The Treatment of Apes in
Captivity--Temperature--Building--Food--Occupation
In conclusion I deem it in order to offer a few remarks with regard to
the causes of death among these apes, and to say something regarding
the treatment of animals in captivity. We know so little and assume so
much concerning them that we often violate the very laws which we are
trying to enforce.
We have already noticed the fact that the gorilla is confined by
nature to a low, humid region, reeking with miasma and the effluvia of
decaying vegetation. The atmosphere in which he thrives is one in which
human life can hardly exist. We know in part why man cannot live in
such an atmosphere and under such conditions, but we cannot say with
certainty why the ape does do so. It would seem that the very element
that is fatal to man gives strength and vitality to the gorilla. We
know that all forms of animal life are not affected in the same way by
the same causes; and while it may be said in round numbers that what is
good for man is good for apes, that is not a fact.
The human race is the most widely distributed of any genus of mammals,
and, as a race, it can undergo greater extremes of change in climate,
food, or condition than any other kind of animal. Man’s migratory
habits, both inherent and acquired, have fitted him for a life of
vicissitudes, and such a life inures him, as an individual, to all
extremes. On the other hand, the gorilla, as a genus, is confined to a
small habitat, which is uniform in climate, products, and topography.
Having been so restricted to these conditions he is unfitted for any
radical change, and when such is forced upon him the result must always
be to his injury.
In certain parts of the American tropics there is found a rich gray
moss growing in great profusion in these localities and on certain
kinds of trees. It is not confined to any special level, but thrives
best on low elevations. Under favorable conditions it grows at
altitudes far above the surrounding swamps. Its character and quantity,
however, are measured by the altitude at which it grows. It is an
aërial plant, and it may be detached from the boughs of one tree and
transplanted upon those of another. It may be taken with safety to a
great distance, so long as an atmosphere is supplied to it that is
suited to its nature, but when removed from its normal conditions and
placed in a purer air it begins to languish and soon dies. If returned
in time, however, to its former place or one of like character, it will
revive and continue to grow.
What element this plant extracts from the impure air is unknown. It
cannot be carbonic acid gas, which is the chief food of plants, nor can
it be any form of nitrogen. It is well known that the plant cannot long
survive in a pure atmosphere. Whatever the ingredient extracted may
be, it is certain that it is one that is deadly to human life and one
that other plants refuse. Moisture and heat alone will not account for
it. We have another striking instance in the eucalyptus, which lives
upon the poison of the air around it. There are many other such cases
in vegetable life; and while the animal is a higher organism than the
plant, there are certain laws of life that obtain in both kingdoms and
involve the same principles.
Between the case of the gorilla and that of the plant there is some
analogy. It may not be the same element that sustains them both, but it
is possible that the very microbes which germinate disease and prove
fatal to man sustain the life of the ape in the prime of health. The
poison which destroys life in man preserves it in the ape.
The chimpanzee is distributed over a much greater range than the
gorilla and is capable of undergoing a much greater degree of change
in food and temperature. The history of these apes in captivity shows
that in that state the chimpanzee lives much the longer and requires
much less care. From my own observation I assert that all these apes
can undergo a greater range of temperature than of humidity. The latter
appears to be one of the essential things to the life of a gorilla.
One fatal mistake made in treating him is furnishing him with a dry,
warm atmosphere and depriving him of the poison contained in the
malarious air in which he naturally spends his life. Both of these apes
need humidity. In a dry air the chimpanzee will live longer than the
gorilla, but neither of them can long survive it; and it would appear
that a salt atmosphere is best for the gorilla.
I believe that one of these apes could be kept in good condition for
any length of time if he were supplied with a normal humidity in an
atmosphere laden with miasma and allowed to vary in its temperature. A
constant degree of heat is not good for any animal. There is no place
in all the earth where nature sustains a uniform degree of heat. We
need not go to either extreme, but a change is requisite to bring into
play all the organs of the body.
The treatment which I would recommend for the care of apes is to build
them a house entirely apart from that of other animals. It should be
eighteen or twenty feet wide by thirty-five or forty feet long, and at
least fifteen feet high. It should have no floor except earth, and that
should be of sandy loam or vegetable earth. In one end of this building
there should be a pool of water twelve or fifteen feet in diameter;
and, imbedded in mold under the water, there should be a steam coil
to regulate the temperature as may be desired. In this pool should be
grown a dense crop of water plants such as are found in the marshes of
the country in which the gorilla lives. This pool should not be cleaned
out nor the water changed; but the plants should be allowed to grow and
decay in a natural way. Neither the pool nor the house should be kept
at a uniform heat, but the temperature should be allowed to vary from
60° to 90°.
In addition to the things above mentioned, the place should be provided
with the means of giving it a spray of tepid water, which should be
turned on once or twice a day and allowed to continue for at least
an hour at a time. The water for this purpose should be taken from
the pool, but should never be warmer than the usual temperature of
tropical rain. The animal should not be required to take a bath in this
way, but should be left to his own choice about it.
The house should contain a thin partition that could be removed at
will, and the end of the building farthest from the pool should be
occupied by a strong tree, either dead or alive, to afford the inmates
proper exercise. The south side of the house should be of glass, and
at least half of the top should be of the same. These parts should
be provided with heavy canvas curtains, to be drawn over them so as
to adjust or regulate the sunlight. In the summer time the building
should be kept quite open, so as to admit the air and the rain. The
rule that strangers or visitors should not annoy or tease them should
be enforced without respect to person, time, or rank. No visitor should
be allowed on any terms to give them any kind of food. The reasons for
these precautions are obvious to any one familiar with the keeping of
animals; but in the case of the gorilla their observance cannot be
waived with impunity.
The ape does not need to be pampered. On the contrary, he should be
permitted to rough it. Half of the gorillas that have ever been in
captivity have died from overnursing. By nature they are strong and
robust if the proper conditions exist; but when these are changed they
become frail and tender creatures. They should not be restricted to
a vegetable diet nor limited to a few articles of food, but should
be allowed to select such things as they prefer to eat. I have grave
doubts as to the wisdom of limiting the quantity. One mistake is
often committed in the treatment of animals, and that is to continue
the same diet at all times and to limit that to one or two items. It
may be observed that the higher the form of organism the more diverse
the taste becomes. Very hardy animals or those of low forms may be
restricted to one kind of staple food. The higher form demands a change.
One thing above all others that I would inhibit is the use of straw
of any kind in the cage, for beds or for any other purpose. If it
be desired to furnish them with such a comfort, nothing should ever
be used but dead leaves, if they can be supplied. In their absence
a canvas mattress or wire matting should be used. There are certain
kinds of dust given off by the dry straw of all cereal plants. This is
deleterious to the health of man, but vastly more so to these apes.
It is taken into the lungs and through them acts upon other parts of
the body by suppressing the circulation and respiration. No matter
how clean the straw may be, the effect will be the same in the end.
Hay is less harmful than straw, but even the use of hay should not be
permitted.
Another thing which is necessary is to entertain or amuse the apes in
some way, otherwise they become despondent and gloomy. It is believed
by those who are familiar with these creatures that loneliness or
solitude is a fruitful cause of death. This is especially true of the
gorilla.
Another important fact, little known, is that tobacco smoke is usually
fatal to a gorilla. Every native hunter that I met in Africa testifies
that this simple thing will kill any gorilla in the forest if he is
subjected to the fumes for a sufficient time. I have reason to believe
that this is true. It may not invariably prove fatal, but it will be
so in many instances. The chimpanzee is not so much affected by it,
although he dislikes it. The gorilla detests it and shows at all times
his strong aversion to it. I have no doubt that this is one of the
reasons why these apes die on board the ships by which they are brought
from Africa.
Both of these apes are possessed, in a degree, of savage and resentful
instincts; but these are much stronger in the gorilla than in the
chimpanzee. The gorilla, therefore, requires firm and consistent
treatment. This can be used without severity or cruelty, but the
intellect of the gorilla must not be underrated. He studies with a keen
perception the motives and intentions of man, and is seldom mistaken
in his interpretation of them. He often manifests a violent dislike
for certain persons, and when this is discovered to be the case, the
object of his dislike should not be permitted in his presence, for the
result is to enrage the ape and excite his nervous nature. When he
becomes sullen or obstinate, he should not be coaxed or indulged, nor
yet used with harshness. He should either be left alone for a time or
be diverted by a change of treatment.
INDEX
“Aaron”
his intelligent expression, 144, 146, 147
his capture, 145
on the journey, 147, 148
his tricks, 148
” one aversion, 148, 149
” sympathy for Moses, 149-152
realization of death, 151, 152
loses his mate, 170
his illness and death, 172-174
“Aaron” with “Elisheba”
acts as a protector, 156
his reliance on human aid, 157, 158-159
driving the cow, 158, 159
we start for Liverpool, 159
the bogie on the steamer, 159
solicitude of the apes, 159-160
their ingenuity, 161
the ape in the mirror, 161-162
Aaron’s jealousy, 162-165
the rivals, 163-165
arrival at Liverpool, 167, 168
Elisheba’s illness, 168
Aaron again becomes nurse, 170
Abstract ideas in simians, Lack of, 20, 36
Affection in animals not mere instinct, 58-59, 173
Age of maturity in apes, 98, 191, 192
Amusement (of captives)
captives should have, 55-56, 283
means of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56
_Angola_, 268
Anthropoid or manlike apes (see also _Chimpanzee_, _Gorilla_,
_Gibbon_, _Orang_, and references under _Chimpanzee captives_)
the group, 3
superior intelligence, 35, 60
Apes (see also _Simians_ and references under _Anthropoid apes_)
resemblance to man, 2
described, 3, 92-98, 223 ff.
anthropoid or manlike group, 3
skeleton a duplicate of man’s, 4, 7
superior intelligence of anthropoid, 35, 60
travelers’ stories untrue, 71-72, 235-236, 266 ff.
do not act in concert, 268
Approval, Apes’ love of, 197, 203
Arboreal habit, The, 96-97, 224-225, 245
Baboon, The, 3, 14, 15, 196-197, 224, 266, 277
relative plane, 3, 277
Bailey, Mr. James A., New York City
his valuable apes, 190-191
corroborative testimony, 268
“Banquo,” 28-29
Battel, Henry (1590), 267, 268
_Batuna_ (plant), 77, 245
Bellevue Gardens, Manchester, England (see also _Consul II_)
Consul II, 193
a pugnacious ape, 198-200
chimpanzee and orang, 200
Borneo, 274
Buffalo (N. Y.) Museum, Specimens in, 104
Cage in the jungle, The
idea first conceived, 60
exceptional opportunities it afforded, 60, 71, 260
its construction, 62-64
its furniture, 64-66
date of occupancy, 71
length of occupancy, 71
my chimpanzee companion, 71
(see also _Moses_)
the native boy, 71, 120, 121, 125, 148-149
program for the day, 73 ff.
my menu, 73, 77, 79, 84
wild visitors, 75 ff., 186-190, 252-260
the tornado, 79 ff.
_Cameroon_ (valley), 85, 213, 215, 267
Capuchin monkey, The (see also under _Monkey_), 18-19, 28, 29, 38, 39,
42, 52
Care of simian captives
amusement of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56, 283
their short lives, 146, 200, 201
effects of confinement, 231
cannot live in pure air, 280, 281
condition compared to a certain
tropical moss, 279-280
humidity essential, 280-282
diet, 282-283
dust of straw injurious, 283
tobacco fatal to the gorilla, 283-284
Catarrhini, 3
“Caucasian of monkeys, The,” 35
Cebus monkey, The (see also under _Monkey_)
brown species, 17, 24, 42
experiments with, 17, 18
superior intelligence, 35
white-faced species, 42
_Charla_ (lake), 25
Charleston, S. C., Experiments at, 24 ff.
Cherry, Mr. William S., African traveler, 212
Chicago Gardens, Experiments at, 17, 29
“Chico”
his unusual size, 190
” scream, 241
” fear of an elephant, 268
_Chi Loango_ (river), 211, 218
Chimpanzee, The (see also _Kulu-kamba_, _Ntyigo_, and references
under _Chimpanzee captives_)
order of intelligence, 4, 60, 85, 99, 105-106
perception of number, 34
resemblance to man (see also _Skeleton_), 60-62, 92
in native haunts, 70, 71, 186-190
habitat, 85-87, 280
derivation and meaning of name, 86
two species, 86 ff.
described in detail, 92-98, 188
position in sleep, 96
longevity, 98
age of maturity, 98, 191, 192
breeding season, 98-99
social traits and government, 99-105
reasoning power and mental status, 105, 116, 206
does not bear captivity well, 146
pulmonary trouble common, 146
maladies resemble man’s, 186
seen from the cage, 186-190
climate of America favorable, 200-201
mode of attack, 237
scream and beating sound, 240-242
disposition, 250, 284
Chimpanzees, Speech of
extent of vocabulary, 108, 115, 136
number of words interpreted, 108, 115
pitch of voice, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116
vocal organs, 108-110
phonetic symbols invented by author, 109-113
method of producing sounds, 110-111
character and meaning of sounds, 112-115, 123, 125, 130, 135-137
quality of voice, 113
use of gestures, 114-115
possibility of development, 139
resemblance to human speech, 116
constant meanings of sounds, 136, 137
Chimpanzee captives, Some (see _Aaron_; _Elisheba_; _Sailor’s pet_;
_Village pet_; _Gaboon, captives at_; _Izanga_; _Chico_; _Johanna_;
_Consul II_; _Clever kulu_; _Five young kulus_; _Sally_)
Cincinnati Zoölogical Garden, Experiments at, 14, 28, 200, 241
Classification of simians, 2-4
Clever kulu, A
her color, 202
facial expression, 203, 206
love of approval, 203, 204
always in mischief, 204
unties complicated knots, 204-206
evidence of reasoning power, 206
Color, Simians’ perception of, 30-32, 35, 36, 139
Concrete ideas, Simians can express only, 36
_Congo_ (river), 66, 85, 191, 209, 211, 212, 216, 218, 241, 267, 268,
270, 272
Constant meanings of sounds in simian speech, 15, 18, 23, 135-137
“Consul II”
his remarkable sagacity, 193
rides a “bike,” 193
smokes a pipe, 193-195
draws with chalk or pencil, 195, 196
distinguishes three letters, 196
love of teasing, 196-197
aversion to being clothed, 197
loves approval, 197
attempts at burglary, 198
his keeper’s zeal, 198
Cranio-facial angles
of man, 8
” apes, 9
” monkeys, 9
” reptiles, 10
Cross, Dr., Liverpool, England
guardian of Aaron and Elisheba, 168, 172
Cruelty
unnecessary in hunting, 146
inherent in natives, 157, 184-185
Crystal Mountains, 211, 214
Cynocephalus, 266
“Darwin”
learns Puck’s sound for “food,” 43
Deaf-mutes, Method of teaching applied to simian speech, 110
Death, Apes’ realization of, 151, 152, 170, 259
Deemin, Mr. James, English trader, 223, 261
Descriptions of simians
of monkeys, 3, 224
” chimpanzee, 92-98, 224
” gorilla, 223 ff.
Development of “calf” a means of comparison, 227
Dexterity and ingenuity
of apes, 122, 126, 129, 130, 132, 161, 184, 193-198, 204-206
of monkeys, 56-57
Dialects (see _types_ under _Monkeys, Speech of_)
Dimension, Simians’ perception of, 30, 36
“Dodo”
Nemo’s apologetic speech, 47
her appeal to her keeper, 48-50
Drake, Mr. J. H., African traveler, 261
Drum, The (see _Kanjo_)
Du Chaillu, Paul, African traveler, 214, 272, 273
Early reports of apes (see _Ford_, _Savage_, _Wilson_, _Walker_,
_Hanno_, _Battel_, _Du Chaillu_)
“Elisheba” (see also _Aaron with Elisheba_)
where captured, 154
her shrewish temper, 154-156
her selfishness and perversity, 155-156
her champion and slave, 156, 162-165
a suitor rebuffed, 163-165
submissive only from policy, 166
her illness and death, 168-171
Eloquence of monkeys’ speech, 22, 47-50
Emotions, Simians display human
sympathy, 149-152, 170-171
aversion, 26, 148-149
sorrow, 50, 152, 170
jealousy, 46, 125, 162-165, 186
contempt, 203, 206, 250
affection, 58-59, 134-135, 173, 174
_Enjocko_, 268
Enumeration (see _Number, Perception of_)
_Esyira_ (tribe and country), 140, 144, 145, 218, 228, 267, 269
Ethics, Monkeys’ code of, 30
Etymology of native names, 232, 272
Evolution, 36
Expression (see also _Facial expression_)
defined, 13
speech a means of, 13
animals’ limit of, 13, 23
Facial expression of simians, 1, 16, 46, 47, 126, 146-147, 150, 162,
170, 182, 197, 202-204, 206, 207, 229
Falkenstein, Dr., 267
Ferocity of apes exaggerated, 229, 235-236
_Ferran Vaz_ (lake), 66, 144, 149, 219, 228, 270
_Fiote_ (tribe and language), 86, 267
Five young kulus, 207-210
Food
of chimpanzee, 106-107, 128-129, 132
of gorilla, 245-246
Ford, Dr., African traveler, 214, 217
Form, Simians’ perception of, 30, 139, 196
Fort Gorilla, 71
_Gaboon_ (town and river), 66, 153, 155, 182, 211, 214-217, 268, 272
Gaboon, Some captives at, 182 ff.
their table manners, 182-184
their love of beer, 183-184
their dexterity, 184
maladies resemble man’s, 186
Gibbon, The
order of intelligence, 4
arboreal habit, 96, 276
size and activity, 275-276
skeleton, 276
can stand erect, 276
wonderful leaping power, 276
several known species, 277
vocal qualities, 277
Glave, E. J., African traveler, 241
Goode, Rev. A. C., late missionary at Batanga, 272
Gorilla, The
order of intelligence, 4, 211, 232
resemblance to man, 60
in native haunts, 70, 71
seen from the cage, 71, 77-78, 186, 252-260
his scream and beating sound, 84, 109, 237-242
arboreal habit, 96-97, 224-225, 245
nomadic, 97, 233
habitat, 211 ff., 273, 278-279
early reports of (see references under _Early reports_)
skeleton, 218-223
described in detail, 223 ff.
cannot walk erect, 225
the “calf” as means of comparison, 227
species, 228, 274
compared with other apes and with man, 228-231
social traits and government, 231 ff.
derivation of name, 232
in council, 234
ferocity exaggerated, 235-236, 262, 273
mode of attack, 236-237
sounds wrongly attributed to, 109, 240-242
method of carrying young, 242, 259
disposition, 242, 250-251, 284
food, 245-246, 282-283
stealthiness, 253, 262
calling sound, 254
difficult to find, 260-263
only one ever brought to America, 263
a wild gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265
care in captivity, 278 ff.
Great forest, The, 68
Guinea, Gulf of, 85, 266
Habitat
of gorilla, 211 ff., 273, 278-279
of chimpanzee, 85-87, 280
of orang, 274
of gibbon, 276
Handmann, Mr. Otto, German consul at Gaboon, 182
Hanno, 500 B.C., earliest mention of the ape, 266-267
Harris, Captain, African traveler, 217
Harvard Medical School Collection, 6
Hornaday, W. T., authority on orang, 275
Human faculties, embryo of all, exists in simians, 37
_Ikomba njina_, 232, 234, 235
_Inenga_ (lake), 218
Ingenuity of simians (see _Dexterity_)
_Izanga_ (lake), 184, 212, 223
an unhappy captive at, 184-185
an act of mercy, 185
“Jack,” 25
“Jennie,” 27
“Johanna”
her value for scientific use, 190, 192
probable age, 191
size, 191
intellectual plane, 192
“Jokes” 24 ff.
his fright, 24
the reconciliation, 26
Journeys in the jungle
to the chimpanzee country, 66
a five days’ journey on foot, 148
to the coast, 153
Jungle, the African
described, 66-70, 153
daily life in, 73 ff.
the quiet hour, 77
a tornado, 79 ff.
_Kabinda_ (town), 191
_Kanga ntyigo_
etymology of the name, 272
_Kanjo_, The, 102-104
the drum, 104, 241
Keller, Helen
with Nellie, 52-53
_Kisanga_ (valley and river), 212
_Komo_ (river, also name of gunboat), 153, 213, 217
_Kongo_, 272
_Kulu-kamba_ (see also under _Chimpanzee_, and references under
_Chimpanzee captives_)
its habitat, 87
described and compared with _ntyigo_, 87-91
Moses’ successor, 144
highest type of all apes, 202, 210
name applied to different types, 270
_Lamberene_ (town), 270
Lemur, 2, 224
relative plane, 2, 277
_Loango_ (valley), 192, 211, 267, 269
Longevity of chimpanzee, 98
Lopez, African explorer, 270
Lopez, Cape, 153, 270
_Mafuka_, 269, 274
Maladies of simians
pulmonary trouble common, 146
resemble man’s, 186
Malay Peninsula, 276
Mandrill, The, 14
_Mayumba_ (town), 215, 216, 268
_M’Bouve_, 272
“McGinty”
his jealousy, 45, 46
Meanings of certain sounds in simian speech (see also under _Monkeys,
Speech of_, and _Chimpanzees, Speech of_)
sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29, 43, 112-113
sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29
sound meaning “warning,” 14, 20, 27, 113
sound meaning “alarm,” 24, 27, 113
sound meaning “friendship,” 113
sound meaning “good,” 160, 181
calling sound, 112-113, 136
Mental power and status of simians (see also under _Ape_,
_Chimpanzee_, _Monkey_, _Gorilla_, “_Aaron_,” “_Moses_,” etc.)
compared to man, 105
compared to the dog, 116
Menu, My daily, 73, 77, 79, 84
Mesial crest (see _Gorilla, Skeleton of_)
“Mickie”
the boss of the school, 45-46
his tricks, 46
Middle forest, The, 68
Mirror, Experiments with, 40-41, 161-162
Mode of attack
of chimpanzee, 237
of gorilla, 236-237
_Moiro_, 217
Monkey, The (see also _Simians_)
human appearance, 1
relative plane, 2, 277
relationship to man, 2, 277
all simians not monkeys, 2-3
described, 3, 224
old world and new world, 3
cranio-facial angles, 9
Cebus species (see _Cebus_)
Capuchin species (see _Capuchin_)
perception of sound, color, form, dimension, quality, number, music,
etc., 30-37
code of ethics, 30
Rhesus species (see _Rhesus_)
difference in traits and tastes, 35
express emotion, 50
affection not mere instinct, 58-59
Monkeys, Laughter of, 38, 54-55
Monkeys, Speech of
study of, 14 ff.
poor success of first efforts, 15
sound meaning “alarm” or “warning,” 14, 20, 24, 27
phonograph first used, 16-18
sounds have constant meanings, 15, 18, 23
number of sounds interpreted, 18
sounds described, 19-20
speech monophrastic and monophonetic, 19, 44
pitch of voice, 20, 28, 50
resemblance to human speech, 20, 22-23
each species has its own speech, 23, 44
sign of surrender, 25 ff.
sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29
sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29
musical quality of voices, 19, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57
eloquence, 22, 47-50
types of speech and inflections, 23, 42, 60
“Moses”
my sole companion in the cage, 71
his breakfast, 73
his amusements, 73, 120, 122-124
his siesta, 77, 124
position in sleep, 96
learns a word of human speech, 115-116, 137-138
his capture, 117-118
his moral training, 118, 120-121, 130-132
his tricks, 120-121, 123-124, 131
dexterity and ingenuity, 122, 126, 129-130, 132-133
reading the newspaper, 123
his jealousy and temper, 125, 186
our walks in the jungle, 125
understood rights of possession, 125, 128
preferences in food, 128, 129, 132
meaning of sounds, 123, 125, 135-137
his quick vision, 125
a severe lesson, 131-132
reasoning power, 133
his devotion, 134-135
perception of form, color, music, etc., 139
he signs a legal document, 139-140
last illness, 140-142, 149-151
his chimpanzee nurse, 149-152
his death, 142, 151, 152
his claims to fame, 143
_Mpongwe_, 86
Music, Simians’ perception of, 35-36
Native explanation of relationships, 269-270
Native reports unreliable, 215, 231
_Nazavine_ (bay), 270
“Nellie”
her love of companionship, 20, 22
warns me of danger, 21 ff.
her perception of sound, 22
with Helen Keller, 52-53
her ingenuity, 56-57
“Nemo”
his diplomacy, 47
his abject apology, 47-48
_Nenge Nenge_ (town), 214
New world monkeys, 3
their superior intelligence, 35
New York Zoölogical Gardens, Experiments at, 45-51
_Nguni_ (river), 154, 211, 213, 218
“Nigger,” 45, 51
_Njina_, 228, 267, 269, 270
_Njole_ (town), 213
_Nkami_ (tribe, lake, and river), 66, 144, 212, 218, 272
_Noogo_ (river), 144
Nose a distinguishing feature, The, 3
_Ntcheego_, 268
_Ntyigo_ (see also under _Chimpanzee_)
its habitat, 87
described, 87-90
compared with _kulu-kamba_, 90-91
distinguished from _ntyii_, 228
_Ntyii_, 223, 228, 267, 269-270
_Ntyi-ne-nye-ni_ (village), 144
Number, Perception of
by simians, 32-34, 36
by birds, 34
_Ogowé_ (river, delta, and basin), 66, 117, 202, 211, 213, 214, 215,
217, 218, 223, 272
Old world monkeys, 3
Orang, The
order of intelligence, 4
arboreal habit, 97
a captive at Bellevue, 200
compared, 274, 275
_Orungu_ (tribe), 215
“Othello”
place of capture, 221
absence of humor, 244
illness and death, 247-249
with Moses, 249, 250
his speech sounds, 251
Owen, Sir Richard, writer on Africa, 215
Parrot Island, 214
Paternal instinct in animals, 100
“Pedro”
his troubles, 38
appreciation of kindness, 38
recording his sounds, 38, 39
his tale of woe, 39, 41
speech repeated to Puck, 39-41
Philadelphia Museum of Zoölogy, Specimens at, 217
Phonograph as a means of recording speech of monkeys, 15 ff.
first experiments, 16 ff.
behavior of monkeys on hearing, 16-18
speech and reply recorded, 18
Pedro’s speech recorded, 38
experiment with Puck, 39-41
Pitch of voice
in monkeys, 20, 28
in apes, 108, 109, 111-112
Platarrhini, 3
_Pongo_, 267, 269
Program, A day’s, 73 ff.
“Puck,” his perplexity on hearing phonograph, 39-41
Quality, Simians’ perception of, 30
Quantity, Simians’ perception of, 32
Reasoning power in simians, Evidences of, 16-18, 33-34, 36, 37, 105,
133, 161, 206
Records of speech sounds (see _Phonograph_)
_Rembo_ (river), 144, 218
Resemblances between simians and man
in body, 1, 2, 4-8, 60, 92, 186, 277
in speech, 20, 22-23, 116
in affections, 58-59, 173, 174
Rhesus monkey, 32
Romanes, Professor
experiments with chimpanzee, 34
experiments with “Sally,” 241
Sacrum (see _Skeleton_)
Sagittal ridge (see _Gorilla, Skeleton of_)
Sailor’s pet, A
his suit rejected, 163-165
“Sally,” 241
“Sally Jones,” 244
Savage, Dr., African traveler, 213, 214, 216
Scream of gorilla and chimpanzee, 84, 109, 237-242
_Sette Kama_ (town), 144, 212
Sheldon, Mrs. M. French, African traveler, 25
Sierra Leone, 266
Simians (see _Apes_, _Monkeys_, etc.)
wide range of types, 2
different forms described, 3
two grand divisions, how distinguished, 3
Simian speech (see _Monkeys, Speech of_, and _Chimpanzees, Speech of_)
Size of apes, 96, 190, 191, 221, 230
Skeleton, The
as basis of comparison, 4
chief point of difference, 4
sacrum, peculiarities of, 4-6, 8
vertebræ, number of, 5-6
causes of difference in sacrum and vertebræ, 6
sternum, differences in, 6, 7
skull, differences in, 8
general comparison, 7-8
of gorilla, 218-223
of gibbon, 276
Smithsonian Institution, Experiments at, 15 ff., 38
Snapshot, A unique, 264-265
Social traits and government
of chimpanzee, 99-105
of gorilla, 231 ff.
_Soko_, 270
Speech defined, 12
Speech of animals (see also _Monkeys, Speech of_, and _Chimpanzees,
Speech of_)
author’s interest in, 12
grounds of belief in, 12, 13
vocabularies limited, 13
can express what they conceive, 13, 23
development of interest, 14
Spider-monkey, 38
Stanley Pool, 216
Steckelman, Carl, African explorer, 216
Sternum (see _Skeleton_)
Stories of travelers and writers often untrue, 71-72, 235-236,
261-263, 267, 268, 273
Strohm, Mr. Adolph, trader at Gaboon, 154, 158
Sumatra, 274
Threadbare story, A, 262, 273
Tornado in the jungle, 79 ff.
Translations of native reports, Literal, 269, 270
Troglodytes, 267
_Tyimba_ (village), 144
Under forest, The, 68
University of Toronto Collection, 249
Village pet, A
the children’s playmate, 175-178
understood names and commands, 179
brought water and wood, 179-180
brought persons named, 180-181
price double that of a slave, 182
Vocabularies of animals (see _Speech of Animals_; _Monkeys, Speech
of_, and _Chimpanzees, Speech of_)
Walker, Dr., revises Wilson’s lexicon of native language, 216
Wallace, Mr. Alfred R., authority on orang, 275
Webber, Mr., keeper of ape at Bellevue
his success in training, 198
Wild visitors to the cage, 75 ff., 81-82, 186-190, 252-260
did not usually evince fear, 253
retreated in good order, 253, 255, 258
Moses frightens one away, 254
a gorilla beckons, 255
a narrow escape, 256-258
an exceptional opportunity, 258-259
a brave baby, 260
a gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265
Wilson, Dr., first missionary at Gaboon
wrote lexicon of native language, 216
Wurmb, Baron, 267
Books on Out-of-Door Life
WAYS OF WOOD FOLK
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