THE SUPREME AUDACITY OF FRAUD.
The multitude of forms that a certain kind of deception, when once it
obtains a foothold in the public mind, will assume, is often wonderful.
Spiritualism has resorted to all the trickery that for ages has been used
to delude and delight the populace.
Much of it could be traced back to the very first mountebanks who wandered
about the streets of the ancient cities, or squatted at the gates of
palaces or in market-places to catch the frequent obolus from the curious
passer-by.
In every country under the sun, the trade of deception has been turned to
the account of religious superstition. The Hindus, in particular, excel in
this branch of necromancy. The marvelous things that Aaron and the
Egyptian sorcerers did before Pharaoh, are really as nothing compared with
what the modern jugglers of India and China perform. All of the
developments of the art that have taken place in the West, seem but
trivial imitation beside these, and indeed they are little better.
No sooner had Spiritualism made many proselytes, than there was no limit
to its audacious pretensions. Its apostles imagined that they could go on
duping the world and even hoodwinking the scientists, and that by
appealing to the Federal government for a formal investigation of its
claims, which they could not have believed for a moment would be granted,
they could obtain a sort of quasi-official recognition of their so-called
new religion.
Accordingly, on the 17th of April, 1854, a petition was sent to Congress,
bearing fifteen thousand names, and was presented in executive session by
Senator Shields of Illinois. As a rather skillful contemporaneous
characterization of the matter, what he said on this occasion is of
historical interest. The following were his words:
I beg leave to present to the Senate a petition, with some fifteen
thousand names appended to it, upon a very singular and novel
subject. The petitioners declare that certain physical and mental
phenomena of mysterious import, have become so prevalent in this
country and Europe, as to engross a large share of public attention.
A partial analysis of these phenomena attest the existence, first, of
an occult force which is exhibited in sliding, raising, arresting,
holding, suspending, and otherwise disturbing ponderable bodies,
apparently in direct opposition to the acknowledged laws of matter,
and transcending the accredited power of the human mind. Secondly,
lights of different degrees of intensity appear in dark rooms, where
chemical action or phosphorescent illumination cannot be developed,
and where there are no means of generating electricity, or of
producing combustion. Thirdly, a variety of sounds, frequent in
occurrence, and diversified in character, and of singular
significance and importance, consisting of mysterious rapping,
indicating the presence of invisible intelligence. Sounds are often
heard like those produced by the prosecution of mechanical
operations, like the hoarse murmer of the winds and waves, mingled
with the harsh creaking of the masts and rigging of a ship laboring
in a sea. Concussions also occur, resembling distant thunder,
producing oscillatory movements of surrounding objects, and a
tremulous motion of the premises upon which these phenomena occur.
Harmonious sounds, as those of human voices, and other sounds
resembling those of the fife, drum, trumpet, etc., have been produced
without any visible agency. Fourthly, all the functions of the human
body and mind are influenced in what appear to be certain abnormal
states of the system, by causes not yet adequately understood or
accounted for. The occult force, or invisible power, frequently
interrupts the normal operations of the faculties, suspending
sensation and voluntary motion of the body to a death-like coldness
and rigidity, and diseases hitherto considered incurable, have been
entirely eradicated by this mysterious agency. The petitioners
proceed to state that two opinions prevail with respect to the origin
of these phenomena. One ascribes them to the power and intelligence
of departed spirits operating upon the elements which pervade all
natural forms. The other rejects this conclusion, and contends that
all these results may be accounted for in a rational and satisfactory
manner.
The memorialists, while thus disagreeing as to the cause, concur in
the opinion as to the occurrence of the alleged phenomena; and in
view of their origin, nature and bearing upon the interests of
mankind, demand for them a patient, rigid, scientific investigation,
and request the appointment of a scientific commission for that
purpose.
I have now given a faithful synopsis of this petition, which, however
unprecedented in itself, has been prepared with singular ability,
presenting the subject with great delicacy and moderation. I make it
a rule to present any petition to the Senate, which is respectful in
its terms; but having discharged this duty, I may be permitted to say
that the prevalence of this delusion at this age of the world, among
any considerable portion of our citizens, must originate, in my
opinion, in a defective system of education, or in a partial
derangement of the mental faculties, produced by a diseased condition
of the physical organization. I cannot, therefore, believe that it
prevails to the extent indicated in this petition.
Different ages of the world have had their peculiar delusions.
Alchemy occupied the attention of eminent men for several centuries;
but there was something sublime in alchemy. The philosopher's stone,
or the transmutation of base metals into gold, the _elixir vitae_, or
'water of life' which would preserve youth and beauty, and prevent
old age, decay and death, were blessings which poor humanity ardently
desired, and which alchemy sought to discover by perseverance and
piety, Roger Bacon, one of the greatests alchemists and greatest men
of the thirteenth century, while searching for the philosopher's
stone, discovered the telescope, burning glasses, and gunpowder. The
prosecution of that delusion led, therefore, to a number of useful
discoveries. In the sixteenth century flourished Cornelius Agrippa,
alchemist, astrologer, and magician, one of the greatest professors
of hermetic philosophy that ever lived. He had all the spirits of the
air and demons of the earth under his command. Paulus Jovious says
that the devil, in the shape of a large black dog, attended Agrippa
wherever he went. Thomas Nash says, at the request of Lord Surrey,
Erasmus, and other learned men, Agrippa called up from the grave,
several of the great philosophers of antiquity, among others, Sully,
whom he caused to deliver his celebrated oration for Roscius, to
please the emperor, Charles IV. He summoned David and King Solomon
from the tomb, and the Emperor conversed with them long upon the
science of government. This was a glorious exhibition of spiritual
power, compared with the insignificant manifestations of the present
day. I will pass over the celebrated Paracelsus, for the purpose of
making allusion to an Englishman, with whose veracious history every
one ought to make himself acquainted. In the sixteenth century, Dr.
Dee made such progress in the talismanic mysteries, that he acquired
ample power to hold familiar conversation with spirits and angels,
and to learn from them all the secrets of the universe. On the
occasion, the angel Uriel gave him a black crystal of a convex form,
which he had only to gaze upon intently, and by a strange effort of
the will, he could summon any spirit he wished, to reveal to him the
secrets of futurity. Dee, in his veracious diary, says that one day
while he was sitting with Alburtus Laski, a Polish nobleman, there
seemed to come out of the oratory a spiritual creature, like a pretty
girl of seven or nine years of age, with her hair rolled up before
and hanging down behind, with a gown of silk, of changeable red and
green, and with a train. She seemed to play up and down, and to go in
and out behind the books, and as she seemed to get between them, the
books displaced themselves and made way for her. This I call a
spiritual manifestation of the most interesting and fascinating kind.
Even the books felt the fascinating influence of this spiritual
creature; for they displaced themselves and made way for her. Edward
Kelly, an Irishman, who was present, and who witnessed this beautiful
apparition, verifies the doctor's statement; therefore it would be
unreasonable to doubt a story so well attested, particularly when the
witness was an Irishman. Dr. D. was the distinguished favorite of
kings and queens, a proof that spiritual science was in high repute
in the good old age of Queen Elizabeth. But of all the professors of
occult science, hermetic philosophy or Spiritualism, the Rosicrucians
were the most exalted and refined. With them the possession of the
philosopher's stone was to be the means of health and happiness, an
instrument by which man could command the services of superior
beings, control the elements, defy the abstractions of time and
space, and acquire the most intimate knowledge of all the secrets of
the universe. These were objects worth struggling for. The refined
Rosicrucians were utterly disgusted with the coarse, gross, sensual
spirits who had been in communication with man previous to their day;
so they decreed the annihilation of them all, and substituted in
their stead, a race of mild, beautiful and beneficent beings.
The "spirits" of the olden time were a malignant race, and took
especial delight in doing mischief; but the new generation is mild
and benignant. These "spirits," as this petition attests, indulge in
the most innocent amusements and harmless recreations, such as
sliding, raising and tipping tables, producing pleasing sounds and
variegated sights, and sometimes curing diseases which were
previously considered incurable; and for the existence of this simple
and benignant race our petitioners are indebted to the brethren of
the rosy cross. Among the modern professors of Spiritualism,
Cagliostro was the most justly celebrated. In Paris, his saloons
were thronged with the rich and noble. To old ladies he sold
immortality, and to the young ones he sold beauty that would endure
for centuries, and his charming countess gained immense wealth, by
granting attendant sylphs to such ladies as were rich enough to pay
for their services. The "Biographies des Contemporains," a work which
our present mediums ought to consult with care, says there was hardly
a fine lady in Paris who would not sup with the shade of Lucretius in
the apartments of Cagliostro. There was not a military officer who
would not discuss the art with Alexander, Hannibal or Caesar, or an
advocate or counselor who would not argue legal points with the ghost
of Cicero. These were spiritual manifestations worth paying for, and
all our degenerate "mediums" would have to hide their diminished
heads in the presence of Cagliostro.
It would be a curious inquiry to follow this occult science through
all its phases of mineral magnetism, animal mesmerism, etc., until we
reach the present, latest and slowest phase of all spiritual
manifestation; but I have said enough to show the truth of Burk's
beautiful aphorism, "The credulity of dupes is as inexhaustible as
the invention of knaves."
A writer of that time says:
"A pleasant debate followed. Mr. Petit proposed to refer the petition of
the Spiritualists to three thousand clergymen. Mr. Weller proposed to
refer it to the Committee on Foreign Relations, as it might be necessary
to inquire whether or not when Americans leave this world they lose their
citizenship. Mr. Mason proposed that it should be left to the Committee on
Military affairs. General Shields himself said he had thought of proposing
to refer the petition to the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads,
because there may be a possibility of establishing a spiritual telegraph
between the material and spiritual worlds. The petition was finally, by a
decisive vote, laid upon the table. The table did not, as we learn, tip in
indignation at this summary disposal of Spiritualism in the Senate, by
which we must infer that the 'spirits,' if there were any in the Senate at
that time, endorsed its action and considered the same all right."
I might here enter into a description of the various forms of modern
spiritualistic representations. It would be a waste of time. I wish,
however, to allude more particularly just here to one of the "evidences"
which Mrs. Ann Leah Underhill apparently values most highly in connection
with the claim of inherent and hereditary "mediumistic" powers residing in
certain individuals and families. This is the somewhat noted so-called
exhibition of "mediumistic" ability by a child of Mrs. Kate Fox Jencken, a
babe, only about six weeks old at the time that it began. It is needless
to go into all the details of the wonders attributed to little "Ferdie"
Jencken, now a fine lad of fifteen, which rest wholly upon the testimony
of persons who were interested in magnifying them to the greatest extent.
Shadowy forms are said to have appeared to his nurse while she was
watching him. At three months he was said to have articulated "Mamma!" But
the cap of the climax is the feat he is said to have performed when not
six months old. As he was restless one day, his mother gave him a piece of
blotting paper and a pencil to play with. He made some marks on the paper
and dropped it. When his mother picked it up she exclaimed to Mrs.
Underhill, the only other person present:
"See here, he was written something."
It is pretended that on one side of the blotting paper was the message:
"Grandma is here.
"BOYSIE."
Later and up to the close of his first year, he was said to write other
messages, but all under like circumstances.
Mrs. Underhill lays great stress upon these "manifestations" in two
portions of her work.
The simple and only comment to be made upon them is, that Mrs. Catherine
Fox Jencken now declares that they were fraudulent. The messages were in
every case written upon the paper before it was placed in the baby's
hands, the mother knowing, of course, that a child a few months old would
not retain anything very long in its grasp, that those who chanced to be
present would not observe, unless previously warned, whether it was
wholly blank or not, and that the picking up of the paper from the floor
would give ample opportunity to turn undermost the side on which the child
may have really scratched some unmeaning marks.
So much for that and kindred marvels of infant "mediumship."
"Ferdie" Jencken, so far as is known, has never, since that early period
of his existence, exhibited any "mediumistic power."
The character of the communications purporting to come from the
"spirit-land" has always been such as to condemn them, even if nothing
else would, in the mind of any one gifted with a clear judgment. How many
have read with a bitter sneer those pretended words from "the great ones
of the earth," which would place them, if they had really written or
uttered them in the unseen life, on a mere level with the emptiest-headed
mortals whom we know in this!
"Alas!" exclaims Nathaniel Hawthorne in "The Blythedale Romance,"
"methinks we have fallen on an evil age! If these phenomena have not
humbug at the bottom, so much the worse for us. What can they indicate in
a spiritual way, except that the soul of man is descending to a lower
point that it has ever reached while incarnate? We are pursuing a downward
course in the eternal march, and thus bring ourselves into the same range
with beings whom death--in requital of their gross and evil lives--has
degraded below humanity. To hold intercourse with spirits of this order,
we must stoop and grovel in some elements more vile than earthly dust.
These goblins, if they exist at all, are but the shadows of past
mortality--mere refuse stuff, adjudged unworthy of the eternal world, and
as the most favorable supposition, dwindling gradually into nothingness.
The less we have to say to them, the better, lest we share their fate."