_BEGINNINGS OF REVOLT._
The arbitrary conduct on the part of the officials became at length
intolerable. A change in the social organisation on the gold-fields,
which was visible in 1853, enabled the diggers to agitate systematically
for the repeal of the license fee. During the first two years of
gold-seeking in Victoria the fields were thronged with diggers, who,
like adventurous birds of passage, came expecting to pick up treasures
in rich lumps, and return at once with a fortune. Many realised their
hopes, and others, meeting with discouragements, abandoned the pursuit,
so that gold-mining became an occupation followed by men as a settled
means of earning a livelihood. Then the bitter feelings against the
"exorbitant" license fee were shown in grim earnest.
An outbreak occurred on the Ovens in January 1853, in which an Assistant
Commissioner was roughly handled by the diggers. In May, at Forest
Creek, a disturbance arose, owing to the unjust action (so the diggers
said) of a trooper, and it was not quelled until the military and
police were called out to restore order. Great indignation meetings were
held at Bendigo, a few months later, to call attention to the continued
mismanagement of the gold-fields, and almost simultaneously the Ballarat
miners commenced their demonstrations of war against the license fee.
Dissatisfaction and discontent prevailed nearly everywhere; still the
Commissioners did not relax their obnoxious compulsory means of
collecting the tax. The persistency of the officials' harshness, and the
conduct of the Government in upholding it, were taken by many diggers as
indications of their being regarded as a despicable portion of the
population. But this idea was dispelled for a time, when it became known
that the Governor of the colony intended to visit the gold-fields.
Sir Charles Hotham made the promised tour about the middle of 1854, and
in spite of existing grievances he was most cordially received
everywhere. An amusing episode of his visit is described by Mr. W. Kelly
as follows:--
AN IRISH GALLANT.
"As soon as the modest cortége of the vice-regal party was discerned by
the expectant diggers, there arose a loud shout of welcome, which was
echoed and re-echoed from hill and glen, from flat and gully, until all
Ballarat was one wild hurrah of rejoicing. The first impulse of the
people was to detach the horses from the carriage and draw it
themselves, but against this proceeding Sir Charles protested with
complimentary tact, to the effect that he wished to see people more
suitably employed than as beasts of burden. The sentiment was duly
appreciated and responded to by a genuine cheer, a Milesian giant--the
leader of the multitude--at the same time thrusting his arm into the
carriage and shaking his Excellency lustily by the hand. Sir Charles
then requested his Irish friend to direct the carriage towards some of
the best of the adjacent gullies, and when it had proceeded as far as
the horses could find firm footing, both he and Lady Hotham descended,
while every hat, cap, and caubeen in the crowd ascended on the wings of
a roar of ecstasy. Sir Charles took his lady on his arm, having a large
crook-headed stick in the opposite hand, but of this his Milesian friend
very quickly and unceremoniously deprived him to keep a lane open for
their advance, addressing humorous apostrophes to the people and their
distinguished visitors, which relieved the procession of all dullness
and formality; and on coming to a muddy space where the path was too
miry to walk over, having no cloak or coat to throw under her footsteps,
like a courtly knight of yore, he caught up Lady Hotham bodily, with
true impulsive gallantry, and seating her on his shoulder, carried her
across amidst a tumult of admiration quite impossible to describe.
"Come to Canadian Gully, buckets of rich washing-stuff were hoisted up
from the claim, and examined by Sir Charles, who was astonished at
seeing numerous golden particles in the dirt. One fine nugget challenged
particular observation, and this Pat picked out with his fingers, and
presented in a most gracious manner to Lady Hotham, although he had no
interest whatever in the claim. The operation of puddling and cradling
was gone through, to the great satisfaction of the vice-regal pair, who
expressed their warm thanks, Sir Charles emphatically asking, 'What can
I do for you, my friends, in return for your kindness?' whereupon the
ready-witted Celt, bowing respectfully, impressively replied, 'Abolish
the license tax.' This was the signal for renewed cheering; and as there
was an expressed anxiety to have a reply, Sir Charles informed the
multitude that if they would accompany him to the camp, where he
intended to address them, they would learn his sentiments on the matter.
"Well, they did accompany him, and listened with evident satisfaction to
the deliberate expressions of their Governor on that occasion. After
making a tour of the gold-fields, the Governor parted with the diggers
on the best possible terms."
REFORM LEAGUES.
Meanwhile the Government maintained the licensing in its fullest extent.
In October 1854 the police received orders to go out twice a-week in
search of unlicensed diggers. There were then four Commissioners at
Ballarat, between whom the superintendence of the surrounding
gold-fields was divided, but so ill-defined were the boundaries of each
district that the police in their raids went over the same ground more
than once, and thus unnecessarily roused the anger of the diggers by
repeatedly bailing up a "mate," or by compelling the production of a
license over and over again on the same day.
These stringent measures of the authorities served to bring the diggers
into closer union with one another. By the organising of reform leagues
and committees the whole population became educated to a certain degree
in the discussion of their grievances, and several men then came to the
front who in subsequent years became popular political and social
leaders. Among the changes contemplated by the reform league at Ballarat
may be mentioned:--(1) Fair representation; (2) manhood suffrage; (3) no
property qualification for Members of Legislative Council; (4) payment
of Members, and short duration of Parliaments. But its immediate object
was to obtain a change in the management of the gold-fields--the
disbanding of Commissioners, and the abolition of diggers' and
storekeepers' license taxes.
The motives that prompted the diggers to oppose the impost were never so
unreservedly displayed as at their public meetings; the telling speeches
of those "gifted with the gab" often heated the swelling emotions of the
listening multitude to almost a bursting point. A lively view of a
diggers' meeting is thus depicted by Mr. W. Kelly:--"At length a bell
commenced ringing in front of a large tenement, and all the different
groups commingled in one advancing crowd towards the entrance. I found
inside an extemporised platform at the end, on to which I was ushered to
a prominent place. The proposers occupied a front row, striving to look
as if they were not aware of their being about to be asked to take part
in the proceedings, while I could clearly see they were in communion
with their memories, calling to mind the concluding words in pages
so-and-so, and the starting word in the sentences on the other leaves.
The seconders were in their proper position, got up without starch for
the occasion, all of the 'unaccustomed as I am' class. The chairman, Mr.
H--ff--y, was voted to his post by acclamation, and Dr. C----r 'broke
open the ball.' He had evidently read up for the occasion, but studied
harangues. Abstruse political theories and polemical refinements are not
the fitting elements for popular oratory; his loftiest flights and his
most studied cadences (none of them approaching mediocrity, by the way)
scarcely produced a fitful 'hear.' It was evident that the audience paid
no attention to the contrasting illustrations between direct or indirect
taxation, or the grand theory of 'basing representation on population
instead of property;' even the reference to 'unlocking the lands'
elicited only a languid meed of approbation. But when a digger from the
crowd asked aloud, 'What about the b--y license tax?' there arose a
simultaneous shout as if from a roaring giant, which broke the doctor's
thread. He tried to stagger on, but after a few stumbles he 'declined
occupying any more of their valuable time,' and sat down, to the
apparent delight of the whole crowd. The next speaker, and the next, and
the next, and the next still, were all of a piece, and the cry of 'Shut
up!' became impartially applicable to all, until a rough, determined,
yet good-countenanced man, was lifted up in front. He evidently did not
court the prominence, but there was no mistaking it; he was perfectly
self-possessed, his mind was full, and his undisciplined tongue 'was all
there.' He looked steadily around with his great hand thrust into the
breast of his open shirt, where the mud-spattered hair was evident as
his whiskers. I felt sure I knew what was coming, and his first
clearly-pronounced words, 'Brother Diggers!' made the assurance doubly
sure. He bade them be of a good heart, but to be _united_--emphasising
the word. He advised them to obey the Law, but denied the legality of
the license tax, which bore down upon the industry that made the country
great, and went on pampering their persecutors. He drew a most graphic
picture of the tyranny of officials' enormities of digger-hunting, and
wound up by swearing 'while he would die for his Queen, he would shed
the last drop of his blood before he would pay another license.' The
burst of enthusiasm that followed this declaration is altogether
indescribable. It seemed to lift the great tent into mid-air; and,
inoculated with the glow of feeling around me, I could almost imagine
that I had a cloud for a footstool. The speaker was seized, _nolo
episcopari_ notwithstanding, and carried out in triumph to the open air,
leaving the chairman to dissolve the meeting, vote himself thanks, and
all the rest of it. It was then, in truth, the _bonâ-fide_ meeting
commenced, and many a spirit-stirring speech bearing close upon the one
text was delivered extemporaneously from the head of a barrel or the end
of a waggon."
The ill-will manifested at these gatherings was kept fervid by the
official tyranny which yet accompanied the collecting of the tax, and
its virulence was much increased when the diggers learned that the
authorities employed informers whose histories precluded the possibility
of their acting truthfully, and stamped them as men of straw, ready to
swear to anything at the official's bidding. Such a state of affairs so
irritated the men as to cause the more excitable to collect arms. Men of
different nationalities formed separate leagues; while throughout the
whole digging community the probability of open insurrection was
commonly discussed.