MOTORS.
RECONNAISSANCE CAR.
The reconnaissance car as supplied to regiments of 155-mm howitzers,
motorized, consists of two units: Reconnaissance body, model 1918;
1-ton truck chassis, White, T E B-0.
Further information concerning these units will be found in Ordnance
Handbooks “Reconnaissance Body, Model 1918;” “1-Ton Truck Chassis
White, T E B-0” (No. 1972).
Weights and Dimensions.
Rated load capacity (body allowance plus
normal load) 1 ton—1,040 kg.
Body weight allowance 1,500 lb.—862 kg.
Chassis only 3,850 lb.—1,750 kg.
Oil, water and gasoline 190 lb.—86.5 kg.
Chains 69 lb.—31.5 kg.
Tool kit 37 lb.—16.8 kg.
Chassis weight on front tires (without
load) 54%.
Chassis weight on rear tires (without
load) 46%.
Gross weight (capacity load) 7,150 lb.—3,250 kg.
Load weight on front tires 0.78%.
Load weight on rear tires 99.22%.
Gross weight on front tires 27%.
Gross weight on rear tires 73%.
Overall length of chassis (without body) 205 in.—5,220-mm.
Overall width of chassis (at widest part) 61 in.—1,550-mm.
Chassis wheel base 140 in.—3,560-mm.
Permissible loading space back of driver’s
seat 97 in.—2,470-mm.
Width of frame (outside dimension, widest
part) 34 in.—865-mm.
Height of rear end of frame from ground
(empty) 33.75 in.—856-mm.
Diameter of turning circle (right) 60 ft.—18.3 meters
(left) 45 ft.—13.7 meters.
Tread of wheels 56 in.—1,422-mm.
Road clearance under front axle (lowest
point) 10.75 in.—273-mm.
Road clearance under rear axle (lowest
point) 10 in.—254-mm.
Length of reconnaissance body, overall 160 in.—4,072-mm.
Width of body 59.875 in.—1,522-mm.
Height of body, overall (including top) 62.125 in.—1,580-mm.
Weight of body (without equipment) 1,180 lbs.—536 kg.
Brief Description.
The reconnaissance car is provided with a special steel body, mounted
on a 1-ton truck chassis, White Model T E B-0. Four seats are built
into the body. The two front seats are placed back to back. The two
rear seats have a space between them of about 2 feet and are also
placed back to back. There is a compartment between the two pairs of
seats. The floor boards at the back end are extended to form a foot
rest for the rear seat. The car is protected by a canopy top and roll
curtains. A full set of tools is carried on the car. Also five chests
are provided in which are carried all the special equipment assigned
to the car. One chest slides into the body compartment under the rear
front seat, one into the compartment between the rear seats, and the
other three under the rear seat.
The chassis used is similar to that used with the Staff Observation car
on page 95. A complete description and directions for care, operation,
and maintenance are contained in the “Handbook of the Reconnaissance
Car, Model of 1918.” Ordnance pamphlet No. 1972.
ARTILLERY TRACTOR, 5-TON MODEL OF 1917.
Weights and Dimensions.
Overall length (armored) 133.5 in.—3,400-mm.
Overall width 63 in.—1,605-mm.
Height (armored, to top of muffler) 72.5 in.—1,845-mm.
Length of ground contact 91 in.—2,315-mm.
Ground clearance 11 in.—280-mm.
Weight (complete with full equipment) 9,200 lbs.—4,180 kg.
Ground pressure (9 and 11 inch
treads) 5.6-4.5 per sq. in.
—0.394-0.316 kg. per sqcm.
Weight of each track 545 lbs.—548 kg.
Weight of each track shoe (9-in.) 12 lbs.—5.45 kg.
Width of track shoes 9-11 in.—299-280-mm.
Tread of tracks (center to center of
tracks) 48.875 in.—1,243-mm.
Diameter of turning circle (overall
clearance) 176 in.—4,425-mm.
Engine, number of cylinders 4
Bore 4.75 in.—220.8-mm.
Stroke 6 in.—152.5-mm.
Horsepower at 1,200 revolutions
per-min 56.
Oil reservoir capacity 3.25 U. S. Gal—12.22 liters.
Road speed-gear used (per hour)
Low speed at 1,200 rev. per minute
of engine 1.94 miles—3.12 kilos.
Direct speed at 1,200 rev. per
minute of engine 3.92 miles—6.31 kilos.
High speed at 1,200 rev. per
minute of engine 7.37 miles—11.85 kilos.
Reverse speed at 1,200 rev. per
minute of engine 1.41 miles—2.27 kilos.
Capacity of main gasoline tanks
(two) combined 24 U. S. Gal.—90.5 liters.
Capacity of auxiliary tank under
armor 10 U. S. Gal.—37.85 liters.
Capacity of transmission case 3 U. S. Gal.—11.3 liters.
Capacity of track oiler tank 2.5 U. S. Gal.—9.43 liters.
Brief Description.
The 5-ton artillery tractor, Model 1917, is a self-propelled road
vehicle of the “Track laying” type; that is, the power is transmitted
to the ground through a flexible endless chain which acts as a track
and is composed of steel links and shoes cast integral and connected by
hardened steelpins. The advantage of this type of tractor as compared
with the usual type of wheel tractor or truck, is its ability, due
to very low unit ground pressure, to negotiate very soft and uneven
surfaces, impassable to the usual type of self-propelled vehicle except
under the most extreme difficulties.
The general design and construction of the 5-ton tractor does not
differ materially from that of the modern truck except in the method of
transmitting the power from the transmission unit to the ground. It
is used solely as a power vehicle for hauling howitzers carriages and
caissons. Each carriage and carriage limber are drawn by one tractor
and each pair of caissons are drawn by one tractor.
A complete description and instructions for care, maintenance, and
operation are contained in the “Handbook of 5-Ton Artillery Tractor,
Model of 1917.” (No. 1996).
Outline Specifications.
=Engine.=—Four cylinder, four cycle, valve-in-the-head type. Bore
4.74”. Stroke, 6”. Cylinder case in pairs. Horsepower 56 at 1,200
revolutions per minute.
=Radiator.=—Honey-comb tubular type. Eight separate headers.
=Ignition.=—Eisemann, Model G-4, high tension magneto with automatic
impulse starter.
=Carburetor.=—Model A Schebler carburetor with Stewart vacuum feed
system; 1.5”.
=Governor.=—Centrifugal flyball type mounted on special shaft and
driven off camshaft gear.
=Master Clutch.=—Dry plate multiple disk type.
=Transmission.=—Selective sliding gear type. Three speeds forward, one
reverse. Direct drive on second. Stepped up on high.
=Drive.=—From transmission through bevel gears to steering clutch shaft
through steering clutches to spur pinions, which mesh with intermediate
spur gears, thence through outside gears, encased, to sprocket drive
sleeve and drive sprockets.
=Steering Clutches.=—Two used of dry plate multiple disk type.
=Steering.=—By means of steering clutches operated from hand steering
device and brake bands operated by foot pedals, which act on outside of
steering clutch drums.
=Control.=—Steering gear located on the right hand side. Change gear,
master clutch operating lever, and brake lever, left of steering gear,
left to right respectively. Spark and throttle levers operate on sector
clamped to steering column. Steering clutch pedals right and left at
bottom of, and in front of steering column.
=Brakes.=—One set. External contracting type. Raybestos, or equal,
lined. Operate on steering clutch housings.
=Gasoline Tank.=—Terneplate tanks. Two independent duplicate tanks each
of 12 gallon capacity. Auxiliary terneplate tank under armor, 10-gallon
capacity.
=Main Frame.=—Cast in one piece-open hearth steel.
=Roller Frames.=—Four frames steel channel, joined by oscillating
shaft. Two frames right and left front. Two frames right and left rear.
=Truck Rollers.=—Six on each side of tractor, fitted with roller
bearings, turned on steel gudgeons, flanked to follow track rail.
=Track.=—Made up of malleable iron track shoes with track links.
Integral, fitted with space blocks, and 1.25” pins.
=Track Drive Sprockets.=—Two. Teeth mesh with opening in tracks.
=Blank Sprockets.=—Two. Fitted with roller bearings which turn on steel
gudgeons. Used to adjust track tension.
=Track Supporting Rollers.=—Four on each side of tractor, two mounted
on brackets attached to front roller frame channel, and two in the rear
mounted on spring bracket which is bolted to main frame.
=Springs.=—Four double coil springs at rear, two on each side between
rear roller frame and bracket on main frame and four—two on each side
of equalizing bar at front.
=Equalizing Bar.=—Spring supported on front roller frame sections.
AMMUNITION TRUCK.
The ammunition truck supplied to regiments of 155-mm howitzers, model
of 1918, motorized, consists of two units: Ammunition truck body, model
of 1918; 2-ton truck chassis, Nash model 4017-A and 4017-L.
Further information concerning those units will be found in the
Ordnance Handbooks. “Ammunition truck body, model of 1918” (No. 2002);
“2-ton truck chassis, Nash model 4017-A and 4017-L.”
Weights and Dimensions.
Weight of body 1,200 pounds.
Overall length of body 120 inches.
Overall width of body 56 inches.
Overall height of body 54 inches.
Width of floor (inside) 43 inches.
Length of floor (inside) 114 inches.
Height of sides (inside) 36 inches.
Brief Description of Ammunition Truck Body.
The ammunition truck body, model of 1918, consists of a box-type steel
body opening only at its rear end. The body is designed to accommodate
original packing cases of any type of ammunition. When this vehicle is
used near the front lines all four sides and its floor are lined with
detachable heavy cocoa matting to prevent undue noise. A tarpaulin
cover attaches to the body, and so protects its contents.
[Illustration: AMMUNITION TRUCK.]
In addition to the designation of “ammunition truck,” as explained
the ammunition body with various loads is designated when mounted
on chassis models as follows: “Wireless,” “Telephone,” “Tanks,”
“Personnel,” “Baggage,” and “Ration.”
The chassis and bodies for the above are identical for all purposes.
The differences in chassis and body equipment and the load carried when
the truck is used for different purposes are noted under tables of
equipment on page 161. All of the above bodies are mounted on a 2-ton
Nash truck chassis.
Outline Specifications of all 2-Ton Chassis, Nash Models
Rated load capacity 4,000 lb.—1,820 kg.
Body weight allowance 1,200 lb.—546 kg.
Weight of chassis only 6,700 lb.—3,030 kg.
Maximum gross weight (including
chassis, body and load) 11,900 lb.—5,420 kg.
Percentage of chassis weight on front tires
(without load) 66.66%
Percentage of chassis weight on rear tires
(without load) 33.33%
Percentage of load weight on front tires 30.00%
Percentage of load weight on rear tires 70.00%
Percentage of gross weight on front tires 45.00%
Percentage of gross weight on rear tires 55.00%
Overall length of chassis (without
body) 202.50 inches—5,100-mm.
Overall width of chassis (at widest
part) 78.50 inches—1,950-mm.
Chassis wheelbase 124.00 inches—3,155-mm.
Length of frame back of drivers seat 117.13 inches—2,980-mm.
Width of frame (outside dimensions) 38.13 inches—968-mm.
Height of rear end of frame from
ground loaded 35.50 inches—890-mm.
Height of rear end of frame from
ground unloaded 38.50 inches—980-mm.
Diameter of turning circle 50.00 feet—15.25 meters.
Tread of front wheels 60.50 inches—1,540-mm.
Tread of rear wheels 60.50 inches—1,540-mm.
Road clearance under front axle
(lowest point) 14.75 inches—374-mm.
Road clearance under rear axle
(lowest point) 14.75 inches—374-mm.
Brief Description, Models 4017-A, 4017-L, and 4017-F.
The chassis of all these models is of 124-inch wheel base and is fitted
with a Buda model H-U four-cylinder engine, dry disk clutch, four
speed transmission, and a drive to all four wheels through shafts and
internal gearing. Although the greater number of units in all three
chassis are alike, there are certain structural differences which
exist, mainly in the model 4017-F chassis as against the other two. The
4017-F is a two wheel steer chassis, while the others have four wheel
steering. All of them use four wheel drive and braking. The models
4017-A and 4017-L are fundamentally the same, differing only in certain
details of equipment. Model 4017-L has an acetylene generator and
searchlight, and oil side and tail lamps, both speedometer and odometer
and an impulse starter on the magneto shaft, while the 4017-A has no
impulse starter, uses a Bijur electric generator, storage battery and
electric lamps, and is fitted with an odometer only. Aside from the
two wheel steering and the necessary changes brought about by it,
models 4017-F and 4017-L are practically the same, though a few slight
differences exist in the dash, the brake cross shaft and rods and the
wheel universals as described in detail in the Ordnance Handbook No.
1999.
The engine is a standard design L-head, Buda model H-U using force-feed
lubrication, pump cooling, and fitted with a Stromberg carburetor
feeding through cored passages in the cylinder block, and Eisemann
magneto, and on the model 4017-A only, with a Bijur generator.
The clutch is of the dry plate type and the drive from it is through an
open two-joint propeller shaft to a four speed sliding jaw-clutch type
transmission. From the latter extend two-joint propeller shafts, one
forward and one rearward, to internal gear-drive axles. The live member
has exposed axle shafts extending from it, and the ends of these shafts
are fitted with a universal joint and a spur pinion, the latter meshing
with an internal gear bolted to a disk steel wheel. All the wheels
are interchangeable and are all driving and steering wheels in models
4017-A and 4017-L, while in the model 4017-F only the front wheels
steer.
A complete description of the 2-ton truck chassis, models 4017-A,
4017-L, and 4017-F, with instructions for care, maintenance, and
operation, is given in the “Handbook of the 2-ton Chassis Nash Models
4017-A, 4017-L and 4017-F,” Ordnance Pamphlet No. 1999.
HOW TO DRIVE.
Before starting an engine the driver should see that the gear shift
lever is in neutral position and that the emergency brakes are set. The
spark lever should be set at the proper position. If battery ignition
is used it is best to have the lever in full retard position, as the
spark will occur no matter how slow the engine is cranked. If magneto
ignition is used the lever should be advanced slightly as a hotter
spark is obtained in the advanced position than in the retarded. There
is less probability of a kick back when starting on magneto since
it is necessary to turn the engine at a fairly high rate of speed,
approximately 100 R. P. M. to generate sufficient current to produce a
spark.
The position of the throttle hand control should be set so that the
throttle will be slightly open. In case the carburetor is equipped with
an air-choking device this should be closed to cause a rich mixture for
starting.
The ignition switch should be turned on and the engine cranked by
pulling up quickly on the crank handle a quarter turn at a time. If an
electric cranking motor is provided depress the starting button and
advance the spark. If magneto ignition is used it is best to spin the
engine. Crank the engine with the left hand if possible and stand in
such a position that if the engine should kick back the crank will not
cause injury.
After the engine has started release the choke on the carburetor
advance the spark and close the throttle to a position which will
prevent racing. If a special dash adjustment is provided for regulating
the mixture allow this to remain in a position to cause a rich mixture
until the engine warms up.
To Start the Car.
Allow the engine to warm up sufficiently to overcome missing and to run
smoothly. When satisfied that the engine is running properly release
the emergency brake. In case the car is on a grade apply the foot
brake to prevent the car from moving. Press the clutch pedal all the
way down and move the gear shift lever to first speed position. The
clutch should be allowed to engage gradually and at the same time the
throttle should be opened sufficiently to prevent stalling, but not
cause racing of the engine. If the foot brake has been employed it
should be released as the clutch is engaged. After the clutch has been
fully engaged the throttle should be opened sufficiently to accelerate
the car to change to the next higher speed. The throttle should be
controlled by the foot accelerator pedal. Once the car is in motion the
driver must at all times keep his eyes on the road in the direction in
which the car is moving or about to move when changing direction.
To Shift Gears (Increasing Speed).
Before starting a driver should practice moving the gear shift lever
to the different positions and getting his feet and hands accustomed
to the location of the foot pedals and hand levers. Then it will not
be necessary to look away from the road in order to shift gears or in
any other way to control the operation of the car. To change gears the
clutch pedal should be depressed (it may not be necessary to push it
all the way down against the floor boards) and the foot removed from
the accelerator pedal at the same time. Move the gear shift lever from
first to neutral position, pausing if necessary and then move to second
speed position. Engage the clutch immediately and open the throttle
with either hand or foot control as soon as the clutch is engaged.
The process of changing from second to third or third to fourth is
identical. Bear in mind that before each change is made the speed of
the car should be accelerated. Care should be taken when changing from
lower to a higher speed that the car is moving at a sufficient rate of
speed so that an undue strain will not be put on the engine. Practice
alone in driving the particular apparatus will acquaint the driver with
the necessary speed required to change from one gear ratio to another.
To Shift Gears (Decreasing Speed).
When it is desired to change from a higher to a lower gear ratio
release the clutch and allow the hand or foot throttle control to
remain open far enough so that the engine will speed up. Move the gear
shift lever to the neutral position and again engage the clutch for an
instant. Release the clutch immediately and quickly move the gear shift
lever from neutral to the next lower speed position and engage the
clutch immediately, opening the throttle by hand or foot control.
Another method of shifting to a lower gear ratio is to leave the
throttle open and release the clutch just enough to allow it to slip
and the engine to speed up. The gear shift lever should then be moved
through neutral directly to the next lower speed position and the
clutch engaged. This method does not require as much practice but is
objectionable since it wears or burns the clutch facing.
To Stop the Car.
To stop the car, the throttle should be closed, the clutch released,
and the brakes applied, all being performed at the same time. The
amount of pressure applied at the brake pedal depends upon the distance
in which the driver desires to stop the car. Before allowing the clutch
to engage after the car has stopped, move the gear shift lever to the
neutral position. If the car is to stand apply the emergency brakes.
If the engine is to be stopped speed it up by opening the throttle
just before turning the ignition switch to the position “off.” If the
weather is cold use the choke when stopping the engine or set dash
adjustment to give a rich mixture. This will make starting easier if
the engine is started in a reasonable length of time.
Driving Suggestions.
In operating a car it is always best to alternate the service and
emergency brakes rather than to use one continuously, to equalize the
wear on them. When approaching a very steep down grade it is safest
to move the gear shift lever to a lower speed position, closing the
throttle and permitting the car to drive the engine. When the grade
is not excessively steep the engine can be used as a brake with the
position of the gear shift lever remaining unchanged. This will save
the brakes and tend to cool the engine. The brakes should never be
applied suddenly enough to slide the driving wheels except in cases of
emergency. When a stop is to be made apply the brakes soon enough so
that the motion of the car will be gradually diminished and brought to
a stop at the point desired.
To avoid accidents on the road all rules and regulations governing the
driving of motor vehicles on the road should be observed. When turning
corners or approaching cross-roads warning should be given to avoid
collision with other vehicles which may be hidden from the view of the
driver. Before backing the machine the driver should be sure that the
road is clear. In manipulating the car the front wheels should never be
turned by moving the steering wheel when the car is not in motion. This
puts undue strain on the steering apparatus and will cause lost motion
in the steering gear. If it becomes necessary to move the front wheels
of a car while it is standing still, they should be moved by applying
force not only to the steering wheel but also by pulling the front
wheels around.
When a car skids, the tendency is for an inexperienced driver to apply
the brakes and turn the front wheels in the opposite direction to that
in which he is skidding. This should not be done as it only accentuates
the skidding and the car may be ditched or skid into another vehicle or
the curbing. When the machine starts to skid turn the steering wheel
in the direction in which the car is skidding and partially close the
throttle but not entirely, or it will have the same effect as applying
the brakes. When the car straightens out the power may again be applied
gradually, and the machine brought back to the center of the road.
When skidding on narrow roads it is best to apply the power and steer
to the center of the road. This will aggravate the skid for a moment
but brings the machine around at an angle with the front wheels in the
center of the road. The momentum of the car will cause the rear wheels
to climb back onto the road again.
ENGINE TROUBLES.
If the machine will not start the trouble, can only be located by a
systematic search. It is always best to look over the ignition system
first, then see if there is any gasoline in the carburetor. It will
often take some time to find the trouble. However, if the engine once
starts there is little difficulty in locating the trouble as there will
always be an indication which should point to the source of trouble.
The great difficulty with inexperienced drivers is that they do not
reason out the matter carefully before attempting to remedy it. Also an
inexperienced man usually looks for trouble in the same place no matter
what the indication may be. Nearly all difficulties arise from one of
three sources, ignition, carburetion, or engine. These are outlined in
the following table. The trouble is located by the trouble it gives the
driver.
=I. Engine misses=:
A. Ignition.
1. Plugs.
a. Short circuit. b. Broken porcelain. c. Too large a gap.
2. Cable.
a. Broken. b. Grounded.
3. Instrument.
a. Dirty carburetor. b. Interrupter points on magneto.
B. Carburetor.
1. Water in carburetor. 2. Dirt in the line. 3. No pressure or no
gas.
4. Too lean a mixture.
C. Engine.
1. Cold.
2. Valves sticking.
=II. Back Fires Through Carburetor:=
A. Ignition
1. Wired wrong.
2. Timed wrong.
B. Carburetor.
1. Water in carburetor.
2. Dirt in line.
3. No pressure or no gas.
4. Too lean a mixture.
C. Engine.
1. Valve sticking (Inlet).
=III. Engine Knocks:=
A. Ignition.
1. Retarded spark. Spark too far advanced.
B. Engine.
1. Carbonized cylinders (pre-ignition).
2. Overheated engine.
3. Loose bearings.
4. Loose pistons.
=IV. Engine Lacks Power:=
A. Ignition.
1. Retarded spark.
B. Carburetor.
1. Too rich a mixture.
C. Engine.
1. Exhaust valve not seating.
2. Carbon in cylinder.
3. Overheated engine.
4. Lack of lubrication.
5. Governor connections sticking.
D. Brakes.
1. Dragging.
E. Clutch.
1. Slipping.
=V. Engine Overheats.=
A. Ignition.
1. Retarded spark.
B. Carburetor.
1. Rich mixture.
C. Engine.
1. Cooling system.
a. Fan belt off.
b. No water.
c. No circulation.
d. Anti-freezing mixture.
2. Carbonized cylinder.
3. Lack of lubrication.
=VI. Engine Stops:=
A. Engine and car stop gradually.
1. Trouble with fuel.
B. Engine and car stop suddenly.
1. Mechanical trouble.
C. Engine stops suddenly, car gradually.
1. Trouble with ignition.
=VII. Engine Won’t Stop:=
A. Ignition.
1. Cable.
2. Switch.
B. Pre-ignition.
1. Carbon in cylinders.
2. Overheated engine.
Consider how each of these indications may differ so that it is
possible to locate the exact source of trouble without first
investigating. If the car has been on the road for some time and the
engine misses it will either miss regularly in one or more cylinders
or irregularly in all cylinders. If the former, the miss is due to
ignition. The cylinder in which the miss is occurring can be easily
determined by short circuiting each plug with a screw driver. This is
done by allowing the screw driver to touch the central electrode of the
plug and also the engine. When a plug is short circuited and it does
not affect the operation of the engine, it shows there was no spark
jumping across the electrodes of the plug. If the cable to this plug is
disconnected and held a short distance from the electrode of the plug
from which it was removed, a spark will or will not jump this gap. If
it does jump the gap it shows that the plug is short circuited. Then
the plug is either carbonized or the insulator is broken. If a spark
does not occur place the cable near the engine and if a spark occurs it
shows that the gap was too large at the electrodes of the plug. If no
spark occurs it shows that the trouble is not in the plug but at some
point ahead of this. If the engine is firing on all but one cylinder
the trouble must be some place between the distributor rotor and the
plug. First see if the distributor is dirty and then check up the cable
to see if it is broken or grounded. One point to be remembered is that
the parts of the magneto or the battery ignition system incorporated
in the instruments will affect the operation on all the cylinders and
there is no need of looking for the trouble there if only one cylinder
misses. If every other cylinder to fire misses and magneto ignition is
used, it is often due to the time lever housing being jammed over to
one side so that the interrupter points are opened only by one cam. In
no case is it necessary to file the interrupter points to overcome a
miss, for the interrupter affects the operation on every cylinder and
not on one.
If the miss is irregular it is due to carburetor or to fuel trouble. To
locate the trouble open the pet cock at the bottom of the carburetor
and if there is any water in the carburetor it will run out. This
operation also shows whether or not the gas runs freely. If it does not
there may be dirt in the line or no gasoline supply. After everything
else has been tried to overcome the trouble, adjust the carburetor to
compensate for too lean a mixture.
When an engine is first started it will often miss. This is due to the
engine being cold. Under no circumstances should time be wasted to
overcome missing until the engine is warm. If an exhaust valve sticks
it will cause the engine to miss as the gases will be forced out on the
compression stroke. This is difficult to locate as it is a regular miss
but usually results from an overheated engine.
If an engine backfires when first started and does so continuously it
is best to check up on the wiring and timing of the ignition system. If
the engine is running smoothly and suddenly starts to backfire through
the carburetor it is possible that the magneto coupling has slipped.
If there is water in the carburetor it may suddenly shut off the supply
of gasoline and cause so lean a mixture that backfiring results. Dirt
in the line or running out of gasoline would have the same effect. If
backfiring in the carburetor is experienced in addition to the missing
of the engine it is probably due to too lean a mixture. Backfiring also
results from the inlet valve sticking or not seating properly.
If the engine suddenly develops a knock while in operation it may be
due to the ignition being too far advanced for the condition for which
the car is operating and the spark lever should be retarded. This will
be noticed mostly when the car is under a hard pull such as on hard
hills or going through sandy roads. If the engine develops a knock,
after having been run for a short while, which can not be overcome
by retarding the spark it may be due to carbon in the cylinders or
an overheated engine, both of which would cause pre-ignition of the
charge. By pre-ignition is meant that the incoming charge when under
compression is ignited due to the heat in the cylinder regardless of
when the ignition spark takes place. Loose bearings and loose pistons
will knock but these should be easily distinguished from ignition
knocks as they are present at all times.
If the engine shows a lack of power it may be that the ignition system
is too far retarded due to the coupling driving of the magneto having
slipped. If too rich a mixture is used it will cause a loss of power
but can easily be distinguished by the black smoke which is given off
at the exhaust pipe. Every precaution should be taken to locate the
trouble when an engine shows a lack of power as it may be caused from
the valve not seating properly, carbon in the cylinders, overheated
engine, lack of lubrication, or the governor connection sticking.
If lack of lubrication is causing the trouble it will soon lead to
mechanical trouble such as scoring the cylinder walls or burning out
the bearings. An engine will often give an apparent indication of a
lack of power due to the brakes dragging or the clutch slipping.
If an engine overheats it is best to check up and see whether or not
the car is being operated on a retarded spark or if the mixture is
too rich. The usual trouble of the engine overheating are troubles
experienced with the cooling system. Fan belts often break or slip,
the water may have leaked out somewhere in the cooling system, or the
circulation may be stopped up in some way. If anti-freezing mixtures
are allowed to remain in the cooling system in warm weather they will
cause overheating of the engine due to their low conductivity of
heat. Carbon in the cylinder causes the cylinder to overheat and is
detrimental to its operation. If the engine is not lubricated properly
it will overheat due to the additional friction of the parts.
If after the car is in operation the car and engine slow down gradually
the trouble is without doubt due to lack of fuel or some trouble with
the fuel system or the carburetor. When the car stops under these
conditions the engine usually backfires into the carburetor just before
the car stops.
If the car and the engine stop suddenly it is an indication of some
mechanical trouble such as a frozen bearing, broken connecting rod, or
some other part which suddenly puts a brake on the movement of the car.
If the engine suddenly stops operating and the car continues to coast
the trouble can be traced to the ignition system. A disconnected or a
broken wire usually causes the trouble.
If the engine will not stop when the ignition switch is thrown to the
“off” position it is possible with magneto ignition that the cable
between the switch and the magneto is broken or disconnected. That is,
the switch does not connect the primary of the magneto to the ground.
If the engine is overheated, due to lack of proper cooling or carbon
in the cylinders, the engine will continue to operate due to the
pre-ignition.
APPENDIX “A”
GUNNERS’ EXAMINATIONS.
PREPARATION.
In the preparation for the gunners’ examination men should pay
particular attention to the following points.
Setting the Panoramic Sight.
Before starting to use the panoramic sight, the peep sight should be
turned as far as possible to the right or left. This should be done to
make it easier for the gunner to look through the panoramic sight and
also to prevent him from looking through the peep sight.
Men should get in the habit of working from the top of the sight
down, performing their duties _always in the same order_—this is very
important. In other words in indirect laying he sets the deflection,
applies the deflection difference, levels the cross level bubble and
then lays for direction. In direct laying, he sets the deflection,
sets the range, levels the cross level bubble, and lays the piece for
direction and range. In setting the range on the sight shank the gunner
should place his eye _on a level_ with the index so that the range can
be set exactly. If a range of over 500 yards is given, the fast motion
of the scroll gear should be used. As soon as he has laid his gun he
will call “Ready” and step clear of the piece. After he has called
“Ready” _under no circumstances will he attempt to finish any of his
duties_. If he does he will lose that trial.
All scales should be set rapidly. In order to do this, men must not try
to make any mathematical calculations. The setting of sights should be
absolutely mechanical. The gunner should know exactly in what direction
to turn the knobs, wheels and cranks in order to increase or decrease
the settings and to move the bubbles in any particular direction. A
list of reasons for disqualification are given in the Regulations for
Gunners’ Examination.
It is most important in indirect laying that the gunner be assisted by
TRAINED chiefs of sections and No. 2’s. Men should be picked for this
during the earlier part of the course and trained for that work. A
great deal depends on the ability of these men.
Setting the Peep Sight.
In using the peep sight in direct laying the panoramic sight head
should be turned to either flank so that there will be no chance of
the gunners looking through the panoramic sight. The gunner in looking
through the peep sight should keep his eye about six inches from it.
Setting the Quadrant.
Candidates should get in the habit of performing the required duties
in the following order: (1) Setting the site with his =right= hand.
(2) Setting the range with his left hand as prescribed for No. 1
(Instruction Memorandum No. 11—5th hour, 1st week). (3) Centering the
cross level bubble with his right hand. (4) Leveling the range bubble
with his right hand. The candidate should be sure to look and see where
the bubble is before he starts to turn the elevating crank handle. He
should turn the handle quickly. After leveling the range bubble he
calls “Set” and steps clear of the wheels.
Fuse Setting.
Candidates in setting the bracket fuze setter should stand immediately
in rear of it and should crouch down. The corrector should be set
first and the range next, both scales being set with the =right= hand.
His assistant should stand immediately to the left and should pass the
round to the candidate who is being examined, as No. 5 passes the round
to No. 4 in percussion fire. The candidate after setting the scales
rises up, grasps the projectile and inserts it in the fuze setter. He
then sets the fuze and calls “Ready.” The assistant should hold the
projectile so that the lug on the time ring is at 10 o’clock (vertical
clock face). The candidate when he inserts the round in the fuze setter
should place it so that the lug on the time ring falls just to the left
of the rotating pin notch. This is done so that the two shall engage as
soon as possible.
In setting the fuze with the hand fuze setter, the candidate takes
the position prescribed for No. 3 in the service of the piece, his
assistant takes the position of No. 5 when the hand fuze setter is
used. The candidate must be sure to press down on the hand fuze setter
while setting the fuze.
Candidates must be cautioned to remember all necessary data. They
cannot ask the examining officer for any. It must be impressed on them
also that under no circumstances can they start to set the scales
before the instant prescribed by the Regulations for the Gunners’
Examinations.
Drill of the Gun Squad.
Candidates should be familiar with the following paragraphs of the
D. and S. R. F. A.: Formation of the gun squads (135, 138); to form
the gun squad (170-173); to tell off the gun squad (174); post of the
gun squads (175-177); to post the gun squad (178-179); post of the
cannoneers, carriages limbered (180-182); to mount the cannoneers
(183-185); to dismount the cannoneers (186-187); to change posts
(189-190); to move by hand the carriages limbered (191-192); to
leave the park (204); action front (199); posts of the cannoneers,
carriages unlimbered but not prepared for action (188); limber front
and rear (202); action rear (200); limber rear (203); to move by hand
the carriages unlimbered (937); prepare for action (938); march order
(942); posts of the cannoneers, carriages unlimbered and prepared for
action (941); duties in detail of the gunner (845-869); duties in
detail No. 1 (807-891); duties in detail of No. 2 (892-901); duties in
detail of No. 3 (902-911); duties in detail of No. 4 (913-918); duties
in detail of No. 5 (919-924); methods of laying (985-988); and methods
of fire (995-1008).
The questions will only cover the important points covered in the
paragraphs above.
Materiel.
Candidates should be familiar with the following (Handbook of the
3-inch Materiel): Nomenclature of harness and of the parts and
accessories of the wheeled materiel; use of oils; method of cleaning
and lubricating parts and mechanisms; method of cleaning cylinder
oil and of emptying and filling cylinders; use of tools; the kinds
of projectiles, of fuses, and of powder actually issued for use,
and their general purpose and effect, omitting questions as to
construction, weight, manufacture, and technical description; the care
and preservation of saddle and harness equipment in use. Description
of: breech mechanism to dismount, to assemble, elevating screws, to
dismount; to assemble; hub liner, to remove, to assemble; brakes, piece
and caisson, to adjust; wheel, to remove, to replace.
REGULATIONS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF GUNNERS.
A record of marks will be kept during the examination, and at the
conclusion thereof it will be submitted directly to the commander
ordering the examination. The mark received by each man in each subject
will appear opposite the man’s name and the appropriate totals will be
carried out. The tabular list, upon approval by the commander ordering
the examination, will be published in orders.
Men, to be classified as expert first class gunners, must attain an
average of not less than 85% in each of the subjects which follow: to
be classed as first class gunners, a general average of not less than
85% with an average in each subject of not less than 75%; to be classed
as second class gunners, a general average of not less than 75%, with
an average in each subject of not less than 65%.
Examinations will include the following:
Value of Subjects.
Subject. Gun Batteries.
Direct laying 24
Indirect laying 24
Laying for range 18
Fuse setting 18
Drill of the Gun Squad 8
Materiel 8
The following general rules will govern the Examining Officers:
1. The conditions of examination will be made, as nearly as possible,
the same for all of the men.
2. Setting of scales will be considered correct if any part of the
index is coincident with any part of the line of the graduation of the
setting ordered.
3. Settings ordered will always be even divisions of the scale, and not
fraction thereof. When a number greater than five is used, it will be a
multiple of five, except in settings of the angle of site and corrector
scales.
4. The man may select any of the assistants authorized.
5. The man is permitted to traverse the piece to the middle point of
traverse before each trial at direct laying.
6. The sight, quadrant, or fuse setter, etc., will be in the position
in which it would be in service before the command for trial with it is
given; the scales will be set at readings different from those to be
given for the trial.
7. The trials for direct laying will be with different deflections and
ranges; for indirect laying with different deflections and deflection
differences; for laying for range, with different angles of site and
ranges. The trail will be shifted in three trials at direct laying.
8. Changes in setting of scales required of men will not exceed the
following: Deflection scale of peep sight, 15 mils; of panoramic sight,
200 mils; deflection difference scale, 30 mils; corrector scale, 10
mils; angle of site scale, 10 mils; range scales, 800 yards. At direct
laying the deflections announced will be between 6370 and 30. At direct
laying the cross level of the tangent sight will be thrown out of level
by the examiner for the trials requiring shifting of the trail.
In time trials, time will be taken from the word at which the candidate
is instructed by this order to commence his trial to the candidate’s
“Ready,” or to the last word of any announcement required. No credits
will be allowed if the candidate performs any part of the trial after
this interval or if the time taken exceeds the maximum given in the
appropriate table of those shown hereinafter.
Should any trial be vitiated through the fault of an examiner, of an
assistant, of the sight or other instrument used, that trial will be
void and the candidate will be given immediately another trial of the
same nature.
Direct Laying.
12 trials: Six with the peep sight and six with the panoramic sight.
The target will represent a shielded gun and caisson and will be
placed, as nearly as practicable, at a distance of 1,000 yards from the
gun used in the trials.
The candidate being seated on the gunner’s seat, an officer of the
battery commands, for example:
1. Target, that gun.
2. Deflection, 10.
3. 2400.
At the indication of the target, the candidate causes an assistant at
the trail to point the piece in its general direction; =at the last
word of the last command= he sets off the deflection and the range
ordered; corrects for difference of level of the wheels; operates the
elevating and traversing apparatus so as to bring the line of sight
upon the target; calls “Ready,” and steps clear.
No credits will be given in the following cases:
(1) If the sight is incorrectly set for deflection or range.
(2) If, when the bubble of the cross level is accurately centered, the
line of sight is found not to be on any portion of the target.
If the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits
prescribed, credits will be given as follows
Time in seconds, exactly,
or less than 16 18 20 21 22 23
————————————————————————————
Credits 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3
Indirect Laying.
12 trials.
Two aiming points will be selected, one toward the front and one toward
the rear. They should be of the type used in actual firing and, for
the purpose of this examination, should be about 2 mils in width, well
defined, of such height as readily to be brought within the field of
view, and about 1500 yards distant. They should be clearly pointed out
to the candidates.
All of the guns of the battery will be placed in the order in battery
and a candidate will be assigned to each.
For all trials the board will assume a situation in the conduct of fire
for adjustment by battery, commencing with the first salvo, that will
require commands involving a shift of the trail for this first trial,
and, for all trials, such deflection and deflection difference settings
and changes of settings of scales, not exceeding the limits prescribed
in paragraph 5 of this order, as may reasonably be expected in service.
When the aiming point is in rear the candidate will be allowed an
assistant who, from a position in front of the axle, signals to a man
at the end of the trail to move it, if necessary, so as to bring the
aiming point within the field of view of the sight. When the aiming
point is in front, an assistant at the end of the trail is allowed.
The candidates being seated on the gunners’ seats, an officer of the
battery commands, for example:
1. Aiming point, the chimney on that white house.
2. Deflection, 440.
3. On No. 2 close 10.
At the last word of command for the deflection each man sets off
the deflection; applies the correction for deflection difference
appropriate for his piece; causes the trail to be shifted until the
sight is directed upon the aiming point; corrects for difference of
level of the wheels; raises or lowers the panoramic sight until the
field of view will include the aiming point; traverses the piece until
the vertical hair is on the aiming point; calls “Ready” and steps clear.
The trial being completed and the men again being seated, the officer
commands for example, in continuance of the assumed situation:
1. Right, 120.
2. On No. 4, close 5.
At the last word of command for the deflection, each man operates the
sight and, if necessary, the trail as before; traverses the piece until
the vertical hair is on the aiming point; calls “Ready” and steps clear.
The third and fourth trial is similarly conducted.
No credits will be given in the following cases:
1. If the sight is incorrectly set for the deflection or deflection
difference.
2. If, when the bubble of the cross level is accurately centered, the
vertical cross hair is found not to be on the aiming point.
3. If, at any time during the trial, the man has operated the elevating
device.
If the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits
prescribed, credits will be given as follows:
Time in seconds, exactly,
or less than 18 20 21 22 23 24
————————————————————————————
Credits 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3
Laying for Range.
Six trials, using the range quadrant.
The man being seated on the seat on the right side of the trail, an
officer of the battery commands, for example:
1. Site, 280.
2. 3400.
At the last word of the command, the man sets off the angle of site;
sets the quadrant for range; corrects for difference of level of
wheels; turns the elevating crank so as to center the range bubble;
calls “Ready” and steps clear.
No credits will be given in the following cases:
1. If the quadrant is incorrectly set for angle of site or range.
2. If no part of the bubble of the cross level is between the middle
two lines on the glass tube.
3. If there be found to be an error of more than 50 yards in laying for
any range less than 1,500 yards or more than 25 yards for any equal
range to or exceeding 1,500 yards.
If the piece is found to be correctly laid within the limits
prescribed, credits will be given as follows:
Time in seconds, exactly,
or less than 14 16 18 19 20 21
———————————————————————————
Credits 3.0 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.2 2
Fuse Setting.
12 Trials: 6 with the bracket fuse setter, 6 with the hand fuse setter.
Drill cartridges with fuses in good order set at safety are placed as
in service. An officer of the battery commands, for example:
1. Corrector, 24.
2. 2700.
At the last word of the command for the corrector, in trials with the
bracket fuse setter, the man sets the fuse setter at the corrector,
and, as the data are received, at the range ordered, receives the
cartridge from an assistant, inserts its head in the instrument, sets
the fuse and calls “Ready.”
At the =last word of the command for the corrector=, in trials with the
hand fuse setter, the candidate sets the fuse setter at the corrector,
and, as the data are received at the range, ordered; with the aid of an
assistant, sets the fuse, and calls “Ready.”
No credits are given in the following cases:
1. If the fuse setter is incorrectly set for corrector or range.
2. If the candidate fails to obtain a correct fuse setting within
one-fifth of a second.
If the fuse setter is found to be correctly set and is properly
operated, credits are given as follows:
Time in seconds, exactly,
or less than 8 9 10 11 12 13
————————————————————————————
Credits 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
Drill of the Gun Squad.
The subjects will embrace such parts of the following exercises (D.
and S. R. F. A.) as will thoroughly test the candidate’s familiarity
with the service of the piece: Formation of the gun squad (135, 138);
to form the gun squad (170-173); to tell off the gun squad (174);
post of the gun squads (175-177); to post the gun squad (178-179);
posts of the cannoneers, carriages limbered (180-182); to mount the
cannoneers (183-185); to dismount the cannoneers (186-187); to change
posts (189-190); to move by hand the carriages limbered (191-192); to
leave the park (204); action front (199); posts of the cannoneers,
carriages unlimbered but not prepared for action (188); limber front
and rear (202); action rear (200); limber rear (203); to move by hand
the carriages unlimbered (937); prepare for action (938); march order
(942); posts of the cannoneers, carriages unlimbered and prepared for
action (941); duties in detail of the gunner (845-869); duties in
detail of No. 1 (870-891); duties in detail of No. 2 (892-901); duties
in detail of No. 3 (902-911); duties in detail of No. 4 (913-918);
duties in detail of No. 5 (919-924); methods of laying (985-988); and
methods of fire (995-1008).
The questions will only cover the important parts covered in the
paragraphs above.
Materiel.
The examination of each candidate will be sufficiently extended
to test his familiarity with the use and care of the materiel of
his organization, and will be theoretical. The examination will be
conducted by questions on the following subjects: Nomenclature of
harness and of the parts and accessories of the wheeled materiel; use
of oils; method of cleaning and lubricating parts and mechanisms;
method of cleaning cylinder oil and of emptying and filling cylinders;
use of tools; the kinds of projectiles, of fuses, and of powder
actually issued for use, and their projectiles, of fuses, and of powder
actually issued for use, and their general purpose and effect, omitting
questions as to construction, weight, manufacture, and technical
description; the care and preservation of saddle and harness equipment
in use. Description of: breech mechanism, to mount, to assemble;
elevating screws, to dismount, to assemble; hub liner, to remove, to
assemble; brakes, piece and caisson, to adjust; wheel, to remove, to
replace.
Chevrons will be issued to those candidates who qualify and will be
worn as prescribed in orders.
=DON’TS FOR CANNONEERS.=
=Don’ts for All Cannoneers:=
—Sacrifice accuracy for speed.
—Guess at the data.
—Expose yourself.
—Let your attention be distracted.
—Make unnecessary moves.
—Talk.
=Don’ts for Chief of Section:=
—Forget that you are responsible for the work of your squad.
—Fail to assist the gunner in laying on the aiming point.
—Say “Muzzle Right (left),” merely move your hand in the direction you
desire the trail shifted.
—Write down the data.
—Forget your proper pose, covering No. 3 opposite the float.
—Forget to extend your arm vertically, fingers joined, after the
gunner has announced “Ready.”
—Fail to caution “With the Lanyard” for the first shot.
—Fail to look at both gunner and executive.
—Command “Fire;” merely drop your arm.
—Fail to designate who shall assist No. 2 when he is unable to shift
the trail.
—Forget to announce “Volley Complete.”
—Forget to select the individual Aiming Points for the gunner.
—Forget to announce “No. (so & so) on Aiming Point,” in reciprocal
laying.
—Ever say “Range 3000,” merely “3000.”
=Dont’s for Gunner:=
—Forget to place the sight bracket cover in the left axle seat.
—Forget to put the sight shank cover in the trail box.
—Forget to close the panoramic sight box, and fasten it with your left
hand.
—Forget to clamp the panoramic sight in its seat.
—Forget to close the ports in the shield.
—Forget to put your weight against the shoulder guard while laying.
—Touch any adjustment after calling “Ready.”
—Forget to move your head from the panoramic sight after calling
“Ready.”
—Lean against the wheel.
—Fail to take up lost motion in the proper direction.
—Fail to watch the executive after calling “Ready.”
—Signal with your hand for movements of the trail.
—Fail to identify Aiming Points or Targets.
—Fail to secure hood on sight bracket.
—Say “Whoa” to No. 2 while the trail is being shifted. Say “Trail
Down.”
—Fail to lower the top shield at once at the command “March Order.”
—Forget to relay vertical hair on A. P. at completion of sweeping
volley.
—Forget to set range 1000, deflection zero in “Fire at Will.”
—Forget to say “Ready” just loud enough for the chief of section to
hear.
—Forget to chalk up the deflection on the main shield in reciprocal
laying.
—Forget to set site and level bubble (British).
—Forget to release the brake in trail shifts (British).
—Forget to count “1001, 1002” to preserve proper firing interval.
=Dont’s for Number 1:=
—Touch the firing handle until you announce “Set.”
—Fire the piece with the right hand.
—Try to throw the drill cartridge over the float by jerking the breech
open.
—Slam the breech.
—Fail to level bubbles.
—Fail to set and release brake in trail shifts.
—Fail to look squarely at the scales of the quadrant.
—Fail to take up lost motion properly.
—Forget to close the quadrant box.
—Fire the piece until the command is given.
—Lean against the wheel.
—Forget to keep up with the range in direct laying.
—Forget to lower the top shield immediately at “March Order.”
—Talk.
=Dont’s for Number 2:=
—Throw the breech cover on the ground.
—Fail to engage the handspike.
—Slam the apron.
—Put feet on the float.
—Wait for the command in shifts of 50 mils or more.
—Move the trail in a series of shifts.
—Fail to mark off 11 lines 50 mils apart at once on taking your post.
—Fail to secure the breech cover.
—Fail to secure the handspike in “March Order.”
—Run between carriages.
—Fail to throw empty cartridge cases out of the way of the cannoneers.
—Forget the tow and waste.
—Talk.
=Dont’s for Number 3:=
—Run between the carriages.
—Throw the muzzle cover on the ground.
—Throw the front sight cover on the ground.
—Slam the apron.
—Fail to see that fuze is set at safety at “March Order.”
—Fail to look directly down at the fuze setter while adjusting scales.
—Take right hand from the corrector worm knob and left from the range
worm crank, during drill.
—Forget to set range zero in “Fire at Will.”
—Cross your legs.
—Forget to set each announced range regardless of the kind of fire
being used.
—Talk.
=Dont’s for Number 4:=
—Throw the fuze setter cover on the ground.
—Slam the apron.
—Forget to set the fuze at “Safety” in “March Order.”
—Fail to glance into the bore to get the alignment.
—Touch a round after inserting it in the breech.
—Fail to completely set each fuze.
—Forget to take the round from No. 5 from beneath in percussion fire
and from the top when the hand fuze setter is used.
—Forget to say, “3200, 2, last round,” only loud enough to reach the
chief of section.
—Forget to secure the cover on the fuze setter.
—Attempt to move the caisson with the door open.
—Forget to set and release the caisson brake (Model 1902).
—Turn the round to the left after setting.
—Talk.
=Dont’s for Number 5:=
—Slam the apron.
—Attempt to move the caisson with the door open.
—Forget to put your left elbow on the outside of your left knee in
using the hand fuze setter.
—Forget to set the brake on the 1916 caisson.
—Throw the waterproof caps under your feet.
—Talk.
TRAINING GUN CREWS.
This article is not intended to cover all of the work of the gun crew,
it is intended merely to cover certain points sometimes lost sight of.
References are to the 3” gun, but any crew efficient in serving that
excellent weapon will have little trouble in mastering any other.
All refinements taught have but one prime object, that is accuracy of
fire. It is of no value to make atmospheric and velocity corrections
if still greater variations are constantly introduced by poor service
of the piece. The foundation of battery efficiency is well-trained
gun crews. Officers may be able to lay out orienting lines with the
greatest facility, may know the range tables in the dark, but it will
avail little if they cannot train men to apply properly and accurately
the data determined.
The safety of our own infantry and the effectiveness of our fire are
absolutely dependent on the continuous training of gun crews, and the
resultant precision and sureness with which they perform their work.
This can only be obtained by constant drill from the day the recruit
joins until the day of his discharge; not by long drills in which
he grows tired and loses interest, but by short periods broken by
instruction in other subjects; not by many hours one week and none the
next, but by a short period every day of the week. The best gunners
grow rusty in a very few days; constant short drills will give results
and are the secret of success. Every man must get instructions every
day, be he raw recruit or expert gunner.
Cannoneers should be taught that the greatest crime that can be
committed in laying the piece is to make an error—the only crime for
which there is no punishment. An error or mistake in the correct
service of the piece should not be punished, but it should be carefully
explained how the efficiency of the battery depends on each member,
and to insure that crime is not committed again, additional hours of
instruction beyond that required for the rest of the crew will be
necessary.
Every man must be on his toes from the time he comes in sight of his
gun, every movement at the piece must be at a run. Slow and sleepy
motions of one man will kill all the snap and energy of every other
member of the crew. Do not, however, confuse speed of performing any
given motion with hurry in execution of detail. For example, the gunner
must move with snap and energy in getting his eye back to the sight
and his hand on the traversing handwheel after the piece is fired,
but he must never be hurried in getting the vertical wire exactly on
the aiming point, or in making the ordered changes in the deflection
setting. Stop watches should not be used. They are a fruitful cause
of errors. Speed comes from continual practice and it cannot be
artificially attained by stop-watch timing. Do not understand that
speed is not desirable, it is highly desirable, but practice alone will
give it and it will nearly always be found that the best-trained crew
is the fastest crew. Competitions between crews must be for accuracy,
not speed. If every motion is made with a snap and at a run the results
as regards speed will be satisfactory.
The accuracy of fire is affected by brakes not being adjusted for equal
tension, by direction of recoil not being in line with the trail, by
No. 2 sitting on the handspike and shifting his weight after the gunner
has called “Ready;” by No. 1 jerking the firing handle; by the gunner
not keeping his shoulder against the guard; by elevating cranks not
being properly assembled; by sights and quadrants not being properly
adjusted or locked with means provided (this subject deserves several
pages); by variations in the amount of oil in the cylinder; by improper
adjustment of the gland; by the gunner coming on to the aiming point
sometimes from the right, sometimes from the left; by the No. 1
centering the bubble sometimes from front to rear, sometimes from rear
to front.
You may have stood behind a battery firing and noticed how one or
two guns jump violently in recoil, while others would hardly disturb
the proverbial glass of water on top of the wheel, although all guns
of equal service. This was due almost entirely to the lack of proper
adjustment of some of the parts mentioned above.
Every member of the crew must know his duties so well as to make his
motion automatic; the direction to turn the various handwheels, milled
heads, and gears to obtain the desired result, and he must always do
these things in the same way. The effect of small differences in laying
may be graphically shown the gun crew by firing sub-caliber ammunition
at a small arms steel target which rings a bell when a bull’s-eye
is made. Erratic shots means poor adjustments of equipment or poor
training of the gun crew. Pleas that worn material or lost motion, or
defective ammunition are the causes of erratic shooting are largely
excuses for ignorance, laziness, and lack of proper instruction. Worn
materiel requires more makeshifts, takes longer to lay and more careful
watching, so that fire cannot be so rapid, but except for wear in the
bore of the gun it is possible to do almost as accurate shooting with
worn materiel, especially if the new materiel has not been thoroughly
worked in.
Among the more important duties of the men may be mentioned in the
following:
=Chief of Section.=—Must teach his men to have pride in the gun they
serve, and the reputation of the section. He shows each member how the
accuracy of firing is dependent on him, and that one man may ruin the
best efforts of all the others. He must keep his materiel as clean as
when it left the makers hand, every part functioning properly, every
screw and nut tightened, no burred nuts or bolts, or missing split
pins. He helps each member to take a pride in keeping the part for
which he is responsible as clean as a new pin and in perfect condition.
He sees that the various canvas covers and sponge and rammer never
touch the ground where they will gather dirt. He knows the proper use
of his tools, and the correct adjustment of the firing mechanism. He
must be able to assemble and disassemble blindfolded the firing lock
and breech mechanism. In firing he knows the settings of all scales
without reference to a data book.
=The Gunner.=—Knows that turning the levelling screw clockwise moves
cross bubble to the right; that turning scroll gear clockwise increases
the range; that turning the peep sight screw clockwise increases
deflection, and so on with all handwheels, etc., that he operates and
must know these things so well that he operates them in the proper
direction automatically. Must always bring vertical wire on aiming
point from the left to take up any play in traversing mechanism. He
verifies that he is on the aiming point after the breech is closed
and if there is any delay, again immediately before firing. He gets
his eye back to the sight and relays _immediately_ the gun returns to
battery. He knows his scale readings at all times. He keeps his sight
scrupulously clean, never permits his finger to touch the objective
prism when turning the rotating head, nor wipes off eye piece with
hand. He keeps his shoulder against the guard at all times.
=The Number 1.=—He knows his site and range scale readings without
having to look at them. In centering the bubble he brings it always
from front to rear to take up play in the elevating mechanism. He
centers the bubble so accurately that it is not the thickness of a
sheet of tissue paper nearer one graduation than the other, and what is
most important he sees that it stays there until he fires the pieces,
when he promptly recentres it. (The latitude allowed in centring the
bubble by our gunners’ examination is responsible for 20 per cent. of
our field probable error.) He must not fire the piece with a jerk but
with a constant even pressure, else he may destroy all his accuracy of
levelling. The same principle applies if he uses the lanyard. He keeps
his quadrant free from any sign of dirt and assures himself that it is
in perfect condition. If the gunner fails to keep his shoulder against
the guard when the piece is fired he reminds him of it. In centring
the bubble or setting the scales he gets his eye squarely opposite the
scale or bubble.
=The Number 2.=—He knows the width of the spade, float, etc., in mils,
and is able to make any shift under two hundred mils, within 5 mils. He
shifts the trail so as to bring the direction of recoil in line with
it (except for moving targets). In receiving empty cases he should not
permit them to strike the trail or throw them against each other, as
they must then be resized before they can be again used. If he sits on
the handspike he must not shift his weight after the piece is laid.
=The Number 3.=—He knows that turning the corrector worm knob clockwise
decreases the setting; turning the range worm crank clockwise increases
the range. In making these settings he keeps his eye squarely over the
scales. He knows his scale settings at all times. He is taught to keep
his fuze setter and its cover clean, and is shown how a small pile of
dirt or wax behind the stop pin or in the rotating pin notch can throw
out his settings and ruin the reputation of his section. Gum from the
fuze often collects in these places. The surest way is to keep a match
stick handy and clean out these places whenever there is a lull in the
firing.
=The Number 4.=—If necessary to reset the fuze he must turn the
projectile until it brings up against the stop pin, then cease all
turning movement and draw the projectile straight out of the fuze
setter. If he continues the turning motion unconsciously he can easily
alter the setting by a fifth of a second. In loading he is careful not
to strike the fuze against the breech and so alter the fuze setting.
=The Number 5.=—He knows where the rotating pin notch is in the fuze
setter, and where the corresponding pin is on the fuze. He places the
fuze so that the pin is seated in the notch with little or no turning
movement and turns rapidly but with no more force than required. He is
careful to set all fuzes with the same force, that is, not turn one
with a violent twist and the next barely up to the stop.
APPENDIX “B”—Comparative table of guns used in World’s War.
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
| | | | Gt.
| Austria,| France, | Germany,| Britain,
| 1905 | 1897 | 1906 | 1917
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
Caliber, inches | 3.01 | 2.95 | 3.03 | 3.3
Weight of shrapnel, lbs. | 14.72 | 16.00 | 15.00 | 18.00
Muzzle velocity, f. s. | 1640 | 1750 | 1760 | 1680
Muzzle energy, ft. tons | 275 | 335 | 242 | 340
Weight of gun | 700 | 1000 | 766 | 880
Weight of gun and | 2000 | 2650 | 1860 | 2600
carriage | | | |
Weight of g., c. and | 3750 | 4150 | 4200 | 4100
limber | | | |
Maximum elevation | 18 | 18 | 16 | 33
Total traverse, degrees | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8
Length of recoil, inches | 51.5 | 47 | 44 | 28-48
Height of wheels | 4’3” | 4’ | 4’5½”| 4’3”
Independent line of sight | No. | Yes. | No. | Yes.
Sights, goniometric, | | | |
telescopic, panoramic, | P. | G. | T. G. | O. P.
ordinary | | | |
Breech block, wedge | | | |
swinging, eccentric | W. | E. S. | W. | S.
screw. | | | |
Traverse, axle or pintle | P. | A. | P. | A.
Recuperation, spring or | | | |
hydro-pneumatic | S. | H. | S. | H.
Length of gun, calibers | 30 | 36 | 27.3 | 28.0
Width of track, inches | 60 | 60 | 60 | 66
Range, maximum | 6400 | 7550 | 7600 | 9000
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
| | | U. | U.
| Italy, | Russia, | States, | States,
| 1912 | 1903 | 1902 | 1916
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
Caliber, inches | 2.95 | 3. | 3. | 2.95
Weight of shrapnel, lbs. | 14.3 | 14.41 | 15.00 | 16.00
Muzzle velocity, f. s. | 1510 | 1930 | 1700 | 1600
Muzzle energy, ft. tons | 224 | 273 | 300 | 311
Weight of gun | 690 | 785 | 710 | 765
Weight of gun and | 2260 | 2075 | 2230 | 3000
carriage | | | |
Weight of g., c. and | 3350 | 3850 | 3730 | 4400
limber | | | |
Maximum elevation | 65 | 16$ | 16 | 53
Total traverse, degrees | 52 | 5½ | 8 | 45
Length of recoil, inches | 18-53 | 42.5 | 50 | 18-46
Height of wheels | 4’3½”| 4’4” | 4’8” | 4’8”
Independent line of sight | Yes. | No. | No. | Yes.
Sights, goniometric, | | | |
telescopic, panoramic, | T. P. | O. P. | O. P. | O. P.
ordinary | | | |
Breech block, wedge | | | |
swinging, eccentric | W. | S. B. | S. B. | W.
screw. | | | |
Traverse, axle or pintle | P. | A. | A. | P.
Recuperation, spring or | | | |
hydro-pneumatic | H. | S. | S. | S.
Length of gun, calibers | 30 | 30 | 29.2 | 30.8
Width of track, inches | 58 | 60 | 60 | 60
Range, maximum | 8850 | 7800 | 6500 | 9650
——————————————————————————+—————————+—————————+—————————+—————————
APPENDIX “C”
TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS.
1 mil. 3.37 minutes.
1 meter (m) 39.37 inches.
1 centimeter (cm) .3937 inch.
1 millimeter (mm) .03937 inch.
1 kilogram (kg) 2.2046 pounds.
1 dekagram (dkg) .3527 ounce.
1 gram 15.432 grains.
1 liter 1.05671 quarts (U.S.).
1 inch 2.54 centimeters.
1 foot .3048 meter.
1 yard .9144 meter.
1 square inch 6.452 square centimeters.
1 cubic inch 16.39 cubic centimeters.
1 cubic foot .02832 cubic meter.
1 cubic yard .7645 cubic meter.
1 ounce 28.35 grams.
1 pound .4536 kilogram.
1 quart (U. S.) .9463 liter.
1 degree 17.777 mils.
1 kilogram (kg) per 14.223 pounds per
square centimeter square inch.
INDEX
Abatage, French 75-mm, 95
Action of Recoil Mechanism, 3-inch Gun, 70
Aiming Circle, 274
Air and Liquid Pumps, 155-mm Howitzer, 189
American 75, 105
Ammunition, 199
Ammunition 3-inch Gun, 214
Ammunition, Definition of, 11
Ammunition Marking, 233
Ammunition Truck, 334
Angle of Site Mechanism, American 75, 127
Anti-Aircraft Guns, 60
Armament, Modern, 46
Army Artillery, 57
Artillery, Definition of, 11
Artillery Tractor, 330
Assembling 3-inch Gun, 76, 242
Assembling American 75, 133
Automatic Pistol, 315
Automatic Rifle, 322, 325
Axles, Discussion, 44
Ballistics, Definition of, 11
Battery Commander’s Telescope Model 1915, 270
Biblical References to Artillery, 16
Bicarbonate of Soda, 239
Bore, Definition of, 11
Borax, 238
Bracket, Fuze Setter, 283
Breechblock, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Breechblock, British 75, 150
Breechblock, French 75, 87
Breechblocks, Discussion of, 31
Breech, Definition of, 12
Breech Mechanism 3-inch Gun, 63
Breech Mechanism, American 75, 106
Breech Mechanism, G. P. F., 162
Breech Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 173
British 75, 147
Browning Automatic Rifle, 325
Browning Machine Gun, 323
Built-up Guns, Discussion of, 29
Caisson 3-inch Gun, 74
Caisson, Definition of, 12
Caliber, Definition of, 12
Camp Telephone, 286
Canvas Buckets, 241
Care of 3-inch Gun, 242
Care and Cleaning of Cloth, 252
Care and Cleaning of Leather, 249
Care and Cleaning of Metal, 252
Care and Inspection of Sights, 267
Care and Preservation, French 75, 101
Care of Guns During Firing, 253
Care of 155-mm Howitzer, Notes on, 194
Care and Preservation of Materiel, 236
Carriages, Gun, 3-inch, 65
Carriage, Gun, Definition of, 12
Carriage, American 75, Description, 111
Carriage 4.7-inch Gun, Description, 154
Carriage 155-mm Howitzer, Description, 179
Cartridge Case, Care of, 219
Cartridge, Case, Definition, 12
Charge, Definition, 12
Classification of fuzes, 224
Cleaning Material, 236
Cleaning Schedule, 254
Clock Oil, Use of, 237
Cloth Equipment, Care of, 252
Coal Oil, Use of, 237
Combination Fuzes, Tables of, 232
Cannoneers’ “Don’ts”, 360
Conventional Signals, 301
Corps Artillery, Discussion, 55
Cradle, Definition of, 12
Cradle, American 75, Description, 118
Cradle, G. P. F. Description, 162
Cradle 155-mm Howitzer, Description, 181
Cradle 3-inch Gun, Description, 66
Cylinders 3-inch Gun, Care of, 244
Cylinders 155-mm Howitzer, Description, 181
Cylinders, Outer, Discussion, 31
Detonating Fuzes, Tables of, 229
Detonators, Discussion, 199
Dismounting American 75, 133
Dismounting French 75, 101
Dismounting 3-inch Gun, 76
Divisional Artillery, 47
“Dont’s” for Cannoneers, 363
Elevating Gear, 3-inch Gun, 66
Elevating Mechanism, American 75, 129
Elevating Mechanism, British 75, 150
Elevating Mechanism, Definition, 13
Elevating Mechanisms, Discussion, 37
Elevating Mechanism 4.7-inch Gun, 157
Elevating Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 185
Engine Oils, Use of, 238
Engine Troubles, Motors, 345
Equalizing Gear, American 75, 127
Equivalents, Tables of, 371
Explosives, Discussion, 199
Extractor, French 75, 87
Faults, Common in Telephones, 297
Field Glasses, 283
Filling American 75 Cylinders, 145
Filloux 155-mm Gun, 160
Fire Control Equipment, Definition, 13
Fire Control Instruments, 260
Firing Mechanism, American 75, 110
Firing Mechanism, French 75, 89
Firing Mechanism, Definition, 13
Firing Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Firing Mechanism, 3-inch Gun, 64
Firing Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 175
Fireworks, Signalling, 304
Fixed Ammunition, 203
Flags, Signalling, 285
Floats, American 75, 114
French 75, 84
Front and Rear Sights, 3-inch Gun, 260
Fulminates, 199
Fuzes, 221
Fuze Classification, 224
Fuze, Definition, 13
Fuze Setter, 3-inch Gun, 283
Fuze Setters, Definition, 13
General Service Code, 301
Gribeauval, Reference to, 20
G. P. F. (Grande Puissance Filloux), 160
Gun, Definition, 13
Gun Crews, Training of, 367
Gun Carriages, Discussion, 33
Gun Carriage, 3-inch Gun, 65
Gunners Examinations, 352
Guns, Care of in Firing, 254
Guns Used in World War, 370
Gustavus Adolphus, Reference to, 18
H and H Soap, Use of, 239
Hand Fuze Setter, 284
Heavy Field Gun, Discussion, 58
Heavy Field Howitzer, Discussion, 59
High Explosives, 202
History and Development of Materiel, 16
Hollingshead Soap, Use of, 239
How to Drive Motors, 340
Howitzers, 155-mm, Care of, 194
Howitzer, 155-mm, Model 1918, 167
Howitzer, Definition of, 13
Hydroline Oil, Use of, 239
Independent Angle of Site, 111
Initial Velocity, Definition of, 13
Lamps, Signalling, 298
Lanterns, 242
Lavaline, Use of, 238
Leather, Care of, 249
Light Gun and Howitzer, Discussion, 48
Light Slushing Oil, Use of, 237
Limber, Definition of, 14
Limber, 3-inch Gun (Caisson), 72
Line Sights, 258
Louis XIV, Reference to, 20
Liquid Pumps for 155-mm Howitzer, 189
Lubricating Oil, Use of, 236
Lye Powdered, Use of, 238
Machine Gun, Browning, 324
Machine Guns, Use of, 321
Marks on Ammunition, 233
Materiel, Definition of, 14
Medium Gun and Howitzer, 55
Metal, Care of, 252
Modern Armament Discussion, 46
Monocord Switchboard, 288
Motors, 328
Mortar, Definition of, 14
Motorization, 50
Muzzle, Definition of, 14
Muzzle Velocity, Definition of, 14
Naphthaline, use of, 238
Neats-foot Oil, Use of, 237
Nitrogen Compounds, 203
Observing Instruments, 270
Obturation, 204
Ogive, Definition of, 14
Ordnance, Definition of, 14
Outer Cylinders, Discussion of, 31
Paint, Rubberine, 238
Panels, Signalling, 305
Panoramic Sight, Model 1917, 260
Panoramic Sight, Model 1915, 263
Paulins, 242
Percussion Primers, 208
Petrolatum, 237
Picket Ropes, 242
Piece, Definition of, 14
Pistol, Automatic, 315
Polish, Gibson’s Soap, 238
Powder Bags, 206
Preparation for Gunners Examinations, 349
Pressure Gauge, 155-mm Howitzer, 192
Primers, 206
Primer, Brown Enamel, 238
Primer, Definition of, 14
Primer, Pressing, 208
Projectile, Definition of, 14
Projectile, Shape and Nomenclature, 209
Projectors, Signalling, 298
Propelling Charges, 201
Pumps, Air and Liquid, 189
Quadrant, Gunners, Definition of, 14
Quadrant, Range 3-inch Gun, 265
Quadrant, Sight 155-mm Howitzer, 192
Radio, SCR 54 and 54a, 307
Railway Artillery, Discussion, 60
Range Finder, 278
Range Quadrant 3-inch Gun, 265
Recoil Mechanism, Definition of, 14
Recoil Mechanism, Discussion, 39
Recoil Mechanism, 3-inch Gun, 68
Recoil Mechanism, American 75, 120
Recoil Mechanism, British 75, 150
Recoil Mechanism, French 75, 99
Recoil Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Recoil Mechanism, G. P. F., 162
Recoil Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 182
Reconnaissance Car, 328
Regulations for Gunners’ Examinations, 352
Rifle, Definitions of, 14
Rifling, Definition of, 15
Rounds, Definition of, 15
Runners, 285
Sal Soda, 239
Schedule, Cleaning, 254
Semi-fixed Ammunition, 204
Semaphore, 306
Separate Ammunition, 204
Shell, Definition of, 15
Shell Fillers, 201
Shields, Discussion of, 43
Shrapnel, Definition of, 15
Sights, 258
Sights, Care of and Inspection, 267
Sights, Discussion of, 43
Sights, Front and Rear, 258
Sights, Line, 258
Sights, Panoramic, 260
Signals, Conventional, 301
Signal Equipment, 285
Small Arms, 315
Soap H and H, 239
Soap, Castile, 239
Soap, Saddle, 239
Spades, American 75-mm, 114
Spare Parts 3-inch Gun, 240
Sperm Oil, Use of, 237
Swabbing Solution, 239
Switchboard, Monocord, 288
Table of Equivalents, 371
Table of Explosives, 202
Table of Fuzes, 232
Telephone, Camp, 286
Telephone Faults, 295
Telescope, B. C. Models, 1915 and 1917, 270
Tools and Accessories 3-inch Gun, 239
Training Gun Crews, 364
Trail, 3-inch Gun, 66
Trail, American 75, 114
Trail, British 75, 150
Trail, 4.7-inch Gun, 157
Trail, G. P. F. Gun, 165
Trails, Definition of, 15
Trails, Discussion of, 45
Traversing Mechanism 3-inch Gun, 66
Traversing Mechanism, American 75, 133
Traversing Mechanism, British 75, 153
Traversing Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Traversing Mechanism, G. P. F., 165
Traversing Mechanism, 155 Howitzer, 187
Traversing Mechanism, Definition of, 15
Traversing Mechanisms, Discussion of, 36
Tubes, Discussion of, 27
Twist, Discussion of, 29
Type SCR 54 and 54a Radio, 307
Vacuum Tube Detector, 311
Vaseline, 237
Variable Recoil, American 75, 126
Weights and Dimensions 3-inch Gun, 62
Weights and Dimensions 4.7-inch Gun, 154
Weights and Dimensions American 75, 105
Weights and Dimensions British 75, 147
Wheels, Care of, 248
Wheels, Discussions of, 44
Wheels, 3-inch Gun, 65
Wheels, 4.7-inch Gun, 157
Wheels, G. P. F., 165
Wig-Wag, 306
Wire-Wrapped Guns, Discussion, 28
Transcriber’s Notes
pg 8 Changed: Harley-Davidson motorcicles
to: Harley-Davidson motorcycles
pg 9 Changed: Gun Carriage, Ear View
to: Gun Carriage, Rear View
pg 23 Changed: which could best be handled to manuever
to: which could best be handled to maneuver
pg 24 Changed: we fined the now famous long range
to: we find the now famous long range
pg 34 Changed: If the guns were rigidily attached
to: If the guns were rigidly attached
pg 35 Changed: The leverages with which the overturning
to: The leverage with which the overturning
pg 46 Changed: little more than phyrric victories
to: little more than pyrrhic victories
pg 57 Changed: and the concensus of opinion
to: and the consensus of opinion
pg 63 Changed: Breezh recess.
to: Breech recess.
pg 100 Changed: (2) The diaphram with its hollow rod
to: (2) The diaphragm with its hollow rod
pg 100 Changed: may communi?ate freely with the air
to: may communicate freely with the air
pg 101 Changed: Canoneer Dismountings.
to: Cannoneer Dismountings.
pg 110 Changed: forced over horiztonal shoulders
to: forced over horizontal shoulders
pg 124 Changed: (b) Flood slides with oil,
to: (c) Flood slides with oil,
pg 131 Changed: by means of the elevating haulwheel
to: by means of the elevating handwheel
pg 135 Changed: Remove lower splint pin
to: Remove lower split pin
pg 194 Changed: which the levling mechanism is operated
to: which the leveling mechanism is operated
pg 217 Changed: The shell is always issued filled and fuxed
to: The shell is always issued filled and fuzed
pg 232 Changed: Will be abanonded by French
to: Will be abandoned by French
pg 236 Changed: materiel may funtion easily
to: materiel may function easily
pg 239 Changed: Water, 4 oz. or 1/4 pnt
to: Water, 4 oz. or 1/4 pint
pg 245 Changed: results from firing of two two kinds
to: results from firing of two kinds
pg 250 Changed: have been in contact with meta
to: have been in contact with metal
pg 269 Changed: for the same angle of site (roughtly estimated
to: for the same angle of site (roughly estimated
pg 272 Changed: To set up the tesescope.
to: To set up the telescope.
pg 272 Changed: and sphercial aberration
to: and spherical aberration
pg 276 Changed: is set up and horiontal
to: is set up and horizontal
pg 276 Changed: turn the teslecope until
to: turn the telescope until
pg 278 Changed: Substracting one reading from the other
to: Subtracting one reading from the other
pg 280 Changed: and the verticle spindle
to: and the vertical spindle
pg 285 Changed: reliable means of communition
to: reliable means of communication
pg 289 Changed: connecting by independant wires
to: connecting by independent wires
pg 291 Changed: pivot at one to press against the shutter
to: pivot at one end to press against the shutter
pg 292 Changed: tip spring and the anvil are then contact
to: tip spring and the anvil are then in contact
pg 292 Changed: equipment also inculdes a night bell
to: equipment also includes a night bell
pg 297 Changed: station instrument will be imparied
to: station instrument will be impaired
pg 298 Changed: particularily in an advance
to: particularly in an advance
pg 303 Changed: The Very pistol cartrdiges
to: The Very pistol cartridges
pg 309 Changed: adjust the crustal detector
to: adjust the crystal detector
pg 312 Changed: kept in a clean contion
to: kept in a clean condition
pg 313 Changed: Scratching noises in the telepone
to: Scratching noises in the telephone
pg 314 Changed: evidenced by the fact that the condeser
to: evidenced by the fact that the condenser
pg 323 Changed: differs from those generaly built
to: differs from those generally built
pg 336 Changed: differing only in certin details
to: differing only in certain details
pg 341 Changed: may again be applied graually
to: may again be applied gradually
pg 354 Changed: maximum given in the appropropriate
to: maximum given in the appropriate
pg 361 Changed: completion of sweeping voley
to: completion of sweeping volley