161.
INCONTINENCE and loose living, punishment for, i. 114-116.
INGS, one of the Cato Street conspirators, his reckless demeanour on the gallows, ii. 283.
IRONING prisoners, illegality and cruelty of, i. 429-431.
JACOBITE prisoners in Newgate, i. 207-226;
preparations for them, 207, 209;
their appearance and reception, 210-212;
they live royally, 212-214;
escapes, 214;
keeper superseded and special officials appointed, 214, 215;
a new _régime_ enforced and military guard mounted, 214, 215;
attempts to corrupt the guard, and riotous conduct of the prisoners, 216-219;
executions, 219-221;
news of an amnesty, 224;
pardon, 225;
escapes of, 309-316.
JACQUES, Robert, account of his attempt to swindle, ii. 43-45.
JAMES, John, his account of the extortions practised in Newgate, i. 195.
JEBB, Sir Joshua, on Newgate, i. 20.
JENKINS, Judge, in Newgate, i. 139.
JESUIT emissaries in Newgate in 1602, i. 97;
case of Richardson, 98;
escape of seven, 99;
more favourably treated under Charles I., 100;
account of six Jesuit priests in Newgate, 111.
JOHNSON, a highwayman, shoots a turnkey, i. 329.
JOHNSON, Dr. on Mr. Akerman, the keeper of Newgate, i. 449.
JOINES, Edward, murderer, i. 365.
JONES, Mr. J. Gale, prosecuted by House of Commons, ii. 61, 62.
JONES, Mr. V., prosecuted for frauds on the Exchequer, ii. 63, 64.
JURY, illegal treatment of the, that tried Penn, i. 197.
JUVENILE depravity, general increase in, ii. 45, _et seq._;
dens of young thieves, 47;
moral contamination of the prison, 48;
instances of juvenile precocity in crime, 49, 50.
KER, a sea captain, transported for a diamond robbery, ii. 347.
KERP, one of the Wagner and Bateman gang of forgers, ii. 454-456.
KETCH, Jack, his kitchen in Newgate, i. 155 and _n._
KIDD, Captain, pirate, career of, i. 416-420.
KING'S BENCH Prison, outbreak of gaol fever in, i. 437;
state of, for debtors, ii. 78-80.
KING'S BENCH Ward, the, in Newgate, i. 151.
KONIGSMARK, Count, in Newgate, i. 8;
account of the murder of Mr. Thynne at his instigation, 182-188.
LAMBETH Palace, burglary at, ii. 312.
LANCASTER, John, his conversion and execution, ii. 118, 119.
LEARY, a precocious juvenile thief, career of, ii. 49, 50.
LEWIS, Lieutenant Paul, execution of, i. 269.
LEWIS, Paul, highwayman, i. 410.
'Liber Albus,' penalties in, against brawling and breaking the peace, i. 28,
_et seq._;
its account of the procedure at the election of sheriffs, 45.
LILBURNE, Colonel, petition of, from Newgate, i. 134;
his trial and acquittal, 136, 137;
in the pillory, 237.
LINCOLN, John, a City broker, incites the citizens against foreign workmen, i.
64;
for which he suffers death, 66.
'LIVES OF THE MOST REMARKABLE CRIMINALS,' i. 321.
LONDON, Old, Stowe's picture of the insecurity of life in, at the close of the
12th century, i. 26;
penal statute of Edward I. against evil-doers in, 27;
penalties in the 'Liber Albus' for brawling and breaking the peace in, 28-30;
account of various punishments meted out to givers of false weight and short
measure, false swearers, slanderers, &c., in, 30-39;
Henry III. and the mayor and sheriffs of, 40, 41;
a new charter granted to, by Edward III., 41;
other privileges and charters granted by the same monarch, 42;
dealings of Richard II. with, 43;
a new charter granted by Henry IV., which gives the citizens the custody of
Newgate and all other City gates, 43;
powers and privileges of the sheriffs of, 45-48;
dispute between the Corporation and the sheriffs of, regarding the right to
appoint the gaoler or keeper of Newgate, 48-51;
recapture out of sanctuary of an escaped prisoner by the sheriffs of, 52;
the "Evil May-day" rising in, 64-67;
religious persecutions in, 71-92;
state of, in 1585, 88;
mode of training cutpurses in, 88;
coney-catching in, 123-129;
turbulence of the mob in, 137.
LOTTERIES, State, evils of, i. 336.
LOWER Ward, Newgate, i. 157.
LUNSFORD, Edward, his escape from Newgate, i. 290, 291.
LUPTON, reference to his 'London Carbonadoed,' i. 5.
MACCLESFIELD, Earl of, his venal practices, i. 347.
MACDONELL, forger of acceptances, ii. 466-469.
MACKAY, Alex., executed for the murder of his mistress, ii. 422;
the first privately executed at Newgate, ii. 422.
MACKLIN, Charles, the actor, found guilty of manslaughter, i. 390, 391.
MACLANE, James, highwayman, in Newgate, i. 9;
account of his career, 400-403.
"MAIDEN, the," i. 255.
MAINE on capital punishment, i. 246.
MAISON DE FORCE, at Ghent, ii. 151.
MAITLAND on the site of Newgate, i. 23;
on the "black waggon," or "Evil May-day" rising, 67;
on the discovery of thieves, 88.
MALCOLM, Sarah, executed for murder, i. 354-356.
MALDEN, Daniel, his escapes from Newgate, i. 301-308.
MALE debtors' side of Newgate, ii. 68.
'MALEFACTOR'S BLOODY REGISTER,' the, i. 318.
MALPAS, Philip, sheriff of London, his gift to poor prisoners, i. 52;
and recapture of an escaped prisoner, 52.
MANNINGS, the, murderers of O'Connor, ii. 359;
their antecedents, 360;
their victim, 359, 360;
the murder, 361;
its discovery, 362;
their escape, 363;
capture, 363;
trial, 364, 365;
condemnation and execution, 365-367.
MANSFIELD, Lord, his impartiality on the trial of Lord George Gordon, i. 475
and _n._;
his opposition
to pardoning Dr. Dodd, ii. 16 _n._
MANSLAUGHTER, eminent persons found guilty or acquitted of--James Quin, i. 388;
Charles Macklin, i. 390;
Joseph Baretti, i. 391-393.
MARLEY, Robert, executed for the murder of R. Cope, ii. 367-369.
MARROW, Ann, pilloried for passing as a man, i. 242.
MARSHAL of the King's Bench Prison, account of the office of, ii. 79.
MARSHALSEA Prison, and of the debtors in, ii. 82-84.
MARWOOD, the hangman, account of, ii. 415, 416.
MARYAN persecutions, i. 79, _et seq._
MASSEY, Captain, case of, tried and executed for involuntary piracy, i. 423.
MASTER felons' side, Newgate, ii. 70;
price and privileges of, 98.
MAURITIUS, Bishop of London, preparations of, for building a new cathedral, i.
24.
MAY, a body-snatcher, narrowly escapes hanging, ii. 330-333.
MAYNARD, executed for forging a Custom House warrant, ii. 304;
the last person who suffered death for forgery, 304.
MAYOR, Lord, mode of electing, settled, i. 44;
an ancient, entertains four sovereigns, 44, 45.
MEAD, the Quaker, in Newgate, i. 196.
MEDIÆVAL NEWGATE, i. 22-59.
MEREDITH, John, case of, committed to Newgate, i. 103.
METEYARD, Mrs., execution of, i. 273.
METEYARDS, the, murderers, i. 370-372.
METROPOLIS, state of crime in the, in the early part of the 18th century, i.
324, _et seq._
MIDDLE Ward, the, Newgate, i. 157.
MIDDLE yard, Newgate, ii. 70.
MIDDLETON, Thomas, committed to Newgate for refusing to be sworn, i. 105.
MILLBANK Penitentiary, erection of i. 19.
MIST, Nathaniel, prosecuted for libel, ii. 56.
MOBBS, executed for murdering his wife, ii. 371.
MOCK trials in Newgate, ii. 96-98.
MODERS, Mary, a famous impostor, account of, i. 188-191.
MONMOUTH, the Duke of, witnesses an execution in Pall Mall, i. 264.
MONTGOMERY, Captain, forging bank-notes, poisons himself, ii. 301.
MONTGOMERY, Lord, a prisoner in Newgate, i. 161.
MORE, Sir Thomas, reference to his 'Utopia,' i. 62;
his death, 72;
on hanging for theft, ii. 5.
"MOSES, Money," a notorious receiver, conviction of, ii. 326, 327.
"MULLED sack." See _Cottington, Jack_.
MÜLLER, Franz, executed for the murder of Mr. Briggs, ii. 417-419, 448-452.
MUNDAY, Alderman Sir John, and the "Evil May-day" rising, i. 65.
MUTILATION, the punishment of, i. 233.
MURDERS and murderers in London, some of the principal--Richard Savage, i. 339;
Major Oneby, 340-344;
Marquis de Paleoti, 344, 345;
Catherine Hayes, 350-354;
Sarah Malcolm, 354-356;
John Price (the hangman), 357-359;
Louis Houssart, 359-362;
Vincent Davis, 362;
George Price, 363-365;
Edward Joines, 365;
John Williamson, 366;
Theodore Gardelle, 367-370;
the Meteyards (mother and daughter), 370-372;
Mrs. Elizabeth Brownrigg, 372-374;
Mr. Plunkett, 376;
Mr. Edward Bird, 376;
William Hawksworth, 377;
Rev. James Hackman, 378-383;
Governor Wall, 383-388;
scene at his execution, and last moments, ii. 238-241;
John Hogan, 232;
John Sutherland, 233;
Charles Palm, 233;
Sam Tilling, 233;
Holloway, 241;
Haggerty, 241;
Bellingham, 244;
Courvoisier, 245, 262, 263, 348-353;
Williams, 267, 268;
Thurtell, Hunt, and Probert, 328, 329;
Bishop and Williams (the "burkers"), 330-333;
Greenacre, 333-336;
Daniel Good, 354-356;
Hocker, 356-359;
the Mannings, 359-367;
Marley, 367-369, 427;
Mobbs, 371;
Barthelemy, 371;
Müller, 417-419, 448-452;
Wainwright, 426, 470, 471;
Catherine Wilson, 427, 441-443;
Kate Webster, 427, 469, 471;
Alexander Mackay, 422;
Christian Sattler, 428, 453.
NEILD, Mr., his prison visitations, ii. 148.
NEVISON, William, highwayman, account of, i. 177-179.
NEWGATE--the first prison, i. 1;
its antiquity, 1;
its first inmates and their treatment, 1-4;
original gate-house gaol part of City fortifications, 4;
is restored and improved by Whittington's executors, 4;
despotic power of chief gaoler, 5;
is rebuilt in 1666, 6;
Wren supposed to be the architect, 6;
number of divisions in the interior, 6;
the press yard and its privileges, 7, 9;
prison life in the 17th century, 7-12;
public executions and their surroundings, 10-12;
the old prison is condemned, 13;
the present prison was begun in 1770, 14;
George Dance is the architect, 14;
was fired by the Lord George Gordon rioters, 15;
and afterwards repaired, 15;
condition of the inmates in 1813, 15-17;
Mrs. Fry's labours in, 18;
report of the Government inspectors on, 19, 20;
it undergoes various alterations, 21;
and serves till 1880, when it was closed, 21;
still the metropolitan place of execution, 21.
_Newgate, Mediæval_, i. 22-59;
earliest mention of, 22;
conjectures regarding its site, 23;
and as to its being one of the four original gates of the City, 23;
state of mediæval Newgate, 25;
and of its inmates, 25;
used as a prison for persons of rank before the Tower, 25;
and for various offenders against City laws, 26-39;
first recorded escape from, 40;
consequences of, to the mayor and sheriffs, 40, 41;
Henry IV. commits the keeping of Newgate to the citizens, 43;
the sheriffs have the custody of the prisoners in, 45;
privileges of the sheriffs in reference to prisoners, 45 and _n._;
mode of appointing, and powers and privileges of, the gaoler or keeper of,
46;
the appointment to the office ultimately becomes purchasable, 47;
£3000 recorded as the price once paid for the office, 47;
dispute between the sheriffs and the Corporation as to the right to appoint
the gaoler of, 48-50;
a royal nominee sometimes appointed, 50;
dispute between the Lords of the Council and the Corporation on the subject,
50, 51;
poor prisoners in, wholly dependent on charity for their support, 51-53;
recapture of an escaped prisoner, 52;
their wretched condition, 53;
transference of all debtors to, 54;
a Prayer-Book bequeathed to, 56;
Wat Tyler and his followers break into, and set the prisoners free, 57;
Whittington leaves money for rebuilding, 58;
various repairs made at different times on the third edifice, 59.
_Newgate in the Sixteenth Century_, i. 60-95;
starting-point for the promenade to the pillory, 63;
the "Evil May-day" prisoners, 64-67;
the murders of Roderigo the Spaniard, 69;
poor debtors in, 69, 70;
prisoners for conscience' sake in, 71-92;
Alexander, keeper of Newgate in Mary's time, type of a brutal
gaoler, 80-84;
description of, in Mary's time, 85;
nature of the prisoners in Edward's reign, 86-89;
religious prisoners in Elizabeth's time, 89-92;
and political prisoners, 92;
condition of the prisoners during the 16th century, 92-95;
inquiry into the conduct of Crowder, the gaoler in Elizabeth's time, 94.
_Newgate in the Seventeenth Century, down to the Great Fire_, i. 96-142;
Jesuit emissaries in, in 1602, 97;
license allowed to, 99;
escape of seven, 99;
favour shown to, by Charles I., 100;
case of Thomas Coo, over twenty years in, 101;
sufferings and petitions of other poor wretches in, 101-106;
conditional pardons issued to certain prisoners, 106-108;
petitions of others for release, 108, 109;
Jesuit priests and Irish friars in, 112;
prisoners for infringing sanitary laws, 113;
and for incontinence and loose living, 114-116;
for religious fanaticism, rioting, and forging, 116-119;
condition of the prisoners, tyranny of the keeper, and
extortion of the understrappers in, 119-123;
the "Dogge Tavern" in, 121;
petitions from prisoners in, during the Long Parliament, 130-138;
Royalist prisoners in, 138-140;
brother of the Portuguese ambassador in, 140;
aristocratic prisoners in, 141.
_Newgate in the Seventeenth Century, after the Great Fire_, i. 143-198;
refaced and refronted, 143;
destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, 144;
how rebuilt, 144;
the façade, 144;
description of the position and interior of the 1667 prison, 147-161;
general divisions of, 148;
the felons' cell, 150;
the master debtors' side, 150-152;
the master felons' side, 152;
the common side for debtors, 153-157;
Jack Ketch's kitchen, 155 _n._;
the common felons' side, 157-159;
the press yard and castle, 159-161;
the chapel, 160;
wretched condition of the inmates, 161;
suicide frequent, 162;
two keepers brought to book, 162, 163;
clippers and coiners in, 164-166;
highwaymen in, 166-180;
abductors in, 180, _et seq._;
Count Konigsmark and the German Princess in, 182-191;
Titus Oates and Dangerfield, 192-195;
extortion to which prisoners were subjected, 196;
Quakers in, 196; Romish priests and laymen in, 198;
the press yard, its extent, privileges, extortions, and inmates, 199-207;
Jacobite prisoners in, 207-226;
spotted fever in, 223;
Rob Roy in, 226;
executions from, and scenes at, 231-285;
escapes from, 286-316;
calendars of, 317-321;
murderers confined in, 338-388;
Quin, Macklin, and Baretti in, 388-393;
highwaymen in, 397-415;
pirates in, 415-423;
gaol fever and its ravages in, 424-450;
life in, 450;
the sexes intermixed, 451;
debauchery, gaming, drunkenness, moral contamination, 451;
prisoners subjected to experiments, 452;
they take military service to escape from, 453.
_Newgate--the New Gaol_, i. 454-474; ii. 2-64;
preliminary proceedings, i. 455, _et seq._;
density of prison population, 455 _n._;
destruction of the press yard by fire, 459;
and two of the inmates burned, 459;
preparations for the erection of a new gaol, 460;
estimate of the cost, 461, 462;
foundation stone laid by Lord Mayor Beckford, 463;
the Lord George Gordon riots, 463;
the mob proceed to Newgate, 465;
threaten the governor, 465;
attack the prison, and fire the gates, 466, 467;
they are headed by the hangman, John Dennis, 467;
they rush into the gaol and release the prisoners, 468-470;
Crabbe's account of the attack, 470-472;
some of the released
prisoners voluntarily return, 473;
others are recaptured, 473;
keys of, found in St. James's Square, 483;
£10,000 voted by Parliament for repairing damage done by the rioters, 483;
state of crime at the opening of the new gaol, ii. 2-4;
forgers in, 6-22;
clippers and coiners in, 22-27;
street robbers and pickpockets, 31-36;
swindlers and sharpers, 38-44;
juvenile criminals, 44-50;
victims of the Press laws, 54-62;
Government officials, 62-64;
the Marquis of Sligo in, 64.
_Newgate down to 1818_, ii. 66-230;
still overcrowded, 67;
statistics as to the number of prisoners in, at given times, 67;
description of the interior as it was occupied in 1810, 68;
the male debtors' side, 68;
the female debtors' side, 69;
the chapel yard, 69;
the middle yard, 70;
the master felons' side, 70;
the state side, 71;
the press yard, 71;
the female felons' side, 72;
sanitary and other conveniences, 73;
description of the debtors' side and of their daily life there, 68-91;
of the criminal side, 92, _et seq._;
classification of inmates, 92-94;
contaminating influences of indiscriminate association, 94-96;
mock trials in, 96, 97;
cost and privileges of the master's side, 98;
and of the state side, 99-101;
lunatics in, 99 and _n._;
the female felons' wards, 101;
the new press yard the receptacle for male condemned prisoners, 101;
number, treatment, and accommodation of the condemned, 101-104;
ill-treatment of prisoners in, 104-106;
visitors to Newgate searched, 106 _n._;
"bad money," explanation of the phrase, 107;
indiscriminate admission leads to frightful consequences, 106-108;
the Corporation make inquiries regarding improvements in, 109;
and propose certain stringent reforms in, 110-113;
absence of any religious or moral instruction in, 114;
and indifference of the ordinaries generally, 115;
philanthropic labours of outsiders on behalf of the prisoners in, 116-126;
specimen of a Newgate ordinary, 127-130;
efforts of the Philanthropic Society and other institutions on behalf of the
prisoners in, 130-132;
Mrs. Fry's labours amongst the female prisoners in, 132-142;
and its wonderful results, 142-146;
improvements introduced into, 162;
visits of the prison inspectors to, and their report on, 191;
general condition of, 191-196;
the power and tyranny of the wardsmen, 196-198;
incompetency of the governor, Mr. Cope, 199;
a nursery of crime, 201;
literature of, 202;
drinking, feasting, and fighting in, 204-207;
indiscriminate admission of visitors, 208;
abuses on the female side, 208-212;
labours of the Ladies' Association, 211;
condition of the condemned, 213-215;
indiscriminate association and brutal callousness of, 215;
Newgate tokens and their value in the eyes of the criminal classes, 215 and
_n._;
lunatics in, 217-219;
abuses of the state side revived, 220, 221;
utter lack of discipline in, 221-224;
severity of the inspectors' remarks on the state of, 224, 225;
some improvements introduced, 225-227;
inspectors still complain, 227-230;
becomes the place of public execution, 233;
first executions, 233;
description of the new gallows at, 234;
Phoebe Harris burned to death at, 236;
scene at the execution of Governor Wall, 238-241;
shocking catastrophe and loss of life at the execution of Holloway and Haggerty, 241;
executions of Bellingham, 244;
Fauntleroy, 245;
and Courvoisier at, 245;
scenes at, and description of an
execution at, 245-249;
treatment of the condemned after sentence and up to execution, in, 249-252;
account of the Sunday service in, when the condemned sermon was preached, 255-260;
and of another religious service, the formal thanks of the reprieved, 260-262;
crowded and fashionable congregation at, to hear Courvoisier's condemned sermon, 262;
and dense crowd at his execution, 263;
shocking exhibitions at executions at, 269-272.
NEWGATE NOTORIETIES, ii. 274-473;
the Cato Street conspirators in, and their execution in front of it, 278-284;
criminals in, for attempts on the life of the sovereign, 284-293;
for forgery, 294-304;
for abduction, 306-311;
for robbery, 312-317;
Ikey Solomons, a notorious receiver, in, 317-321;
for bullion robberies, 321-325;
for diamond robberies, 322-325;
for that of gold-dust, 325-327;
murderers in--Thurtell, Hunt, and Probert, 328;
Bishop and Williams, 330-333;
Greenacre, 333-336;
the Wallaces for wilful shipwreck, 338-341;
forgers--Rev. W. Bailey, LL.D., 341;
W. H. Barber and Joshua Fletcher, 341-343;
Burgess, a clerk in the Bank of England, for defrauding it of £8000, 343-345;
Howse, for robbing his master's plate-chest, 345;
Ker, for robbing diamonds, 347;
murderers--Courvoisier, 348-353;
Daniel Good, 354-356;
Hocker, 356-359;
the Mannings, 359-367;
Robert Marley, 367-369;
Cannon, for a murderous attack on a constable, 370;
Mobbs, for murder, 371;
and E. Barthelemy for murder, 371;
perpetrators of gigantic frauds--W. Watts, 371-375;
commits suicide in, 375;
R. F. Pries, 376;
J. W. Cole, Maltby and Co., and Davidson and Co., 377-379;
Messrs. Strahan, Paul, and Bates, 379-382;
Robson, 382-386;
L. Redpath, 386-390;
the perpetrators of the great gold robbery on the South-Eastern Railway, 386-390;
J. T. Saward, the forger, and his confederates, 395-398;
various successful and unsuccessful attempts at escape from, 339-409;
suicides in, 409, 410;
demeanour of condemned murderers in, 424-429;
poisoners in, 431-443;
pirates and murderers, 444-453;
of forgers, 454-469;
the 'Lennie' mutineers, 472;
a few lesser celebrities, 473.
NEWGATE REFORMED, ii. 475-503;
movement for prison reform, 475;
Pentonville 'model' prison built, 476;
the reform movement extends to the provinces, 477;
cost of prison erection, 478;
views as to prison discipline--silence _versus_ separation, 478-480;
difference of treatment in different prisons, 481;
Mr. Pearson's committee on uniformity of discipline, 482;
his system explained, 483;
attention again attracted to Newgate, 485;
old evils still prevalent, 486;
minor improvements introduced, 487;
Lord John Russell's suggestion as to the reconstruction of Newgate, 488;
new City prison erected at Holloway, 491;
Newgate rebuilt internally, 492;
last inquiry into the condition of prisons by the Lords Committee in 1863,
493;
diversity of treatment still the rule, 494;
the question of beds, 495;
objectionable condition of the minor borough prisons, 495-497;
provisions of the Prisons Act of 1865, 497-500;
penalties of the Act against local authorities seldom enforced, 501;
the Bill of 1877 transfers the prisons to the Government, and Newgate is closed, 502.
NEWGATE Calendars, i. 317;
their editors and publishers, 318;
compiled from sessions papers, 319;
demand for, caused by prevalence of crime, 321.
NICHOLSON, Margaret, attempts the life of George III., ii. 284.
"NIGHT-WALKERS," laws and ordinances against, in old London, i. 28, 29.
NOBLEMEN, list of, who owned prisons, i. 428 _n._
NORTON, William, captures a highwayman, i. 411.
NOYES, forger of acceptances, ii. 466-469.
OATES, Titus, the informer, account of, i. 192-194.
OGLE, Captain, burned to death in Newgate, i. 459.
OGLE, Lady, i. 182, 187.
OLD BAILEY becomes the place of public execution, i. 283.
ONEBY, Major, case of, for murder, i. 340-344.
ORDINARY of Newgate, duties and privileges of the, i. 273, _et seq._;
general indifference of ordinaries to the welfare of the prisoners, ii. 115;
specimen of an, 127-130.
ORFORD, Lord, and the suppression of piracy, i. 417-420.
OVERTON, Richard, petition for the release of, from Newgate, i. 133.
OXFORD, attempts the life of the Queen, ii. 285-289.
OXFORD, outbreak of gaol fever at, i. 436;
the Black Assize at, 436.
PAGE, William, highwayman, i. 403.
PAINE, Tom, imprisoned for his rationalistic writings, ii. 56.
PALEOTI, the Marquis de, case of, for murdering his servant, i. 344.
PALL MALL, execution of the murderers of Mr. Thynne in, i. 264.
PALM, Charles, execution of, ii. 233.
PALMER, trial of, for poisoning Cook, ii. 432-439.
PANTALEON SA, Don, in Newgate for murder, i. 149.
PARKHURST, Nathaniel, execution of, i. 270.
PARSONS, William, highwayman, i. 407-410.
PATCH, Old. See _Price, Charles_.
PATE, Lieut., attempts the life of the Queen, ii. 292, 293.
PAUL, Parson, a Jacobite, in Newgate, his execution, i. 220 and _n._
PEARSON, Mr., his committee on prison management, ii. 482.
PEEL, Mr., on small local prisons, ii. 177;
his Bill for the abolition of capital punishment for forgery, 305.
PEERS, prosecutions for libels on, ii. 60, 61.
PEMBERTON, Lord Chief Justice, i. 186.
PENAL code, effects of a ruthless, ii. 2-6.
PENEDO, cruel punishment of, in the pillory, i. 235.
PENN in Newgate, i. 198.
PENTONVILLE model prison erected, ii. 476.
PEPYS' account of Colonel Turner's execution, i. 261.
PERCIE, Sir T., in Newgate, i. 26.
PERREAU, the brothers, executed for forging a bond, ii. 11, 12.
PETTY, Sir William, resuscitates a woman who had been hanged, i. 280.
PETTY treason, the crime of, and punishment for, i. 353 _n._;
victims of, 354.
PETWORTH Prison, one of the first improved prisons in England, ii. 109 and _n._
PHILANTHROPIC Society, the, effort of, on behalf of the prisoners in Newgate,
ii. 130, 131.
PHILANTHROPY IN NEWGATE, ii. 114-146;
absence of any religious or moral instructions in, 114;
indifference of the ordinaries generally, 115;
interview of the chaplain, Mr. Smith, with one of the condemned, 115;
efforts of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge on behalf of the prisoners, 116;
labours of Silas Told, 117;
his story of John Lancaster and his conversion, 118, 119;
he meets with
opposition from the ordinary and the turnkeys, 120;
but is not to be repressed, 121;
his account of the execution of Mary Edmonson, 121-124;
and of the amateur highwaymen, 124-126;
he visits Mrs. Brownrigg, 126;
visits of Alexander Cruden, 126;
mode in which an ordinary (Rev. Brownlow Forde, LL.D.) discharged his duties,
127;
disorderly conduct at the services, 128;
Dr. Forde's opinion of the self-denying labours of others, 129;
the doctor more in his element in the chair at a "free-and-easy," 130;
efforts of the Philanthropic Society and other institutions, 130, 131;
and of Mr. Cotton, the new ordinary, 131, 132;
Mrs. Fry's first visit, 132;
condition of the female prisoners, 133;
extract from her diary on the subject, 134;
her second visit, four years later, 134;
condition of the female inmates then, 135;
barbarous treatment to which they were subjected, 136, 137;
first effects of Mrs. Fry's labours, 137-139;
formation of an association for the improvement of the female prisoners, 138;
a matron appointed, 139;
work found and new rules drawn up for the regulation of the female prisoners,
140-142;
marvellous results, 142-144;
the great crowd to Newgate to see the change, 145;
influence of the Ladies' Association on prison reform generally, 146.
PHILLIPS, Thomas, pressed to death, i. 253.
PHILPOT, Master, persecution of, i. 81, _et seq._
PICARD, Henry, Lord Mayor, entertains four sovereigns, i. 42.
PIE powder, privilege of holding courts of, granted to the City, i. 42;
confirmed by Edward IV., 44.
PIERCE, the designer of the gold robbery on the South-Eastern
Railway, ii. 391-395.
PILLORY, use of, in old London, i. 30, _et seq._;
foresworn jurors and ringleaders of false inquests consigned to the, 63;
Oates in the, 193;
the punishment of the, 235;
distinguished victims of the, 237-239;
finally abolished in 1837, 239.
PIRATES and piracy, prevalence of, and mischief done by, i. 415, 416;
one (Captain Roberts) took 400 sail, 416;
expedition fitted out to capture and suppress, 417;
disastrous result of, 417-419;
Captain Kidd and his career, 417-420;
career of Captain Gow, 420-422;
the treatment of the crews of captured ships by, 422;
the case of Captain Massey, tried and executed for involuntary piracy, 423;
the 'Flowery Land' pirates, ii. 417;
the 'Lennie' mutineers, 472.
PITT, Mr., governor of Newgate, i. 202, 209;
attached on a charge of high treason, 214;
is tried, acquitted, and restored, 221;
again unfortunate, 221.
PLAGUE, punishment for careless dealing with, i. 113.
PLUNKETT, Mr., executed for murder, i. 376.
POISONING and poisoners, ii. 431, _et seq._;
early instances of, 431;
trial of Palmer for poisoning Cook, 432-439;
of Dr. Smethurst for poisoning Miss Bankes, 439-441;
of Catherine Wilson for wholesale poisoning, 441-443;
of Christina Edmunds for the wife of a man for whom she had conceived a guilty passion, 471;
the cases of Bravo, Lamson, and Kate Dover, 472.
POISONING punished by burning alive, i. 62, 63.
POPE, Mr., police officer, captures a highwayman, i. 410.
PORTER, John, imprisoned by Bonner for reading the Bible in
St. Paul's, i. 74-76.
POWELL, Edward, a rioter, case of, i. 117.
POYNTZ, Sir Nicholas, his escape from Newgate, i. 290.
PRAYER-BOOK specially bequeathed to Newgate, i. 56.
PRESSING to death, the punishment of, i. 38, 250.
PRESS laws, severity of the, at the beginning of the 18th century, ii. 54, 55;
case of Lawrence Howell for denouncing George I. as a usurper, 55;
of Nathaniel Mist for commenting on the action of George I. as to
the Protestants in the Palatinate, 56;
Tom Paine for his rationalistic writings, 56;
William Rowland for remarks on the conduct of two magistrates, 57;
libels in the 'Craftsman,' 57;
Dr. Shebbeare fined, pilloried, and imprisoned for his 'Sixth Letter to the
English People,' 57;
Wilkes and the 'North Briton' and the 'London Evening Post,' 57;
oppression of the Press under George III., 59;
Mr. Walter and the 'Times,' 59;
prosecutions for libels on peers, 60;
and on the House of Commons, 61, 62.
PRESS yard, the, in Newgate, and its privileges, i. 7, 9;
its extent, 149, 150;
the division of Newgate so called, 159-161;
intended originally for State prisoners, 199;
deemed to be part of the governor's house, 199;
a fiction for extorting fees, 200;
account of the extortion practised, 200-204;
accommodation and customs of the inmates, 205-207;
destruction of the, by fire, 459;
two of the inmates burned, 459;
state of the, in 1810, ii. 71, 72;
brutal indifference of the inmates of, 213, 215.
PRICE, Charles, bank-note forger, ii. 17;
remarkable career of, 18-20;
hangs himself, 21.
PRICE, Evan, a religious lunatic, case of, i. 116.
PRICE, George, murderer, i. 363-365.
PRICE, John, murderer, i. 357-359.
PRIESTS, seminary, persecution of, by Elizabeth, i. 89-92.
PRISON DISCIPLINE SOCIETY, formation of, ii. 150, 165, 166;
Sydney Smith's opposition to, 166;
further efforts of the Society, 167, _et seq._
PRISONER for a penny, a, ii. 77.
PRISONERS and prison life in Newgate in early times, i. 2-4;
in the 17th century, 7-12;
in 1813, 15-17;
powers and privileges of the head gaolers or keepers in
reference to, 5, 46-48;
poor prisoners wholly dependent on charity for their support, 51;
various gifts bequeathed to, 51, 52;
all food forfeited given to, 53;
epidemics, 53;
riots and outbreaks, 53;
condition of, in 16th century, 60-62;
benefit of clergy claimed and abused by, 62;
treatment of religious and political prisoners, 71-92;
condition of, during the 16th century, 92-95;
sufferings and petitions of poor prisoners in the earlier part of the 17th
century, 101-105;
conditional pardons granted to certain prisoners, 106-108;
petitions of various, 108, 109, 130-138;
account of the Jacobite prisoners in Newgate, 207-226;
spotted fever breaks out amongst, 223;
rejoicings amongst, at an amnesty, 224;
loading prisoners with irons illegal, 429;
cruel nature of the punishment, 430;
John Wilkes's letter on the subject, 430, 431;
capricious mode of practising the infliction, 431 _n._;
avarice the primary cause of the ill-treatment of prisoners, 431;
monstrous extortion of gaol fees, 432;
ravages amongst, from gaol fever, 424-450;
moral contamination of, from inter-mixture of the sexes, debauchery, gaming,
and drunkenness, 450, 451;
they are subjected to experiments, 452;
take military service to escape, 453;
density of the prison population, 455;
various kinds of, in Newgate, ii. 6-64;
statistics of, 67;
condition of, in Newgate in 1810, 68-104;
ill-treatment of, 104-106;
demoralized condition of, 106-108;
certain stringent reforms proposed for, 110-113;
absence of any religious or moral
instruction for, 114; indifference of the ordinaries generally, 115;
philanthropic efforts on behalf of, 116-126;
specimen of a Newgate ordinary, the Rev. Brownlow Forde, 127-130;
efforts of the Philanthropic Society and other institutions on their behalf,
130-132;
Mrs. Fry's labours amongst the female prisoners, 132-141;
their marvellous results, 142-146.
See also _Prison Reform_; _Prisons, the First Report of the Inspectors of_;
_Philanthropy in Newgate_; and _Newgate Reformed_.
PRISON REFORMS, THE BEGINNINGS OF, ii. 147-186;
Mrs. Fry's labours lead to prison reform generally, 148;
Mr. Neild's visitation, 148;
neglect of prisons not the fault of the legislature, 149;
various Gaol Acts in force, 149;
formation of the Prison Discipline Society, 150;
Mr. Buxton's labours on behalf of prisoners, 151, _et seq._;
prisoners' rights, 151-153;
legal authority for them, 153-155;
classification of prisoners, 155;
state of various prisons throughout the kingdom, 156, _et seq._;
foulness and overcrowding in the Borough Compter, 156;
Guildford Prison, 157;
ironing of prisoners, 158 _n._;
shocking state of Bristol Gaol, 158-160;
the "Pit," 159;
a few exceptions to this, 160;
Bury St. Edmunds, a model prison, 160, 161;
Ilchester Gaol also commendable, 161;
improvements introduced into Newgate, 162;
moral deterioration of prisoners, 164;
chain gangs in the streets, 165;
"caravans" for conveying prisoners introduced, 166;
Sydney Smith's opposition to prison reform, 166, 167;
defective nature of prison architecture, 169-171;
new gaol legislation, 171, 172;
Prison Discipline Society sees to its enforcement, 172-174;
borough prisons the worst, 173, 174, 178, 179;
slow progress of reform, 174, 175;
shocking state of the New Prison, Clerkenwell, 175;
want of uniformity of treatment, 176;
small local prisons an impediment to reform, 177-180;
Newgate remains unaffected by the prison laws, 180-182;
committees of both Houses of Parliament appointed to inquire into prison reform, 182, 183;
their recommendations on the subject, 184-186.
PRISONS, THE FIRST REPORT OF THE INSPECTORS OF, ii. 187-230;
inspectors appointed in 1835, 188;
Mr. W. Crawford is one--his antecedents, 189;
the Rev. Whitworth Russell the other, 190;
their visits to Newgate, and their report on it, 191;
the condition of the prison as bad as before, 191-193;
the governor, Mr. Cope, to blame for this, 193;
wretched condition of the prisoners, 194-196;
power and tyranny of the wardsmen, 196-198;
incompetency of the governor, Mr. Cope, 199, 200;
Newgate a nursery of crime, 201; prison literature, 202;
drinking, feasting, and fighting in, 204-206;
accidents arising from this, 206;
riots, 207;
other violations of the Gaol Acts, 207;
indiscriminate admission of visitors, 208;
abuses on the female side, 208-212;
labours of the Ladies' Association, 211;
condition of the condemned, 213-215;
indiscriminate association of, 215;
their brutal callousness, 215;
a child of nine condemned to death, 215 _n._;
Newgate tokens, and their importance in the eyes of the criminal classes, 215
and _n._;
the inspectors censure the conduct of the ordinary, 216;
lunatics in, 217-219;
gentlemen concerned in bribery cases committed to Newgate, 219;
abuses of the state side revived, 220, 221;
utter lack of discipline in Newgate, 221-224;
severity of the inspectors' remarks on the state of Newgate, 224, 225;
the Corporation protest, but attempt to reform, 225;
nature of the improvements, 226, 227;
in succeeding reports the inspectors still complain, 227-230.
PRISONS Act of 1865, provisions of the, ii. 497-500;
and of 1877, 502.
PRISONS, list of noblemen and bishops who owned, i. 428 _n._
PRIZE-FIGHTING and its aristocratic patrons, ii. 53.
PROBERT, participates in the murder of Mr. Weare, ii. 328;
turns approver, 329;
hanged for horse-stealing, 328.
PROTESTANTS, persecutions of, in the 16th century, i. 71-92.
PRYNNE, release of, from prison, i. 130.
PRYNNE in the pillory, i. 236, 237.
PUNISHMENTS, early forms of, i. 232, _et seq._
QUAKERS in Newgate, i. 196;
Penn and Mead, and their unjust treatment, 196, 197.
QUEEN, attempts on the life of the.
See _Sovereign, attempts on the life of the_.
QUIN, James, the actor, found guilty of manslaughter, i. 388.
RANN, John, highwayman, execution of, i. 269;
account of his career, 403-406.
RATCLIFFE, Mr., his escape from Newgate, 314;
recapture and execution, 315, 316.
RAVAILLAC, the punishment of, i. 249.
REBELS, Jacobite, in Newgate, account of the, i. 207-226.
RECEIVER of stolen property, career of a notorious, Ikey Solomons, ii. 317-321;
Sir James Stephen recommends capital punishment for those repeatedly convicted, 317 _n._;
conviction of "Money Moses," another notorious receiver, and
a direct descendant of Ikey, 326, 327.
RECORDER'S report, terrible suspense of the condemned and their
friends in waiting for the, ii. 252.
RELIGIOUS persecutions in the 16th century, i. 71-92.
RERESBY, Sir John, i. 183.
RESOLUTION Club, a gang of robbers, account of, i. 328.
RESURRECTION men and their doings, ii. 51, 330-333, 460-462.
RESUSCITATION after hanging, instances of, i. 279-282.
RICHARD II. oppresses the citizens, i. 43.
RICHARDSON, W., a Jesuit, trial and execution of, i. 98.
RIOTS, street, i. 393; the footmen's, 394-397.
ROARERS, account of the, and of their punishment, in old London, i. 29.
ROBBERIES, impunity with which they were committed in the 18th century, ii. 31;
daring nature of, 31-35.
ROBBERY, highway, prevalence of, in the 17th century, i. 166-180;
in London in the early part of the 18th century, 324, _et seq._;
Fielding on, 326;
instances of, with violence, ii. 312-317;
of bullion from the Custom House, 321;
of diamonds, 322-325;
burglaries, 325;
of gold-dust, 325-327;
of banks and royal palaces, 345;
of Lord Fitzgerald's plate-chest, 345;
of clubs by a member, 346;
of diamonds by a sea captain, 347.
ROBERTS, Captain, pirate, i. 416.
ROB ROY in Newgate, i. 226.
ROGERS, John, his persecution and burning, i. 79.
ROMAN CATHOLICS, persecutions of, in the 16th century, i. 71-92.
ROMILLY, Sir Samuel, his efforts to ameliorate the criminal law, ii. 5.
ROUPELL, William, his will forgeries, ii. 462-465.
ROWLAND, William, prosecuted for libel, ii. 57.
ROYALIST prisoners in Newgate, i. 138-140.
RUSSELL, Lord John, on prison reform, ii. 488.
RUSSELL, Lord William, murder of, ii. 348-353.
RUSSELL, Rev. W., inspector of prisons, i. 19.
RYAN, Matthew, last person pressed to death, i. 254.
SACKVILLE, Edward, in Newgate, i. 141.
ST. GILES'S BOWL, i. 11, 271.
ST. MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND, sanctuary of, i. 52 and _n._
SANCTUARY of St. Martin's-le-Grand, i. 52 _n._;
advantage of, to those who fled to, i. 61 and _n._
SATTLER, Christian, executed for murdering a police inspector, ii. 428, 453.
SAVAGE, Richard, tried and condemned for murder, case of, i. 339.
SAWARD, J. T., forgeries of, and his confederates, ii. 395-398.
SCOTT, a highwayman, attempted escape of, i. 309.
SELWYN, George, i. 12; his craving for executions, 265, 266.
SEMINARY priests, persecution of, in Elizabeth's time, i. 89-92.
SHEBBEARE, Dr., in the pillory, i. 237.
SHEBBEARE, Dr., prosecutes for libel, ii. 57.
SHEPPARD, Jack, scene at his execution, i. 268;
his escapes from Newgate, 294-299;
his celebrity, 298, 299;
and trial, 300.
SHEPPARD, James, a Jacobite, scene at the execution of, i. 275.
SHERIFFS of old London, mode of electing, i. 45;
their powers as to Newgate, 45, 46;
and privileges as to prisoners, 45 and _n._;
the "Sheriffs' Fund," origin and use of, 45 _n._;
dispute between the, and the Corporation as to the right
to appoint the gaoler or keeper of Newgate, 48-50;
recapture of an escaped prisoner by the, 52.
SHIP-MONEY, commitments to Newgate for non-payment of, i. 109.
SHIPWRECK, wilful, of heavily-insured ships, ii. 338-341.
SILK, Captain, a Jacobite, in Newgate, i. 213, _et seq._
SIX Articles of Henry VIII., persecutions for infringement of, i. 73, _et seq._
SIXTEEN String Jack, execution of, i. 269.
SKEFFINGTON'S gyves, i. 75.
SLIGO, the Marquis of, imprisoned in Newgate, ii. 64, 65.
SMETHURST, Dr., trial of, for poisoning Miss Bankes, ii. 439-441.
SMITH, Dr., his report on Newgate, i. 445.
SMITH, Sydney, opposed to wholesale prison reforms, ii. 166, 167.
SMITH, Thomas, burned to death in Newgate, i. 459.
SOCIETY for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, efforts of, on
behalf of prisoners in Newgate, ii. 116.
SOLOMONS, Ikey, a notorious receiver, account of the career of, ii. 317-321.
SOMERS, Lord, and the suppression of piracy, i. 417-420.
SOUTHWARK, the bailiwick of, granted to the City, i. 42;
confirmed by Edward IV., 44.
SOVEREIGN, attempts on the life of the--Margaret Nicholson on George III., ii.
284;
Hatfield on George III., 284;
John Collins on William IV., 284;
Oxford on the Queen, 285-289;
John Francis on the Queen, 289-291;
John William Bean on the Queen, 291, 292;
Lieutenant Pate on the Queen, 292, 293.
SPIGGOT, William, pressed to death, i. 253.
SPINOLA, Benedict, petition against, i. 70 and _n._
STATE side, Newgate, ii. 71;
price and privileges of, 99.
STEPHEN, Sir James, recommends capital punishment for repeatedly convicted receivers, ii. 317 _n._
STERNE, Henry, robs the Duke of Beaufort of his "George," ii. 33.
STOCKDALE _versus_ HANSARD, celebrated libel case involving an infringement of
the privileges of Parliament, account of, ii. 202, 203 _n._
STOCKS, the punishment of the, i. 240.
STONE Hall, the, in Newgate, i. 153.
STONE Hold, Newgate, i. 157.
STONE Ward, the, in Newgate, i. 151.
STOWE on the site of Newgate, i. 23-25;
note in Thom's edition of, 61 _n._
STRANGULATION, the punishment of, i. 256.
STRANGWAYS, Major, pressed to death, i. 251.
STREET riots frequent, i. 393;
and robberies, ii. 28-32.
SURGEONS' Hall, site of, ii. 265;
bodies of murderers taken thither for dissection, 265.
SUTHERLAND, John, execution of, ii. 233.
SWAINSON, a Dane, executed for the abduction of Miss Rawlins, an heiress, i.
181.
SWINDLERS and sharpers, careers of some of the principal--the German Princess,
i. 188;
systematic operations of, in 18th century, ii. 38;
Alexander Day, 39;
female sharpers, 40;
Harriet Grieve, 40;
James Dignum, 41;
Mrs. Clarke, 42;
her connection with the Duke of York and Colonel Wardle, 42, 43;
Robert Jacques's deception, 43-45.
"TANGIER," a ward so called in Newgate, i. 155.
TARPEYS, husband and wife, diamond robbery by, ii. 465.
TESTER, one of the perpetrators of the gold robbery on the South-Eastern
Railway, ii. 391-395.
THISTLEWOOD, the leader of the Cato Street conspiracy, account of, ii. 279, _et
seq._
THURTELL, executed for the murder of Mr. Weare, ii. 328, 329.
THYNNE, Thomas, account of the murder of, i. 182-188.
TIDD, one of the Cato Street conspirators, ii. 283.
TILLING, Sam, execution of, ii. 233.
TOKENS, Newgate, importance attached to them by the criminal classes, ii. 215
and _n._
TOLD, Silas, his early life and conversion, ii. 117;
takes to prison visiting, 118;
his account of the conversion of John Lancaster, 118, 119;
becomes a regular visitor, but meets with opposition from the ordinary, 119,
120;
his story of Mary Edmonson, 121-126;
visits Mrs. Brownrigg, 126.
TOLLS, power of collecting, granted to the citizens, i. 43 and _n._
TORTURE, infliction of, in prisons, i. 76, _et seq._
TOWNSEND, Mr., Bow Street runner, on the state of crime, ii. 3.
TOWRIS, Sir Thomas, i. 142.
TRONAGE, privilege of, granted to the City, i. 43.
TUN, prison built in 1282 for night-walkers, i. 34 _n._
TURNER, Colonel, execution of, i. 260-263.
TURPIN, Dick, execution of, i. 270.
TYBURN, the early place of public execution, i. 10, 258;
scenes on execution day on the road to, 267, _et seq._;
abolition of the Tyburn procession, 282;
Dr. Johnson on, 282;
reasons for abolishing, 282, 283.
'TYBURN CALENDAR,' the, i. 318.
TYLER, Wat, and his followers break open Newgate and set the prisoners free,
i.
57.
UNDERHILL, Edward, yeoman of the guard, his description of Newgate in Mary's
time, i. 85.
VAUGHAN, Richard, forger of bank-notes, ii. 9.
VENTILATOR for preventing fever in Newgate, account of, i. 441-443.
VRATZ, Captain, one of the murderers of Mr. Thynne, i. 183.
WAGNER, a systematic forger, ii. 454-456.
WAINWRIGHT, executed for the murder of Harriet Lane, ii. 426, 470, 471.
WAKEFIELD, Gibbon, on the treatment of the condemned in Newgate, ii. 252-254;
his account of the Sunday service when the condemned sermon was preached, 255-260;
account of his abduction (aided by his brother) of Miss Turner, an heiress,
306-310;
sentenced to three years' imprisonment, 311.
WAKEFIELD, William, imprisoned for aiding in the abduction of Miss Turner, ii.
306-311.
WALL, Governor, executed for flogging a man to death, i. 383-388;
scene at the execution, and last moments of, ii. 238-241.
WALLACES, conviction of the, for wilful shipwreck, ii. 338-341.
WALPOLE, Horace, on Maclane, a highwayman, i. 9, 401, 402.
WALTER, Mr., and the 'Times,' prosecution of, for libel, ii. 59.
WARDSMEN in Newgate, power and tyranny of the, ii. 196-198.
WATCHMEN, character, duties, and remuneration of, in the 18th century, ii. 28.
WATERMAN'S Hall, Newgate, i. 158.
WEBSTER, Kate, executed for the murder of her mistress, ii. 427, 469, 471.
WHETSTONE, the punishment of the, i. 34 and _n._
WHIPPING, the punishment of, i. 245.
WHISTON, James, on selling the office of keepers of prisons, i. 47, 48.
WHITE, Charles, shocking scene at the execution of, ii. 270.
WHITNEY, a famous highwayman, exploits and execution of, i. 170-172.
'WHIT'S palace,' i. 6.
WHITTINGTON, Lord Mayor, repairs Newgate, i. 6;
transfers debtors from Newgate to Ludgate, 55;
his death-bed, 57;
leaves moneys for rebuilding Newgate, 58.
WILD, Jonathan, his career, i. 412-415.
WILKES, John, and the 'North Briton,' i. 238, 393; ii. 57;
his letter on the cruelty and illegality of ironing prisoners, i. 430.
WILLIAMS, Captain, prison inspector, on Newgate, i. 20.
WILLIAMS, executed for "burking" many victims and selling their bodies, ii. 330-333.
WILLIAMS, John, case of, in Newgate, i. 102.
WILLIAMS, the murderer of the Marrs, exhibition and procession of his body, ii.
267, 268.
WILLIAMS, publisher of the 'North Briton,' in the pillory, i. 238.
WILLIAMS, Renwick, "the monster," doings of, ii. 32.
WILLIAMSON, John, murderer, i. 366.
WILSON, Catherine, executed for wholesale poisoning, ii. 427, 441-443.
WOLSEY, Cardinal, his dealings with the citizens in the "Evil May-day" rising,
i. 64-67;
said to have been placed in the stocks, 240.
WOMEN'S ward, Newgate, i. 156, 158.
WREN, supposed to be the architect of the present prison, i. 6.
WRIGHT, ex-Lord Chief Justice, in Newgate, i. 198.
"YOUNG England," account of the imaginary association so called formed by the
lunatic Oxford, ii. 287-289.
BUNGAY: CLAY AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS. _S. & H._
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on the police of
the metropolis, 1816.
[2] Sir James Mackintosh on the state of the criminal law.
[3] Wade, p. 1056.
[4] Evidence of Alderman Harmer before Committee on Capital
Punishment, 1819.
[5] A remarkable diminution of forgeries at once followed the
abolition of the £1 notes.
[6] See post. chap. vii.
[7] "If Dr. Dodd does not suffer the sentence of the law," said
Lord Mansfield to the King in Council, "then the Perreaus have been
murdered." The Lord Chief Justice held an opinion in common with most
reflecting men of that age, that death for forgery was indispensable
to protect commercial credit. Lord Campbell, in his 'Lives of the
Lords Chief Justice,' states that he heard a Judge say, after passing
the death sentence for forgery, "May you find the mercy above which a
due regard to the credit of the paper currency of this country forbids
you to hope for here."
[8] See vol. i. p. 380.
[9] Knapp and Baldwin's 'Newgate Calendar,' i. 160.
[10] See chap. viii. vol. i.
[11] By an act of William and Mary, £40 was offered for the
apprehension and conviction of a highwayman; the same sum, by 6 and
7 William III. cap. 17, for conviction of a coiner or clipper; also,
by 5 Anne, cap. 31, for conviction of a burglar or housebreaker. Ten
pounds was the reward for the conviction of a sheep-stealer, or of
a person uttering or paving away counterfeit money, or fabricating
spurious copper coins.
[12] Evidence of John Vickery, a Bow Street runner, before committee
on the police of the metropolis, 1816.
[13] The sobriquet of Gentleman Harry was also enjoyed by Henry Simms,
a highwayman who frequented the Lewisham and Blackheath roads. On one
occasion, when travelling into Northamptonshire on a rather fresh
horse, a gentleman who was in a post-chaise remarked to him, "Don't
ride so hard, sir, or you'll soon ride away all your estate." "Indeed
I shall not," replied Simms, "for it lies in several counties," and
dismounting, he challenged the gentleman to stand, and robbed him of a
hundred and two guineas.
[14] See _ante_, vol. i. p. 187.
[15] See _ante_, p. 29.
[16] See chapter iii., 'Philanthropy in Newgate.'
[17] See _ante_, vol. i. p. 238, where there is an account of how
Williams, Wilkes' publisher, was put in the pillory.
[18] Grant's 'Newspaper Press,' vol. i. 172.
[19] _Ibid._ i. 220.
[20] _Ibid._ i. 220.
[21] In March 1805 the sheriffs of London had been committed to
Newgate by the House of Commons for gross partiality in favour of Sir
Francis Burdett at the election for Middlesex.
[22] 'State of Prisons in England, Scotland, and Wales,' 1812.
[23] These cabins were partitioned off by a wooden hoarding which went
up three parts of the way to the ceiling, and they received all light
and air from the top.
[24] See _ante_, vol. i. p. 250.
[25] 'Neild,' p. 425.
[26] _Ibid._
[27] _Ibid._
[28] Debtors are still sent to prison (1883) for a fixed term, but
only under a warrant of contempt of court. It is in the power of the
County Court judge thus to punish all whom he believes can pay, but
will not. Nevertheless, numerous cases of hardship still occur. As
when a working-man's wife pledges his credit in his absence, makes
away with the writs served by the creditor, and ignores judgment
obtained. The husband hears first of the affair when arrested for
contempt.
[29] The large discretionary powers of these courts created a petty
tyranny in a set of standing commissioners.--_Blackstone._
[30] 'Neild.'
[31] Besides these and other fees paid in prison, there were the
charges of the "secondary," who received a shilling per pound for
every pound under £100, and sixpence for every pound above that sum.
This was called the sheriff's poundage, and often amounted to large
sums--as much as £97 odd in one case which is cited by Mr. Neild.
[32] 'Neild,' p. 312.
[33] Neild says in 1803 there were 229 males, 148 females, and 391
children in the gaol.
[34] 1814.
[35] It was so condemned in 1808 on account of its ruinous condition.
The debtors were but indifferently lodged, but the common side felons
occupied a horrible den styled the Rat Hole, and the women another
called the Mouse Hole.
[36] See _ante_, p. 69.
[37] Mr. John Kirby.
[38] Even the felons were better off for food. See p. 104.
[39] See _ante_, p. 68, _et seq._
[40] See _ante_, p. 57.
[41] Evidence before Committee of House of Commons, 1814.
[42] See _ante_, p. 72.
[43] One lunatic was kept in the state side upwards of six years.
He was described as "sometimes a little dangerous," and generally
occupied in a room by himself. There were at this time three or four
other lunatics (two of them "dangerous") who went at large in the
wards on the common side.
[44] See _ante_, vol. i. cap. v.
[45] Cashman was the only one of the Spafields rioters (1816) who was
capitally convicted and executed. Four others who were arraigned with
him were acquitted by the jury, to the astonishment of the court.
Cashman, who had been a seaman in the Royal Navy, pleaded that he had
been to the Admiralty to claim prize-money to the value of £200 on the
day of the riot. On his way home, half drunk, he had been persuaded
to join the rioters. Cashman's unconcern lasted to the end. As he
appeared on the gallows the mob groaned and hissed the Government, and
Cashman joined in the outcry until the drop fell.
[46] As to ironing females, see _post_, p. 136.
[47] Visitors were searched at the lodge--the males by a turnkey,
the females by a woman retained for the purpose. These officials had
orders to strip those they searched if they thought necessary. The
examination was seldom of any avail; but on one occasion a wife, who
had hopes of compassing her husband's escape, was detected in trying
to pass a long rope into the prison. The woman was arrested and
committed to Newgate for trial, where her husband already lay cast for
highway robbery.
[48] Petworth Prison, built in 1785, and Gloucester Penitentiary,
erected in 1791, were the two first gaols established which provided a
separate sleeping cell for every prisoner.
[49] Some interesting details are published by the French Prison
Society on this head.
[50] How perfunctory was the performance of his duties by the ordinary
may be gathered from the following chapter.
[51] See _post_, p. 491.
[52] 'Dr. Forde's Evidence,' p. 56.
[53] 'Memoirs of Mrs. Fry,' i. 312.
[54] The Philanthropic Society is identical with the Farm School at
Redhill, one of our most prosperous and best-managed reformatory
schools at the present date. Mr. William Crawfurd, afterwards one of
the first inspectors of prisons, was long an active member of the
committee during the early days of the Society.
[55] See _ante_, cap. ii.
[56] 'Buxton on Prison Discipline,' 1818.
[57] This was the germ of the Ladies' Committee, which existed down to
1878.
[58] 'Buxton on Prison Discipline,' p. 125.
[59] 'Buxton,' p. 271.
[60] Still in existence, and still deserving of praise.
[61] Stated at length the title is, 'An Inquiry whether crime and
misery are produced or prevented by our present system of prison
discipline, illustrated by descriptions of various prisons.'
[62] 'Wm. Smith on State of Jails,' 1776, already referred to, vol. i.
cap. x.
[63] 19 Charles II. c. 4.
[64] 'Buxton,' p. 23.
[65] In 1823 the society reported that "prisoners for assize at one
county gaol are double ironed on first reception, and thus fettered,
are at night chained down in bed, the chain being fixed to the floor
of the cell, and fastened to the leg fetters of the prisoners. This
chain is of sufficient length to enable the prisoners to raise
themselves in bed. The cell is then locked, and he continues thus
chained down from seven o'clock in the evening till six o'clock next
morning. There were but two gaol deliveries in the county for the
year, so a prisoner may continue to be thus treated for from six to
eight months, and be then acquitted as innocent." The double irons for
the untried varied in weight from ten to fourteen pounds.
[66] Mr. Buxton, while most loudly inveighing against the foul state
of most British gaols, fully exonerates the governors. "None of the
grievances represented," he says in his preface, "are occasioned by
the gaolers; that class of men are often subjected to undistinguished
abuse; my experience would furnish me with very different language.
Without any exception, I have had reason to approve, and sometimes to
applaud, their conduct; and I can truly say that of all the persons
with whom I have conversed, they are the most sensible of the evils of
our present system of prison discipline."
[67] See _post_, chap. v. The privilege of getting in extra and more
luxurious articles of food long survived.
[68] See _ante_, p. 106.
[69] Prisons. 'Edinburgh Review,' Feb. 1822.
[70] See _ante_, p. 139.
[71] The greatest variety existed as to the amount of ascension. In
one prison a prisoner had to ascend as much as 17,000 feet daily, in
others between 6000 and 7000. Women were put on the tread-wheel in
those times.
[72] Dance's Newgate was commenced before Howard's 'State of Prisons'
was published, and was very properly condemned as defective by him
and others. In the volume from which I am quoting its defects are
fully detailed. Everything was sacrificed to the one idea of safe
custody. To secure this, the "airing courts were enclosed by lofty
impenetrable buildings, by which the general salubrity and ventilation
of the interior became materially diminished." By the arrangement of
the courts it was impracticable to preserve a judicious system of
separation. No sleeping cells were provided, and, as we know, the
prisoners passed the night associated together in crowded rooms. No
inspection was possible. On these accounts the Prison Discipline
Society were of opinion that Newgate was "particularly objectionable
as a model for imitation, ... a remark not deserving the less
attention because the exterior of the prison presents a massive and
imposing elevation which is calculated to excite impressions in favour
of its security and seclusion."
[73] See _ante_, p. 155.
[74] There were still some notorious exceptions. The most
extraordinary neglect prevailed in the county prison at Exeter, which
was left year after year in its old disgraceful state, overcrowded,
filthy, without chaplain, hospital, dietaries, or proper clothing for
prisoners.
[75] Just before sessions the total was generally much higher, and
reached at times to nearly 500.
[76] See last chapter of this volume.
[77] This is the French and Belgian practice still. In both those
countries a portion of the _pécule_, or prisoner's earnings, can be
spent in the prison canteen in various luxuries of diet.
[78] The Gaol Acts of 1823-4.
[79] 'Report of P. D. Society, 1827,' p. 37.
[80] It was the Duke of Richmond, himself the chairman of that
committee, who had introduced the bill for the purpose.
[81] See _ante_, p. 131.
[82] Mr. Wakefield's abduction of Miss Turner will be found treated
at length in chapter viii. His work on the punishment of death, which
deals with Newgate at this time, I shall draw upon largely in the next
chapter.
[83] These words were the foundation of the great libel cause of
Stockdale _versus_ Hansard, which will be remembered as threatening a
serious collision between the House of Commons and the administration
of the law. Mr. Stockdale, feeling aggrieved at the remarks of the
Inspectors of Prisons, brought an action for libel against Messrs.
Hansard, who published them. Hansard pleaded justification, and that
the report was privileged, being printed by the authority of the House
of Commons. Lord Denman, on the bench, dissented, and charged the jury
that no such authority could justify a libel, but Hansard obtained
a verdict of not guilty. Stockdale then brought a fresh action, and
Hansard appealed to the House for protection. A Committee of the
House was appointed to inquire into the matter, and it upheld the
view that official blue books could not be open to action for libel.
This formed the basis of Hansard's defence; but the court would not
admit the plea, and cast them in damages. Hansard did not pay, and
went on with the publication. A third action was then commenced, on
the grounds that the sale of the report was a reiterance of the libel.
To this action Hansard would not plead. A fresh declaration was filed
by Stockdale, with the damages laid at £50,000; and as Hansard still,
under the advice of the House, would not appear, the case again went
against him.
Stockdale now sued for his damages in the Sheriffs' Court. The
sheriffs, well aware that Messrs. Hansard were backed up by the House
of Commons, tried to escape giving a judgment, at least until the
House met, but they were ordered by the superior courts to proceed.
They accordingly assessed Stockdale's damages at £600, and in
liquidation thereof entered into possession of Hansard's premises.
The printers once more appealed to the House, which on the first
day of the session went into the whole case. On the motion of Lord
John Russell, the sheriffs were summoned to the bar of the House
for infringing its privileges, and committed to the custody of the
sergeant-at-arms. Stockdale was also summoned, cross-examined, and
committed, but to Newgate. He, notwithstanding his imprisonment,
continued to bring action after action; then his attorneys, through
whom they were commenced, were summoned to the bar of the House,
and also sent to Newgate. Meanwhile the sergeant-at-arms, under a
writ of Habeas Corpus, had to produce the sheriffs at the court of
Queen's Bench; but the judges would not release them, holding that
they were legally detained. Much dissatisfaction now began to show
itself throughout the country, but the House of Commons would not
yield an inch on the question of privilege. The subject was debated
night after night, and at last, to settle the matter once for all,
Lord John Russell introduced a bill specially intended to protect
all parliamentary publications, issued by either House, from any
proceedings in any court of law. This was passed in due course, and
the privileges of Parliament were upheld.
The sheriffs had already been released from custody on grounds of
ill-health. An application was made for the enlargement of Stockdale
and his attorneys from Newgate on the passing of the bill, but it was
at first rejected. Two months later the application was renewed, and
being unopposed, the prisoners were set free.
[84] Prisoners' evidence.
[85] In 1833 a sentence of death was passed on a child of nine, who
had poked a stick through a patched-up pane of glass in a shop-front,
and thrusting his hand through the aperture, had stolen fifteen pieces
of paint, worth twopence. This was construed into house-breaking, the
principal witness being another child of nine, who "told" because he
had not his share of the paint. The boy was not executed.
[86] These Newgate tokens were circular thin pieces of metal of
various sizes. The initials or the names of a loving pair were
punched upon them, together with a heart or some symbol of affection;
sometimes with a motto, such as 'True for ever,' 'Love for life.' The
greatest value was attached to these tokens by the criminal classes.
Those at large constantly wore them round their necks, and treated
them as amulets to preserve them from danger and detection.
[87] Lord John Russell, at that time Home Secretary.
[88] See _ante_, vol. i. cap. vi.
[89] Newgate Calendar.
[90] Catnach's 'Street Literature.'
[91] 'A Book for a Rainy Day,' p. 167.
[92] _Ibid._ p. 171.
[93] See _ante_, p. 127.
[94] Governor Wall had held the rank of colonel in the army when
serving at Goree.
[95] 'Picturesque Sketches of London,' by Thomas Miller, 1851.
[96] See _ante_, p. 214.
[97] 'The Punishment of Death in the Metropolis.' E. Gibbon Wakefield,
p. 139.
[98] It was the Rev. Peter Fenn.
[99] By 32 Henry VIII. cap. 42 (1540), surgeons were granted four
bodies of executed malefactors for "anathomyes," which privilege was
extended in the following reign.--Haydn, 'Dict. of Dates,' p. 32.
[100] Sir Baptist Hicks also built Campden House, Kensington. In 1628
he was created Baron Hicks and Viscount Campden, with remainder to his
daughter's children. She was the wife of Lord Noel, ancestor of the
present Earl of Gainsborough.
[101] 'New Monthly Magazine,' 1855, p. 376.
[102] This murder inspired De Quincey's 'Murder as one of the Fine
Arts.'
[103] Dymond, 'The Law on its Trial,' p. 57.
[104] Dymond, 'The Law on its Trial,' p. 194.
[105] That of Roderick Maclean, 1882.
[106] See cap. i. p. 7.
[107] It was said that the dinners he gave were of the most sumptuous
and _recherché_ description. The story goes, that one of his most
chosen friends, who attended him to the scaffold, entreated him, as on
the brink of the grave, and unable to take anything out of the world
with him, to reveal the secret of where some wonderful curaçoa was
obtained, for which Fauntleroy's cellar was famous.
[108] See _ante_, p. 102.
[109] The reader will have perceived from the Inspectors of Prisons
first report that this hope was still unfulfilled in 1836, twelve
years later.
[110] See chap. ii. p. 129.
[111] For abduction. See _post_, p. 302.
[112] At Liverpool, in 1842, there was a case of abduction, and the
well-known case of Mr. Carden and Miss Arbuthnot in Ireland occurred
as late as 1854.
[113] See vol. i. p. 178.
[114] But not quite. The Warwick Mail was stopped in 1827, and robbed
of £20,000 in bank-notes.
[115] That sound and illustrious lawyer, Sir James Stephen, is of
opinion that the receiver of stolen goods is one of the greatest of
criminals; and in his recently-published history of the Criminal Law
he seriously recommends capital punishment for those who have been
repeatedly convicted of the offence.
[116] See _ante_, p. 317.
[117] See _ante_, p. 344.
[118] See _ante_, p. 18.
[119] Erected for night watchman.
[120] _i. e._ sentence.
[121] 'Times,' Nov. 15, 1864.
[122] See _post_, p. 441.
[123] See _ante_, p. 369.
[124] See _ante_, p. 271.
[125] That of Cook, for which he was tried and sentenced to death.
[126] They have since been repeated, but accompanied by more
premeditation, in the case of Lefroy, who murdered Mr. Gould in a
first-class carriage on the Brighton line in 1881.
[127] Evidence of Lieutenant-Colonel Jebb, Commons' Committee, 1850,
ii. 50.
[128] None, however, equalled the enormous expenditure incurred at
York, where a prison had been built some years previously, under the
auspices of Sydney Smith, at a cost of about £1000 per cell.
[129] Prisoners at first greatly dreaded the mask. Mr. Field, in his
book on prison discipline, mentions a prisoner on his way to Reading
Gaol, soon after the separate system was introduced, who jumped out of
the cart at the gaol door and tried to drown himself, handcuffed as he
was. His plea when rescued was that he wished to avoid the mask.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Quaker linendraper=> Quaker linen-draper {pg 8}
A newspaper report of the time describes Fauntleroy "as a well-made=> A
newspaper report of the time describes Fauntleroy as "a well-made {pg
296}
had commited suicide=> had committed suicide {pg 349}