand
out from the mass of less important works. O. N. Nelson (compiler and
editor), _History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in
the United States_ (2 vols., 2nd revised ed., 1904), is made up of
specially prepared articles, reprinted articles, statistical tables, a
bibliography, and some two hundred and eighty biographies of men in
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. It is very uneven, and on almost every
page betrays at once the zeal, honesty, and the inadequate training of
the authors and the compiler. It might almost be characterized as a
cyclopedia of the Scandinavians in America. E. Norelius, _De Svenska
Luterska Församlingarnas och Svenskarnes Historia i Amerika_ (1890),
while nominally a church history is in reality an excellent history of
Swedish settlement; George T. Flom, _A History of Norwegian Immigration
to the United States from the Earliest Beginning down to the Year 1848_
(1909), made up in part of articles mentioned elsewhere, is a
painstaking, exhaustive, accurate account of Norwegian immigration of
that period into Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois.
Other books dealing with special groups or States or localities are:
Axel A. Ahlroth, _Svenskarne i Minnesota--Historiska Anteckningar_
(Westervik, 1891); Rasmus B. Anderson, _The First Chapter of Norwegian
Immigration, 1821-1840_, a prolix, padded, but valuable volume; and
_Tale ved Femtiaarsfesten, for den Norske Udvandring til Amerika_
(1875); John H. Bille, _A History of the Danes in America_ (_Trans. Wis.
Acad. of Sciences, Arts, and Letters_, XI, 1896), a short pamphlet;
Tancred Boissy, _Svenska Nationaliteten i Förenta Staterna_ (Göteborg,
1882), a reprint of correspondence in _Sydsvenska Dagbl. Snällposten_;
J. W. C. Dietrichson, _Reise blandt de Norske Emigranter i "de forenede
Nordamerikanske Fristater"_ (Stavanger 1846, and reprinted Madison,
1896), a historical and contemporary description of the early
settlements, and _Nogle Ord fra Prædikestolen i Amerika og Norge_
(1851); Robert Grönberger, _Svenskarne i St. Croix-Dalen, Minnesota_
(1879), an early and reliable piece of work; George Kæding, _Rockfords
Svenskar--Historiska Anteckningar_ (1885); Knud Langeland, _Nordmændene i
Amerika--Nogle Optegnelser om de Norskes Udvandring til Amerika_
(1889),--one of the very best of the books on the Norwegians; C. F.
Peterson (see also Eric Johnson), _Sverige i Amerika--Kulturhistoriska
och Biografiska Teckningar_ (1898); Johan Schroeder, _Skandinaverne i de
Forenede Stater og Canada, med Indberetninger og Oplysninger fra 200
Skandinaviske Settlementer_ (1867),--full of the most valuable
information about life and conditions in the Northwest; Ole Rynning,
_Sandfærdig Beretning om Amerika til Oplysning og Nytte for Bonde og
Menigmand_ (Christiania, 1838),--a remarkably clear, compact, and
influential pamphlet; Carl Sundbeck, _Svenskarna i Amerika, Deras Land,
Antal, och Kolonien_ (Stockholm, 1900); Alfred Söderström, _Minneapolis
Minnen_ (1899), an excellent, extensive, newspaper-like description of
the life and activities of the Scandinavians in that half-Norse city;
Alfred Strömberg, _Minnen af Minneapolis_ (1902); _Underretning om
Amerika, fornemmeligen de Stater hvori udvandrede Normænd have nedsat
sig, ... udgivne af X_ (Skien, 1843); M. Ulvestad, _Normændene i
Amerika, deres Historie og Record_ (1907); P. S. Vig, _Danske i
Amerika_ (1900); Johs. B. Wist, _Den norske Indvandring til 1850, og
Skandinaverne i Amerikas Politik_ (1884?),--a small but suggestive
pamphlet.
On the Bishop Hill colony, the best authorities are: Michael A.
Mikkelsen, _The Bishop Hill Colony, a religious communistic Settlement
in Henry County, Illinois_ (_Johns Hopkins University Studies_, X, No.
1, 1892)--the most convenient work in English, based almost entirely
on Norelius, and on Johnson and Peterson, _Svenskarne i Illinois_,
Johnson being a son of the founder, Eric Janson; Emil Herlenius,
_Erik-Jansismens Historia ett Bidrag till Kännedomen om det Svenska
Sektväsendet_ (Jönköping, 1900); _History of Henry County, Illinois_
(1877); _Erick Jansismen i Nord Amerika_ (Gefle, 1845); Hiram Bigelow,
_The Bishop Hill Colony_ (No. 7 of the _Publications of the Illinois
State Historical Library_, 1902); W. A. Hinds, _American Communities_
(1902).
SELECT ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS
Articles in periodicals: R. B. Anderson, "Norwegian Immigration," "The
Coming of the Danes," "Icelandic Immigration," _Chicago Record Herald_
(June 19, 26, July 24, Aug. 21, 1901); K. C. Babcock, "The Scandinavians
in the Northwest," _Forum_, XIV (1892), "The Scandinavian Contingent,"
_Atlantic_, LXVII (1896), "The Scandinavian Element in American
Population", _American Historical Review_, XVI (1911); H. H. Boyesen,
"Norse Americans," _The American_, I (1880), "The Scandinavians in the
United States," _North American Review_, CLV (1892); G. T. Flam, "The
Scandinavian Factor in the American Population," _Iowa Journal of
History and Politics_, III (1905), and (in Norwegian translation) in
_Vor Tid_, I (1905); A. H. Hyde, "The Foreign Element in American
Civilization," _Popular Science Mo._, LII (1898); Luth Jæger, "The
Scandinavian Element in the United States," _The North_, June,
1889,--with many other similar discussions in the same weekly paper, all
of them excellent; Kristofer Janson, "Norsemen in the United States,"
_Cosmopolitan_, IX (1890); Axel Jarlson, "A Swedish Emigrant's Story,"
_Independent_, LV (1903); F. H. B. MacDowell, "The Newer Scandinavian--a
Sketch of the Growth and Progress of the Scandinavian Races in America,"
_Scandinavia_, III (1884); J. A. Ottesen, "Bidrag til vore Settlementers
og Menigheders Historie," _Amerika_ (Apr. to Nov., 1894),--an elaborate
series of articles, full of genealogical and community details; E. A.
Ross, "Scandinavians in America," _Century,_ LXXXVIII (1914); Geo. T.
Rygh, "The Scandinavian Americans," _The Literary Northwest_, II (1893);
Albert Shaw, "The Scandinavians in the United States," _Chautauquan_,
VIII (1887).
_State and Local Histories_
The number of historical books and pamphlets relating to the States,
counties, cities, and settlements in the Northwest is very great, and
for the larger part, unsatisfactory but indispensable. They have usually
been written by ambitious but untrained persons, either as commercial
ventures, advertising agencies, or as the pastime of retirement or old
age; they are nevertheless full of suggestive data; now and then one is
found which can be trusted throughout.
A. MINNESOTA
First in importance for the Scandinavian settlements in Minnesota are
four county histories: _History of Fillmore County, including Explorers
and Pioneers of Minnesota_ (1882); _History of Goodhue County_ (1882);
_History of Houston County, etc._ (1882); Martin E. Tew and Victor E.
Lawson and J. E. Nelson, _Illustrated History and Description and
Biographical Review of Kandiyohi County, Minnesota_ (1905),--easily the
best local history relating to Scandinavian settlement, as well as one
of the latest and most comprehensive. Closely connected with this last
work in scope and value is Alfred Söderström, _Minneapolis Minnen:
Kulturhistorisk Axplockning från Qvarnstaden vid Mississippi_ (1899).
Other works dealing with the State or sections: Isaac Atwater (editor),
_History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota_ (1893); Fredk. W.
Harrington, _Geography, History, and Civil Government of Minnesota_
(1883); Soren Listoe, _Staten Minnesota i Nord Amerika_ (1869); _History
of the Minnesota Valley_ (1882); _History of the Upper Mississippi
Valley_ (1882).
W. A. Gates, _Alien and Non-resident Dependents in Minnesota_ (in
_Proceedings_ of National Conference of Charities and Correction,
(1899)); F. H. B. MacDowell, "Minneapolis and her Scandinavian
Population", _Scandinavia_, III (1884); Louis Pio, "The Sioux War, in
1862--a Leaf from the History of Scandinavian Settlers in Minnesota",
_Scandinavia_, I (1883).
B. WISCONSIN
Of the State as a whole: J. W. Hunt, _Wisconsin Gazetteer, containing
the Names, Locations, and Advantages of the Counties, Cities, Towns,
Villages, Postoffices, and Settlements_ (1853); Wm. R. Smith, _The
History of Wisconsin, in three Parts: Historical, Documentary, and
Descriptive_ (1852); Alexander M. Thompson, _A Political History of
Wisconsin_ (1902); Charles R. Tuttle, _An Illustrated History of the
State of Wisconsin_ (1875); R. G. Thwaites, _Preliminary Notes on the
Distribution of Foreign Groups in Wisconsin_ (in _Annual Reports of
State Historical Society of Wisconsin_, 1890); G. W. Peck (editor),
_Cyclopedia of Wisconsin_, 2 vols. (1906).
For the localities: Spencer Carr, _A Brief Sketch of La Crosse,
Wisconsin_ (1854); Daniel S. Durrie, _A History of Madison, the Capital
of Wisconsin ... with an Appendix of Notes on Dane County_ (1874); E. W.
Keyes, _History of Dane County_, 3 vols. (1906); _The History of Racine
and Kenosha Counties_ (1879); _The History of Rock County_ (1879); _The
History of Waukesha County_ (1880); H. L. Skavlem, "Scandinavians in the
Early Days of Rock County, Wisconsin", _Normands-Forbundet_ (1909).
C. ILLINOIS
Charles A. Church, _History of Rockford and Winnebago County, Illinois,
From its first Settlement in 1834 to the Civil War_ (1900); _History of
Henry County, Illinois_ (1877); _The Past and Present of La Salle
County_ (1877); John M. Palmer, _The Bench and Bar of Illinois.
Historical and Reminiscent_ (1899).
Eric Johnson (Janson) and C. F. Peterson, _Scans-karne i Illinois
Historiska Anteckningar_ (1880), is an early work of limited scope but
judiciously written.
E. W. Olson (Editor with A. Schön and M. J. Engberg), _History of the
Swedes of Illinois_, 2 vols. (1908), has some valuable chapters in the
first volume, especially ch. IV on the Bishop Hill Colony, and the
chapters dealing with Swedish churches; volume two is devoted to the
usual illustrated biographies.
D. IOWA
Charles R. Tuttle, _An Illustrated History of the State of Iowa_ (1876);
W. E. Alexander, _History of Winneshiek and Allamakee Counties, Iowa_
(1882); Charles H. Sparks, _History of Winneshiek County, with
Biographical Sketches of its Eminent Men_ (1877); J. J. Louis, _Shelby
County_; Charles H. Fletcher, _The Centennial History of Jefferson
County_ (1876); _A Biographical Record of Boone County_ (1902); A.
Jacobson, _The Pioneer Norwegians_ (1905).
G. T. Flom, "The Coming of the Norwegians to Iowa," _Iowa Jour. of Hist.
and Politics_, III (1905); "The Early Swedish Immigration to Iowa,"
_Ibid._, III (1905), "The Danish Contingent in the Population of early
Iowa," _Ibid._, IV (1906), and "The Growth of the Scandinavian Factor in
the Population of Iowa," _Ibid._, IV (1906); B. L. Wick, "The Earliest
Scandinavian Settlement in Iowa," _Iowa Historical Record_, XVI (1900);
F. A. Danborn, "Swede Point, or Madrid, Iowa", _Year-Book of the Swedish
Historical Society of America_, 1911-1913.
E. OTHER STATES
_North Dakota_: H. V. Arnold, _History of Grand Forks County ...
including an Historical Outline of the Red River Valley_ (1900); T.
Haggerty, _The Territory of Dakota_ (1889); _Compendium of the History
and Biography of North Dakota_ (1900).
_Nebraska_: _History of the State of Nebraska_ (1882).
_Kansas_: John A. Martin, _Addresses_ ("The Swedes in Kansas") (1888).
_Utah_: H. H. Bancroft, _Utah, 1540-1886_ (in _History of the Pacific
Coast States of North America_, vol. XXI, 1889).
_New York_: Arad Thomas, _Pioneer History of Orleans County, New York_
(1871); G. J. Mason, "The Foreign Element in New York City," _Harper's
Weekly_ (Sept., 1888); S. Folkestad, "Norske i Brooklyn-New York",
_Symra_ (1908).
TRAVELS AND GUIDE BOOKS
Good accounts of conditions in the European kingdoms, as those
conditions were related to emigration at different periods, are: Samuel
Laing, _A Tour of Sweden in 1838: comprising Observations on the Moral,
Political and Economic State of the Swedish Nation_ (London 1839), and
_Journal of a Residence in Norway during the Years 1834, 1835 and 1836_
(2nd ed., 1837); Charles Loring Brace, _The Norsk Folk; or a Visit to
the Homes of Norway and Sweden_ (1857); Mrs. Woods Baker, _Pictures of
Swedish Life, or Svea and her Children_ (1894); J. F. Hanson, _Light and
Shade from the Land of the Midnight Sun_ (1903).
Of the numerous travelers through the American Northwest, noting the
Scandinavian settlements or the conditions affecting them, the most
significant is Frederika Bremer, _The Homes of the New World--Impressions
of America_ (In translation from the Swedish, 3 vols., London, 1853),
the work of an educated, alert, sympathetic Swedish lady already noted
as a writer. Others of special worth are C. C. Andrews, _Minnesota and
Dakota: in Letters Descriptive of a Tour through the Northwest in the
Autumn of 1856_ (1857); Johan Bolin, _Beskrifning öfver Nord Amerikas
Förenta Stater_ (Wexjö, 1853); A. Budde, _Af et Brev om Amerika_
(Stavanger, 1850); Basil Hall, _Travels in North America in the Years
1827-1828_ (1829, Edinburgh, 3 vols.); Thorvald Klavenes, _Det Norske
Amerika_ (Kristiania, 1904); Harriet Martineau, _Society in Autumn of
1856_ (1857); Johan Bolin, _Beskrifning öfver Amerika_ (Göteborg, 1872);
P. Waldenström, _Genom Norra Amerikas Förenta Stater: Reiseskildringar_
(Stockholm, 1890); Victor Wickström, _Som Tidningsman Jorden Rundt_
(Östersund, 1901).
Of guidebooks and handbooks for emigrants and immigrants there is a
great number, in English, Swedish, and Norwegian; some issued from
philanthropic motives, some by interested States, railroad companies,
land companies, and counties, and some by the United States. Only those
that directly affected the Scandinavians, or that are typical of a
period, are mentioned, and the list is not meant to be exhaustive of
titles or editions. Some of the publications by States, might well have
been put under the heading of State documents.
One of the typical, widely circulated English handbooks is William
Cobbett, _The Emigrant's Guide, in ten Letters addressed to the
Taxpayers of England, containing Information of every Kind, necessary to
Persons who are about to emigrate_ (London, 1829). A similar Norwegian
pamphlet is L. J. Fribert, _Haandbog for Emigranter til Amerikas Vest_
(Christiania, 1847), or J. R. Reierson, _Veiviser for norske Emigranter
til de forenede nordamerikanske Stater och Texas_ (Christiania, 1844,
reprinted in America, 1899). The United States issued a guide: Edward
Young, _Special Report on Immigration; accompanying Information for
Immigrants_ (1871), reprinted in 1872, with editions in French and
German. Other works are: Frederick B. Goddard, _Where to Emigrate and
Why_ (1864); and Edward Young, _Information for Immigrants, relative to
Prices and Rentals of Land, etc._ (1871).
For Wisconsin, the most significant and helpful are: _Beskrivelse over
Staten Wisconsin: Dens Klimat, Jordbund, Agerdyrkning, samt Natur- og
Kunstprodukter. Udgivet efter Legislaturens Ordre af Statens
Immigrations Department_ (1870); K. K. Kennan (joint agent in Europe
for the Wisconsin State Board of Immigration and the Wisconsin Central
Railroad, without expense to the former), _Staten Wisconsin, dens
Hjælpekilder og Fordele for Udvandreren_ (1884)--in several editions, and
also in Swedish; C. F. J. Moeller, _Staten Wisconsin, beskreven med
særligt Hensyn til denne Stats fortrinlige Stilling som et fremtidigt
Hjem, for Emigranter fra Danmark, Norge, og Sverige_ (1865);
_Wisconsin,--What it offers to the Immigrant. An official Report
published by the State Board of Immigration of Wisconsin_ (1879)--many
editions, and in various languages.
For Minnesota: Girart Hewitt, _Minnesota: Its Advantages to Settlers_,
etc. (1868),--seven editions, one being published by the State; Hans
Mattson, _Minnesota och dess Fordelar for Indvandreren_ (1867);
_Minnesota as a Home for Emigrants_ (1886),--in Norwegian and Swedish
also.
For other States: _Resources of Dakota,--an Official Publication compiled
by the Commissioner of Immigration_ (1887), later editions dealing with
the two States formed from the Territory of Dakota; Fred. Gerhard,
_Illinois as it is: its History, Geography, Statistics_, etc. (1857);
_Iowa: the Home for Immigrants_ (1879), also in Swedish, Norwegian,
German, and Dutch.
BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
Several of the books mentioned under special histories, like those
of Norelius, Langeland, Dietrichson, and Schroeder, have much
autobiographical material in them; while others, such as the volumes of
O. N. Nelson and C. F. Peterson and the county histories, contain
hundreds of brief biographies. The more important and illuminating
autobiographies are: Hans Mattson, _Minnen_ (Lund, 1890) and the same in
translation, _Reminiscences, the Story of an Emigrant_ (1891), an
interestingly naïve account of the varied activities of a prominent
politician and business man; Gustaf Unonius, _Minnen från en
sjutton-årig Vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika_ (2 vols., Upsala, 1862), a
graphic account of the first years of Swedish settlement, by one of its
highly educated leaders, and _Bihang till Minnen_ (Stockholm, 1891).
With less direct bearing, is W. H. C. Folsom, _Fifty Years in the
Northwest_ (1888); H. P. Hall, _H. P. Hall's Observations, being more or
less a History of Political Contests in Minnesota from 1843 to 1904_
(1904); John Reynolds, _My Own Times, embracing also the History of My
Life_ (Chicago, 1855); Stephen Grellet, _Memoirs_ (edited by Benj.
Seebohm, 2 vols., 1860); and S. B. Newman, _Pastor S. Newmans
Sjelfbiografi_ (1890).
Four biographies stand out above the others: T. N. Hasselquist,
_Lefnadsteckning af E. Norelius_; L. A. Stenholt, _En Studie af Knute
Nelson_ (1896); Chr. O. Brohough, and I. Eisteinsen, _Kortfattet
Beretning om Elling Eielsens Liv og Virksomhed_ (1883); and L. M. Björn,
_Pastor P. A. Rasmussen_ (1905). Other biographies of less significance
for this study are: C. J. Rosenberg, _Jenny Lind in America_ (1851);
Sara C. Bull, _Ole Bull_ (1883); W. C. Church, _Life of John Ericsson_
(2 vols., 1890).
Other collected biographies, including Scandinavians, are: J. C.
Jensson, _American Lutheran Biographies_ (1890); _Men of Minnesota_
(1902); F. G. Flower, _Biographical Souvenir Book_ (1899), relating to
North Dakota alone; _Prominent Democrats of Illinois_ (1899); H. A.
Tenney, and D. Atwood, _Fathers of Wisconsin_ (1880); C. J. A. Erickson,
"Memories of a Swedish Immigrant," _Annals of Iowa,_ April, 1907.
RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND THE PRESS
No attempt is made here at a bibliography of the abundant polemical
religious literature, nor of the sermons and proceedings of church
conventions, nor of denominational year books, further than to show the
material contributing to this volume. In similar manner, a limit is put
upon the list of catalogs and publications of colleges and seminaries,
and upon the periodicals and newspapers of which the number is very
large.
A very recent and excellent volume dealing with Norwegian progress and
culture in America is _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914_ (Chief
Editor, Johs. B. Wist) which was prepared as an American contribution to
the celebration of the centennial of Norwegian independence. Important
chapters are devoted to the press (noted below), the churches, schools,
literature, and men in public or political life, each being the work of
a careful scholar.
The most valuable volumes dealing with the religious histories of
Scandinavian settlement are E. Norelius, _De Svenska Luterska
Församlingarnas och Svenskarnes Historia i Amerika_ (1890) and, of
almost equal worth, for Norwegian church history, Th. Bothne, _Kort
Udsigt over det Lutherske Kirkearbeide blandt Nordmændene i Amerika_
(1898), being a separate made up of a section of "Norske Kirkeforhold i
Amerika," pp. 815-903, of H. G. Heggtveit, _Illustreret Kirkehistorie_.
Good brief sketches of various denominations are embodied in O. N.
Nelson, _History of the Scandinavians_, already noted. The most
important of the other works are: R. Anderson, _Den Evangelisk Lutherske
Kirkes Historie i Amerika_ (1889); and _Emigrantmissjonen, Kirkelig
Vejledning for Udvandrere_ (1884); H. K. Carroll, _The Religious Forces
of the United States, enumerated, classified, and described on the Basis
of the Government Census of 1890.... Revised to 1896_ (1896); Theodor H.
Dahl, _Den Forenede Kirke: Fred og Strid eller Lidt Forenings Historie_
(1894); O. Ellison, _Svenska Baptisternas i Wisconsin Missions Historia_
(1902); Simon W. Harkey, _The Mission of the Lutheran Church in America_
(1853); O. J. Hatlestad, _Historiske Meddelelser om den norske Augustana
Synode_ (1887); H. G. Heggtveit, _Illustreret Kirkehistorie_ (1898);
Chauncy Hobart, _History of Methodism in Minnesota_ (1887); Henry E.
Jacobs, _A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United
States_ (1893); J. N. Lenker, _Lutherans in all Lands_ (1896); N. M.
Liljengren and C. G. Wallenius, _Svenska Methodismen i Amerika_ (1885);
_Minde fra Jubelfesterne paa Koshkonong_ (1894); M. W. Montgomery, _The
Work among the Scandinavians_ (1888) and "A Wind from the Holy Spirit,"
_Sweden and Norway_ (1884); A. H. Newman, _History of the Baptist
Churches in the United States_ (1894), and _A Century of Baptist
Achievement_ (1901); E. Norelius, _Evangeliska Luterska Augustana
Synoden i Nord Amerika och dess Mission_ (1870); _Affidavits of Sven
Oftedal, et al_ (in Dist. Court of Minnesota, 4th Jud. Dist.) (1897); H.
Olson, _Minnesotal öfver framlidne pastorn O. G. Hedström_ (1886);
George Richardson, _The Rise and Progress of the Society of Friends in
Norway_ (London, 1849); Matthew Simpson (editor), _Cyclopedia of
Methodism_ (5th ed., 1882); E. J. Wolf, _The Lutherans in America_
(1890); N. C. Brun, "Kort Omrids af den amerikansk-lutherske Kirkes
Historie", _Vor Tid_, I (1905).
On the educational side are Kiddle and Schem, _Dictionary of Education_
(1890); Chr. Koerner, _The Bennett Law and the German Parochial Schools
of Wisconsin_ (1890); J. W. Stearns (editor), _The Columbian History of
Education in Wisconsin_ (1893); _The Bennett Law Analyzed_ (1890); A.
Estrem, "A Norwegian-American College (Luther College)," _Midland
Monthly_, I (1894); E. S. White, "Elk Horn College," _Midland Monthly_,
II (1894); J. P. Uhler, "Scandinavian Studies in the United States,"
_Science_, IX (1887); G. Andreen, "Det svenska Språket i Amerika",
_Studentföreningen Verdandis Småskrifter_, No. 87 (Stockholm, 1900); G.
T. Flom, _A History of Scandinavian Studies in American Universities_
(Bulletin of the State University of Iowa, No. 153, 1907), and "Det
norsk sprogs bruk og utvikling i Amerika", _Normands-Forbundet_, IV
(1912); G. Bothne, "Nordiske studier ved amerikanske universiteter",
_Norsk-Amerikanernes Festkrift, 1914_; A. A. Stomberg, "Swedish in
American Universities", _Year-Book of the Swedish Historical Society of
America_, 1909-1910; C. G. Wallenius, "Den högre Skolverksamheten bland
Svenskarne i Amerika", _Year-Book of the Swedish Historical Society of
America_, 1911-1913.
University and college catalogs and registers need not be enumerated for
each year; two typical years would be 1895 and 1905; Augustana College
and Seminary, Rock Island, Ill.; Luther College, Decorah, Iowa; Bethany
College, Lindsborg, Kansas; Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter,
Minnesota; St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota; Elk Horn College,
Elk Horn, Iowa; Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Red Wing
Seminary, Red Wing, Minnesota; Northwestern University; University of
Chicago; Chicago Theological Seminary; University of Wisconsin;
University of Minnesota; University of North Dakota; University of
Nebraska; State University of Iowa.
Exhaustive and scholarly discussions of the history and character of the
Scandinavian newspapers and periodicals published in the United States
are: Juul Dieserud, "Den norske presse i Amerika. En historisk
oversigt", _Normands-Forbundet_, V (April 1912); Carl Hansen, "Et Stykke
Norsk-Amerikanske Pressens-historie", _Kvartalskrift_, III (Jan. 1907),
"Den norsk-amerikanske presse før borgerkrigen", _Symra: en Aarbog for
Norske paa begge Sider af Havet_, IV (1908); and "Den norsk-amerikanske
presse: Pressen til borgerkrigens slutning", _Norsk-Amerikanernes
Festskrift, 1914_; Johs. B. Wist, "Den norsk-amerikanske press: Pressen
efter borgerkrigen", _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914_--remarkably
full and complete in its details; E. W. Olson (editor), "Press and
Literature", _History of the Swedes in Illinois_ (1908), ch. 13. Less
important is Eric Johnson, "The Swedish American Press", _The Viking_, I
(July and Aug. 1906).
For statistics and ratings of newspapers, G. P. Rowell & Co., _American
Newspaper Directories_ (1869 to 1906); N. W. Ayer, _American Newspaper
Annual_ (1881-1914) (Philadelphia).
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL QUESTIONS
Florence E. Baker, _A Brief History of the Elective Franchises in
Wisconsin_ (1894); Fremont O. Bennett, _Politics and Politicians of
Chicago, Cook County, and Illinois_ (1886); Eugene Brown and F. Fred
Rowe (compilers), _Industrial and Picturesque Rockford, Illinois_
(1891); Carlo De'Negri, _Appunti di Statistica Comparata dell'
Emigrazione dell' Europa e della Immigrazione in America e in Australia_
(in _Bulletin de l'Institute International de Statistique_, 1888); John
G. Gregory, _Foreign Immigration to Wisconsin_ (1902); C. H. Gronvald,
_The Effects of the Immigration on the Norwegian Immigrants_ (in _Sixth
Annual Report to the State Board of Health of Minnesota_, 1878); Hans
Mattson (editor), _Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the First
Swedish Settlement in America, September 14, 1888_ (1889); Robert P.
Porter (and others), _The West: from the Census of 1880_ (1882); Julian
Ralph, _Our Great West: a Study of the Present Conditions and Future
Possibilities of the New Commonwealths and Capitals of the United
States_ (1893); Gustav Sundbärg, _Bidrag till Utvandringsfrågen från
Befolkningsstatistisk Synpunkt_ (in _Upsala Universitets Årsskrift_,
1884 o. 1885); Carl Sundbeck, _Svensk-Amerikanerna, deras Materialla och
Andliga Sträfvanden_ (1904)--a good up-to-date summary of conditions in
America; William W. Thomas, _Sweden and the Swedes_ (1893); James D.
Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_ (1905); Edward Young, _Labor in
Europe and America, a Special Report on the Rate of Wages, etc._
(1875),--a particularly valuable book, dealing with conditions in Europe
on the eve of the great movement to America.
Two groups of Federal reports are very useful: _Emigration from Europe_,
(_Reports from the Consuls of the United States_, No. 76, 1887), dealing
with European conditions; and _Emigration to the United States_
(_Special Consular Reports_, vol. XXX, 1904). Another exhaustive and
scholarly investigation is embodied in _Reports of the Industrial
Commission on Immigration, including testimony, with Review and Digest,
and Special Reports_, being vol. XV of the Commission's _Reports_
(1901).
The Civil War as related to immigration from Northern Europe is treated
in: Ole A. Buslett, _Det Femtende Regiment Wisconsin Frivillige_ (1895);
P. G. Dietrichson, _En Kortfattet Skildring af det femtende Wisconsins
Regiments Historie og Virksomhed under Borgerkrigen_ (1884); J. A.
Enander, _Borgerkrigen i de Forenede Stater i Nord Amerika_ (1881); John
A. Johnson, _Det Skandinaviske Regiments Historie_ (1869).
Important articles in periodicals: F. W. Hewes, "Where our Immigrants
Settle" (with excellent statistical maps), _World's Work_, VI (1903); G.
G. Huebner, "The Americanization of the Immigrant," _Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science_, XXVII (1906);
Richmond Mayo-Smith, "Control of Immigration", _Political Science
Quarterly_, III, 46, 197, 404 (1888); G. H. Schwab, "A Practical Remedy
for the Evils of Immigration," _Forum_, XVI (1893); Nicolay A. Grevstad,
"Courts of Conciliation," and "Courts of Conciliation in America,"
_Atlantic_, LXVIII (1891), LXXII (1893).
Various numbers of _Normands-Forbundet_, published in Christiania, have
contained noteworthy articles, besides those mentioned elsewhere in
this bibliography, dealing with American conditions: S. Sondresen, "Den
norsk-amerikanske farmer" (1908); J. Dieserud, "Nordmændenes
deltagelse i de Forenede Staters politiske liv" (1908); M. Alger,
"Re-immigrationen" (1913); Av. Kand. Gottenborg, "Hjemvandte
norsk-amerikanere, deres livsforhold i Amerika og i Norge efter
hjemkomste" (1913); O. K. Winberg, "Degenererer Nordmænd i Amerika"
(1910).
Three small novels contain particularly graphic accounts of the life and
social conditions among the Norwegian settlers: P. O. Strömme,
_Hvorledes Halvor blev Prest_ (1893), one of the very best pictures of
pioneer immigrant family life; H. A. Foss (translated by J. J.
Skordalsvold), _Tobias, a Story of the Northwest_, an exaggerated
account of intemperance; and Sigurd H. Severson, _Dei möttes ve Utica.
En paa personlig Iagttagelse grundet Skildring af Livet i ældre
Norsk-Amerikanske Settlementer_ (1882).
NEWSPAPERS
The number of newspapers and other periodicals for the Scandinavians in
the United States yearly given in G. P. Rowell Co., _American Newspaper
Directory_, has varied in recent years from 125 to 140, while the total
of short-lived and long-lived publications of the same sort would pass
200. The following list includes those periodicals, chiefly newspapers,
which were useful in some special degree in preparing this volume:
_America_, Chicago, an English monthly for Swedes and Norwegians.
_American-Scandinavian Review_, New York, 1913--Engl. bi-mo.
_Amerika_, Chicago & Madison, Wis., 1884 (united with _Norden_, 1897
q. v.), Norw. Wkly.
_Billed-Magazin, Skandinavisk_, Madison, Wis., 1868-1870. Norw. mo.
_Budstikken_, Minneapolis, 1872--. Norw. wkly.
_Chicago Daily Tribune_, Chicago, 1847--. dly.
_Chicago Record-Herald_, Chicago, 1854--. dly.
_Dannevirke_, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 1880--. Dan. wkly.
_Danske Pioneer_, Omaha, Neb., 1873--. Dan. wkly.
_Decorah Posten_, Decorah, Iowa, 1874--. Norw. wkly.
_Fædrelandet og Emigranten_, La Crosse, Wis., and Minneapolis,
1864-1888. (_Emigranten_, Inmansville, Wis., 1852; Janesville, 1856;
Madison, 1857; La Crosse, 1864, and united with _Fædrelandet_.Q Norw.
wkly.)
_Folkebladet_, Minneapolis, 1878--. Norw. wkly.
_Gamla och Nya Hemlandet_, Chicago, 1855. Sw. wkly.
_Korsbaneret_, Rock Island, Ill., 1880. Sw. church annual.
_Kvartalskrift_, Minneapolis, 1903--. Nor. qtly.
_Madison Democrat_, Madison, Wis., 1852--. Eng. dly.
_Milwaukee Daily Sentinel_, Milwaukee, Wis., 1837--. Eng. dly.
_Minneapolis Evening Journal_, Minneapolis, 1878--. Eng. dly.
_Minneapolis Times_, Minneapolis, 1889-1905. Eng. dly.
_Minneapolis Tribune_, Minneapolis, 1867--. Eng. dly.
_Minneapolis Tidende_, Minneapolis, 1887--. Norw. dly. and wkly.
_Minnesota Stats Tidning_, Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1877--. Sw. wkly.
_Norden_, Chicago, 1874-1897 (united with _Amerika_). Norw. wkly.
_Nordvesten_, St. Paul, 1883--. Norw.-Dan. wkly.
_Nordmanden_, Grand Forks, N. D., 1887--. Norw. wkly.
_Nordmands-Forbundet_, Christiania, Norway, 1908--. Nor.
_Normannen_, Stoughton, Wis., 1867. Norw. wkly.
_The North_, Minneapolis, 1889-1894. Eng. wkly. for Scandinavians.
_Red River Posten_ (merged with _Dakota_), Fargo, N. D., 1879--. Norw.
wkly.
_Rockford Register_, Rockford, Ill., 1867--. Eng. dly.
_Rodhuggeren_, Crookston, Minn., 1880-1884. Norw. wkly.
_Scandinavia_, Chicago, 1883-1886. Eng. mo. for Scandinavians.
_Skandinaven_, Chicago, 1866--. Norw. dly., wkly., and tri-wkly., the
strongest and most influential Scandinavian paper in the United
States.
_St. Paul Pioneer-Press_, St. Paul, 1849--. Eng. dly.
_St. Paul Dispatch_, St. Paul, 1868--. Eng. dly.
_Superior Tidende_ (originally _Posten_), Superior, Wis., 1888--.
Norw.-Dan. wkly.
_Svensk-Amerikaneren_, Chicago, Ill., 1866--. Sw. wkly.
_Svenska Amerikanska Posten_, Minneapolis, 1886--. Sw. wkly., a large
and influential paper.
_Svenska Folkets Tidning_, Minneapolis, 1883--. Sw. wkly.
_Svenska Tribunen_, Chicago, 1868--. Sw. wkly.
_Ugebladet_, Chicago, later Minneapolis, 1888--. Norw. wkly.
_Valdris-Helsing_ (_Valdris-Samband_), Iowa City, Ia., later
Stillwater and Minneapolis, Minn., 1893--. Norw. mo. (since 1912)
devoted to interests of immigrants from Valders.
_The Viking_, Fremont, Neb., 1906--? Eng. mo. for Scandinavians.
_Vikingen_, _Minneapolis_, 1906--. Norw.-Dan. mo.
_Vor Tid_, Minneapolis, 1905-1908. Norw. mo.
_Wisconsin State Journal_, Madison, 1897--. Eng. dly.
APPENDIX I
Statistical Tables
TABLE I
STATISTICS OF IMMIGRANTS FROM DENMARK, NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
The number of alien passengers and immigrants from the Scandinavian
countries arriving in the United States, 1820-1913, together with the
total number of alien arrivals according to the statistics of the United
States, and, where available, of the Scandinavian kingdoms. The figures
from 1820-1840 are at best a safe minimum. The earlier figures reported
by the Scandinavian kingdoms, given in round numbers, are probably
estimates based upon partial data. See United States _Reports of the
Bureau of Commerce and Navigation, Annual Statistical Abstracts_ and the
report of the Dillingham Commission (1911); Sundbärg, _Bidrag til
Utvandringsfrägen frän Befolkningsstatistisk Synpunkt;_ Nelson,
_Scandinavians in the United States,_ I. 253-264c; _Bulletin de
l'Institute Internationale de Statistique,_ III, ii, 125-127;
_Statesman's Year-Books, 1906-14_.
+-------------------- UNITED STATES STATISTICS ------------------+
Total Total
Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavian Aliens
1820 20 3 23 8,385
1821 12 12 24 9,127
1822 18 10 28 6,911
1823 6 1 7 6,354
1824 11 9 20 7,912
1825 14 4 18 10,199
1826 10 16 26 10,837
1827 15 13 28 18,875
1828 50 10 60 27,382
1829 17 13 30 22,520
1830 16 3 19 23,322
1820-1830 189 94 283 151,824
1831 23 13 36 22,633
1832 21 313 334 60,482
1833 173 16 189 58,640
1834 24 42 66 65,365
1835 37 31 68 45,374
1836 416 57 473 76,242
1837 109 290 399 79,340
1838 52 60 112 38,914
1839 56 324 380 68,069
1840 152 55 207 84,066
1831-40 1,063 1,201 2,264 599,125
1841 31 195 226 80,289
1842 35 553 588 104,565
1843 29 1,748 1,777 52,496
1844 25 1,311 1,336 78,615
1845 54 928 982 114,371
1846 114 1,916 2,030 154,416
1847 13 1,307 1,320 234,968
1848 210 903 1,113 226,527
1849 8 3,473 3,481 297,024
1850 20 1,569 1,589 369,980
1841-50 539 13,903 14,442 1,713,251
1851 14 2,424 2,438 379,466
1852 3 4,103 4,106 371,601
1853 32 3,364 3,396 368,645
1854 691 3,531 4,222 427,833
1855 528 821 1,349 200,877
1856 173 1,157 1,330 200,436
1857 1,035 1,712 2,747 251,306
1858 232 2,430 2,662 123,126
1859 499 1,091 1,590 121,282
1860 542 298 840 153,640
1851-60 3,749 20,931 24,680 2,598,212
1861 234 616 850 91,918
1862 1,658 892 2,550 91,985
1863 1,492 1,627 3,119 176,282
1864 712 2,249 2,961 193,418
1865 1,149 6,109 7,258 248,120
1866 1,862 12,633 14,495 318,568
1867 1,436 7,055 8,491 315,722
1868 819 11,166 11,985 142,023
1861-68 9,362 42,347 51,709 1,578,036
1869 3,649 16,068 24,224 43,941 352,768
1870 4,083 13,216 13,443 30,742 387,203
1871 2,015 9,418 10,699 22,132 321,350
1872 3,690 11,421 13,464 28,575 404,806
1873 4,931 16,247 14,303 35,481 459,803
1874 3,082 10,384 5,712 19,178 313,339
1875 2,656 6,093 5,573 14,322 227,498
1876 1,547 5,173 5,603 12,323 169,986
1877 1,695 4,588 4,991 11,274 141,857
1878 2,105 4,759 5,390 12,354 138,469
1879 3,474 7,345 11,001 21,820 177,826
1880 6,576 19,895 39,186 65,657 457,257
1869-80 39,503 124,607 153,589 317,699 3,552,162
1881 9,177 22,705 49,760 81,582 669,431
1882 11,618 29,101 64,607 105,326 788,992
1883 10,319 23,398 38,277 71,994 603,322
1884 9,202 16,974 26,552 52,728 518,592
1885 6,100 12,356 22,248 40,704 395,346
1886 6,225 12,759 27,751 46,735 334,203
1887 8,524 16,269 42,836 67,629 490,109
1888 8,962 18,264 54,698 81,924 546,889
1889 8,699 13,390 35,415 57,504 444,427
1890 9,366 11,370 29,632 50,368 455,302
1881-90 88,132 176,586 391,776 656,494 5,246,613
1891 10,659 12,568 36,880 60,107 560,319
1892 10,593 14,462 43,247 68,302 623,084
1893 8,779 16,079 38,077 62,935 502,917
1894 5,581 8,867 18,608 33,056 314,467
1895 4,244 7,373 15,683 27,300 279,948
1896 3,167 8,855 21,177 33,229 343,267
1897 2,085 5,842 13,162 21,089 230,832
1898 1,946 4,938 12,398 19,282 229,299
1899 2,690 6,705 12,797 22,192 311,715
1900 2,926 9,575 18,650 31,151 448,572
1891-00 52,670 95,264 230,679 378,643 3,844,410
1901 3,655 12,248 23,331 39,234 487,918
1902 5,660 17,484 30,894 54,038 648,743
1903 7,158 24,461 46,028 77,647 857,046
1904 8,525 23,808 27,763 60,096 812,870
1905 8,970 25,064 26,591 60,625 1,026,499
1906 7,741 21,730 23,310 52,781 1,100,735
1907 7,243 22,133 20,589 49,965 1,285,349
1908 4,954 12,412 12,809 30,175 782,870
1909 4,395 13,627 14,474 32,496 751,786
1910 6,984 17,538 23,745 48,267 1,041,570
1901-10 65,285 190,505 249,534 505,234 8,795,386
1911 7,555 13,950 20,780 42,285 878,587
1912 6,191 8,675 12,688 27,554 838,172
1913 6,478 8,587 17,202 33,267 1,197,892
Totals
278,277 696,401 1,071,835 2,047,513 30,833,643
+----------------- EUROPEAN STATISTICS ----------------+
Total
Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavian
1820 ... ... ...
1821 ... 1 1
1822 ... ... ...
1823 ... ... ...
1824 ... ... ...
1825 ... 53 53
1826 ... ... ...
1827 ... ... ...
1828 ... ... ...
1829 ... ... ...
1830 ... ... ...
1820-1830 ... 54 54
1831 ... ... ...
1832 ... ... ...
1833 ... ... ...
1834 ... ... ...
1835 ... ... ...
1836 ... 200 200
1837 ... 200 200
1838 ... 100 100
1839 ... 400 400
1840 ... 300 300
1831-40 ... 1,200 1,200
1841 ... 400 400
1842 ... 700 700
1843 ... 1,600 1,600
1844 ... 1,200 1,200
1845 ... 1,100 1,100
1846 ... 1,300 1,300
1847 ... 1,600 1,600
1848 ... 1,400 1,400
1849 ... 4,000 4,000
1850 ... 3,700 3,700
1841-50 ... 17,000 17,000
1851 ... 2,640 934 3,574
1852 ... 4,030 3,031 7,061
1853 ... 6,050 2,619 8,669
1854 ... 5,950 3,980 9,930
1855 ... 1,600 586 2,186
1856 ... 3,200 959 4,159
1857 ... 6,400 1,762 8,162
1858 ... 2,500 512 3,012
1859 ... 1,800 208 2,008
1860 ... 1,900 266 2,166
1851-60 ... 36,070 14,857 50,927
1861 ... 8,900 1,087 9,987
1862 ... 5,250 1,206 6,456
1863 ... 1,100 1,485 2,585
1864 ... 4,300 2,461 6,761
1865 ... 4,000 3,180 7,180
1866 ... 15,455 4,466 19,921
1867 ... 12,829 5,893 18,722
1868 ... 13,211 21,472 34,683
1861-68 ... 65,045 41,250 106,295
1869 4,340 18,070 32,050 54,460
1870 3,264 14,834 15,430 33,528
1871 3,249 12,276 12,985 28,510
1872 5,941 13,865 11,838 31,644
1873 5,926 10,352 9,486 25,764
1874 2,261 4,601 3,380 10,242
1875 1,678 4,048 3,591 9,317
1876 1,336 4,355 3,702 9,393
1877 1,374 3,206 2,921 7,501
1878 2,300 4,863 4,242 11,405
1879 2,845 7,608 12,761 23,214
1880 5,475 20,212 36,263 61,950
1869-80 39,989 170,124 148,649 306,928
1881 7,823 25,976 40,620 74,419
1882 11,385 28,804 44,359 84,548
1883 8,280 22,167 25,678 56,125
1884 6,149 14,776 17,664 38,589
1885 4,211 13,901 18,222 36,334
1886 5,558 15,116 27,913 48,587
1887 8,184 20,706 46,252 75,142
1888 8,269 21,348 45,561 75,178
1889 8,271 12,597 28,529 49,397
1890 9,524 10,898 29,487 49,909
1881-90 77,654 186,289 324,285 588,228
1891 9,781 13,249 36,134 59,164
1892 9,763 16,814 40,990 67,567
1893 8,551 18,690 37,321 64,562
1894 4,105 5,591 9,529 19,225
1895 3,607 6,153 14,982 24,742
1896 2,876 6,584 14,874 24,334
1897 2,260 4,580 10,109 16,949
1898 2,340 4,805 8,534 15,679
1899 2,799 6,466 11,842 21,097
1900 3,570 10,931 16,209 30,710
1891-00 49,652 93,863 200,524 344,029
1901 4,657 12,488 20,306 37,451
1902 6,823 19,225 33,151 59,199
1903 8,214 24,998 35,439 68,651
1904 9,034 20,836 18,533 48,403
1905 8,051 19,638 20,520 48,209
1906 8,516 20,449 21,242 50,207
1907 7,890 20,615 19,325 47,830
1908 4,558 7,850 8,873 21,281
1909 6,782 15,237 18,331 40,350
1910 8,890 17,361 23,529 49,780
1901-10 73,415 178,697 219,249 471,361
1911 8,303 11,122 15,571 34,996
1912
1913
Totals
TABLE II
FOREIGN-BORN SCANDINAVIAN POPULATION, 1850
U. S. Census of 1850
States and Total Total
Territories Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavians Population
Alabama 18 3 51 72 771,623
Arkansas 7 1 1 9 209,897
California 92 124 162 378 92,597
Connecticut 16 1 13 30 370,792
Delaware 1 ... 2 3 91,532
District of Columbia 6 ... 5 11 51,687
Florida 21 17 33 71 87,445
Georgia 24 6 11 41 906,185
Illinois 93 2,415 1,123 3,631 851,470
Indiana 10 18 16 44 988,416
Iowa 19 361 231 611 192,214
Kentucky 7 18 20 45 982,405
Louisiana 288 64 249 601 517,762
Maine 47 12 55 114 583,169
Maryland 35 10 57 102 583,034
Massachusetts 181 69 253 503 994,514
Michigan 13 110 16 139 397,654
Minnesota Territory 1 7 4 12 6,077
Mississippi 24 8 14 46 606,526
Missouri 55 155 37 247 682,044
New Hampshire 3 2 12 17 317,976
New Jersey 28 4 34 66 489,555
New Mexico Territory 2 2 1 5 61,547
New York 429 392 753 1,574 3,097,394
North Carolina 6 ... 9 15 869,039
Ohio 53 18 55 126 1,980,329
Oregon Territory 2 1 2 5 13,294
Pennsylvania 97 27 133 257 2,311,786
Rhode Island 15 25 17 57 147,545
South Carolina 24 7 29 60 668,507
Tennessee 8 ... 8 16 1,002,717
Texas 49 105 48 202 212,592
Utah Territory 2 32 1 35 11,380
Vermont ... 8 ... 8 314,120
Virginia 15 5 16 36 1,421,661
Wisconsin 146 8,651 88 8,885 305,391
----- ------ ----- ------ ----------
Total 1,837 12,678 3,559 18,074 23,191,876
TABLE III
FOREIGN-BORN SCANDINAVIAN POPULATION, 1870
U. S. Census, 1870
States and Total Total
Territories Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavians Population
Alabama 80 21 105 206 996,992
Arkansas 55 19 134 208 484,471
California 1,837 1,000 1,944 4,781 560,247
Connecticut 116 72 323 511 537,454
Delaware 8 ... 9 17 125,015
Florida 40 16 30 86 187,748
Georgia 42 14 35 91 1,184,109
Illinois 3,711 11,880 29,979 45,570 2,539,891
Indiana 315 123 2,180 2,618 1,680,637
Iowa 2,827 17,554 10,796 31,177 1,194,020
Kansas 502 588 4,954 6,044 364,399
Kentucky 53 16 112 181 1,321,011
Louisiana 290 76 358 724 726,915
Maine 120 58 91 269 626,915
Maryland 106 17 100 223 780,894
Massachusetts 267 302 1,384 1,953 1,457,351
Michigan 1,354 1,516 2,406 5,276 1,184,059
Minnesota 1,910 35,940 20,987 58,837 439,706
Mississippi 193 78 970 1,241 827,922
Missouri 665 297 2,302 3,264 1,721,295
Nebraska 1,129 506 2,352 3,987 122,993
Nevada 208 80 217 505 42,491
New Hampshire 11 55 42 108 318,300
New Jersey 510 90 554 1,154 906,096
New York 1,698 975 5,522 8,195 4,382,759
North Carolina 8 5 38 51 1,071,361
Ohio 284 64 252 600 2,665,260
Oregon 87 76 205 368 90,923
Pennsylvania 561 115 2,266 2,942 3,521,951
Rhode Island 24 22 106 152 217,353
South Carolina 50 ... 60 110 705,606
Tennessee 86 37 349 472 1,258,520
Texas 159 403 364 926 818,579
Vermont 21 34 83 138 330,551
Virginia 23 17 30 70 1,225,163
West Virginia 21 1 5 27 442,014
Wisconsin 5,212 40,046 2,799 48,057 1,054,670
Arizona Ter. 19 7 7 33 9,658
Colorado Ter. 77 40 180 297 39,864
Dakota Ter. 115 1,179 380 1,674 14,181
Dist. of Columbia 29 5 22 56 131,700
Idaho Ter. 88 61 91 240 14,999
Montana Ter. 95 88 141 324 20,595
New Mexico Ter. 15 5 6 26 91,874
Utah Ter. 4,957 613 1,790 7,360 86,786
Washington Ter. 84 104 158 346 23,955
Wyoming Ter. 54 28 109 191 9,118
------ ------- ------ ------- ----------
Total 30,098 114,243 97,327 241,686 38,558,371
TABLE IV
FOREIGN-BORN SCANDINAVIAN POPULATION, 1890
U. S. Census of 1890
States and Total Total
Territories Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavians Population
Alabama 71 47 294 412 1,513,017
Arizona Territory 180 59 168 407 59,620
Arkansas 125 60 333 518 1,128,179
California 7,764 3,702 10,923 22,389 1,208,130
Colorado 1,650 893 9,659 12,202 412,198
Connecticut 1,474 523 10,021 12,018 746,258
Delaware 41 14 246 301 168,493
District of Columbia 72 70 128 270 230,392
Florida 105 179 529 813 391,422
Georgia 61 88 191 340 1,837,353
Idaho 1,241 741 1,524 3,506 84,285
Illinois 12,044 30,339 86,514 128,897 3,826,351
Indiana 718 285 4,512 5,515 2,192,404
Iowa 15,519 27,078 30,276 72,873 1,911,896
Kansas 3,136 1,786 17,096 21,998 1,427,096
Kentucky 92 120 184 396 1,858,635
Louisiana 232 136 328 796 1,118,587
Maine 696 311 1,704 2,711 661,086
Maryland 130 164 305 599 1,042,390
Massachusetts 1,512 2,519 18,624 22,655 2,238,943
Michigan 6,335 7,795 27,366 41,496 2,093,889
Minnesota 14,133 101,169 99,913 215,215 1,301,826
Mississippi 90 54 305 449 1,289,600
Missouri 1,333 526 5,602 7,461 2,679,184
Montana 683 1,957 3,771 6,411 132,159
Nebraska 14,345 3,632 28,364 46,341 1,058,910
Nevada 332 69 314 715 45,761
New Hampshire 64 251 1,210 1,425 376,530
New Jersey 2,991 1,317 4,159 8,467 1,444,933
New Mexico Ter. 54 42 149 245 153,593
New York 6,238 8,602 28,430 43,270 5,997,753
North Dakota 2,860 25,773 5,583 34,216 182,719
North Carolina 26 13 51 90 1,617,947
Ohio 956 511 2,742 4,209 3,672,316
Oklahoma Ter. 37 36 138 211 61,834
Oregon 1,288 2,271 3,774 7,333 313,767
Pennsylvania 2,010 2,238 19,346 23,594 5,258,014
Rhode Island 154 285 3,392 3,831 345,506
South Dakota 4,369 19,257 7,746 31,372 328,808
South Carolina 36 23 60 119 1,151,149
Tennessee 92 41 332 465 1,767,518
Texas 649 1,313 2,806 4,768 2,235,523
Utah Territory 9,023 1,854 5,986 16,863 207,905
Vermont 58 38 870 966 332,422
Virginia 108 102 215 425 1,655,980
Washington 2,807 8,334 10,272 21,413 349,390
West Virginia 44 7 72 123 762,794
Wisconsin 13,885 65,696 20,157 99,738 1,686,880
Wyoming 680 345 1,357 2,382 60,705
------- ------- ------- ------- ----------
Total 132,543 322,665 478,041 933,249 62,622,250
TABLE V
FOREIGN WHITE STOCK OF SCANDINAVIAN ORIGIN, 1910
13th Census, I, Chapter viii, Table 29
Under each state the figures represent
(1) foreign born, corresponding to the figures given
for 1850, 1870, and 1890
(2) native white of foreign parentage
(3) native white of mixed parentage
Grand
Norway Sweden Denmark Totals Total
Alabama 266 752 197 1,215
114 481 105 700
168 274 128 570 2,485
Arizona 272 845 284 1,401
164 427 172 763
106 302 246 654 2,818
Arkansas 76 385 178 639
49 176 72 297
77 374 198 649 1,585
California 9,952 26,210 14,208 50,370
4,666 14,797 8,244 27,707
2,528 5,464 4,043 12,035 90,112
Colorado 1,787 12,445 2,755 16,987
1,421 9,681 1,894 12,996
826 3,287 1,061 5,174 35,157
Connecticut 1,265 18,208 2,722 22,195
499 14,508 1,845 16,852
204 1,788 418 2,410 41,457
Delaware 38 332 52 422
15 208 17 240
12 85 19 116 778
Florida 303 728 295 1,326
158 387 110 655
303 412 161 876 2,857
Georgia 145 289 112 546
56 153 33 242
85 196 72 353 1,141
Idaho 2,566 4,985 2,254 9,805
2,221 3,876 2,680 8,777
1,289 2,124 2,532 5,945 24,527
Illinois 32,913 115,422 17,368 165,703
26,572 94,830 11,551 132,953
8,953 19,879 4,600 33,432 332,088
Indiana 531 5,081 900 6,512
363 4,824 692 5,879
299 1,896 582 2,777 15,168
Iowa 21,924 26,763 17,961 66,648
30,392 28,859 17,814 77,065
14,586 10,573 5,966 31,125 174,838
Kansas 1,294 13,309 2,759 17,362
1,371 15,911 2,635 19,917
1,031 6,411 1,822 9,264 46,543
Kentucky 53 190 78 321
39 104 40 183
40 148 96 284 788
Louisiana 294 344 239 877
92 154 125 371
252 438 392 1,082 2,330
Maine 580 2,203 929 3,712
288 1,478 715 2,481
218 627 340 1,185 7,378
Maryland 363 421 237 1,021
144 209 88 441
164 261 158 583 2,045
Massachusetts 5,432 39,560 3,403 48,395
2,170 25,149 1,706 29,025
768 3,759 963 5,490 82,910
Michigan 7,638 26,374 6,313 40,325
6,778 25,624 6,055 38,457
2,358 4,939 2,431 9,728 88,510
Minnesota 105,302 122,427 16,137 243,866
126,549 118,083 15,430 260,062
47,755 27,508 5,957 81,220 585,148
Mississippi 91 292 119 502
32 178 51 261
116 280 122 518 1,281
Missouri 660 5,654 1,729 8,043
543 4,937 1,147 6,627
537 2,936 1,380 4,853 19,523
Montana 7,169 6,410 1,943 15,522
4,859 3,865 1,302 10,026
1,914 1,527 696 4,137 29,685
Nebraska 2,750 23,219 13,673 39,643
2,989 26,599 13,957 43,545
1,968 8,668 4,932 15,568 98,755
Nevada 254 708 616 1,578
107 293 393 793
92 192 307 591 2,962
New Hampshire 491 2,068 131 2,690
292 1,172 55 1,519
69 316 69 454 4,663
New Jersey 5,351 10,547 5,056 20,954
2,256 5,899 3,350 11,505
745 1,902 1,261 3,908 36,367
New Mexico 151 365 116 632
109 240 75 424
71 144 91 306 1,362
New York 25,012 53,703 12,536 91,251
10,171 29,284 5,006 44,461
2,221 7,248 3,167 12,636 148,348
North Carolina 39 112 36 187
13 36 13 62
28 70 28 126 375
North Dakota 45,937 12,160 5,355 63,452
56,577 10,533 5,043 72,153
20,770 4,107 1,805 26,682 162,287
Ohio 1,109 5,522 1,837 8,468
571 4,075 1,150 5,796
351 1,458 808 2,617 16,881
Oklahoma 351 1,028 550 1,929
425 943 518 1,886
432 1,058 577 2,067 5,882
Oregon 6,843 10,099 3,215 20,157
4,643 5,866 2,167 12,676
1,949 2,233 1,391 5,573 38,406
Pennsylvania 2,317 23,467 3,033 28,817
995 22,803 1,656 25,454
651 5,415 1,261 7,327 61,598
Rhode Island 577 7,404 328 8,309
230 5,174 153 5,557
109 636 108 853 14,719
South Carolina 82 95 51 228
19 20 9 48
40 68 68 176 452
South Dakota 20,918 9,998 6,294 37,210
27,803 9,640 6,396 43,839
12,025 3,654 2,273 17,952 99,001
Tennessee 89 363 163 615
74 237 87 398
79 281 119 479 1,492
Texas 1,784 4,703 1,287 7,774
1,649 4,724 844 7,217
1,012 2,171 942 4,125 19,116
Utah 2,304 7,227 8,300 17,831
1,562 5,906 10,169 17,637
1,643 3,930 8,142 13,715 49,183
Vermont 102 1,331 172 1,605
41 905 74 1,020
32 185 68 285 2,910
Virginia 311 368 239 918
222 215 140 577
164 138 95 397 1,892
Washington 28,363 32,195 7,804 68,362
18,486 18,244 4,988 41,718
5,875 5,640 2,286 13,801 123,881
West Virginia 38 278 67 383
10 196 51 257
31 124 48 203 843
Wisconsin 56,999 25,739 16,454 99,192
71,681 23,268 15,903 110,852
29,020 6,379 5,958 41,357 251,401
Wyoming 623 2,497 962 4,082
381 1,455 866 2,702
245 598 521 1,364 8,148
APPENDIX II
STATISTICS OF THREE MINNESOTA COUNTIES
From the U. S. Census Reports
Chisago County 1860 1870 1880
White population 1,729 4,358 7,982
White native-born 1,209 2,164 4,017
White foreign-born 734 2,194 3,965
White foreign Danish ..... 14 50
White foreign Norwegian ..... 1,674 3,160
White foreign Swedish ..... ..... .....
Acres in farms
Improved 3,468 8,004 31,198
Unimproved 18,484 34,593 72,595
Cash value of farms $124,019 $477,720 $1,171,426
Chisago County 1890 1900
White population 10,359 13,248
White native-born 5,613 8,230
White foreign-born 4,746 5,018
White foreign Danish 67 55
White foreign Norwegian 50 69
White foreign Swedish 3,955 4,215
Acres in farms
Improved 43,476 85,277
Unimproved 101,649 129,501
Cash value of farms $2,563,630 $3,419,310
Fillmore County 1860 1870 1880
White population 13,542 24,887 28,162
White native-born 9,045 15,178 19,243
White foreign-born 4,497 9,709 8,919
White foreign Danish ..... 13 96
White foreign Norwegian ..... 6,61 5,191
White foreign Swedish ..... ..... .....
Acres in farms
Improved 75,542 185,087 361,100
Unimproved 216,454 214,459 134,333
Cash value of farms $1,844,797 $6,636,880 $9,535,815
Fillmore County 1890 1900
White population 25,966 28,238
White native-born 19,034 22,378
White foreign-born 6,932 5,860
White foreign Danish 68 59
White foreign Norwegian 4,171 3,593
White foreign Swedish 66 53
Acres in farms
Improved 357,083 389,386
Unimproved 117,670 131,875
Cash value of farms $9,935,202 $14,240,595
Otter Tail County 1860 1870 1880
White population 178 1,968 18,675
White native-born 178 888 11,249
White foreign-born ..... 1,080 7,426
White foreign Danish ..... 41 214
White foreign Norwegian ..... 889 4,772
White foreign Swedish ..... ..... .....
Acres in farms
Improved 306 3,632 131,804
Unimproved 2,118 28,898 340,355
Cash value of farms $17,550 $151,281 $3,650,223
Otter Tail County 1890 1900
White population 34,232 45,375
White native-born 20,884 30,988
White foreign-born 13,348 14,387
White foreign Danish 345 372
White foreign Norwegian 5,955 5,738
White foreign Swedish 2,470 3,038
Acres in farms
Improved 311,175 505,358
Unimproved 405,380 439,374
Cash value of farms $8,511,465 $12,478,640
INDEX
Aaker, L. K., 146-47.
Agriculture among Scandinavians, 95-98.
"America Book", influence on Norwegian emigration, 37-40.
Americanization, 106-111, 180-182.
Anderson, Paul, 116-117.
Anderson, R. B., 39, 155, 173.
Banks, Scandinavian, 104-5.
Baptist Church, work among Scandinavians, 118-120.
Behrens, Capt., 35-36.
Bennett Law (Wisconsin), 166-168.
Bibliography, 183-204.
Birth rate, 132-33.
Bishop Hill (Ill.), Swedish settlement, 54, 56-60.
Bremer, Frederika, quoted, 52-3, 82.
Bull, Ole, on the term "Scandinavian", 15-16.
Business, Scandinavians in, 102-5.
California, Scandinavian population, 72-4.
Capital:
brought by immigrants, 92-96;
investment, 94-97.
Chicago (Ill.):
Scandinavian population, 73-4;
Swedish settlement, 60.
Chisago Co. (Minn.), Swedish settlement, 97-98;
politics, 163.
Church, _see_ names of denominations, i. e., Baptist church.
Cities, Scandinavian element, 73-4.
Citizenship, 11, 83-4, 179-82.
Civil War, part played by Scandinavians, 75-8, 142, 149.
Clausen, C. L., 46-7.
Climate, influence upon distribution of immigration, 74-5.
Colleges, Scandinavian, 111-14.
Communism, in Bishop Hill settlement, 51-60.
Congregational church, work among Scandinavians, 116-19.
Dane Co. (Wis.) settlement, 110, 145.
Danes: character, 18;
in politics, 140-43;
settlements, 63, 65.
Danish immigration: 69, 73-4;
character of, 64;
statistics, 62, 67-74.
_See also_ Immigration.
Danish churches, 15, 63-65.
Davidson, J. O., 153.
Defectives, 134-45.
Delaware River (Swedish) colony, 11-13.
Delinquents, 134-35, 137-39.
Democratic party, 160-64, 166-70.
Denmark:
economic conditions, 18-19, 21, 62-63, 68.
emigration: 62, 64;
causes, 62, 63, 115;
statistics, 62, 67-74.
population:
distribution, 21;
increase, 69-70, 132.
Dietrichson, J. W. C., 47-8.
Duluth (Minn.), Scandinavian population, 74.
Eberhardt, A. O., 153.
Education, 65, 109-14, 166-70.
_See also_ English language; illiteracy.
Elk Horn (Ia.), Danish settlement, 63, 65.
Emigration, _see_ Immigration; Names of countries, e. g. Denmark.
English language, use among Scandinavians, 109-10, 113, 122-23, 131,
145, 166-72.
Ericsson, John, 78.
Esbjörn, Paul, 117-18.
Families, large, 14, 132-133.
Farmers' Alliance, 162-63.
Fillmore Co. (Minn.), 98-99, 110, 144.
Fox River (Ill.), Norwegian settlement, 28-29, 36.
Free Soil party, 158-59.
Greenback party, 161.
Grevstad, N. A., 156.
Hasselquist, T. N., 117-18.
Hedström, Jonas, and O. G., 50, 54, 116.
Heg, Even, 43, 44, 48.
Heg, H. C., 76.
Hesthammer, Peerson, _see_ Peerson Kleng.
Hovland, G. G., 30, 35.
Illinois:
Norwegian settlement, 27, 28-9, 32-3, 36;
politics, 161, 168-69;
Scandinavian population, 72-4;
Swedish settlement, 53-4, 56-7, 60.
Illegitimacy, 134.
Illiteracy, 109.
_See also_ Education.
Immigrants, Americanization, 10, 107-108, 179-82;
classes, 11;
value to U. S., 9, 91-93, 179-82.
Immigration, Scandinavian:
causes, 18-21, 81-8;
distribution, 71-4;
promoted by railroads, 86-98;
promoted by states, 88-90;
statistics, 7-8, 67-74, 205;
value to U. S., 91-105;
westward expansion, 45, 66, 71, 75, 96.
_See also_ Names of peoples, i. e., Danes.
Independent party, 161.
Indiana, Norwegian settlement, 27.
Industry, Scandinavians in, 102-5.
Insanity, 135-37.
Intermarriage, 130-131.
Iowa:
Danish settlement, 63;
immigration promoted by state, 89-90;
Scandinavian population, 72-4;
Swedish settlement, 53.
Janson, Eric, 55-9.
Jansonist colony, see Bishop Hill.
Jansonist movement, 55-61.
Jefferson Prairie (Wis.), Norwegian settlement, 41, 46.
Johnson, J. A., 152-53.
Johnson, John, 43.
Johnson, M. N., 154, 174-175.
Koshkonong (Wis.), Norwegian settlement, 44.
Kvelve, B. A., 32.
Labor, demand for, influence on immigration, 84-6.
Laborers, Scandinavian, compared with American, 100-1.
Land: value in North West, cause of immigration, 81-2, 99;
increase, 87.
Langeland, Knud, 35, 160.
Legislation, influenced by Scandinavians, 169-71.
Lind, John, 152, 154-55, 161.
Liquor traffic, attitude of Scandinavians, 171-72.
Listoe, Sören, 156.
Lutheran church:
among Scandinavians in U. S., 46-7, 63-5, 114-16, 120-23;
educational efforts, 110-14; 166-67.
Marriage, 131-32.
Martineau, Harriet, quoted, 28.
Mattson, Hans, 90, 146, 150-51, 156.
Merriam, W. R., 162, 176.
Methodist church, work among Scandinavians, 54, 116, 118-20.
Michigan, Scandinavian population, 74.
Minneapolis (Minn.), Scandinavian population, 73, 74, 134;
politics, 163 n.
Minnesota:
Danish settlement, 63;
economic development, promoted by Scandinavians, 97-9;
immigration promoted by state, 90-1;
politics, 144-56, 162-63;
Scandinavian population, 72-4, 138.
Missionary work among Scandinavians, 46-48, 54, 115-20.
Morality, 133-34.
Mormons, influence upon Danish immigration, 63, 73, 115.
Muskego (Wis.), 42, 48.
Nattestad, Ansten, 37, 39-42.
Nattestad, Ole, 29, 31, 40.
Nebraska:
Danish settlement, 63;
Scandinavian population, 72-3, 74.
Nelson, Knute, 151, 154, 164.
New Sweden (Ia.), 53.
New York, Norwegian settlement, 26-7;
Swedish settlement, 60.
Newspapers, Scandinavian: 16, 124-9, 203-4;
importance, 124-5, 129, 183;
in politics, 128, 142, 159-60, 164-5, 173-4;
number, 128.
_Nordlyset_, 126, 148, 159.
North Dakota:
politics, 147, 149-51, 162-3, 174-5;
Scandinavian population, 72-4.
Northwest, economic development, 79-105.
Norway:
economic conditions, 18-20, 30-1, 41-2, 68.
emigration: 22-3, 35, 40-2;
cost, 34;
difficulties, 33-4;
influenced by religious persecution, 24, 40;
influenced by settlers, 29-32, 37, 40;
statistics, 62, 67, 74.
population:
distribution, 19;
increase, 69-70, 132.
Norwegians:
character, 17, 93;
in politics, 140-56, 162.
immigration: 22-3, 32, 35-6, 93;
effects upon Norwegians, 107-8;
routes, 33-4, 36, 40-2;
statistics, 61, 67-74.
_See also_ Immigration.
settlements:
in Illinois, 28-9, 36;
in New York, 26-7;
in Wisconsin, 41, 42, 43-5.
_See also_ Scandinavians.
Occupations of immigrants, 84-7, 95-7, 102, 131-2.
Olson, Jonas, 55, 59, 60.
Olson, Olof, 56.
Otter Tail Co. (Minn.), 98-99, 126;
politics, 163.
Otteson, J. A., 125, 133.
Peerson, Kleng, 24, 25, 28.
Periodicals, religious, 127-9.
Pine Lake (Wis.) settlement, 51-53.
Place names of Scandinavian settlements, 99, 143-5.
Political parties, _see_ Names of parties.
Politics, Scandinavian: 140-56, 166-78;
influenced by newspapers, 164-6, 173-4.
Populist party, 161, 164.
Prohibition, _see_ Liquor traffic.
Quakers, influence upon Norwegian emigration, 23-5.
Racine Co. (Wis.) settlement, 42;
politics, 158.
Railroads, stimulus to immigration, 86-8.
Religion, among Scandinavians, 45-8, 114-20;
relation to politics, 161.
Religious persecution, 24, 40, 56.
Remittances to Europe, 94, 129.
Republican party, 157, 160-4, 166-8, 174-7.
"Restoration" (ship), 22, 25-6.
Reymert, J. D., 126, 148.
Rochester (N. Y.), Norwegian settlement, 26.
Rockford (Ill.), furniture industry, 103;
Swedish population, 73-4;
politics, 169.
Rynning, Ole, 36-7, 39.
St. Paul (Minn.), Scandinavian population, 74, 134.
"Scandinavian", objection to term, 15.
Scandinavian immigration, _see_ Immigration.
Scandinavians:
birth rate, 132-3;
character, 10, 16-7, 179-82;
in agriculture, 97-100;
in business, 102-4;
in cities, 73-4;
in Civil War, 75-8, 142, 149;
in domestic service, 131-2;
in industry, 103-4;
in politics, 140-56, 169-78;
morality, 133-4;
occupations, 84-7, 95-7, 102-5;
standard of living, 101-2;
value to U. S., 7, 11, 83-4, 91-105, 179-82;
wealth, 97-8, 102.
_See also_ Danes, Norwegians, Swedes.
Schröder, Johan, 125-6.
Settlers, propagandists of immigration, 29-32, 41.
Slavery, attitude of Scandinavians towards, 157-9.
South Dakota:
politics, 147, 149-51, 162-3, 175-6;
Scandinavian population, 72-4.
Standard of living, 101-2.
Statistics, tables of, 67, 85, 205.
Sweden:
economic conditions, 18-20, 68.
emigration: 50-1, 53;
causes, 51, 53-4, 56, 61;
statistics, 67-74.
population:
distribution, 20;
increase, 69-70, 132.
Swedes:
character, 12;
in politics, 140-56, 161-2, 166-70;
value as citizens, 13, 14.
Swedish immigration: 12, 22, 50-1, 53, 56-7, 61;
routes, 51, 53, 56-7;
statistics, 67-74.
_See also_ Immigration.
settlements:
on Delaware River, 11-3;
in Illinois, 60;
in Iowa, 53;
in New York, 60;
in Wisconsin, 51-2.
_See also_ Scandinavians.
Swenson, L. S., 155.
Texas, Danish settlement, 63;
Swedish settlement, 61.
Timanson, Levor, 95.
Transportation in West, 80, 84, 87.
Unitarian Church, work among Scandinavians, 119.
United Norwegian Lutheran Church, 110, 120-121.
U. S., described for emigrants, 37-40;
economic conditions, influence on Scandinavian immigration, 68-9;
economic development, 7, 79-105;
population, increase, 70.
Unonius, G., 51, 53.
Utah, Scandinavian population, 73-4, 115.
Wages, in Scandinavian countries, 85, 131;
in U. S., 85, 131.
Wealth, possessed by Scandinavians, 97-8, 102.
Wisconsin:
Danish settlements, 63;
immigration promoted by state aid, 88-9;
Norwegian settlements, 40-46;
politics, 145, 148-51, 153-4, 160-1, 166-8;
Scandinavian population, 72-4, 138;
Swedish settlement, 51-3.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Tables within a paragraph have been relocated to immediately above or
below the relevant paragraph.
Depending on available fonts, some tables may not line up vertically.
Reference pages have been standardized with "ff" following the page
number and a space (e.g., 789 ff) due to the preponderance of this
style in the original work.
Both "reelected" and "re-elected" appear in the original work. They
have been standardized as "re-elected".
Both "post-office" and "postoffice" appear in the original work. Both
spellings have been retained.
Page 59: "was sent out with eight others, in March, 1851" is
inconsistent with "returned at once from California and became the head
of the colony after February, 1851." This was verified with the page
scan of the original work.
Page 112, Footnote 261: There is no footnote reference in the original
work.
Appendix 1, Table V, Nebraska: 1st row totals are off by 1.
This text has been preserved as in the original, including archaic and
inconsistent spelling, punctuation and grammar, except as noted below.
Spelling changes are shown within single quotes. Other changes are
shown in curly brackets, { }, for clarity.
Obvious printer's errors have been silently corrected.
Page 37, Footnote 64: {1837."} changed to {1837.}.
Page 75, Footnote 168: The footnote anchor is missing but it is
believed that it should be on page 75 in the paragraph ending, {Swedes
are found in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania.[168]}.
Page 76: {men as General Stohlbrand} should probably be {men as General
Stolbrand}.
Page 87: {$86,000:} changed to {$86,000;}.
Page 98: {rather are they} changed to {rather they are}.
Page 127, Footnote 306: 'lutherke' changed to 'lutherske'.
Page 153: 'reelection' changed to 're-election' for consistency.
Page 185: {(especially vols. XV. (1901) and XIX (1902), contains}
changed to {(especially vols. XV (1901) and XIX (1902)), contains}.
Page 185: {(42 Cong., 1 Sess., H. Mis. Doc. No. 19, (1871); and}
changed to {(42 Cong., 1 Sess., H. Mis. Doc. No. 19, (1871)); and}.
Page 192: {(in _Proceedings_ of National Conference of Charities and
Correction, (1899); F. H. B. MacDowell,} changed to {(in _Proceedings_
of National Conference of Charities and Correction, (1899)); F. H. B.
MacDowell,}.
Page 202: 'Nordmaend' changed to 'Nordmænd'.
Page 203: {(Emigranten, Inmansville, Wis., 1852; Janesville, 1856;
Madison, 1857; La Crosse, 1864, and united with Fædrelandet.Q Norw.
wkly.} changed to {(Emigranten, Inmansville, Wis., 1852; Janesville,
1856; Madison, 1857; La Crosse, 1864, and united with Fædrelandet.Q
Norw. wkly.)}.
Page 220, Index: {Immigration, Scandinavian: causes, 18-21; 81-8;}
changed to {Immigration, Scandinavian: causes, 18-21, 81-8;}.
Appendix 1, Table I: The table was split into two sections in order to
reduce the table width.