[Illustration:
MAP OF
ANGOLA
Compiled by
J. J. MONTEIRO]
ANGOLA
AND
THE RIVER CONGO.
BY
JOACHIM JOHN MONTEIRO,
ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES, AND CORRESPONDING
MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
_WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS._
London:
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1875.
_All Rights Reserved._
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
TO
ROSE MY WIFE
I Dedicate this Work
IN LOVING REMEMBRANCE OF THE HAPPY DAYS WE PASSED TOGETHER
IN THE PEACEFUL STILLNESS AND TROPICAL LUXURIANCE
OF THE VAST SOLITUDES OF ANGOLA.
PREFACE.
The following description of the country between the River Zaire or
Congo, and Mossamedes or Little Fish Bay, comprising ten degrees of
latitude, is the result of many years of travel in and exploration of
that part of the coast.
My aim has been to present an accurate and truthful account of its more
striking features and productions, and of the manners and customs of
the various tribes which inhabit it.
I have avoided mentioning more names of places and persons than are
necessary, as they would be of little or no interest to the general
reader. I have also omitted detailed lists and descriptions of plants
and animals that I have collected, as such would only interest
naturalists, who are referred to the different scientific publications
in which they have been described.
This being the first detailed account of a most interesting and rich
part of Tropical Africa, I leave it with confidence to the indulgence
of my readers, assuring them that at all events a want of truth is not
included in its shortcomings.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY 1
CHAPTER II.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY--CHARACTER OF VEGETATION--RIVERS 23
CHAPTER III.
THE RIVER CONGO A BOUNDARY--SLAVE TRADE--SLAVERY--ORDEAL BY
POISON--INSENSIBILITY OF THE NEGRO--INGRATITUDE 53
CHAPTER IV.
THE RIVER CONGO--BANANA--PORTO DA LENHA--BOMA--MUSSURONGO
TRIBE--PIRATES--MUSHICONGO TRIBE--FISH--PALM CHOP--PALM WINE 81
CHAPTER V.
COUNTRY FROM THE RIVER CONGO TO AMBRIZ--VEGETATION--TRADING--
CIVILIZATION--COMMERCE--PRODUCTS--IVORY--MUSSERRA--SLEEP
DISEASE--SALT--MINERAL PITCH 100
CHAPTER VI.
AMBRIZ--TRADE--MALACHITE--ROAD TO BEMBE--TRAVELLING--MOSQUITOES--
QUIBALLA TO QUILUMBO--NATIVES--QUILUMBO TO BEMBE 152
CHAPTER VII.
BEMBE--MALACHITE DEPOSIT--ROOT PARASITE--ENGONGUI--MORTALITY
OF CATTLE--FAIRS--KING OF CONGO--RECEPTIONS--CUSTOMS--SAN
SALVADOR--FEVERS--RETURN TO AMBRIZ 189
CHAPTER VIII.
CHARACTER OF THE NEGRO--FETISH--CUSTOMS--ARMS
AND WAR--DRESS--ZOMBO TRIBE--BURIAL--INSANITY 238
CHAPTER IX.
CUSTOMS OF THE MUSSUBONGO, AMBRIZ, AND MUSHICONGO NEGROES--MANDIOCA
PLANT; ITS PREPARATIONS--CHILI PEPPER--BANANAS--RATS--WHITE
ANT--NATIVE BEER--STRANGE SOUNDS 280
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
_Drawn on Wood by_ MR. EDWARD FIELDING; _the Views from Sketches by_
MRS. MONTEIRO, _and from Photographs; the Implements, &c., from the
Originals_.
MAP _Frontispiece_.
Travelling in Angola--View near Ambriz _To face page_ 23
Porto da Lenha ” 81
View on the Congo, above Boma ” 99
Ankle-ring--Ring to ascend Palm-trees--Cage for carrying Ivory
tusks--Engongui--Fetish figure--Mask--Pillow ” 140
Granite Pillar of Musserra--Wooden trumpet--Hoe--Pipe--Knives--
Clapping hands and Answer ” 145
View in the hilly country of Quiballa--Camoensia
maxima ” 177
Quilumbo ” 185
Bembe Valley ” 189
Bembe Peak ” 231
ANGOLA AND THE RIVER CONGO.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY.
The following sketch of the discovery and earlier history of Angola
is translated and condensed from an interesting work in Portuguese by
Feo Cardozo, on the ‘History of the Governors of Angola’ (Paris, 8vo,
1825):--
“The Portuguese, engrossed by the great hopes raised by the conquest
of Brazil and the Indies, did not determine to establish themselves in
Angola till eighty-four years after they had discovered it. The King
of Angola, jealous of the advantages that he supposed his neighbour
the King of Congo derived from his trade and intercourse with the
Portuguese, determined to send several of his subjects to Portugal to
beg the like friendship for himself. Queen Catherine, acceding to
his request, sent to him Paulo Diaz de Novaes, grandson of the famous
Bartolomeo Diaz, who had discovered the greater part of the West Coast
and the Cape of Good Hope. Paulo Diaz left Lisbon in September, 1559,
with three ships, a few soldiers, and a present for the King, bearing
instructions to open commercial relations with the latter, and to
convert him to Christianity. After many dangers he arrived in May,
1560, at the mouth of the River Quanza; the King of Angola was dead,
but his son, who then reigned, renewed on his arrival his father’s
request for friendly relations with the Portuguese. Paulo Diaz, relying
on his statements, landed with only twenty men, and leaving the rest on
board the ships ordered them to return to Portugal if within a certain
time he should not come back to them. He immediately marched to the
Court of Angola, where he and his present were received by the King
with acclamation.
“After the lapse of a few days, Paulo Diaz, wishing to retire to his
ships, was prevented by the King under the pretence of his aid being
required in some wars he was then engaged in. He was thus detained a
prisoner until the King, hard pressed by the revolt of one of his
powerful vassals, determined to allow him to return to Portugal, so
that he might bring him assistance. From the missals, altar-stones,
and old-fashioned church furniture that he saw in the hands of the
negroes during his expedition into the interior, Paulo Diaz concluded
that missionaries had already been in the country many years before.
Returning to Portugal he gave an account of what he had seen to the
King, Dom Sebastian, who sent him back with the title of Conqueror,
Coloniser, and Governor of Angola, and conceded to him ample powers for
the establishment of the new colony.
“Paulo Diaz left Lisbon in October, 1574, with a fleet of seven ships,
and seven hundred men, and sighted land after a passage of three months
and a half. Landing on the island facing the present city of Loanda,
he took formal possession of it in the name of the King of Portugal.
An immense number of negroes witnessed the ceremony, as well as forty
Portuguese who had retired from the kingdom of Congo, owing to the wars
amongst the negroes of that country.
“The King of Angola received the Portuguese with great joy, and in
return for the presents that Dom Sebastian had sent him, gave Paulo
Diaz several armlets of silver and of copper, and sticks of Quicongo
wood; the silver of the armlets was afterwards made into a chalice and
presented to the church of Belem at Lisbon.
“Finding that the island was not suitable for establishing the new
colony, the Portuguese removed to the mainland, and choosing the spot
now occupied by the fortress of San Miguel, built a church and founded
their first colony in Angola. They then aided the King, and enabled
him speedily to reduce his rebel vassal to obedience. After several
months passed in the greatest friendship, the King of Congo attempted
to intrigue against the Portuguese, but without success. Perfect
peace existed between the Portuguese and the blacks of Angola for six
years, when it was destroyed by the base perfidy of a Portuguese,
who begged the King to make him his slave, as he wished to disclose
a most important secret. Astonished at this proposition, the King
called together his ‘Macotas’ or council, and in their presence ordered
the infamous traitor to divulge it; on which he said that Paulo Diaz
planned despoiling him of his kingdom and mines, for which purpose he
had collected great stores of powder and ball. Next day the King caused
all the Portuguese to appear before him, and in their presence the
traitor repeated his story. The Portuguese, in astonishment, attempted
to refute the calumny, but without attending to their explanations
the King ordered them from his presence, and taking counsel of his
‘Macotas’ was persuaded by them to destroy at once all the Portuguese,
and thus avert the threatened danger. Approving their advice, he
feigned forgetfulness of the occurrence, then under pretence of a war
in the interior, sent forward the Portuguese, who, ignorant of the
stratagem, were all suddenly set upon and murdered, together with the
Christian slaves, numbering over a thousand. A similar fate befell all
the Portuguese engaged in trading in different parts of the country,
and their goods and property were taken possession of. The traitor
received the just punishment of his infamy, for the King ordered him
to be executed, saying, it was not right that one should live who had
caused the death of his countrymen. This cruel butchery concluded, the
King sent Paulo Diaz, who was on his journey from Loanda, an order not
to proceed beyond the spot at which he should receive it.
“The Governor, though totally ignorant of the horrible catastrophe,
distrusted the message, and, retiring to Anzelle, erected a wooden
intrenchment, and fortifying it with two small cannon, awaited the
solution of the affair. But few days had elapsed before he received
tidings of the dreadful tragedy, and of the advance of a great army of
blacks to annihilate him and the remaining Portuguese. This news, far
from terrifying him, inspired him with the hope of speedily avenging
the murder of his countrymen. Animating his garrison, of only 150 men,
with the same sentiment, he, with the aid of their two guns, repelled
the attack of the blacks, causing such havoc among them that they were
completely routed and dispersed; he also sent his lieutenant into the
interior to ravage it with fire and sword. This was accomplished so
successfully, that the King, repenting of his barbarity, turned against
the Macotas who had counselled him, and ordered them all to be put to
death.
“Paulo Diaz being reinforced from Portugal, defeated several of the
‘Sobas,’ or chiefs of Quissama, who attempted to impede his navigation
of the River Quanza, defeated a second time the King of Angola, and
conquered the greater part of the Provinces of Quissama and Illamba,
the whole of which he could not occupy from want of men. He then,
resolving to acquire the silver mines said to exist in the mountains of
Cambambe, fortified himself with his Lieutenant, Luis Serrão, and 120
men, at Tacandongo, which is a short distance from the supposed mines.
“Here they were approached by the third army of the King of Angola, so
numerous that it extended for two leagues. The Governor attacked it on
the 2nd February, 1583, before it had had time to form on the plain
below, and with the assistance of several native chiefs fell on the
black multitude with such success as to disperse it completely in a
few hours, leaving the field covered with dead. Paulo Diaz ordered the
noses of all the slain to be cut off, and sent several loads of them
to Loanda as evidence of his victory, and to inspire the blacks with
the fear of his arms. The King of Angola, rendered desperate by these
repeated defeats, attempted with a fourth army to obtain a victory
over the Portuguese, but was again routed with great slaughter.
In celebration of the above victory Paulo Diaz founded the first
settlement in the interior at Massangano, under the title of Nossa
Senhora da Victoria.
“In 1597, 200 Flemish colonists arrived at Loanda, but nearly the whole
of them quickly died from the effects of the climate.
“About the same time the colony of Benguella was founded by a party of
seventy soldiers, but fifty of these having walked out unarmed on the
beach, to amuse themselves by fishing, were surprised by a large number
of blacks, who cut their heads off, and then attacked the twenty men
in the fort. They defended themselves bravely until all but two, who
managed to escape, were killed.
“Constantly engaged in wars with the powerful ‘Sobas’ and savage
populous nations of the interior, the Portuguese gradually extended and
established their power in Angola.
“In 1595, Jeronymo d’Almeida, with 400 men and twenty-one horses, again
started from Loanda to take possession of the silver mines of Cambambe,
and on his way established the fort at Muxima on the River Quanza.
Continuing his march, he fell ill, and was obliged to return to
Loanda, leaving his officers in command. These were unfortunately drawn
into an ambuscade in a rocky ravine at Cambambe, where, an immense
number of blacks falling on them, 206 of the Portuguese were slain,
notwithstanding their bravest resistance, and only seven men escaped
the wholesale slaughter.
“In the same year João Furtado de Mendonça arrived at Loanda, bringing
with him twelve white women, the first that had ever arrived in Angola,
and who are said to have all married immediately.
“The new Governor’s first acts were to retrieve the losses suffered
by his predecessor, but starting in the worst season of the year, he
remained some time on the banks of the River Bengo, where 200 men died
of fever, the rest suffering greatly from hunger. At last, continuing
his march with the remains of his force, he very successfully reduced
the rebellious ‘Sobas’ to obedience, and relieving the little garrison
at Massangano, inflicted great loss on the blacks in a battle at that
place. Returning down the River Quanza, he re-established at Muxima the
fort that had been abandoned.
“In 1602, João Rodrigues Coutinho arrived as Governor with
reinforcements of men and ammunition, and full powers to promote the
conquest of the silver mines of Cambambe. A powerful and well-appointed
expedition again started for this purpose, but on arriving at a place
called Cacullo Quiaquimone he fell ill and died. Manoel Cerveira
Pereira, his successor, resolving to carry out his predecessor’s
intentions, marched into Cambambe, and on the 10th August, 1603,
offered battle to the Soba Cafuxe, whom he defeated in a great
engagement; continuing his march he built a fort in Cambambe and forced
the Soba Cambambe to submit.
“About 1606, the first attempt was made to communicate across the
continent of Africa with the River Senna, on the eastern coast, and
for this expedition Balthazar Rebello de Aragão was chosen, but after
proceeding for a considerable distance he was obliged to return to
relieve the garrison at Cambambe, closely besieged by the blacks.
“Though constant wars were necessary to reduce the warlike Sobas of
the interior to obedience, the successes of the Portuguese continued,
and their efforts were also directed to the conquest of Benguella and
settlement there.
“In the year 1621, the famous Queen Ginga Bandi came to Loanda as
head of an embassy from her brother, the Gola Bandi; she arranged a
treaty of peace with the Portuguese, was converted to Christianity
and baptized under the name of Ginga Donna Anna de Souza. She was
proclaimed Queen of Angola on the death of her brother, whom she
ordered to be poisoned, never forgiving him for having killed her son.
She then not only forsook Christianity, but forgetting the manner in
which she had been treated by the Portuguese, bore them a deadly hatred
for upwards of thirty years, during which time she was unsuccessful in
all her wars against them.
“The Dutch, who for several years had greatly annoyed the Portuguese
on the West Coast, attempted to possess themselves of some of their
ports for the purpose of obtaining a supply of slaves for their
colonies in America. During the governorship of Fernan de Souza the
Dutch despatched a fleet of eight ships commanded by Petri Petrid, who
attempted to force the bar of Loanda, but meeting with a determined
resistance retired from the coast after a stay of three months, having
only captured four small vessels.
“The Count of Nassau, considering that without an abundant supply of
slaves from the west coast the Dutch possessions in America would be
of little value, determined to take stronger measures for obtaining
them, and sent a powerful fleet of twenty vessels, under the command of
General Tolo. On the 24th August, 1641, this formidable fleet appeared
at Loanda, and such was the consternation it caused that the Governor
and inhabitants abandoned the city and retired to Bembem. The Dutch
landing next day became, without opposition, masters of the place and
of a large booty.
“Pedro Cezar retired to the River Bengo, but, pursued by the Dutch,
retired to Massangano, where the Portuguese suffered terribly from the
effects of the climate. Many of the native chiefs, taking advantage
of the occasion, rose in arms against them. Queen Ginga and several
other powerful chiefs immediately formed an alliance with the Dutch.
The Portuguese attempted, but unsuccessfully, to punish several of
them. The Dutch subsequently formed a truce with the Portuguese,
in consequence of news arriving from Europe of a treaty of peace
having been concluded between the two powers; but shortly after,
treacherously attacking the Portuguese, they killed the principal
officers and forty men, and took the Governor and 120 men prisoners.
“Those that escaped fled to Massangano until another truce was
concluded, and means were found to enable Pedro Cezar to escape from
the fortress of San Miguel, where he was imprisoned.
“Francisco de Soutomayor now arrived from Portugal as Governor of
Angola, and with the remnant of the troops at Benguella, where he had
landed, proceeded to Massangano, without knowledge of the enemy. Queen
Ginga, influenced secretly by the Dutch, was collecting her forces for
the purpose of attacking the Portuguese, but was completely defeated,
leaving 2000 blacks dead on the field of battle. A few days after, the
Dutch again broke their truce, and the Portuguese, incensed at their
repeated treachery, declared war against them. Thus they remained till
the arrival of Salvador Correa de Sá e Benavides, Governor of Rio
Janeiro, from which place he started in May, 1648, with a fleet of
fifteen vessels and 900 men. Towards the expenses of this expedition
the inhabitants of Rio Janeiro largely contributed, as they saw how
hurtful to their interests the loss of Angola would be from the failure
in the supply of slave labour.
“Arrived at Loanda, he sent a message to the Dutch Governor that
although his orders were to preserve peace with him, still, as he had
so treacherously and repeatedly broken it with the Portuguese, he
considered himself free to declare war against him; but, to prevent
bloodshed, he gave the Dutch the option of surrendering, assuring
them of an honourable capitulation. The Dutch asked for eight days
to consider; Salvador Correa accorded them two, at the end of which
he sent his secretary on shore, with orders to signal whether the
Dutch accepted his terms or meant to defend themselves; they chose
the latter, and the Portuguese immediately landed, and invested the
fortress of San Miguel. The Dutch had abandoned six guns, these
with four others from the ships were the same night planted on two
batteries, and the fortress bombarded. This not having the desired
effect, Salvador Correa ordered a general attack. The Portuguese were,
however, repulsed with a loss of 163 men killed and wounded. The Dutch,
unaware of this great loss, and expecting a second attack, hoisted a
white flag, and sent to arrange the terms of capitulation, which being
done, the gates, on the 15th of August, 1648, were thrown open, and
there issued forth 1100 Dutch, German, and French infantry, and as many
blacks, who were all surprised, on passing the Portuguese troops, at
the smallness of their numbers, and repented their hasty submission.
Salvador Correa sent them all on board three vessels to await their
countrymen away in the interior. On their arrival these were also
placed on board, and they set sail the same day. Shortly after he
caused the Dutch establishments at Pinda and Loango to be demolished,
and their expulsion being completed, he next fell on and defeated the
native chiefs.
“It was in the time of this Governor that the Italian Capuchin Friars
passed from the kingdom of Congo to Loanda, to establish in the
interior their excellent missions. For several years the Portuguese
waged a constant war with the Libollos, the Quissamas, the Soba N’golla
Caboco, the Chiefs of Benguella, and the Dembos Ambuillas at Encoge.
“In the year 1694 the first copper coinage was introduced from Portugal
into Angola, the currency up to that time being in the shape of little
straw mats called ‘Libongos,’ of the value of fifty reis each (about
2_d._). (These little mats are at present only employed as money in
Cabinda.)
“In 1758, the Portuguese established themselves at Encoge. In 1783, an
expedition was despatched to the Port of Cabinda, to establish a fort;
300 men, however, quickly died there from the effects of the climate,
and the rest surrendered to a French squadron, sent to demolish any
fortifications that might impede the free commerce of all nations on
the coast of Loango.
“Shortly after 1784, the Portuguese had a great war with the natives of
Mossulo, which lasted some five years before they were finally defeated.
“It was during the government, and by the efforts of Antonio de
Saldanha da Gama (1807-1810), that direct intercourse was established
with the nation of the Moluas, and through their intervention overland
communication with the eastern coast was obtained.
“The first attempt to communicate directly across the continent, from
Angola to Moçambique, was made as already noticed in the year 1606.
Two expeditions were proposed to start simultaneously from Moçambique
and Angola, and meet in the interior. The former, under the command of
the naturalist, Dr. Lacerda, started from the River Senna, and reached
Cazembe, where Lacerda fell a victim to the insalubrity of the climate.
“Antonio de Saldanha, anxious to realize a project so interesting to
geographical knowledge, and which he judged might besides be of great
importance to Portugal, had renewed the inquiries and investigations
that might suggest the means of attaining its accomplishment.
At Pungo Andongo, there lived one Francisco Honorato da Costa,
Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, a clever man, and Chief of Cassange, the
farthest inland of the Portuguese vassal provinces. Through him Antonio
de Saldanha learnt that the territory of the Jaga, or Soba of Cassange,
was bounded to the east by another and more powerful kingdom, that of
the Moluas, with whom the Jaga was in constant intercourse, but whom he
prevented from treating directly with the Portuguese, so as to derive
the great advantage of monopolizing all the trade with the latter. For
this end the Jaga employed several absurd statements to intimidate the
Muata Yamba, or King of the Moluas, whose power he feared, telling him
that the Portuguese (or white men) issued out of the sea, that they
devoured negroes, that the goods he traded in were manufactured in his
dominions, and that if the Moluas invaded these, the Portuguese would
avenge him.
“As soon as the Governor was informed of these particulars, he ordered
Honorato to make himself acquainted with the position of the nation
of the Moluas. Honorato succeeded in sending his ‘Pombeiros’ (black
traders) to their principal town, where the Muata Yamba resided,
and where they were hospitably received. Convinced by them of the
falsehoods of the Jaga Cassange, the Muata, though still in fear,
decided to send his wife, who lived at some distance off, on an embassy
to the same effect to Loanda. Accompanied by Honorato’s ‘Pombeiros,’
the embassy, unable to pass the territory of the Soba Cassange, through
his opposition, proceeded to the country of the Soba Bomba, who not
only allowed them free passage, but likewise sent an ambassador to the
Portuguese. They arrived in January, 1808, at Loanda, where they were
received in state by the Governor.
“On arriving at the door of the audience-room, they advanced towards
the General with great antics, and delivered to him the presents
they had brought, which consisted of slaves, a zebra skin, several
skins of ‘ferocious monkeys,’ a mat, some straw baskets, two bars of
copper, and a sample of salt from Cazembe. After receiving the greatest
hospitality, they were sent back with presents for their respective
sovereigns. The ambassadors wore long beards, their heads adorned with
a great bunch of parrots’ feathers, grey and red, their arms and legs
covered with brass and iron rings; from a large monkey skin twisted and
hanging from one shoulder depended a large knife,--in their left hand
a spear, in the right a horse’s tail, as an emblem of authority, and
round the waist a striped cloth, over which hung a monkey skin, giving
them altogether a very wild and showy appearance. The ‘Pombeiros’
described the Moluas as a somewhat civilized nation; that the ‘Banza,’
or town of the Muata, was laid out in streets and shaded in summer,
to mitigate the heat of the sun and prevent dust; that they had a
flour and grain market for the housing and regular distribution of
provisions, and many squares or open spaces of large extent.
“The wife of the Muata lived at a distance from him of thirty or forty
leagues, in a country where she reigned as Queen absolute, and only saw
her husband on certain days in the year. The executions in the ‘Banza’
of the Queen amounted to eight, ten, and fifteen blacks per day, and
it is probable that in that of the Muata the number was not less. The
barbarity of their laws, and the want of communications by means of
which to get rid of their criminals, was the cause of this horrible
number of executions.”
Feo Cardozo, who expresses himself most strongly against slavery, here
observes: “Despite the theories and declamation of sensitive minds led
away by false notions of the state of the question, as long as the
barbarity and ignorance of the African nations shall exist, the barter
of slaves will always be considered by enlightened philanthropists
as the only palliative to the ferocity of the laws that govern those
nations.
“It was further ascertained from the ‘Pombeiros,’ that the nation of
Cazembe, where Dr. Lacerda had died, was feudatory to the Muata Yamba,
and in token of its vassalage paid him a yearly tribute of sea salt,
obtained from the eastern coast. The possibility of communication with
the east coast through the interior being now evident, the Governor
Saldanha instructed the ‘Pombeiros’ to retrace their steps towards the
east, and continue in that direction.
“It was during the succeeding Governorship of José d’Oliveira Barboza,
however, that the feasibility of such communication was finally
proved, for he sought out a black trader to go to Moçambique across
the interior, and return by the same route, bringing back answers from
the Governor of that Colony to letters sent him from Loanda. This fact
added nothing to geographical knowledge, from the ignorance of the man
who accomplished it.
“In 1813, this Governor formed the plan of conveying the waters of the
River Quanza into the city of Loanda, from a distance of about fourteen
leagues, by means of a canal, which was commenced in that year, and
the workings continued during 1814 and 1815, but abandoned after being
cut for a length of 3000 fathoms, on account of the difficulties
encountered for want of a previous survey.”
No attempt has since been made to supply the city with water from the
Quanza, or from the still nearer River Bengo; besides the great boon
such a work would confer on the hot and dry town, it could not fail to
be a great success from a monetary point of view.
[Illustration: PLATE I.
TRAVELLING IN ANGOLA--VIEW NEAR AMBRIZ.
_To face page 23._]