the verb +~gingen~+ stands in the _Imperfect Subjunctive_ and _not_ in
the _Present_, because the third person plural of the Present Indicative
and the corresponding person of the Present Subjunctive _are identical_
in the conjugation of this verb. Both are »+~sie gehen~+,« the verb,
therefore, must be put in the _Imperfect Subjunctive_ to show clearly the
mood employed.
§ 32. =The Subjunctive is employed in adverbial clauses of purpose
and of manner=, when the subordinate clause generally begins with the
conjunctions +~daß~+, +~auf daß~+, +~damit~+, and +~als ob~+; as—
+Du sollst deinen Vater und deine Mutter ehren, ~auf daß~ dir’s
~wohlgehe~ und du lange ~lebest~ auf Erden.+
Thou shalt honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest
prosper and thy days be long on earth.
+Ist es nicht, ~als ob~ dies Volk mich zum Gott ~mache~?+
(Schiller.)
Does it not seem as if the people meant to make a God of me?
§ 33. =The Imperfect Subjunctive and the Pluperfect Subjunctive= are
used to express something possible, or something capable of being done,
also to denote a mere supposition on the part of the speaker, or for the
purpose of stating an opinion with _caution_ or _modesty_; as—
+Es ~könnte~ sein, daß er nicht zu Hause ~wäre~.+
Literally: It might be possible that he were not at home, i.e.
He may possibly not be at home.
+Ich ~hätte~ wohl Lust, ihm einen Besuch zu machen.+
I should like indeed to pay him a visit.
+Ich ~wüßte~ wohl, was zu thun ~wäre~.+
I fancy I know what ought to be done.
+Es ~wäre~ vielleicht besser, das Unternehmen aufzugeben.+
Perhaps it would be better to give up the undertaking.
§ 34. =To express a wish= we use the _Present Subjunctive_, when we
believe in the fulfilment of the wish, but the _Imperfect Subjunctive_,
when we want to indicate that the fulfilment of the wish is unlikely, and
even impossible; as—
+Gott ~sei~ mit dir!+
God be with you!
+~Möge~ er bald gesund werden!+
May he soon recover his health!
+Lang ~lebe~ der König!+
Long live the king!
+Gott ~helfe~ mir!+ (Luther.)
May God help me!
But with the Imperfect Subjunctive:
+~Möchte~ er bald gesund werden!+
Would he might soon recover his health!
+Wenn er doch noch ~lebte~!+
I would he were still alive!
+~Möchte~ er bald kommen!+
Would he might soon come!
§ 35. It must always be remembered that both moods (the Indicative and
the Subjunctive) may stand in Principal Clauses as well as in Subordinate
Clauses, since _their use depends alone on the nature of the statement
we wish to make_ (see § 25). Nor has the notion connected with the verb
standing in the principal clause an absolute influence on the mood to
be used in the subordinate clause. The Indicative stands in subordinate
clauses not merely after verbs expressing Certainty, but also after such
as denote Belief, Supposition, and Doubt, when the statement contained
in the subordinate clause is represented _objectively_, i.e. as being
based upon a fact, or as being, in the speaker’s opinion, not open to any
doubt. So we say—
+Ich glaube, daß er in der Schlacht geblieben ~ist~+ (not
+sei+).
I believe that he was killed in battle.
+Ich weiß nicht, ob er ~lebt~, oder ob er tot ~ist~.+
I do not know whether he is alive, or whether he is dead.
+Ich zweifle, daß der Kranke ~genesen wird~.+
I doubt if the patient will recover.
+Ich hoffe, daß er sich wohl ~befindet~.+
I hope that he is well.
But when the statement contained in the subordinate clause is represented
_subjectively_, i.e. as being based upon a mere idea or belief, the
correctness of which is still open to doubt, the Subjunctive must be
used; as—
+Man glaubt, man sagt+, etc., +er ~sei~ in der Schlacht
geblieben.+
People believe, people say, etc., that he was killed in battle,
(but it is still doubtful).
+Er fürchtet, daß man ihn verraten ~habe~.+
He is afraid that they have betrayed him, (yet he does not
know).
D. THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
§ 36. The Conditional is the mood for representing a state or an event
as dependent on another, which other, however, is not based upon a real
fact, but is a mere hypothesis or supposition. As such we use not only
the First and Second Conditional (+ich würde+, etc.), as given in the
tables of verbs, but also the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive. The
latter two, in fact, may be called the simple forms of the Conditional
Mood, and the former (+ich würde+, etc.) the compound forms. Every true
conditional statement consists of two clauses: (_a_) the hypothetical
clause, which contains the supposition, (_b_) the conditioning clause,
which contains the inference drawn from that supposition; as—
If I had money (hypothetical clause),
I should like to travel (conditioning clause).
The Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive may be used in both clauses, but
the First and Second Conditional (+ich würde+, etc.—see the tables of
verbs) can only be used in conditioning clauses.
The conditioning clause is often introduced by »+so+.«
EXAMPLES.
+Wenn ich Geld ~hätte~, ~ginge~ ich gern auf Reisen+ (or
+~würde~ ich gern auf Reisen gehen+).
If I had money, I should like to travel.
+Wenn es heute schönes Wetter ~gewesen wäre~, so ~würden wir
ausgegangen sein~.+
If the weather had been fine to-day, we should have gone out.
+Dieser Mann ~könnte~ glücklicher ~sein~, wenn er das Spiel
nicht zu sehr ~liebte~.+
This man might be happier, if he were not too fond of gambling.
+Er ~würde~ gesund ~sein~+ (or +er ~wäre~ gesund+), +wenn er
mäßiger ~lebte~+.
He would be healthy, if he were more temperate.
§ 37. The Conditional is sometimes used _elliptically_; as—
+Ja, ich würde gekommen sein!+
Yes, I should have come! (i.e. if I had been able to do so,
_understood_).
+Unter den Umständen hätte ich es gewiß gethan.+
I am sure, under the circumstances I should have done it (i.e.
if I had been placed in the same situation).
+~Wäre~ ich reich, ~würde~ ich Sie sofort bezahlen.+
Were I rich, I should pay you directly.
SYNOPSIS OF THE CHANGES WHICH THE GERMAN SPELLING HAS UNDERGONE THROUGH
THE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS OF 1880.
+1. Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis für die deutsche Rechtschreibung zum
Gebrauch in den preußischen Schulen. Berlin, Weidmansche Buchhandlung.
2. Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis für die deutsche Rechtschreibung zum
Gebrauch in den bayerischen Schulen. München, Expedition des Kgl.
Zentral-Schulbücher-Verlags.+
A. +Vokale.+ (Vowels.)
_Write._
+=Ä=, =Ö=, =Ü=+
(instead of +Ae+, +Oe+, +Ue+) in: +die Äpfel+ (_apples_); +die
Öfen+ (_ovens_, _stoves_); +der Überrock+ (_overcoat_), etc. In
foreign words +=ä=+, +=ü=+ (for Greek and French ai and French
u) in: +der Pädagog+ (_pedagogue_); +der Kapitän+ (_captain_);
+die Lektüre+ (_reading_), etc.
+=ay=+
(instead of +ai+) in: +Bayern+ (_Bavaria_); +der Bayer+ (_the
Bavarian_); +bayerisch+, adj. (_Bavarian_), and derivatives.
+=ei=+
(instead of +ai+) in: +der Heide+ (_heathen_); +die Heide+
(_heath_); +das Getreide+ (_grain_); +der Weizen+ (_wheat_),
etc.—=But=: +die Bai+ (_bay_); +der Hai+ (_shark_); +der Hain+
(_grove_); +der Kaiser+ (_emperor_); +der Laib+ (_loaf_); +der
Laich+ (_spawn_ [of fish]); +das Laichen+ (_spawning_); +die
Laichzeit+ (_spawning-time_); +der Laie+ (_layman_); +der Mai+
(_May_); +die Maid+ (_maid_, _maiden_); +der Mais+ (_maize_);
+maischen+ (_to mash_ [in brewing]); +die Saite+ (_string_);
+der Waid+ (_dyer’s woad_); +der+ _or_ +die Waise+ (_orphan_
[boy or girl]), and derivatives.
=Nouns terminating in +-ee+= _and_ +=-ie=+—
take in the plural +=en=+, which inflection forms a separate
syllable, as: +die Armee´+ (_army_), _pl._ +die Armee´en+
(_armies_); +der+ _or_ +die See´+ (_lake or sea_), _pl._
+die See´en+ (_lakes or seas_); +die Melodie´+ (_melody_),
_pl._ +die Melodie´en+ (_melodies_); +die Theorie´+
(_theory_), _pl._ +die Theorie´en+ (_theories_), etc.
=But=: +das Komitee´+ (_committee_), _pl._ +die Komitee´s+
(_committees_); +das Knie´+ (_knee_), _pl._ +die Knie´e+.
+=eu=+
1. (instead of +äu+) in: +deuchten+ (_to appear_, _to seem_);
+mir deucht+ (_it seems to me_, _methinks_); +ihm deuchte+ (_he
thought_); +(durch)-bleuen+ (_to give [one] a hearty drubbing_,
_to beat [one] black and blue_); [=but=: +(durch)-bläuen+ (_to
make or dye blue_)]; +der Greuel+ (_horror_); +leugnen+ (_to
deny_); +verleumden+ (_to slander_), etc.
2. in the termination +=eur=+ (sounded as in French), in: +der
Commandeur+ (_commander_); +der Redacteur+ (_editor_), etc.
+=i=+
(instead of +y+) in: +der Gips+ (_plaster of Paris_); +die
Silbe+ (_syllable_); +der Sirup+ (_syrup_); +der Vampir+
(_vampire_), etc. [Comp. +=ay=+.]
+=ie=+
(instead of +i+) in the verbal termination +=ie´ren=+, as in:
+studie´ren+ (_to study_); +spazie´ren+ (_to go for a walk_);
+marschie´ren+ (_to march_); +probie´ren+ (_to try_, _to test_);
+hantie´ren+ (_to handle_, _to manage_), etc.—and in their
derivatives, as in: +die Hantie´rung+ (_management_, _business_,
_profession_), etc.; also in: +gieb+ (_give_), and derivatives.
+=ou=+
(_pronounced as in French_, instead of +u+) in words coming from
the French, as +die Fourage+ (_forage_); +der Fourier+ (_quarter
master_); +der Fournier+ (_veneer_), etc.
=Only one Vowel (instead of two)—=
in: +bar+ (_bare_, _destitute of_; [of money]: _in cash_);
+die Barschaft+ (_ready money_, _cash in hand_); +das Maß+
(_measure_); +das Schaf+ (_sheep_); +die Schar+ (_troop_,
_herd_); +der Star+ (_starling_; [in medicine]: _cataract_);
+die Wage+ (_scales_); +die Ware+ (_goods_); +der Herd+
(_hearth_); +die Herde+ (_herd_, _flock_); +das Kamel+
(_camel_); +das Los+ (_lot_, _fate_); +losen+ (_to cast lots_);
+die Losung+ (_the casting or drawing of lots_); +der Schoß+
(_lap_, _middle_; [of dress]: _skirt_, or _tail_); etc.
B. +Konsonanten.+ (Consonants.)
+=d=+
(instead of +dt+) in: +der Tod+ (_death_); +todkrank+ (_sick
unto death_); +todmüde+ (_tired to death_); +die Todsünde+
(_deadly_ or _mortal sin_); +tödlich+ (_deadly_, _mortal_,
_fatal_), etc.—Comp. letter +=t=+ (instead of +dt+).
+=f=+
(instead of +ph+) in: +Adolf+ (_Adolphus_); +der Elefant+
(_elephant_); +der Fasan+ (_pheasant_); +Rudolf+ (_Ralph_);
+Westfalen+ (_Westphalia_), etc.—=But=: +der Epheu+ (_ivy_)
from the old German word +Ebheu+.
+=h=+
1. =+h+ remains as a sign of lengthening a syllable=:—
(_a_) =In syllables beginning with a t-sound and containing
a long vowel, but not a diphthong or a double vowel=,
as in: +die That+ (_deed_); +die Thräne+ (_tear_);
+der Thron+ (_throne_); +der Thor+ (_fool_); +das
Thor+ (_gate_); +thun+ (_to do_); +that+ (_did_);
+gethan+ (_done_), etc. [Comp. +=h=+, 2 (a).]
(_b_) before +=l=+, +=m=+, +=n=+, and +=r=+, as in:
+allmählich+ (_gradually_); +befehlen+ (_to command_);
+nehmen+ (_to take_); +wohnen+ (_to live_, _to
reside_); +lehren+ (_to teach_), etc. =Exceptions=:
+die Feme+ (_an old secret criminal court in
Westphalia_) and derivatives, as: +der Femrichter+
(_a judge of that court_), and derivatives.
(_c_) in: +die Fehde+ (_feud_, _quarrel_); +die Mahd+
(_mowing_), from +mähen+ (_to mow_); +der Draht+
(_wire_) from +drehen+ (_to turn_); +die Naht+
(_seam_), from +nähen+ (_to sew_), and other words
derived from verbs containing an aspirated +h+.
(_d_) =in a few proper names=, as in: +Bertha+, +Günther+,
+Martha+, +Mathilde+, +Theobald+, +Theodor+, etc.
(_e_) =in many nouns originally Greek=, as: +die
Kathedra´le+ (_cathedral_); +das Thema+ (_theme_);
+die Theologie´+; +die Theorie´+; +das Thermome´ter+;
+der Pa´nther+, etc.
2. +=h=+ =is not retained after= +=t=+:—
(_a_) =in syllables beginning with a t-sound and containing
a diphthong or a double vowel=, as in: +der Tau+
(_dew_); +das Tau+ (_rope_); +der Teer+ (_tar_);
+teeren+ (_to tar_); +der+ _or_ +das Teil+
(_part_, or _share_); +teuer+ (_dear_); +das Tier+
(_animal_); +verteidigen+ (_to defend_), etc., and
derivatives.—=Exception=: +der Thee+ (_tea_), and
derivatives.
(_b_) in the suffixes +=tum=+ and +=tüm=+ (formerly +thum+
and +thüm+), as in: +das Eigentum+ (_property_); +das
Königtum+ (_kingdom_); +das Ungetüm+ (_monster_), etc.
(_c_) =at the end of syllables, and at the beginning of
syllables before a short vowel=, as in:—+die Armut+
(_poverty_); +der Atem+ (_breath_); +atmen+ (_to
breathe_); +die Blüte+ (_blossom_); +die Flut+
(_flood_); +das Gerät+ (_tools_); +die Glut+ (_glow_);
+der Kot+ (_dirt_); +das Lot+ (_a weight of half an
ounce, now obsolete_); +der Met+ (_mead_); +die Miete+
(_rent_; _a corn or hay-stack_; _mite_); +der Mut+
(_courage_); +die Not+ (_need_); +nötigen+ (_to urge_;
_to invite_; _to compel_); +der+ _or_ +die Pate+
(_god-father or god-mother_); +der Rat+ (_advice_);
+raten+ (_to advise_; _to guess_); +das Rätsel+
(_riddle_); +rot+ (_red_); +die Röte+ (_redness_);
+die Rute+ (_rod_); +der Turm+ (_tower_); +der Wert+
(_value_); +wert+ (_worth_, _dear_); +der Wirt+
(_host_, _landlord_); +die Wut+ (_rage_), and
derivatives, as: +ratlos+ (_without advice or means_:
_helpless_); +wertvoll+ (_valuable_, _precious_); +das
Wirtshaus+ (_inn_), etc.
=Mark well=: +hurra!+ (_hurra!_).
1. (instead of +c+) =in many words originally Greek=, as in:
+die Akademie´+, (_academy_); +pra´ktisch+ (_practical_);
+die Arithmeti´k+ (_arithmetic_); +die Physi´k+ (_natural
philosophy_), etc.—=But=: +der Chara´kter+; +die Melancholie´+.
2. (instead of +c+ and +qu+) =in many words originally Latin
or French=, but which have become quite germanised, and are
now looked upon as altogether German words, as: +der Advoka´t+
(_lawyer_); +das Boske´tt+ (_thicket_) from the French: le
bosquet; +das Loka´l+ (_locality_); +das Pu´blikum+ (_public_);
+vaka´nt+ (_vacant_); +der Vulka´n+ (_volcano_), etc.—More
especially in words terminating in +=...kel=+, as in: +der
Arti´kel+; +die Parti´kel+; +die Flo´skel+ (_flourish_), pl.
+die Flo´skeln+ (_fine words, frequently made use of with a
deceptive purpose_).
3. (instead of +c+) in words with the prefixes +=Ko-=+,
+=Kol-=+, +=Kom-=+, +=Kon-=+, +=Kor-=+, and also in syllables
containing a +=k=+-sound followed by +=t=+ (+=...kt=+),
as in: +die Kopie´+ (_copy_); +die Kolonie´+ (_colony_);
+der Kommanda´nt+ (_commander_); +der Ko´nstabler+
(_constable_); +das Konze´rt+ (_concert_); +die Korresponde´nz+
(_correspondence_), etc.; +die Didakti´k+ (_didactics_); +das
Edi´kt+ (_edict_), etc.—=But=: +das Di´ctum+, because not
germanised, etc.—
=Mark well=: +der Kaffee´+ (_coffee_), =but=: +das Café+
(_a fine restaurant where mostly coffee is served_).
=NOTE.= In foreign words which have preserved a foreign
pronunciation, or certain foreign forms of spelling or
inflection, do not use +=k=+, but +=c=+, as in: +die Campagne+
(_campaign_); +der Commi´s+ (_clerk_); +das Flaco´n+
(_smelling-bottle_); +der Redakteu´r+ (_editor_); +die
Adjecti´va+ (_adjectives_), etc.
=Doubtful Orthography.= We find: +Konze´rt+ _and_ +Conce´rt+,
n.; +Ka´rzer+ (_prison in schools and universities_) _and_
+Ca´rcer+, m.; +Komitee´+ _and_ +Comite´+, n.; +Kompanie´+
_and_ +Compagnie´+, f.; +conze´ntrisch+ (_concentric_) _and_
+conce´ntrisch+; +Konzessio´n+ _and_ +Concessio´n+, f.;
+Konzi´l+ (_council_) _and_ +Conci´l+, n.; +klassifizie´ren+
(_to classify_) _and_ +classificie´ren+; +Ku´rsus+ (_course
of study_) _and_ +Cu´rsus+, m.; +korre´kt+ _and_ +corre´ct+;
+Konjunktio´n+ _and_ +Conjunctio´n+, etc., etc.
From these examples it will be seen that the mode of spelling
is fluctuating between +=k=+ and +=c=+, and +=c=+ and +=z=+,
in many words which originally contained the letter =c=. =The
first way is to be preferred, and strongly recommended, in
all the words given above, and many others in common use that
contain a= +=k=+ =or a= +=z=+=-sound and are quite germanised
in spelling and inflection.= (Comp. C. 3.)
Use also +=k=+ instead of +=c=+ in words of Greek origin which
have preserved the +=k=+-sound, as:—+Anekdo´te+, +katho´lisch+,
+Komö´die+, +Diale´kt+, etc.—[Comp. B, letter +=k=+,
1.]—And write +=c=+ and +=cq=+, as before, in: +A´cce´nt+,
+A´ccusati´v+, +A´cquisitio´n+, etc.—
+=-nis=+
(instead of +niß+) as a suffix of nouns, as in: +das Ereignis+
(_event_); +das Begräbnis+ (_burial_); +das Verhältnis+
(_relation_); +das Vermä´chtnis+ (_bequest_), etc.—
=The prefix= +miß...+, however, remains unchanged, as in:
+das Mi´ßverständnis+ (_misunderstanding_), pl. +die
Mi´ßverständnisse+.
+=s=+
(instead of +ß+) in +deshalb+ (_therefore_); +deswegen+
(_therefore_, _for this reason_); +indes+ (_meanwhile_,
_whilst_; _however_); +unterdes+ (_meanwhile_, _whilst_);
+weshalb+ (_why_); +weswegen+ (_why_), etc.—
+=sſ=+
(instead of +ſſ+) in: +dasſelbe+ (_the same_); +desſelben+
(_of the same_); +diesſeits+ (_on this side_), etc.
+=st=+
(instead of +ſt+) in: +Dienstag+ (_Tuesday_); +Geburtstag+
(_birthday_); +Frühlingstag+ (_spring-day_), and other compound
nouns in which +s+ occurs as a sign of the Genitive and is
followed by a +t+.
+=ſſ=+
between two vowels, the first one of which is short, as in
+laſſen+ (_to let_, _to leave_); +die Taſſe+ (_cup_); +trotz
deſſen+ (_in spite of that_); +weſſen+ (_whose_), etc.—
+=ß=+
1. between two vowels, the first one of which is long, as in:
+bü´ßen+ (_to atone for_); +schießen+ (_to shoot_), etc.
2. before +t+, and at the end of words, as in: +er läßt+ (_he
leaves_); +ihr laßt+ (_you leave_); +gebüßt+ (_atoned for_);
+laß+ (_let_); +der Kuß+ (_kiss_), etc.—
+=t=+
(instead of +dt+) in: +der Tote+ (_a dead man_ or _person_);
+tot+ (_dead_); +töten+ (_to kill_); +der Totschlag+
(_manslaughter_); +der Totengräber+ (_gravedigger_),
etc.—Comp. letter +=d=+ (instead of +dt+.)
+=t=+
(instead of +d+) in: +das Brot+ (_bread_).
+=t=+
(and never +z+) in the accented and original Latin
combinations:—tia´, tie´, tio´, as in +martia´lisch+,
+Patie´nt+, m., +Natio´n+, f., +Traditio´n+, f., +Motio´n+,
etc.
=But write=: +Gra´zie+, +Ingredie´nzien+, etc., =e being
unaccented=.
+=z=+
1. (instead of +tz+) after a long vowel, as in: +die Bre´zel+
(_biscuit in the shape of a twisted ring_, _cracknel_); +du´zen+
(_to call a person thou_), etc.
2. (instead of +Cz+ and +Sc+) in: +der Zar+ (_czar_); +das
Zepter+ (_sceptre_), etc.
3. (instead of +ce+) =regularly at the end of foreign words
with German pronunciation= and terminating in French in =ce=,
and in Latin in =tia=, =tius=, =tium=, =cius=, =cium=, as in:
+das Benefi´z+, +die Justi´z+, +das Hospi´z+, +die Mili´z+,
+die Noti´z+; +die Differe´nz+, +die Sente´nz+, +die Vaka´nz+;
+die Fina´nzen+, +die Novi´ze+, +die Allia´nz, die Dista´nz+,
etc.—(=But= with foreign pronunciation: +Alliance+, +Distance+,
etc.)
4. also in words quite germanised, as: +der Bezi´rk+
(_district_, _circuit_); +die La´nze+ (_lance_); +die Polizei´+
(_police_); +der Polizi´st+ (_policeman_); +das Terzero´l+
(_pocket-pistol_); +das Terze´tt+ (_trio_), etc.—=But write=:
+Cä´sar+, +die Cäsu´r+ (_cesure_, _cesura_); +die Ce´der+, +die
Celebritä´t+, +die Censu´r+ (_censorship_), +censie´ren+ (_to
censure_, _to review_), +der Ce´ntime´ter+, +die Cerea´lien+
(_cereals_), +das Cöliba´t+, +der Ci´rkumfle´x+, +das Lyce´um+,
etc.
5. (instead of +c+) in verbs terminating in +=...ie´ren=+, as:
+fabrizie´ren+ (_to manufacture_); +musizie´ren+ (_to make
music_); +publizie´ren+ (_to publish_), etc.
=Note.= In many words which originally contained the letter
+=c=+, the mode of spelling is unsettled and fluctuating
between +=c=+ and +=z=+, as in: +Medizi´n+ _and_ +Medici´n+,
f.; +das Rezept+ _and_ +Recept+, n. (_prescription_, _recipe_);
+Prinzi´p+ _and_ +Princi´p+, n. (_principle_); +Proze´nt+ _and_
+Proce´nt+, n. (_per cent._); +Proze´ß+ _and_ +Proce´ß+, m.,
etc.—[=Read carefully= B, Note to letter +=k=+, also letter
+=t=+ of B, and General Observations on the Spelling of Foreign
Words, where additional examples are given.]
C. +Allgemeine Bemerkungen über die Schreibung der Fremdwörter.+
(=General Observations on the Spelling of Foreign Words.=)
1. =With foreign words= containing sounds and combinations of sounds =not
originally German=, THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE regarding their orthography is
=that, their foreign pronunciation being preserved, also the foreign garb
of their orthography is retained.=
=So, for example, we use:—=
+=oi=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Memoi´ren+ (_memoirs_);
+die Toile´tte+ (_toilet_).
+=g=+ and +=j=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Baga´ge+
(_luggage_); +das Logi´s+ (_lodgings_); +der Genda´rm+ (_a
police-officer on horseback_); +das Genie´+ (_genius_;
_a man of great talent_); +der Ingenieu´r+ (_engineer_);
+das Journa´l+ (_journal_, _magazine_); +rangie´ren+ (_to
arrange_), etc.—=But with German pronunciation=: +der Genera´l+
(_general_); +genia´l+ (_highly gifted_); +die Genialitä´t+
(_geniality_, _originality_), etc.—
+=gn=+ (sounded as in French) in: +der Champa´gner+
(_champaign_); +die Lorgne´tte+ (_lorgnette_, _eye-glass_), etc.
+=ll=+ (sounded like English l followed by y) in: +das
Bataillo´n+ (_battalion_); +das Bi´llard+ (_billiards_); +das
Bille´t+ (_ticket_; _note_); +der Postillo´n+ (_postillion_),
etc.
+=n=+ (sounded as in French, but not quite so nasal) in: +die
Nua´nce+ (_gradation of colours_); +das Bassi´n+ (_reservoir_);
+der Refrai´n+ (_refrain_); +der Rayo´n+ (_ray of light_; [of a
fortification]: _radius_); +das Violonce´ll+ (_violoncello_),
etc.
2. =Many foreign words, on the other hand, composed of German sounds,
which might be indicated by German letters, have as yet preserved their
original orthography. So we find:—=
+=ai=+ (for the sound of +ä+) in: +die Chai´se+ (_chaise_),
from the French;
+=au=+ _and_ +=eau=+ (for the sound of +o+) in: +die Sau´ce+
(_sauce_); +das Bureau+ (_office_), from the French;
+=ch=+ (for the sound of +sch+) in: +die Chaussee´+
(_turnpike-road_), from the French;
+=ch=+ (for the Greek +k+-sound) in: +der+ _or_ +das Chor+
(_choir_ or _chorus_), from the Greek;
+=ph=+ (for the sound of +f+) in: +der Philoso´ph+
(_philosopher_), from the Greek;
+=th=+ (for the sound of +t+) in: +der Thron+ (_throne_), from
the Greek; and
+=v=+ (for the German +w+-sound) in: +viole´tt+ (_violet-blue_,
adj.), from the French.
3. =Again we find foreign words which, being in common use and composed
of German sounds, have become entirely germanised, and wear a German
garb=; as: +die Tru´ppe+ (_troop_, _company_), French: la troupe; +die
Gru´ppe+ (_group_), French: la groupe; +der Disku´rs+ (_discourse_),
French: le discours; +der Sekretä´r+ (_secretary_), French: le secrétaire.
=It follows from the three preceding paragraphs:—that it is impossible to
reduce the spelling of foreign words to any fixed principles, and that
there exists at present much uncertainty and inconsistency respecting the
spelling of such words.= [Comp. B, Consonants, Note to letter +=k=+, also
B, letter +=z=+, where additional examples are given.]
D. +Kleinschreibung und Zusammenziehung.+
(=Small Initials= [_instead of Capitals_] =and Contractions.=)
=USE SMALL INITIALS:—=