OF FOOD, ETC., IN THE LABORATORIES OF THE BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN,
SANITARIUM, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. J. H. KELLOGG
From _Modern Medicine_
The table clearly shows the effect of cooking and the effect of
mastication upon the salivary digestion of food. Column 1 shows the
results obtained after an ordinary test meal consisting of 1½ ounces
of water biscuit to 8 ounces of water; column 2, 1½ ounces of water
biscuit ground fine, mixed with water and swallowed without chewing;
column 3, test meal consisting of 1½ ounces of raw wheat flour and
8 ounces of water; column 4, test meal consisting of 1½ ounces of
unground pearled wheat with 8 ounces of water.
═════════════════════════════════╤════════╤════════╤══════╤══════
│ Water │ Water │ │
│biscuit,│biscuit,│ Raw │ Raw
│ well │ not │flour.│wheat.
│chewed. │chewed. │ │
│ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4
—————————————————————————————————┼————————┼————————┼——————┼——————
Total acidity (A) │ 0.142 │ 0.140 │0.204 │0.136
Calculated acidity (A´) │ 0.156 │ 0.132 │0.186 │0.128
Total chlorine (T) │ 0.296 │ 0.284 │0.332 │0.272
Free HCl (H) │ 0.050 │ 0.028 │0.056 │0.052
Combined chlorine (C) │ 0.106 │ 0.104 │0.130 │0.076
Fixed chlorides (F) │ 0.114 │ 0.152 │0.146 │0.144
Maltose (M) │ 1.088 │ 0.272 │0.000 │0.000
Dextrine and soluble starch (D) │ 0.812 │ 0.548 │0.300 │0.448
│ │ │ │
COEFFICIENTS │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Digestion of albumin (_a_) │ 0.82 │ 0.97 │1.00 │1.00
Digestion of starch (_b_) │ 0.71 │ 0.42 │0.00 │0.00
Salivary activity (_c_) │ 1.17 │ 1.11 │1.14 │1.37
Fermentation (_x_) │ 5.00 │ 11.00 │6.00 │6.00
Chlorine liberation (_m_) │ 0.80 │ 0.70 │0.85 │0.71
—————————————————————————————————┴————————┴————————┴——————┴——————
Several points of interest are to be noted in the above table, the
first and most conspicuous of which is the fact that the saliva did
not act at all upon the raw flour and raw wheat, as shown by the total
absence of maltose in the cases represented in columns 3 and 4. The
small amount of dextrine and soluble starch shown was, perhaps, already
present in the raw grain, but this point I have not investigated.
It is clear, however, that no sugar was produced when raw starch was
taken, whereas the amount of sugar produced after the ordinary test
meal was more than 1 gram in each 100 c.c. of stomach fluid; in other
words, the stomach fluid contained more than one per cent of sugar
without taking into account the amount which had been absorbed.
The figures for maltose in column 2 represent a test meal in which
little or no saliva was mixed with the test meal, the food being
swallowed without chewing, indicating very slight action of the saliva,
the amount of maltose found in the stomach fluid being but a trifle
more than one-fourth the amount obtained after an ordinary test meal.
The amount of soluble starch and dextrine was less than half the normal
amount in the case of the raw flour, and but little more in the case of
the raw wheat.
Another point of interest is the increased amount of lactic acid found
in the test meal taken without chewing, represented in column 2. The
coefficient of fermentation which represents the number of milligrams
of lactic acid (as expressed in terms of HCl) found in 100 c.c. of
stomach fluid was more than double that found after the same kind
of test breakfast properly masticated, represented in column 1. The
results of this experiment distinctly associate acid fermentation with
imperfect mastication and imperfect salivary digestion.
Another fact noted in a comparative study of the results of the
analysis of over 5000 stomach fluids, which very strongly confirms
this idea, is that starch conversion is usually complete in cases of
apepsia, while lactic acid is conspicuous by its absence. In nearly all
cases of apepsia which I have encountered, numbering about forty cases
in all, the most delicate tests for lactic acid have failed to show its
presence except in the most minute quantities; in most cases it was
entirely absent.
There are a number of other points of interest in the above table in
addition to those which relate particularly to starch digestion. One of
the most noteworthy of these is the fact that the digestion of albumen
was not unfavourably influenced by the neglect to masticate the food,
the coefficient of digestion, in fact, being raised from .82 to .97.
This coefficient is a qualitative and not a quantitative index. The
higher coefficient indicates a more perfect elaboration of proteids and
a close approach to an absolutely perfect proteid digestion.
Another fact of perhaps even greater interest has relation to the
digestion of albumen when the wheat was eaten raw, in the form of
either flour or wheat. The coefficient of proteid digestion in both
cases, as shown in columns 3 and 4, was 1.00, indicating perfect
elaboration of the albuminoids. From this it appears that raw gluten,
or the proteids of wheat, is digested more perfectly when taken in a
raw state than when cooked, the very opposite of which we have seen
to be true of starch. The digestion of raw starch may take place in
the intestines, by the action of the pancreatic juice, but cannot take
place in the stomach, for the reason that the saliva has not the power
to penetrate the cellulose envelope of the starch granule, and hence
cannot digest raw starch.
This fact coincides in a most interesting manner with the biological
fact that man is by nature a frugivorous animal. In the process of
ripening, the starch of fruits undergoes a hydration similar to that
which takes place in cooking and in pancreatic digestion, whereby
the insoluble starch is converted into soluble starch, dextrine, and
sugar. This explains, also, why well-ripened fruit may be eaten raw
with impunity, while unripe fruit and farinaceous food of all sorts
require cooking. In his diet, man, like his nearest relative, the
monkey, being naturally a frugivorous animal, may eat fruits in the
state in which Nature has provided them; but when he introduces other
natural products into his bill of fare, he must adopt artificial means
for securing the preparation for digestion which Nature makes in the
ripening process of fruits.
The coefficient of chlorine liberation (_m_) is very nearly uniform,
indicating that the mastication of food and the cooking of food have
little influence upon this digestive function.
The coefficient of salivary activity (_c_) was determined independently
for each test breakfast. Its practical uniformity indicates that there
was no essential change in the character or quality of the saliva to
account for the differences shown by the totals in relation to the
stomach digestion of starch.
DR. EDWARD HOOKER DEWEY AND THE “NO BREAKFAST PLAN”
The “No Breakfast Plan,” evolved from the long experimental experience
of Dr. Dewey, to secure much needed rest for the stomach and
intestines, is described in a book bearing that title which can be
had direct from the author by addressing him at his home, Meadville,
Penn., U. S. A.
“No Breakfast” is, evidently, a misnomer, but means, in the present
application, an appetite _earned_ after arising from sleep. The
writer, for instance, often begins work so early in the morning that
by the time the ordinary breakfast is ready he has already done a fair
day’s work.
The writer has no reported details of the work of Dr. Dewey to add
to this volume. In “Glutton or Epicure” full appreciation of this
Esculapian Luther is expressed and extracts of his writings are
reprinted. In fighting for more than forty years for the principle of
less abuse of the tired body of man, Dr. Dewey has rendered a service
that some time will be reckoned very great; and while there is no
scientific report of the good doctor’s work to call for introductory
comment, it would be equally unhealthy to miss an opportunity to
express gratitude for what he has done for us all.
PROFESSOR JAFFA AND THE FRUITARIANS
Professor Jaffa, too, of the University of California, has been doing
most valuable service in testing the usefulness of fruits and nuts as
human foods. He generously furnished the author with elaborate tables
of his results, covering several years of observation, showing low
nitrogen possibilities similar to those demonstrated by the writer and
his colleagues at Cambridge and Yale. These have since been published,
and relating to special kinds of foods, as they do, suggest a wide
range of choice among the fruits of earth; but the collected evidence
of this book shows that human nutrition is best served when the
appetite, being kept at normal, is allowed to make selection from the
whole range of nutritious products furnished by good Mother Nature.
DR. H. P. ARMSBY
In the Oct. 16th, 1903, number of _Science_, also, is an interesting
article by Dr. H. P. Armsby on the heat values and muscular energy
values of different food elements and their isodynamic replacement of
each other under various conditions.—HORACE FLETCHER.]
Explanation of The A. B. C. Life Series
THE ESSENTIALS AND SEQUENCE IN LIFE
It would seem a considerable departure from the study of menticulture
as advised in the author’s book, “Menticulture,” to jump at once to an
investigation of the physiology and psychology of nutrition of the body
and then over to the department of infant and child care and education
as pursued in the _crêche_ and in the kindergarden; but as a matter of
fact, if study of the causation of human disabilities and misfortunes
is attempted at all, the quest leads naturally into all the departments
of human interest, and first into these primary departments.
The object of this statement is to link up the different publications
of the writer into a chain of consistent suggestions intended to
make life a more simple and agreeable problem than many of us too
indifferent or otherwise inefficient and bad fellow-citizens make of it.
It is not an altogether unselfish effort on the part of the author of
the A. B. C. Life Series to publish his findings. In the consideration
of his own mental and physical happiness it is impossible to leave out
environment, and all the units of humanity who inhabit the world are
part of his and of each other’s environment.
It would be rank presumption for any person, even though gifted with
the means to circulate his suggestions as widely as possible, and
armed with the power to compel the reading of his publications, to
think that any suggestions of his could influence any considerable
number of his fellow-citizens of the world, or even of his own
immediate neighbourhood, to accept or follow his advice relative to the
management of their lives and of their communal and national affairs;
but while the general and complete good of humanity should be aimed
at in all publications, one’s immediate neighbours and friends come
first, and the wave of influence spreads according to the effectiveness
of the ideas suggested in doing good; that is, in altering the point
of view and conduct of people so as to make them a better sympathetic
environment.
For instance, the children of your neighbours are likely to be the
playmates of your own children, and the children of degenerate parents
in the slum district of your city will possibly be the fellow-citizen
partners of your own family. Again, when it is known that right or
wrong nutrition of the body is the most important agent in forming
character, in establishing predisposition to temperance or intemperance
of living, including the desire for intoxicating stimulants, it is
revealed to one that right nutrition of the community as a whole is an
important factor in his own environment, as is self-care in the case of
his own nourishment.
The moment a student of every-day philosophy starts the study of
problems from the A. B. C. beginning of things, and to shape his study
according to an A. B. C. sequence, each cause of inharmony is at once
traced back to its first expression in himself and then to causes
influenced by his environments.
If we find that the largest influences for good or bad originate with
the right or wrong instruction of children during the home training or
kindergarden period of their development, and that a dollar expended
for education at that time is worth more for good than whole bancs of
courts and whole armies of police to correct the effect of bad training
and bad character later in life, it is quite logical to help promote
the spread of the kindergarden or the kindergarden idea to include
all of the children born into the world, and to furnish mothers and
kindergarden teachers with knowledge relative to the right nutrition
of their wards which they can themselves understand and can teach
effectively to children.
If we also find that the influence of the kindergarden upon the parents
of the infants is more potent than any other which can be brought to
bear upon them, we see clearly that the way to secure the widest
reform in the most thorough manner is to concentrate attention upon the
kindergarden phase of education, advocate its extension to include even
the last one of the children, beginning with the most needy first, and
extending the care outward from the centre of worst neglect to finally
reach the whole.
Experience in child saving so-called, and in child education on the
kindergarden principle, has taught the cheapest and the most profitable
way to insure an environment of good neighbours and profit-earning
citizens; and investigation into the problem of human alimentation
shows that a knowledge of the elements of an economic nutrition is the
first essential of a family or school training; and also that this is
most impressive when taught during the first ten years of life.
One cannot completely succeed in the study of menticulture from its A.
B. C. beginning and in A. B. C. sequence without appreciation of the
interrelation of the physical and the mental, the personal and the
social, in attaining a complete mastery of the subject.
The author of the A. B. C. Life Series has pursued his study of the
philosophy of life in experiences which have covered a great variety
of occupations in many different parts of the world and among peoples
of many different nations and races. His first book, “Menticulture,”
dealt with purging the mind and habits of sundry weaknesses and
deterrents which have possession of people in general in some degree.
He recognised the depressing effect of anger and worry and other
phases of _fearthought_. In the book “Happiness,” which followed next
in order, _fearthought_ was shown to be the unprofitable element of
forethought. The influence of environment on each individual was
revealed as an important factor of happiness, or the reverse, by means
of an accidental encounter with a neglected waif in the busy streets of
Chicago during a period of intense national excitement incident to the
war with Spain, and this led to the publication of “That Last Waif;
or, Social Quarantine.” During the time that this last book was being
written, attention to the importance of right nutrition was invited by
personal disabilities, and the experiments described in “Glutton or
Epicure; or, Economic Nutrition” were begun and have continued until
now.
In the study of the latter, but most important factor in profitable
living, circumstances have greatly favoured the author, as related in
his latest book, “The A. B.-Z. of Our Own Nutrition.”
The almost phenomenal circulation of “Menticulture” for a book of its
kind, and a somewhat smaller interest in the books on nutrition and
the appeal for better care of the waifs of society, showed that most
persons wished, like the author, to find a short cut to happiness by
means of indifference to environment, both internal and external, while
habitually sinning against the physiological dietetic requirements of
Nature. In smothering worry and guarding against anger the psychic
assistance of digestion was stimulated and some better results were
thereby obtained, but not the best attainable results.
Living is easy and life may be made constantly happy by beginning
right; and the right beginning is none other than the careful feeding
of the body. This done there is an enormous reserve of energy, a
naturally optimistic train of thought, a charitable attitude towards
everybody, and a loving appreciation of everything that God has made.
Morbidity of temperament will disappear from an organism that is
economically and rightly nourished, and death will cease to have any
terrors for such; and as _fear_ of death is the worst depressant known,
many of the _worries_ of existence take their everlasting flight from
the atmosphere of the rightly nourished.
The wide interest now prevalent in the subjects treated in The A. B. C.
Life Series is evidenced by the scientific, military, and lay activity
in connection with the experiments at the Sheffield Scientific School
of Yale University and elsewhere, as related in the “A. B.-Z. of Our
Own Nutrition” and in “The New Glutton or Epicure” of the series.
The general application is more fully shown, however, by the
indorsement of the great Battle Creek Sanitarium, which practically
studies all phases of the subject, from health conservation and child
saving to general missionary work in social reform.
HORACE FLETCHER.
Index
A
A. B. C. Life Series, the, xxiv, 15, 47;
explanation of, 399-407
Abdominal glands, the, 189, 190
—— muscles, the, 326, 388
—— wall, the, 364
Abernethy biscuit, 131
Acid reaction, of food, 269
Acids, stimulating properties of, 270;
supplement weak action in the stomach, 270;
special relation to the pancreas of, 270
Addison, Joseph, upon the work of Luigi Cornaro, 28
Adenoids, largely dietetic in origin, 148-152, 156
Afferent nerves, special duty of the peripheral terminations of, 184-185
Agriculture, U. S. Department of, 37
Albumen, digestion of, 394
Albuminoids, the, 395
Albuminous foods, minimum amount of, 74, 78
Alcoholic beverages, explanation of the use of, 252
Algarroba bean, the, 124
Alimentary canal, the, 13, 14, 15, 40;
pabulum derived from, 40, 92, 117;
Professor Pawlow’s conclusions concerning, 186;
experimental investigation of the pathology and therapeutics of,
248, 260, 273, 275, 276, 277
Alimentation, human, study of, 13;
theory of, 180
Alkalies, the, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
Alkaline reduction, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44
—— saliva, 33;
its quantity increased by mastication, 96, 102, 146
Alkalinisation, 92
Altruism, placed upon a business basis, xxiv
American Medical Missionary Association, the, 390
—— Medical Missionary Cause, the, xxiii
—— Physiological Society, the, 68
Anderson, Dr. William G., 54, 87, 88
Anger, causes indigestion, 7
Animal economy, 40
—— food, necessitates less thorough mastication than vegetable, 67,
99-100, 173;
influenced less than vegetable by cooking, 118
—— organism, the efficiency of, 58
Anthropoid apes, 115, 116
Antiperistalsis, 326, 333, 342, 345, 364;
in the colon, 365-370;
the question of, 377-383, 384, 385, 387, 388
Antiperistaltic waves, 365, 367, 373, 374, 376, 381, 383, 387, 388
Antrum, the, 307, 308, 311, 315, 322, 323, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336,
340, 341, 360
Apepsia, 394
Appendicitis, relationship between diet and, 141
Appendix, the, cause of catarrh of, 141
Appetite, demands proteid when wanted, xxxii;
knows what to do and when to do it, xxxiii;
most important factor in digestion, 6;
a perfect indicator, 6;
a creature of the mind, 7;
the caprices of, 7;
easily comprehended, how to read, 8, 9, 12;
an indicator of what the body requires, 20;
will close the valve when enough is eaten, 20;
striking effect of insalivation upon, 50;
fully understood, prevents intemperance in eating or drinking, 95;
sooner satisfied with thorough mastication, 137;
the first and mightiest exciter of the secretory nerves of the
stomach, 210;
is juice, 213;
Dr. Pawlow’s experiment showing value of, 226;
its initial impulse may originate in the stomach, 244;
in the rich and in the poor, 252-253;
care should be taken of, 254;
physicians most often called on to restore, 254;
remarkable how little attention is paid to, 255;
bitters increase, 263, 265;
the strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands, 263;
connection between gastric juice and, 265.
—— earned, a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180
——, false, 6, 9, 29, 75
——, normal, 6
“Appetite juice,” the, 213, 228, 258, 259, 260
Apples, 169
Appreciation, attention necessary to create, 7;
necessary to stimulate flow of digestive juices, 7, 12
Armsby, Dr. H. P., on the heat values and muscular energy values of
different food elements, 397
Asiatics, the, consume smaller proportion of proteids, 82
Asparagus, 93
Astrup, E., 126
Athletes, reason for training, 22
Attention, necessary to create appreciation, 7;
how to command, 8, 9, 12
Atwater, Prof. W. O., 54;
on the daily proteid requirement, 76
—— Respiration Apparatus, the, 57
Australians, the, 118, 129, 163
B
Bache Fund, the, 69
Bacteria, the action in the intestines of, 39, 117
Bacterial digestion, 40
—— flora, the, examination of, 26
Bacteriology, advances of, 248, 249
Bailey, 128
Balthazard, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
Baltimore, Md., 68
Barling, Gilbert, 141
Barrett, Robert, 47
Bayliss, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 359
Batter pudding, 98
Battle Creek, Michigan, 390
—— Laboratories, the, 389-391;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and
cooking of food, etc., in, 391-396
—— Sanitarium, the, xvii, xxiii, xxvii;
described, 389-391
Bayert, 123
Beans, 95, 132
Beaumont, experiments of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 326, 327, 329, 330, 334,
336
Beef, 100
Benedict, Prof. Francis G., 54
Berlin, 56, 65
Berne, Switzerland, 284
Betel, chewing, 103, 128
Beverages, mastication in the preparation of, 123
Bidder and Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
conditions for success, 204-206
Bile, the, 360
Bitters, therapeutic influence of, 262, 265;
increase the appetite, 263, 264, 265
Blondlot, experiments of, 181, 182, 277
Blood, the, toxins absorbed into, 40;
influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local
circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 278, 355
—— elements, the, 41
Blumfield, Dr. Joseph, 26
Body, the, considered as an engine, 4, 23;
derives its necessary energy from food, 72;
burdened by excess of food, 73
Boer War, the, 11
Bolting food, 35, 36, 134, 135, 138, 140
Bolus, the, 329, 343, 344
Boston Society of Medical Sciences, the, 342
Bouillon, 266
Bowditch, Dr. Prof. Henry Pickering, xxiv, xxv, 67, 68, 70, 284, 285,
287, 306
Bowel, the, liable to suffer, 140, 345
“Bracer,” a, why required, 20
Braun and Grützner, experiments of, 278
Bread, 78, 98, 99, 132, 137, 143, 171, 270, 271, 274, 275
Brinton, experiments of, 329, 330, 334, 336
British Guiana, 124
—— Medical Association, the, 27, 48, 91, 92
“British Medical Journal,” the, 141
Bronchitis, 144, 146
Broth, strong, 268
Brown bread, 43
Brussels, 68
Buccal digestion, 8
—— nerves, the, 194
Bushmen, the, 118, 123
Butter, 43, 100
C
Cabbage, why indigestible, 99
Cæcum, the, 140, 141, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375,
376, 377, 381, 387
Cake, 132
California, University of, 90, 397
Calm, easy to cultivate, 7
Cambridge, England, xxxi, 26, 47, 49
—— tests, the, 47, 69
—— University, England, xxv, 26, 53, 68, 91
Campbell, Dr. Harry, 8, 12;
on the importance of mastication, 92-179, 389
Cancer, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
Cane-sugar, changed to grape-sugar, 21, 169
Cannon, Dr. W. B., 7, 12;
on “Swallowing and Movements of the Stomach and Intestines,”
284-300;
on the “Movements of the Stomach Studied by means of
the Röntgen Rays,” 301-341;
on the “Movements of the Intestines Studied by Means of the
Röntgen Rays,” 342-388
Carbohydrate foods, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 89
Cardia, the, ideas of early writers concerning, 303, 304, 325,
326, 328, 329
Cardiac sphincter, the, 307
Carelessness, the sin of, xvii
Carnegie, Andrew, xxxv
—— Institution, the, 53
Carnivora, the, do not masticate, 97, 161
Cassava root, 124
Cat, the, experiments upon, 289-293, 299, 303, 307, 311, 312, 315,
320, 322, 325, 333, 335, 337-339, 341, 344, 353, 359, 361, 365,
366, 372, 382, 383-386, 388
Catarrh of the appendix, caused by inefficient mastication, 141
Cauliflower, 99
“Cause and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, the,” Wallace’s, 161
Cavendish lecture, Sir Frederick Treves’s, 140
Cell, a, determination of the metabolism of, 40
Cellulose, 117, 170
Cereals, 78, 84, 146
Ceylon, 128
Cheese, 43, 95;
when indigestible, 100, 137
Chemical excitants, the, 268
—— secretion, 259
Chemistry, organic, 62
——, physical, 62
Chewing, length of time necessary for, xxxii
Chicken bone, 166
Chigin, Dr., experiments by, 214, 216, 282
Children, early feeding of, 130-132, 143;
defective mastication in, 148;
feeding of, 262
Children’s Aid Society, the, xxv, 68
Chimpanzee, the, 115
China, 82
Chittenden, Prof. R. H., conducting the experiments at Yale, xvii, 5;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 53, 67, 68;
the Yale test, 69-91.
Chop bone, 166
Chyme, the, 346, 360, 362
Circulation, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 157
Cocoa-nut, 137
Coffee, 132
Cole, Sidney W., 47;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the
proteid molecule, 47
Colon, the, 363, 364;
antiperistalsis in, 365-370;
changes when food enters, 370, 371, 372;
process of clearing, 373-377, 381, 382, 384, 387, 388
Comminution, 98, 100, 101
_Commonwealth_, the S. S., 69
Condiments, influence of, 261, 265
Constipation, cannot exist, 43
Constriction, waves of, 323, 340, 341
Cooked flesh, requires mastication, 97, 174
Cooking, influences vegetable more than mineral food, 118;
effect of, 389, 391-396
Cornaro, Luigi, reformed manner of living of, ix;
his autobiography, x, xvi, xvii;
Dr. Van Someren’s paper upon his theory of living, 26-46;
his treatise on the “Sure and
Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” 28;
Addison’s comments upon his work, 28, 92
Craving for food, 256
Cream, experiments with, 38-39, 43
Cuba, xiv, 70
Curr, E. M., 125, 129
D
Dastre, Dr. Prof. A., 67, 68
Day, experiments of, 337
Defecation, 373-377
Deglutition, Magendie’s theory of, 284, 285;
movements of, 285;
divided into three parts, 285;
Falk’s and Kronecker’s theory of, 286;
the X-ray method in the study of, 287-295;
phenomena of œsophageal, 298-300
—— reflex, the, 287
Dental caries, causation of, 161
Dewey, Dr. Edward Hooker, and the “No Breakfast Plan,” 396, 397
De Witt, Assistant Surgeon, Lieut. Wallace, in command of soldiers
in the Yale investigation, xiii, 70
Dextrine, 170, 171, 392, 393, 395
Diaphragm, the, 324, 326
Diet, best manner and system of, xiii;
the optimum, xxxi;
minimum, 74;
the anthropoid stage, 116;
the pre-cooking human stage, 117;
the pre-agricultural cooking period, 118;
the early agricultural age, 119;
the late agricultural period, 120;
for children, 130-132;
relationship between appendicitis and, 141
Dietary Ten Commandments, 5
Dietetics, precepts of, 272
Digestion, appetite the most important factor in, 6;
the true chemical end-point of, 10-11;
effect of the mental state upon, 74, 145;
psychic influence in, 180;
the phenomena in, 251;
thorough mouth-work as an aid to, 389
Digestion-ash, the, what it should be like, 10-11, 14;
should not be unclean, 24;
in experiments, 38-39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 79, 83, 84, 85, 94
Digestive activity, stopped by anger and worry, 7
—— canal, the. _See_ Alimentary canal, the
—— glands, the, analogy between the innervation mechanism of the
salivary glands and, 188-190;
appetite the strongest of all stimuli to, 263, 280, 282
—— juices, the, 7;
appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7, 12, 96;
mastication brings the food into intimate contact with, 98;
quantity of, 267;
relation of milk to the secretion of, 274, 383, 386
Digitalis, 281
Diphtheria, 149
Disease, caused by indiscretions in eating, x, xxxi;
follows disobedience, 29
Disobedience, disease follows, 29
Distention, 144
Distress, effect of, 388
Dog, the experiments upon, 181, 194-211, 212-246, 249, 254, 258,
263, 279, 280, 285, 292, 293, 297, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311,
313, 314, 315, 336, 344
Dolomites, the, 26
Drinking, too much, xix, 95
Dry food, 97
Dunn, Miss Eva, 122
Duodenum, the, 303, 315, 356, 360
Dyspepsia, dangers of, xv;
might cease to exist, 35
E
Eat, how to, 19
Eating, too much, ix;
indiscretions of, x, xix, xxix, 29, 95, 135;
too fast, 20;
systematic inattention to, 259, 260;
English have made a cult of, 261
Economic nutrition. _See_ Nutrition, economic
Efferent nerves, 184, 185
Efficiency, human, the measure of, xxx;
research into causes for, 54
Eggs, experiments with, 38, 43, 78, 95, 100, 137, 277
“Encyclopædia Britannica,” the, 27
Enemata, the, 367, 379, 380, 388
Energy, the minimum transformation of, 59
——, potential, 59
Engine, an, the body considered as, 4, 23
English, the, have made a cult of the art of eating, 261
Emetic, an, 325
Emotion, inhibition of stomach movements during, 337;
effect of, 383-384, 388
Empiricism, medical practice largely based upon, 52
Esquimaux, the, 118, 123, 125, 126
Esselmont, experiments of, 383
Evolution, Nature’s plan of, xi
Ewald, experiments of, 313, 314
Excess, habitual, confirmed by experiments, ix
Excrements. _See_ Digestion-ash, the
Excretia. _See_ Digestion-ash, the
Exercise, necessity of, xxix
F
Fæces, the, 374. _See also_ Digestion-ash
Falk, Dr., 284;
theory of deglutition of, 286
Fallopius, on the functions of the stomach, 302
Farinaceous food, 395
Fasola, experiments of, 378
Fat, potatoes need not produce, 21, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 95, 98, 100;
experiments upon, 271, 272, 274
Faucial tonsils, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
Fear, effect of, 388
Fearthought, 404
Featherman, 123
Fibrin, 276
Flesh food, reduction of craving for, 50
Fletcher, Horace, Dr. Van Someren’s comments upon the case of,
30-31;
his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
Sir Michael Foster’s comments, 48;
the Cambridge tests, 49-52;
the Middletown test, 54-55, 60;
the Yale test, 75-91
Flour, 132, 392, 393, 395
Food, mal-assimilation of, x;
length of time for chewing, xxxii;
Dr. Kellogg’s estimate of amount habitually used, xxxiv;
mouth-treatment of, 5;
how to masticate and swallow, 8, 9, 31, 32;
actual process of mastication described, 32-34;
important bearing upon the economy of the body of its treatment
in the mouth, 48-49;
its function to supply material from which the body derives
necessary energy, 72;
any excess an incubus, 72-73;
classified under three heads, 78;
in excess, produces a large amount of unnecessary work, 80;
its nutritive value determined by the thoroughness of its
digestion, 79;
softness of, 129;
mastication tends to reduce amount of, 136;
should be eaten with interest and enjoyment, 252;
passionate craving for, 256;
its nutritive value should be considered rather than taste, 261;
the acid reaction of, 269;
relative nutritive values of different, 275, 276;
experiments upon the utilisation of, 275;
effect of the movements of the stomach upon, 328;
circulation of, 329;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and
cooking of, 389-396
Foster, Sir Michael, xxiv, xxv, 26;
his note upon Dr. Van Someren’s paper, 48-52;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 52, 53, 67,
68, 91
Fowls, experiments upon, 299
Fruitarians, the, 90, 397
Fruit sugar, 169
Fruits, 43;
under-ripe and over-ripe, 141, 395, 396;
usefulness of, 397
Fubini, experiments of, 383
Fundus, the, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337,
340
G
Galen, on the functions of the stomach, 302
Gastric catarrh, 249
—— digestion, 309, 316
—— glands, the, 182;
the vagus and the sympathetic nerves exciters of, 183, 198;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of the mouth
has no effect on, 201;
psychic excitation of, 205;
sleep exercises no restraining influence upon, 206;
the simultaneous excitation of the different sense organs the
first and strongest impulse toward activity of, 210;
psychic secretion the normal commencement of secretory activity
on the part of, 214;
conditions upon which depends the secretory work of, 227;
mechanical stimulation of, 237, 245, 249, 271, 272, 274, 280
Gastric juice, the, appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7;
destroys micro-organisms, 41;
its flow increased by mastication, 102, 146;
secretion of, 181, 206, 208, 211, 213, 262;
connection between the appetite and, 265, 266;
experiments for, 267;
too little, 270, 272, 273;
salts of sodium promote a flow of, 277, 279, 280, 329, 334, 335,
337, 340, 341
—— mechanism, the, 385
—— movements, the, 301;
early writings on subject of, 302;
later experiments upon, 303, 327, 329, 338
—— mucous membrane, the, excitability of, 181, 231, 241, 249, 258,
259, 264
—— muscular fibres, the, 307
“Gastric tonics,” 255
Gastritis, inefficient mastication may produce, 138
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 144
Gastronomic enjoyment, increased by proper mastication and
insalivation, 22
Germany, food in, 267
Ginger, preserved, 141
Gladstone, William E., his theory of mastication, 92
Gland metabolism, 277
Glinski, Dr., 190, 194, 196, 197
Gluten, raw, 395
“Glutton or Epicure,” 26, 31, 92, 389, 396.
_See also_ “New Glutton or Epicure, The”
Goose, the, experiments upon, 288
Goose-fat, 100
Gorilla, the, 115
Gran Chaco Indians, the, 123
Grape-sugar, chemically made from cane-sugar, 21, 169
Greens, 132
Grey, Sir George, 128
Griddle-cakes, need not be hurtful, 21
Griffin, Charles & Company, 180, 181
Grützner, experiments of, 278, 346, 363, 377, 378, 381
Gscheidlen, 235
Guinea-pigs, experiments upon, 39
Gum arabic, chewing, 103
Gustatory indifference, 263
—— nerves, the, 263, 269
Gut, the, 344, 345, 355, 360, 364, 365, 374
H
Hæmorrhoids, cannot exist, 43
Haller, experiments of, 304;
his summary of the motor functions of the stomach, 304-305, 309
Harvard Medical School, 68
—— Physiological Laboratory, the, 284
Haste, danger of, 134-135
Headache, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
Health, the optimum, xxxi
Hearing, the sense of, 210
Heart, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 281
Heartburn, 144
Heat values, 397
Heger, Dr. Prof. Paul, 67, 68
Heidenhain, 181, 182, 183, 235
Herbivora, the, practice thorough mastication, 97
Higgins, Dr. Hubert, letter from, xxvii-xxxiii, 47
Hirsch, experiments of, 305, 315
Hofmeister, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 326,
327, 332
Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland, 26;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the
proteid molecule, 47
_Hors d’œuvre_, 266
Horse, the, experiments upon, 293, 294, 300
Hospital Corps, the, at New Haven, xiii, 70
Hunger, 241;
“the best sauce,” 254
Hyperacidity, 145
Hyperæmia, 345
Hyperchlorhydria, 144, 147
I
“Igniting juice,” 260
Ignorance, dietic, sin of, xvii
Ileocæcal valve, the, 355, 362;
the competence of, 362-364, 367, 370, 376, 381, 387, 388
Ileum, the, 363, 364, 367, 370, 382, 387
India, 82, 128
Indians of Honduras, the, 124
—— of Nicaragua, the, 124
—— of North California, the, 122, 126
Indigestion, x;
dangers of, xv;
caused by anger and worry, 7;
“bunching hits” to oppose, 13-16
Indol, the odourous, 47
Industries, the, mastication in, 124
Infant life, action of saliva in, 36
Innervation mechanism, an, constituent parts of, 184
Insalivation, defined, 8, 22;
increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48;
its striking effect upon appetite, 50, 60;
effects of, 74, 89, 92, 93, 96;
mastication promotes, 101
Insane, the, forced feeding of, 268
Instinct, human, the outcome of every-day experience, 251;
physiology merely confirms the precepts of, 251;
provisions for digestion made by, 267;
demands of, 272
Intemperance, 95
International Congress of Physiologists, the, 26, 48, 56, 68, 91
—— Laboratory of Research, the, proposal to found, 55-69;
suggestions as to staff and personnel, 62;
estimate of initial outlay, 63;
suggestions as to location, 63;
suggestions as to management, 66
Intestinal anæmia, 345
—— canal, the, 39, 346
—— contents, the, rhythmic segmentation of, 347-355, 386
—— digestive juices, the, 361
—— mechanism, the, 385
—— movements, difficulties of investigating, 342;
the best known of, 343
—— secretion, 61
—— wall, the, 344, 381, 386
Intestine, the large, activity of, 343;
movements of, 364-377, 379, 386, 387, 388
——, the small, 343, 346;
the movements of, 347-362, 366;
course of food in, 360-362, 365, 367, 369, 378, 381, 383, 385,
386, 387, 388
——, the, action of the bacteria in, 39;
micro-organic action in, 40, 80, 92;
much more sensitive than the stomach, 139, 301, 317, 328, 337,
341;
studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 342-388, 395
J
Jaffa, Professor, 90;
and the fruitarians, 397
Japan, 82
Jaws, the, mastication stimulates the nutrition of, 96, 103, 155;
influence of mastication upon, 109, 148;
changes during man’s evolution in, 115-121;
instances of vigorous use, 122
Johns Hopkins University, 68
“Journal of Physiology, The” (American), 284, 301, 342
—— (English), 47
K
Kais Root, 123
Kane, Dr., 125
Kara, 124
Katabolic action, 41
Katabolism, 95
Kellogg, Dr. J. H., xxvii;
letter from, xxxiii-xxxv;
his estimate of amount of food habitually used, xxxiv;
tribute to, 391;
his experimental investigation of the influence of mastication
and cooking of food, 391-396
—— Mrs. J. H., 389;
tribute to, 391
Kelp, 122
Kotljar, experiment by, 217
Kreuznach, 46
Kronecker, Dr. Prof. Hugo, 67, 68, 284, 285;
theory of deglutition of, 286
Kumagawa, experiments of, 81
_Kwas_, 267, 269, 270
L
Lactic acid, prepared in the stomach, 269, 393, 394
“Lancet, The,” 8, 26, 31;
Dr. Campbell’s articles from, 92-179, 145
Lard, 272
Laws of Nature, health, strength, and moral tone dependent upon
proper fulfilment of, 73
Leonardi, Dr. Professor, 26
Life, right conduct of, xiii;
the essentials and sequence in, 399
Lippincott, J. B. & Company, 180, 181
Liqueurs, 266
Liquids, how to treat, 9, 34, 93, 94, 95
Lobassoff, Dr., experiments by, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226
Lobster, 137, 141
London, 65
Lower Californians, the, 123
Ludwig, experiments of, 342
Lumen, the, 374
Lymph, influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on
local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 355
M
Macaroni, 132
—— cheese, 100
Mackerel, 141
Madrid, 69
Magendie, theory of deglutition of, 284
Maize, chewed, 124
Mal-assimilation, of nutriment, x, xxi;
“bunching bits” to oppose, 13-16;
dangers of, 24, 35
Malay, 128
Mall, experiments of, 343, 345, 354, 378
Mal-nutrition, causes of, xxi, 35
“Malt extracts,” 102
Maltose, starch turned into, 101, 170, 392, 393
Man, the First Assistant of Nature, xi;
his disparity due to ignorance, xii;
absurdity of his ignorance, 4, 23;
experiments upon, 300;
by nature a frugivorous animal, 395
Maple sugar, 84
Marckwald, Max, paper “On Digestion of Milk in the Stomach of
Full-grown Dogs,” 46
Masticate, how to, 19
Mastication, inefficient, causation of, 129;
must lead to many evils, 129;
evils resulting from, 135;
conduces to excessive eating, 135;
may cause suffocation, 137;
may produce gastritis, 138;
excess of starch may pass into stomach because of, 141;
prevents a sufficient amount of alkali to pass into the stomach,
146;
causes evils with the jaws and their appendages and the adjacent
structures, 148;
responsible for adenoids, 148-152;
a potent cause of Rigg’s disease, 159;
secondary evils of, 164, 394
——, proper, increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48, 60;
effects of, 74, 89;
Dr. Campbell’s observations upon, 96-173;
the effects of, 96;
primary object of, 96;
promotes flow of saliva, 96, 101;
stimulates the heart and circulation, 96, 103;
influences the nutrition of the jaws, 96, 103;
facilitates swallowing, 97;
brings the food into intimate contact with the digestive juices,
98;
increases amount of alkaline saliva passing into the stomach, 96,
102;
acts reflexly upon the stomach, 102;
the muscles of, 104;
its influence upon the jaw-bones, 109;
its influence upon the teeth, 110;
in the preparation of beverages, 123;
in the industries, 124;
the instinct of, 126;
the causation of inefficient, 129;
less opportunity than formerly for, 130-133;
defective apparatus for, 133;
affected by individual differences, 134;
tends to diminish amount of food consumed, 136;
most effective way to secure starch digestion, 145;
effect upon the nasal passages, naso-pharynx, and faucial tonsils,
148;
fast becoming a lost art, 157;
means of insuring adequate, 164, 389;
experimental investigation of the influence of, 391
Masticatory instinct, the, 126-129
—— muscles, the, 104;
influence of their contraction on local circulation of blood and
lymph, 107, 148
Matri, 128
Meadville, Penn., 396
Measles, 149
Meat, 78
—— broth, 266;
an important chemical excitant of gastric secretion, 266, 267
—— extract, 268
—— juice, 268
Mechanical stimulus, great importance assigned to, 257
Medical practice, largely based upon empiricism, 52
—— science, not possessed of final information concerning questions
of nutrition, 52
Medicine, ideal only when it can take its proper position, 249;
physiology can make no pretence to guide the field of, 251;
to what it will at length grow, 251;
treats too lightly the loss of appetite, 256
Melanesia, 128
Melanesians, the, 120
Meltzer, Dr., 284;
experiments of, 294, 296, 297, 298
Mendel, Dr. Lafayette B., 69
Mendel Pass, _bei_ Bozen, Süd Tirol, Austria, experiments at, 26
Mental energy, 41
—— state, 12;
its effect upon digestion and nutrition, 74
Menticulture, physical and mental equipments necessary to promote,
7
“Menticulture,” xxi, xxiv
Metabolism, 37;
determination of, 40;
calorimetric trial-balance measurement of, 54
Micro-organisms, 40;
destroyed by acid gastric juices, 41
Middletown, Conn., experiments at, 54
Milk, how to drink, 9;
experiments in drinking, 36, 38-39, 78, 84, 93, 94, 268;
takes a special position among foods, 272;
the three properties of, 273;
its relation to the secretion of the digestive juices, 274, 275,
276, 277
—— pudding, 97, 143, 172
“Modern Medicine,” 389, 391
Modoc Indians, the, 123
Moist foods, 97
Moritz, experiments of, 324, 328, 332
Mosso, Dr. Prof. Angelo, 67, 68, 284, 285
Mouth, the, should do all it can, 93, 180;
examination of, 174-179;
rinsing, 179;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of, 201, 285,
286
—— breathing, evils of, 151-153
—— discrimination, 94
—— thoroughness, 8
—— treatment, of food, 5, 12, 92;
a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180, 389
Mucosa, the, 343, 355
Mucous membrane, the, 346
Munich, 56, 76, 81
Muster, 128
Mutton, 100
N
Nansen, J. F., 123
[36]
Napoleon, died from fast eating, 138
Nasal passages, the, effect of mastication upon, 148
Naso-pharyngitis, 144, 148, 149
Naso-pharynx, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
National Academy of Sciences, the, contribute to fund for research,
69
Natural Automatic Processes, 3, 180
Nature, plan of evolution of, xi;
Man the First Assistant of, xi;
her reward for conformity with her requirements, xii;
her generous assumption of forty-seven forty-eighths of labour, 5,
12;
given an opportunity by economic nutrition, 22;
her plans perfect if her laws are obeyed, 29;
never intended a special diet or bottle of medicine, 30;
endeavours to prepare lactic acid in the stomach, 269
Negritos, the, 118
Negroes, the African, 120
Nerve cells, the, specific qualities of, 187
—— fibres, 184
Nervous system, the, influence upon the glands of, 183
Neutralisation, 92
“New Glutton or Epicure,” the, xxviii, 47.
_See_ also “Glutton or Epicure”
New Guinea, 124
New Haven (Conn.), scientific experiments at, xiii, 54, 71.
_See_ Yale investigation, the, and Yale test, the
Nitrogen, 85, 86
Nitrogenous equilibrium, 86
—— measurements, tests of, 26
“No Breakfast Plan,” the, 396
Nothnagel, experiments of, 343, 345
Northwest London Hospital, the, 8, 92
Nutarians, 90
Nutrient enemata, 367, 379, 380, 382, 388
—— fluid, 381
Nutriment, selection of, 7
Nutrition, economic, experiments upon problem of, ix, x, 48-52;
active interest now taken in, x;
the financial saving the least of the profits in, xi;
the key to England’s welfare, xxv;
attitude of the scientific mind towards, xxvii;
little accurate knowledge concerning, xxx;
psychology of, 6-7;
appetite the most important factor in, 6;
mechanical and chemical physiology of, 8;
its entire principle simple and practical, 19;
does not advise avoiding starchy foods for stout people, 21;
assures that the same food will add or decrease weight, 21;
keeps one in perfect condition, 22;
its requirements not hardships but pleasures, 22;
not a joke or fad, 24;
an appeal to self-examination and self-instruction, 24, 25;
first scientific recognition of principles of, 26;
medical science not possessed of final information concerning
questions of, 52;
plan for institution of an international inquiry into the subject
of, 53-55;
proposed to found an international laboratory of research for the
study of, 55-68;
no question of greater importance, 72;
poverty and vice traced to perversion of, 73;
great need of thorough physiological study of, 74;
effect of the mental state upon, 74
Nutrition, animal, 56, 57, 58
Nutritive equilibrium, 37;
experiments in, 37-39
Nuts, 141, 173;
usefulness of, 397
Nuttall, Dr. George H. F., 26, 39, 47
O
Œsophagus, the, may protect the stomach, 139, 192, 285, 286, 289,
291, 292, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 307, 316, 325, 326, 336, 341
Openchowski, experiments of, 305, 325
Orang, the, 115
Oranges, 169
O’Reilly, Surgeon-General, xvii, 69, 70
Ozawa, Professor, 55
P
Pabulum, the, derivation of, 40, 41
Pacific Islands, the, 124
Padua, Italy, 28
Palate, the, “the dietetic conscience,” 75
Pancreas, the, excited by the vagus and the sympathetic nerves, 183,
270;
special relations of acids to, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279
Pancreatic digestion, 395
—— gland, the, 269, 270, 271, 280
—— juice, the, experiments for, 267, 270, 273, 279, 360, 395
Paris, 56, 65
Pastry, 132, 172
Patagonians, the, 128
Pathology, 249
Pavia, University of, 26
Pawlow, Dr. Prof. J. P., 6, 7, 12;
researches of, 61, 67, 68;
his demonstrations of psychic influence in digestion, 180-283
Peas, 132
_Pendelbewegung_, the, 342
Pendulum movement, the, 358-360
Penegal, xxxiii
Peptic digestion, 318, 335
Peristalsis, 327, 330, 333, 337, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355-357,
361, 365, 377, 378, 383, 384, 386, 388
Peristaltic wave, the, 343, 353, 365
Pflüger’s Archives, 182
Pharynx, the, 285, 286, 290, 298
Philippines, the, 69
Physicians, most of them called on to restore appetite, 254;
their indifference to appetite, 257;
in Russia, 260;
should bear in mind the question of psychic secretion, 261
Physiology, applied, 251
Pine-apple, 141
Pitcherie, chewing, 129
Polynesia, 128
Poorer classes, the, appetite stronger among, 253;
food of, 266, 267
“Popular Science Monthly, The,” xxxiii, 53;
Professor Chittenden’s article in, 69-91
Pork, 100, 141
Porridge, 97, 143, 172, 270
Potato, made digestible by saliva, 20;
if masticated, need not produce fat, 21;
experiments with, 38, 102;
yields abundant sugar by long-continued mastication, 142, 146
Potatoes, boiled, 143, 172
Poverty, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
Proteid, demanded by the appetite, xxxii;
the putrid decomposition of, 47;
minimum amount of, 74, 78, 79;
Asiatics consume smaller proportion of, 82, 83, 85, 98, 100, 272,
394
——, the high, xxxii, xxxiii
——, the low, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii
—— digestion, perfect, 394, 395
—— molecule, the, isolation of the tryptophane element of, 47
Physiology, experimental, 249;
can make no pretence to guide the field of medicine, 251;
merely confirms the precepts of instinct, 251
Psychic environment, 12
—— excitation, 259
—— influence, in digestion, 180-283
—— juice, the, 213, 257, 267
—— secretion, 261
—— stimulation, 249
Pultaceous foods, 95, 97
Pyloric sphincter, the, movements of, 314
Pylorus, the, stands guard over the intestines, 139, 141;
observations of Fallopius upon, 302;
ideas of early writers concerning, 303;
later experiments, 304, 307, 308, 315, 316, 317, 325, 326, 328,
330, 331, 332, 333, 340, 341, 360
R
Rabbit, the, experiments upon, 344, 359, 371
Rage, effect of, 388
Raiser, experiments of, 359, 371
Rectal injections, stimulating effect on movements of small
intestine of, 367
Rectum, the, 374, 379, 382
Reed, Dr. Major Walter (martyr to science), 70
Regina Margherita Laboratory, the, summit Monte Rosa, 64, 68
Regurgitation, 35
Rhinitis, 144, 148, 149
Rhythmic segmentation, of the intestinal contents, 347-355, 358,
360, 362, 383, 386
Rice, 82, 132
Rickets, 144
Rigg’s disease, 159, 163
Rjasanzew, Professor, experiments of, 275
Roberts, Sir William, 75, 147
Rockefeller, John D., xxxv
—— Institute of Preventive Medicine, the, 68
_Rollbewegung_, 345
Röntgen rays, the, Dr. Cannon’s studies with, 180, 284, 287-300,
301-341, 342-388
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 70
Root, Secretary of War, Elihu, 70
Rosa, Monte, 64, 68
Rossbach, experiments of, 305, 309, 311, 313, 314
Roux, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
Royal Society, the, 68
Rumination, 35, 98
Russell, Dr. William, 145
Russia, physicians in, 260;
food in, 267, 272
Russian Imperial Military School of Medicine, the, 68
—— peasant, the, 270
S
Sabbatani, experiments of, 378
St. Martin, Alexis, investigations on, 305, 309
Saliva, its chemical effect upon potato, 20;
upon syrup, 21, 33, 34, 35;
its action in infant life, 36;
an important therapeutic agent, 45, 93, 94, 95;
mastication promotes flow of, 96, 101;
dry food produces greater flow than moist, 97, 147;
complicated physiological functions of, 191-192, 337, 392, 393,
395, 396
Salivary digestion, in the stomach, 335, 341;
effect of mastication and cooking of food upon, 391;
imperfect, 394
—— glands, the, 155;
analogy between the innervation mechanism and the glands of
digestion, 188-190;
the exciting agencies of the nervous mechanism of, 191;
their particular properties, 191-194;
differences between the exciting agencies of the different,
194-198;
Professor Pawlow’s sham-feeding experiment, 198-211, 280
—— secretion, excitants of, 191
Sapidity, 44
Sauces, 269
Schäfer, 40, 82
Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
conditions for success, 204-206
Schütz, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 327,
332
Schwartz, experiments of, 303, 304
Scientific Assessors, Board of, 67, 68, 181
Secretions, digestive, 180
Secretory fibres, 183
—— nerves, 266
Segmentation, 386, 388
Selection, of nutriment, 7
Self-nutrition, secret of, xii
Sensory nerves, 187
Sham feeding, experiments in, 198-211, 214-246;
psychic effect may become an absolute and independent factor in,
209, 279
Sheffield Scientific School, the, experiments at, 53, 68
Sight, the sense of, 210
Sivén, experiments of, 81
Skatol, the odourous, 47
Sleep, exercises no restraining influence upon the gastric glands,
206;
effect of, 383-386
Smell, the sense of, 210
Snyder, Dr., experiment in nutritive equilibrium, 37-38
Société de Biologie, the, 46
Sodium, salts of, 277;
promote a flow of gastric juice, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282
Soft foods, 97, 129, 136, 142, 160, 162
Solid foods, 94, 268
Solray Sociological Institute, the, 68
Sorbonne, Universitie de la, 68
Soups, 266, 267
South Africa, 11
—— America, 124
“Spectator,” the, 28
Sphincter, the, 315, 316, 317, 331, 333, 341
Spinach, 99
Spirits, 93, 94
Ssanozki, Professor, experiments of, 203, 228
Starch, needed by body, 20, 21, 78, 98;
changed into maltose, 101, 102;
danger to the stomach in receiving an excess of, 141-146;
the last constituent to leave the stomach, 145, 170, 171, 172,
270, 337, 393, 395, 396;
Starling, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359
Stews, 266
Stomach, the, struggles bravely to overcome abuse, 19;
man’s ignorance concerning requirements of, 23;
mastication acts reflexly upon, 102;
a long-suffering organ, 138;
its danger of receiving an excess of starch, 141;
starch the last constituent to leave, 145;
necessity of alkali in, 146;
secretory work of, 182, 183, 229;
secretory nerves of, 210, 227;
the seat of certain definite sensations, 241;
the initial impulse towards awakening an appetite may originate
in, 244, 246;
no material progress in the physiology of, 250;
Nature endeavours to prepare lactic acid in, 269;
acids supplement weak action in, 270, 279;
catarrhal affections of, 280;
gives no obvious external sign of its workings, 301;
studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 301-341;
Galen’s observations on the functions of, 302;
Fallopius’s views upon, 302;
the motor functions of, 304;
the anatomy of, 306;
its relations to the shadow, 306;
the musculature of, 308;
normal movements of, 309;
the peptonising function of, 314;
its appearance at various stages of digestion, 319;
composed of two physiologically distinct portions, 324, 340;
its movements in vomiting, 325;
effect of its movements upon the food, 328;
attempts to perform function of teeth, 333;
salivary digestion in, 335;
inhibition of its movements during emotion, 337
—— fluids, 393, 394
Suffocation, caused by inefficient mastication, 137
Sugar, 21, 78, 89, 95, 169, 337, 393, 395
Sugar-cane, 123, 124, 169
“Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,”
Luigi Cornaro’s treatise upon, 28
Swallowing, facilitated by mastication, 97;
mechanism of, 284.
_See also_ Swallowing Impulse, the
—— Impulse, the, xxxii, 8, 9, 93, 94
—— reflex, Dr. Van Someren’s, 26, 44
Sweet potato, 124
Sweets, why pleasant, 268, 269
Sympathetic nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands
and of the pancreas, 183
Syrup, chemical effect of saliva upon, 21
T
Tapioca, 132
Taplin, 125
Tasmanians, the, 122
Taste, delicacy of the sense of, 22, 23;
should be dissipated in the mouth, 93, 210;
necessary to give an impulse to the organs of, 253;
the nutritive value of food should be considered rather than,
261
—— gratification, 93
Tea, 132
Tea-taster, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Teeth, the, influence of mastication upon, 110;
changes during man’s evolution, 115-121;
instances of vigorous use, 122-126;
irregularity in, 156;
evils of imperfect use of, 157;
examination of, 174-179;
the
stomach attempts to perform function of, 333
“Text-Book of Physiology,” Schäfer’s, 40
“That Last Waif: or Social Quarantine,” xxv
Therapeutic experiments, pathological, 249
Therapeutics, precepts of, 272
Thierfelder, 39
Thirst, 95
Thompson, Dr., 142
—— Prof. W. H., 180, 181
Thorax, the, 290
Tobacco-chewing, 103, 129
Tokio, University of, 55
Tongue, the, needs exercise, 154
Tonic constrictions, the, 344;
the appearance of, 370-373, 385, 387
—— rings, the, 373
Tonsillitis, 144, 148
Tooth-brush, the, 177
Tooth-powder, 178
Toxins, absorbed into the blood, 40, 41, 44, 143
Training, for athletes, why necessary, 22
“Traité Analytique de la Digestion,” Blondlot’s, 181
Treves, Sir Frederick, on bolting of food, 140, 141
Trinity College, Dublin, 180
Trophic fibres, 183
Tryptophane, 47
Tuberculosis, 144
Turin, Italy, Congress of Physiologists at, 26, 48, 56, 91
——, University of, 68, 284
U
Urine, should be inoffensive, 42, 93, 274
V
Vagus nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and
of the pancreas, 183;
its functions almost interminable, 183, 249
Van Someren, Dr. Ernest, xxv, 7, 12;
his paper “Was Luigi Cornaro Right?” 26-46;
his swallowing reflex, 26, 44;
his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
Sir Michael Foster’s Note upon his paper, 48-52;
the Cambridge tests, 49-52, 53, 60, 91, 92, 98
Van Valzah, 146
Veal, 100
Veddahs, the, 128
Vegetable food, experiments with, 40;
necessitates more thorough mastication than animal, 97, 98, 173;
influenced more by cooking than animal, 118, 132, 170
Vegetables, 43, 78
Venice, Italy, 30, 63, 64, 91
Vermicelli, 132
Vermicular contraction, 343
—— wave, the, 345
Vermiform appendix, the, 140
Vice, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
Vienna, 65
—— bread, 131
Vinegar, 269
Vivisection, 303, 305
Voice, the, requires lusty exercise in youth, 149
Voit diet, the, 76, 81, 84, 86
Vomiting, the act of, 193, 303;
movements of the stomach in, 325, 341
W
Wallace, Dr. G. Sim, 110, 113, 130, 154, 158, 161, 169, 174, 177
Walther, Dr., experiments of, 267, 276
Washington, D. C., 70
Water, how to drink, 9, 34, 95, 268, 391, 392
—— biscuit, 391
Weight, must become normal, 43
Welch, Dr. Prof. William H., 67, 68
Wepfer, experiments of, 303, 304
Wheat, unground pearl, 392, 393, 394
—— flour, 392
Wine, how to take, 9, 22, 23
Wine-tasters, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Wolves, experiments upon, 303
Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, 69, 70
Worry, causes indigestion, 7
Wulfson, Dr., 197
X
X-ray. _See_ Röntgen ray
Y
Yale investigation, the, x, xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxiii
—— Gymnasium, the, 87
—— test, the, 5, 69, 75-91
—— University, 68
Z
Z, in the nutrition alphabet, 10, 12;
Zuntz, Dr. Prof. N., 67, 68
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Appetite alone can judge accurately of the former, and the true
Swallowing Impulse is the limitation of the latter. If we study the
natural instincts, the rest will take care of itself.
[2] This is very strong evidence that appetite knows what to do and
when to do it, if you study and consult it and give it a chance to
prescribe.
[3] The Yale test reported herein by Professor Chittenden showed the
possibility of full alimentation according to the requirements of
Economic Nutrition in from 24 to 26 minutes daily, which is less than
1∕48 of a day. Beginners of the practice of careful mouth-treatment
of their food _may_ require more time, but, whatever it may be, it
is worth it. A little care for a short period will establish a right
habit, and then no further tedious attention nor unusual time will be
necessary to accomplish a perfectly healthy nutrition.
[4] Physiological Economy in Nutrition: The Frederick A. Stokes
Company, New York.
[5] William Heinemann: London.
[6] The author is not yet permitted to publish the particulars of these
reforms in process, but he has official information regarding them and
is in full sympathy with them.
[7] Dental surgeons now speak of the upper jaw as the maxilla, and of
the lower jaw as the mandible.
[8] This subject I am obliged to deal with very briefly, and am
compelled to omit the reasons for my conclusions.
[9] Recent observations go to show that man possesses no power of
digesting cellulose, though this substance is to a limited extent
capable of solution by the agency of bacteria in the lower portions of
his alimentary canal.
[10] I am under great obligation to Miss Eva Dunn, who has collected
valuable information for me on this and kindred subjects.
[11] Social History of the Races of Mankind, 1881.
[12] S. Powers: Tribes of California, 1877.
[13] E. M. Curr: The Australian Races, 1886-7. Taplin: The Narrinyeri;
an account of Tribes of South Australian Aborigines, 1879.
[14] J. F. Nansen: Eskimo Life, 1893.
[15] Dr. Kane: Arctic Exploration, 1854.
[16] E. Astrup: With Peary near the Pole, 1898.
[17] Sir George Grey: Journal of Two Expeditions in North-West and
Western Australia, 1841.
[18] Muster: With the Patagonians, 1869.
[19] Bailey: Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1862.
[20] E. M. Curr: The Australian Race, 1886-87.
[21] The Causes and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, pp. 88, 89. London,
1902.
[22] Gilbert Barling also traces the relationship between appendicitis
and diet. “In a considerable number of cases,” he writes, “the attack
of appendicitis can be directly attributed to unsuitable food--pork,
mackerel, over-ripe or under-ripe fruit, uncooked vegetables” (Brit.
Med. Jour., vol. i., 1903, p. 61).
[23] My friend, Dr. Thompson, undertook, at my suggestion, some
experiments to test the digestibility of raw starch within the mouth;
he found that raw potato yields abundant sugar when subjected to
long-continued mastication.
[24] _The Lancet_, March 21st, 1903, p. 806.
[25] Brit. Med. Jour., Epitome, vol. i., 1903, p. 45.
[26] A further aid to the circulation in the naso-pharynx is afforded
by the lusty use of the voice. It a natural for the young human to cry
and to shout, and unless this instinct is allowed full play the child
is apt to suffer in health. I cannot but think that the modern child
is too much repressed in this respect, and that he is not afforded,
especially in towns, proper opportunity of venting his vocal energy
in out-door play. May we not have here a contributory factor in the
causation of adenoids?
[27] Among the Australian skulls I have examined in museums caries
of the wisdom teeth--_i.e._, in those very teeth which, as shown by
their atrophy, are least used--is by no means uncommon (though it is
possible that some of the skulls belong to natives who have embraced
the dietetic customs of the white man). I submit that this fact may
fairly be used as an argument in favour of the view that inefficient
use of the teeth predisposes them to caries by interfering with their
resisting power, though it must be acknowledged that the position of
the wisdom teeth places them at a disadvantage, owing to the tendency
of food to accumulate about them, especially in undeveloped jaws in
which they have not adequate room.
[28] This film can be felt by the tongue as a somewhat rough covering,
which gives place to a smooth surface after the use of the tooth-brush.
[29] By the term “external stimulus” I mean here without distinction
every outward agency of nature, as well as every agency which has
its seat within the organism. The word “external” applies here to
everything with the single exception of the nervous system itself.
[30] One may be permitted to use this expression for the sake of
brevity.
[31] _Kwas_ is a favourite Russian drink, prepared from water, bread
or meal, with malt and yeast. It contains a considerable quantity of
lactic acid, some acetic acid, and other products of fermentation.
[32] An investigation by Cannon and Day (_American Journal of
Physiology_, 1903) has confirmed this conclusion. An hour after starchy
food mixed with saliva was ingested a unit volume of the food in the
cardiac end of the stomach contained almost twice the amount of sugar
found in a unit volume of the food in the pyloric end.
[33] The results of this investigation were reported to the Boston
Society of Medical Sciences, November 19, 1901.
[34] Without the possibility of seeing the relations of a movement to
the ends of the intestine, it cannot be stated absolutely whether the
movement is peristaltic or antiperistaltic. Such relations can be seen
on the fluorescent screen only near the stomach and near the ileocæcal
valve. The evidence that advancing peristalsis is the normal movement
is so overwhelming that I have assumed that when food is moving in
loops not visibly related to fixed points it is moving forward.
[35] In this case the fæces were soft.
[36] While Napoleon was building his power and fame he was very
careful and abstemious, but in later life succumbed to luxury and
gluttony; Bismarck’s rise and decline were similarly related to dietary
influences.--H. F.