_GOLD IN VICTORIA._
"Gold, precious yellow, glittering gold!
What can it not do and undo?"
The exodus of gold-seekers from the Port Philip district to the Sydney
side alarmed its leading men, for they were aware of the necessity of an
increasing population in a rising pastoral community such as theirs. The
agricultural and pastoral interests were likely to be seriously affected
if the bone and sinew of the labourers sought employment in the rich
mines on the banks of the Turon instead of on the corn-fields and
pasture lands of the Port Philip district. Besides, the Port Philippians
had for some time been endeavouring to procure separation from New South
Wales; in fact, the act of separation was just about to take place, and
this stroke of luck in favour of the older colony by heightening its
prospects correspondingly humbled those of the new colony, and tended to
sink it into insignificance. The Mayor of Melbourne, therefore, convened
a public meeting, at which several energetic and influential men were
formed into a Gold Discovery Committee. This committee, in order to
avert the threatened crisis, offered a reward of two hundred guineas to
the person who should discover a payable gold-field within the district.
JAMES ESMOND, THE VICTORIAN PIONEER DIGGER.
About a month after this meeting in Melbourne the Geelong newspapers
announced the discovery of gold at Clunes, on the 1st of July, by James
Esmond, a pioneer who does not appear to have heard of the promised
reward.
The adventures of this first of Victorian diggers were in many respects
similar to those of Hargraves. In 1848 James Esmond was driver of the
mail-coach between Buninyong and Horsham. For several years he had
filled the box-seat, in which position he received commendation for his
careful handling of the horses, and his courteous behaviour to his
passengers. But at length the dreary monotony of his long and lonely
route through the bush and over the rocky ranges of the Pyrenees proved
too wearisome for the roving disposition of the young driver. He
therefore threw down the reins and abandoned his mail contract. Glowing
reports of the golden treasures of California were being circulated
throughout the district, and were listened to with eager ears by young
Esmond. He would gratify an intense love of adventure that prompted him
to go to the diggings, and at the same time woo Dame Fortune and win her
golden smiles. Thus he determined, and in due course arrived in
California. He soon experienced the discomforts of a digger's life, but
found very little gold. Ill-luck attended all his toiling, and made him
so thoroughly disgusted with digging life that he resolved to return to
his old occupation, which, although lacking the excitement of
gold-hunting, was also without its bitter discouragement and
uncertainty. Esmond returned to Sydney on the ship that brought
Hargraves back to New South Wales. This was purely by chance, and
probably the two men scarcely ever spoke to each other during the
voyage. After two months spent idly in Sydney he came on to Melbourne in
a very slow sailing vessel, which took three weeks to make the short
voyage between the two capitals. Esmond journeyed to Buninyong, and as
his old position was occupied by another man, he was obliged to take to
another calling. Nothing better than bushman's work could be had, so he
undertook to cut down timber and build log-huts on a station in the
Pyrenees. This arduous work was shared by one companion. In its
loneliness and want of variety it was so directly opposite to the
eventfulness of Esmond's last occupation that the two men might work for
weeks without seeing another human being. But the dull uniformity of
the lives of the two men was suddenly changed by the arrival on the
scene of a German geologist named Dr. Bruhn, who showed to Esmond and
his mate rich specimens of gold found in the neighbourhood, and told the
wondering pair that a practical miner might easily discover a payable
gold-field in the district. This unexpected announcement immediately
filled Esmond with the desire to once again tempt Dame Fortune. He
easily persuaded his mate to join him in the adventure, and the pair
discontinued tree-felling and hut-building, and with pick and tin-dish
set forth in search of fortune's golden gifts. As an early poetical
chronicler thus puts it:--
"Behold him, along with his partner, set out
To prospect the unexplor'd ranges about;
They pass the poor natives, crouch'd round their rude fire,
Nor linger the beautiful birds to admire.
The kangaroo furtively peeps from its lair,
The cunning opossum bestows a wild stare;
But till they find gold little rest will they draw."
Esmond and his companion began their prospecting tour on the 1st of July
1851 (separation day). They soon attained the object of their
expedition, and with very little effort. On reaching the banks of Deep
Creek, a tributary of the Loddon, they were gladdened by the sight of
glistening quartz. A little diligent fossicking there was rewarded by
the unearthing of a few rich specimens of grain gold, or what appeared
to be such. In order to make sure of the richness of the metal, Esmond
determined to have the specimen tested by an assayer at Geelong. On
arriving at that town the pureness of the gold was vouched for, and
eager inquiries were made for the locality where the precious treasure
could be found.
Esmond declined to divulge his secret, and hastened to obtain the
necessary implements and utensils for working the coveted field. It was
the 6th of July before his digging expedition (the first in Victoria),
which consisted of three men besides himself, was fully equipped. Before
leaving Geelong, Esmond disclosed his destination to the assayer, who
advised other parties fitting out for the Turon diggings to remain in
the district, because of the probability of richer gold-fields being
shortly found close at hand.
In the meantime another discovery was announced. A party of six men
found sprinklings of gold in the bed of Anderson's Creek, a tributary of
the Yarra, and only a few miles from Melbourne. These discoveries were
effective in stemming the tide of emigration to New South Wales.
Esmond's field attracted about thirty men, and produced satisfactory
results until the end of August. It then became evident that the
precious yellow grains were no longer to be found in the alluvial
deposits. The men at Clunes were getting into severe straits because of
the poorness of the shallow diggings, when a visitor to the place
brought the welcome news of fresh discoveries and encouraging prospects
for diggers in the neighbourhood of Buninyong.
Amongst the first to leave the Clunes diggings was Esmond, its original
prospector. He joined a party of nine, who marched over the hills to the
newly-discovered fields. With this party we will leave the pioneer, for
he afterwards worked in company with others, and met with no
extraordinary adventures. Though remarkably successful as a digger, he
was singularly unfortunate in his speculations. Subsequently £1000 was
voted to him in reward for his discoveries. He also received a grant of
a piece of land on the site of the first gold-field.
OTHER PIONEERS.
The rich discoveries at Clunes excited the cupidity, or perhaps we
should say the spirit of adventure, of many of the colonists, and
tempted them to leave their ordinary occupations to join in the search
for gold. A resident of Buninyong, named Thomas Hiscock, was induced to
examine the surrounding hills. A brief search was rewarded by the
discovery, in one of the many gullies that wind among the hills, of some
bright yellow grains, which, from their weight and lustre, he thought
must be the precious metal he was in quest of. These specimens he took
to Geelong for the purpose of having them tested by a competent assayer.
He arrived at Geelong on the 10th of August, and had some difficulty in
finding a reliable gold expert; but a gentleman who had seen Esmond's
specimens a few weeks before pronounced Hiscock's "find" to be true
gold, and much finer and more glistening than that found at Clunes. When
Hiscock's discovery was made public a number of workmen and idlers left
Geelong and set out for the gully. But the weather was cold, and the
continual pouring of rain damped the ardour of most of the adventurers
ere they began to seek for the precious metal. Many remained in the
township of Buninyong, not venturing to camp on the hills, because the
ground there was so muddy and the gully so slushy as to render living
under canvas extremely miserable, and fossicking for gold almost
impossible. Despite these drawbacks there were within a fortnight of the
arrival of its discoverer in Geelong over forty diggers at work in
Hiscock's gully. But ill-luck attended the efforts of most of these
pioneers, and continual disappointments forced many of them to try the
diggings at Clunes.
With this object in view, a digger named Dunlop packed up his tent and
baggage, and would have taken himself to Clunes; but when he learned
that four pounds was the price of carriage in the waggon about to start
for that place, he resolved to give Buninyong another trial. Early next
morning he disappeared from the township. In the evening he returned to
his wondering mate and showed him a match-box containing half an ounce
of gold, which he said was the result of that day's seeking amongst the
hills five or six miles away. His mate would not believe his tale, but
at break of day Dunlop again disappeared--this time in company with a
friend named Regan. A few days elapsed, and the two men being still
away, his mate went out in search of them. Then the absence of the three
men was remarked at the hotel where they had been lodging. Four other
men, suspecting the cause of the sudden disappearance, and hoping to
share in any fresh discoveries, went stealthily out of the township and
endeavoured to track the supposed lucky prospectors. But the latter did
not wish to be discovered, and attempted to elude their pursuers.
However, all their efforts to escape observation were in vain, for in a
very short time the place that Dunlop had discovered attracted almost
all the diggers from Buninyong, who soon displaced the few miserable
native wanderers who had roamed over Poverty Flat--as it was gruesomely
named--"monarchs of all they surveyed, and lords of the fowl and the
brute."
Shortly afterwards the treasures of Golden Point were revealed. A family
named Cavanagh had secured a half-worked claim, and having carried it
below a layer of pipe-clay into the midst of some decayed slate, they
struck the first of those rich pockets which were afterwards found in
such abundance throughout the Golden Point Field.
Before the end of August the mineral richness of the neighbouring creeks
became evident, and numbers of nimble fossickers gathered the first
crops of the Ballarat gold-fields. In September rich diggings were
opened at Mount Alexander, and two or three weeks later the yield of
those at Bendigo eclipsed for a time the glories of all other fields.