BRAZILIAN COFFEE
It is not possible to speak of Brazil, still less of Saint Paul,
without the coffee question cropping up. The fabulous extension
in recent years of the coffee plantations and the crops that have
permitted the present extraordinary accumulation of wealth have drawn
the attention of the whole world to the Brazilian _fazendas_.
Big volumes have been written on the subject, and I gladly refer my
readers to them. There they will find all the figures that I as well
as another might quote, but I adhere to my intention of leaving to
statistics their own special eloquence, and of giving here an account
of only such things as my eyes have seen.
If you want to inspect the Brazilian coffee plantations you have only
to look around you. I can show you the coffee-plant, a shrub between
three and five yards in height, which, for foliage and manner of
growth, bears a strong resemblance to box. The flower is very like
that of the orange-tree, but with a more subtle scent. The fruit,
or "cherry," red at first, then of a brownish colour, contains two
kernels. The characteristic feature of the coffee-plant is to bear
flowers and fruit at the same time, in all stages of maturity, when
once the first flowering is over, providing a spectacle that interested
me greatly. But under these conditions it follows that at whatever
season the harvesting may be carried out the crop is bound to be very
unequal in quality. The only rational way to meet the case would be to
have several harvests each year, but the cost of the proceeding would
not be covered by the difference in the quality obtained. For this
reason the _fazendero_ generally makes but one harvest a year, plucking
at the same time berries of varying quality, from the small rolled
_moka_, which is found on all plants, to the more or less perfect
berries destined for the average consumer. Not that the _fazendero_
makes the mistake of placing on the market a mixture of coffee of all
qualities. When the berries have been dried in the open air on asphalt
floors they are sorted by machinery, and thus seven different kinds are
obtained, whose value naturally depends on their quality.
But, unhappily, the canny dealers who buy the Brazilian product
classified in this way have nothing more pressing to do than to invent
fresh combinations, tending to increase their own profits but, at
the same time, to ruin our palates. Here we have the Bercy mysteries
of wine adulteration imported into the coffee market! We need not be
surprised, therefore, to learn that to some palates coffee is only
drinkable when mixed with chicory, with burnt fig, or roasted oats--the
last more especially appreciated by the North American public. The best
of it is that at home with us Brazilian coffee bears but an indifferent
reputation among the epicures who like only the _moka_ of Santos. I
confess that one of the surprises awaiting me in Brazil was to find
their common coffee infinitely superior to any we get in our best
houses. It is a light beverage, with a subtle, soft scent; and, being
easily digested, it does not produce the usual nervous tension that
causes insomnia. In the hotels and railway-stations of Brazil a cup of
coffee is a perfect joy, not only for its delicacy of flavour but also
for its immediate tonic effect, and cannot be compared with the article
offered in similar places at home. The cups certainly are smaller than
ours, but I fancy the average Brazilian drinks quite five or six in a
day. It is true I did hear "Brazilian excitability" put down to coffee
intoxication, but one would like to know just what this "excitability"
amounts to, and, besides, I am not clear that alcoholic countries have
a right to take up a critical attitude towards coffee-drinkers. Man in
all parts of the world seeks to stimulate his powers, and only succeeds
in obtaining temporary results--which have to be paid for later on in
one way or another, either by a reaction of debility or by hypersthenic
disorders.
No one needs to be astonished, then, to find coffee in every mouth,
both as a drink and as a topic of daily conversation. If it be true
that coffee has made Saint Paul, I can testify that Saint Paul has
repaid the debt. The muscles and the brains of the entire population
are devoted to the same object. Enormous sums of money are invested
in it, large fortunes have been made in it; and when the famous
"valorisation" was operated, it looked as if a fearful catastrophe
were preparing. This is not the moment to dwell upon the economic
conditions of coffee-growing in the States of Saint Paul, Rio, and
Minas-Geraes. I shall confine myself to recommending the reader to
refer to the excellent book that M. Pierre Denis has published on
the subject.[54] As for the "valorisation," a stroke of unparalleled
audacity, it consisted in forbidding the laying out of new plantations
at a moment when the market was menaced with a glut that seemed likely
to bring about a "slump," and in forcing the State of Saint Paul to
purchase the whole of the surplus stock--some eight million bags--and
hold it until prices had recovered their tone, when the article could
be placed gradually on the market at a remunerative figure, the scheme
to be executed by means of a financial operation the details of which
need not be gone into here. This is a piece of advanced State Socialism
which looks like succeeding, contrary to the expectations of the
economists, but which it would be highly imprudent to repeat on any
pretext. As may be imagined, the scheme aroused the keenest opposition,
for in case of failure the risks might have amounted to some hundreds
of millions; but it sufficiently denotes the extraordinary mixture
of audacity and foresight that belongs to Brazilian statesmen. The
perilous honours belong more especially to the President of the State
of Saint Paul, M. Tibiriça, and to Señor Augusto Ramos, a planter of
the Rio State.
As I took a keen interest in the peripatetics of this social drama that
threatened to swallow up both public and private fortunes, I naturally
desired to visit the great laboratory of the _fazendas_, where modern
alchemy transmutes into gold the red earth that contains the mysterious
_diabase_ which is the essential element in coffee-growing.
A member of the Prado family kindly offered to show us his _fazenda_ at
Santa Cruz. The beauties of the landscape were, unhappily, concealed
beneath a haze of fine rain, but man, alas! had done worse--for it is
a disastrous introduction to the glories of the _fazenda_ to cross
smoking tracts of forest on fire. In the distance huge trees were still
blazing, around us was a waste of ashes and of half-consumed boughs,
and the falling rain seemed only to quicken the dying conflagration. In
some of the great green holes were fearful gaping wounds through which
the sap was oozing, while some tall trees still stretched to heaven
their triumphant crown of foliage above a trunk all charred that would
never sprout again. The Brazilians contemplate spectacles such as this
with a wholly indifferent eye, and, indeed, even with satisfaction,
for they see in the ruin only a promise of future harvests. To me the
scene possessed only the horror of a slaughter-house. At least we have
the grace to hide ourselves when we massacre innocent beasts, since an
implacable law of Nature has decreed that life can only be supported on
life. Why can we not hide in the same way the savage destruction of the
beauties of the forest?
Between two harvests the _fazenda_ is a scene of quiet repose. We
witnessed all the different operations--from the drying to the sorting,
and to the final departure of the bags to the Santos warehouses.
Although our tour of inspection was arranged by the proprietor himself,
he was only present on our account. The imposing mansion, the splendid
gardens--all were deserted. The Italian colonist has taken the place of
the slave. The former master, now the employer, is no doubt attracted
towards the city. The overseer looks after the colonists, who are
collected into a village, and the labour is organised as it might be in
a factory. The families seemed prosperous enough beneath their coating
of original dirt. Only babies and pigs were to be seen--scarcely
distinguishable the ones from the others, except that the pigs
occasionally wallowed in a chance pool. This was risky, however, for
the terrible jaws of the crocodile lie in wait on the banks of the
neighbouring pond.
The coffee plantation furnishes occupation for entire families. Men,
women, and children bring equal zeal to bear upon the task of weeding,
which has to be repeated five or six times a year. The prolific Italian
reaps an advantage from the size of his family. Moreover, plots of land
are set apart for him, on which he raises forage for his cattle and
the maize, manioc, and black beans on which he lives. Often, too, he
gets permission to raise his private crops in the open spaces between
the coffee-plants. All the colony is afoot when the time comes to pluck
the berries. The Saint Paul growers claim that they have only a single
crop, all the berries ripening at the same time. I saw them full of
blossom, covered thickly with bouquets of white flowers. But I noticed
also in the sorting-rooms a great irregularity in the grains.
We walked out to the plantations--vast stretches of red earth in which
the shrubs are planted at irregular intervals. Beside the path and
amongst the young plants there were great charred branches rotting in
the sun, the melancholy remains of forest monarchs laid low a dozen
years ago and awaiting final decomposition. Here and there colossal
tree-trunks were still erect, though hemmed in on all sides by the
green bushes whose monotonous uniformity triumphs over the dethroned
sylvan power. Occasionally some forest giant that has escaped by
miracle from the flames raises to the sky its splendid stature, sole
evidence of past splendours. In the bare flatness of the immense
plain covered with the low coffee-plants, where no outstanding feature
provides a scale of measurement, it is difficult to realise the real
dimensions of these relics. It is only when standing actually beneath
a bole that you can estimate its proportions, and a series of "Oh's!"
and "Ah's!" of amazement burst from all lips. One of these trees, whose
trunk was no less than seventy metres in height, had a girth so immense
that eleven men stretching their arms in a circle round it could not
entirely span it. I was told that it was worth from two to three
thousand francs. There would be some expense attached to getting it to
the place where it was wanted.
Still, under a gentle sprinkle of rain, that fell like drops of clear
light, we proceeded towards the great forest, across which a fair
carriage-road has been made. This is not the decaying forest whose
timber feeds the factory furnaces, such as that of Santa Ana or of
Lulès. This was the forest that had stood for countless centuries, as
is shown by Titanesque survivals of those unknown ages, but it remains
the forest eternally young, its vital force still unimpaired by time.
The grand architectural lines of trunks and boughs, where the sunlight
plays tenderly in an unending scale of changing tones upon its depths,
offer a feast for the eyes. Creepers entwine themselves among the
branches, making a thousand fantastic turns and twists, while slender
stems spring like fireworks heavenwards, there to burst into bouquets
of rich blossom. Part only of the monstrous tree-trunks are left
visible. Beneath its inextricable tangle of boughs the _jequiticaba_,
all in white, its spurs and ramparts high enough to conceal a man,
rises high above the rest--a Tower of Babel that has escaped the
destruction of the others.
Yet at our feet there lay a colossus that fell only three days ago, and
seemed to point to the final destiny of all earthly glory. It was no
tempest that had thus laid it low. Healthy, straight, and tall, it had
fallen before it could be weakened by age, simply because the fatality
of the action of underground forces crowding upon it from all sides had
decreed that it should end then and there. We felt it, measured it, and
examined every part of the gigantic corpse, and not one was inclined
to quote the assassin of the Duc de Guise--"I thought it larger." No.
Lying here at our feet it was no less amazing in its might than it had
been in its ephemeral glory. Even in the beauty of death the splendour
of life is impressive. In the clearings, where the slender stems of
tall palms sway their parasol tops in the wind, flocks of large parrots
were busy exchanging opinions as to the reason of our presence; and, if
one may judge by the inflections of their cries, they thought it an ill
omen. In the patches of blue sky visible between the branches we could
see them swirling overhead, uttering loud curses. I had been promised a
glimpse of monkeys, but it appears that our cousins retreat before the
sound of wheels, and only tolerate--at a safe distance--the company of
pedestrians. I thought if I separated from my fellows I might happen
on the sight of one or two. Failing a specimen of the _Pithecanthropus
erectus_ any little chap on four legs would have found a brotherly
welcome. Since none came, why not go after them? But walking is a
dangerous pastime, since at every moment one stands a risk of treading
on a _trigonocephalus_ concealed in the brushwood, here as high as a
man's waist, to say nothing of the fact that there are no landmarks,
and that before I had taken a hundred steps I should have hopelessly
lost my way. I walked about twenty yards, and that calmed my ardour. I
saw neither monkey nor snake. I was not inconsolable, however, for the
Brazilian snakes had no mystery for me.
I saw them in all their forms collected in a charming little garden
which Dr. Vital Brazil has laid out expressly for them at Butantan.
The coral serpent, the _trigonocephalus_, the rattlesnake, glide about
the grass, climb the bushes whose branches effectually conceal them,
or seek the shelter prepared for them in solitary corners. But for
the absence of Mother Eve one might fancy oneself in Eden. I must add
that a moat full of water, with a wall above, renders impossible the
machinations of the Evil One; but I confess I did not go near them,
even under these conditions. Dr. Brazil showed them to me in his
laboratory, preserved in transparent jars, where the aggressive force
of the creeping beast is revealed by means of sectional surgery, and
again in the narrow yard of his menagerie; here one alarming-looking
reptile after another was fished out of its prison on the end of a
stick, and then seized by the throat and forced to choke up its venom
into a small glass.
You may suppose that in all this Dr. Brazil has some plan. You are
right, and it is worth explaining. He is engaged in a quest after
a cure for snake-bites, or even perhaps for some way of rendering
humanity immune. Brazil and India have a specialty of the most venomous
of snakes. Dr. Brazil, who spends his life in their company, declares
that even the most deadly species is without hostile feeling for man.
No one has ever been attacked by a snake. His poison (I refer to the
snake) permits him to paralyse instantaneously the prey destined for
his food. But if by mistake you walk on his tail he is carried away
by a desire for reprisals. I do not want to argue about it. It is
sufficient to state that some hundreds of Brazilians and some thousands
of Indians whose pleasure it is to walk barefoot in the forests die
annually from the deadly sting of this philanthropist whom they have
unwittingly annoyed, notwithstanding the humanitarian opinions of
snakes in general. This is the evil for which Dr. Brazil is trying to
find a remedy.
The Butantan Institute, half an hour distant from Saint Paul,
prepares antidiphtheric and antitetantic serums, but its specialty
is the antiophidic serum. Dr. Calmette was the first to discover a
method of procuring immunity, but the serum of the Lille Institute,
prepared from the poison of Indian cobras, proved, in the hands of
Dr. Brazil, powerless against the Brazilian rattlesnake. In this way
Dr. Brazil made the discovery that each South American species had a
special poison, the serum of which took no effect on other poisons.
Accordingly, at Butantan three different serums are prepared--two
act on special species, and the third, called "polyvalent," is used
in cases where the owner of the poison has omitted when stinging his
victim to leave his visiting-card and thus establish his identity--the
most common case.[55] But Dr. Brazil is not satisfied to cure or
render immune those who seek ophidic inoculation. He has discovered a
superprovidential serpent, which, having no poison of its own and being
invulnerable to the stings of its kind, renders them all innocuous to
humanity by eating them. This is the friendly _mussurana_. They offered
him to me for inspection, and he looked neither better nor worse than
the _trigonocephalus_--I should not at all like to find him in my bed.
I tried to coax him, however, to munch a poisonous comrade. He had
just breakfasted, and wanted only to sleep. Dr. Pozzi, luckier than
myself, had the pleasure of seeing him swallow a certain _jaracaca_,
whose slightest caress is deadly. The story has been published in the
_Figaro_. How must we regard this phenomenon unless as a freak of
Nature? To try to multiply the _mussurana_ in order to exterminate
rattlesnakes seems to me a dangerous experiment. Dr. Brazil has not yet
succeeded in obtaining a single young one, and for my part I cannot yet
see man and the _mussurana_ living in harmony together.
As a final surprise, we were informed that Dr. Bettencourt Rodriguez
had obtained some excellent results by treating yellow fever with
antitoxic serum. The most certain method seems, however, to suppress
the mosquito, the propagator of the disease, as Rio and Santos have
done.
Santos, now a healthy city, is an agreeable place whose only mission
is to receive the coffee from Saint Paul and export it to all the
continents of the world. We had a brief look at it as we passed,
and saw enough to wish to return there. But this time, instead of
approaching by sea, we descended upon it from the plateau, 2500 feet
in altitude, which shuts the city in with its salt marshes, bounded by
mountain and sea, using the famous electric railway which is celebrated
throughout the world for the picturesque moving panorama it offers to
travellers. From an industrial point of view the port is not equipped
to cope with the present traffic, statistics for 1908 showing that
109 ships left its quays, carrying 50 millions of kilogrammes of
coffee--three quarters of the total output of the world. As for the
Brazilian _floresta_, it is difficult to judge of it at a distance.
I was placed on a little balcony in front of the motor, between the
Minister of the Interior of Saint Paul and Señor Augusto Ramos, and
thus enjoyed an unrivalled point of view, while, at the same time,
I was relieved from feeling any excess of heat. Mountains, valleys,
forest-clad slopes--it might have been Switzerland or the Pyrenees,
and I have assuredly no inclination to belittle either. Yet what a
difference from the impression produced by a walk in any part of the
forest, where every step lifts you to an ecstasy of admiration. Shall
I confess it? The railway stations, melancholy halting-places on the
mountain, have left the best souvenir in my mind. In the first place,
there were rows of cups of coffee awaiting us there--coffee which
revives and refreshes a traveller and perfumes the air with an aroma
unknown in Europe. Then, and still better, there were delicate orchids
climbing over the verandas, irradiating showers of warm light, and left
there out of respect for one of Nature's _chefs d'oeuvre_, for they ill
support the fatigue of railway travelling. The orchid season was just
beginning when I left Brazil. What I could see of it in the forest,
where the earth was piled up with all kinds of decaying vegetation
which the marvellous harvest was already preparing, delighted me, for
such beauty gains much from being viewed in its natural setting. And in
the desolate railway stations, from all these wood chips, there spring
sheaves of vivid colours transforming everything, as if the yawning
rags of some beggar revealed a fabulously rich treasure.
For the Brazilian flora has extraordinary resources. When I crossed
the Bay of Santos to take the tramway, which runs in twenty minutes to
Guaruja beach, I had no idea that the pleasure of the journey could
excel that of my first arrival. The Guaruja beach is extremely fine. It
lies in a frame of rocks and forests, and in its fine sands it filters
the high waves that rush in from the open sea in magnificent cascades
of fury, which suddenly melt away into great rings of pacified foam.
But how find words to express the enchantment of the road! The low
shores of Santos Bay are but a broad marsh, where a frail vegetation
rejected by the forest has full sway. On both sides of the road there
is an ever-changing sorcery of leaf and blossom in the most lurid
of hues. Not an inch of space between two boughs but is promptly
filled by stem, bud, creeper, parasite, and some kind of growth,
large or small. Trees that are wasting beneath the cruel tendrils
eating into their flesh don a robe of orchids. Cannas make patches of
flaming scarlet in the thickest part of the brushwood, and the wild
banana-palm lifts a tall head from above the two-cornered spirals
of saffron-coloured flowers, which gives an effect like monstrous
crustaceans warring with the branches--a wild scene, in which it looks
as if all the forces of terrestrial fecundity were convulsed in one
impudent spasm.
Just as I was closing my visit to Brazil, with great regret at leaving
so much unseen, I had accepted an invitation from Señor Teixeria
Soarès, the owner of a _fazenda_ in the State of Minas Geraes. Señor
Soarès is the manager of a railway company besides being devoted to
land and its fruitful joys. Modest and quiet, he tries to efface
himself socially, but his methodical and clear mind is attracted by
every big problem, and forces him into the front rank of all the
different enterprises which are an honour to his country. I was greatly
impressed by the way he spoke of his _fazenda_, the management of
which he has confided to his son. It was easy to see that he had
centred there, if not the best of his energy, at least the highest
pleasure that can be derived from the collaboration of man with the
soil. When I inquired of one of the _fazenderos_ whether it was true,
as Señor Soarès boasted, that he grew the best coffee in Brazil, and
obtained for it the highest market prices, I was told that the fact
could not be disputed, but that Señor Soarès had the reputation of
spending more on his coffee than it could bring in. I could not help
fancying the words covered an acknowledgment of inferiority. Idealism,
in agriculture as elsewhere, is apt to be costly. It may not, however,
exclude the active qualities that make for success. Señor Soarès
devotes himself more particularly to the improvement of coffee-plants
and the raising of new species. Now it was said that he had got from
an horticulturist (of Montmartre) a certain plant with whose fame the
world would shortly ring. He wanted me to open the new plantation, and
as an ex-Montmartrois, I certainly could not refuse the invitation.
I shall say nothing of the journey. As usual, there were miles of
forest destroyed by fire. In the villages cabins and colonial houses
were scattered about on the river banks amongst great groves of trees.
The Parahyba made amends for the melancholy waste of the land by its
innumerable rocky headlands, its tree-stems, its islets where a note of
beauty was lent by the brilliant plumage of birds.
Small, impatient horses were waiting for us at the station, and
seated in "_boggies_" that bounded over the deep ruts of the road, we
passed through woods where large-leaved creepers made a magnificent
stage-setting which only ended in the acropolis of Santa Alda. This
rustic baronial hall, that belongs to days of slavery, is set on the
summit of an eminence which commands a tangle of valleys, and it offers
a comfortable simplicity of arrangement clothed in an avalanche of
flowers. Wide verandas, colonnades, arches, are all overgrown with
multi-coloured bouquets that are perpetually in flower, and under the
rays of the sun distil a delicate ambiance of scented prisms. The
impression is one of charm as well as of force, and when the young
planter, accompanied by the pleasant queen of the domain with her group
of small children, is seen in this background of rustic nobility, you
are conscious of a fine harmony between man and Nature. The strains
of the _Marseillaise_ burst out, as we crossed the threshold, from
instruments concealed in the plantation. It was a greeting to France
that was touching enough from these Africans, but yesterday ground down
in an odious slavery and to-day the free and light-hearted comrades of
a man who by his kindly ways has retained the little colony in a place
where the associations must be painful enough.
The attraction of the gardens is too strong to be resisted, and we
wander out, strolling amidst the clumps of tall, brilliantly coloured
plants, anon gazing in rapt admiration at the warm line of the distant
hills which hold up against the gorgeous crimson of the sunset a
delicate fringe of palm foliage, or watching the hummingbirds which
chase each other in the branches and form a dancing cohort of glowing
brands. When night fell a golden light pervaded the atmosphere. We
did not go in until we had taken a look at the stud, which boasts
some of the finest English sires, and we wound up the evening by an
amusing performance by an agreeable African conjurer, who gave an
explanation in French of all his tricks and was clad in gentlemanly
attire--frock-coat, white tie, tan shoes, all the latest style of the
_Floresta_.
To-morrow, a good hour before sunrise, we are to start for a last visit
to the Brazilian forest, and although a heartless doctor has forbidden
me riding exercise, I have not the strength of mind to refuse the
expedition. They set me accordingly upon a plank, having a high wheel
on either side, and soon I taste the joys of football, not as player,
but as ball, leaping with its round elasticity heavenwards after a
vigorous kick. And the pleasure of bounding upwards is as nothing to
the austere sensation of falling back again on the implacable boot
sole. In this fashion I was rolled through a series of black holes
which I was told would appear in the sunlight to be valleys. As luck
would have it, we presently came upon a hill that had to be climbed,
and my courser dropped to a footpace. The violent shocks of the
earlier part of the journey now gave place to a comparatively simple
sensation that suggested an anvil beneath the blows of a hammer. Then
the day broke. Señor Soarès, junior, who watched my progress from
the back of a tall steed, pointed out his first experiments with
rubber-plants and with cocoa, and described his coffee-gardens, of
which I had already seen some specimens. The sufferings of the lower
part of my person now gave way to the admiration of the higher as I
mentally compared the wretched, stunted lives in our cities with the
wide freedom of existence led by this high-spirited youth who was
wrestling out here in the glorious sunshine with the exuberant forces
of a fruitful Nature which he is certain to master in time. O you, my
French brethren who in alpaca coats sit eternally on your stools, bent
over useless documents, know that the earth has not yet exhausted her
gifts, learn that there is another life, free from the anæmic, cramping
condition which you know! This thought was still in my mind when we
turned our reins across the moors that led to the coffee plantations,
where dried palm-leaves protect the young shoots from the heat of the
sun, and where the new species derived from a plant grown on the sacred
hill of Montmartre-en-Paris is being carefully cultivated. Come out
here, young men in shiny threadbare sleeves who make your way homewards
nightly to the close dens around the Sacré Coeur; come and see these
black coffee-planters--men, women, and children--living close to
Nature on the outskirts of civilisation, and compare your own wretched
quarters furnished by Dufayel on the "hire" system, that has cost you
such anxious moments, with the blissful nudity of these cabins, and
tell me where you see the worst form of slavery, here amongst the newly
emancipated Africans or at home under your own roofs.
The forest! the forest! I have seen it once and again, but I could
never tire of it, and my great regret is that I cannot come back
again to it. The sun has made its sudden appearance on the scene,
glowing like a violent conflagration, and a thousand voices from the
winged population of the woods have greeted him, singing the joy of
light returned. Everywhere is the same eternal hymn to life. I was
shown a small bird whose female dances round her spouse as soon as
he begins to pour forth his love serenade in joyous notes. Blue and
yellow toucans dazzle us with their splendour. Valleys filled with
colossal ferns open out in the daylight their unexpected vistas of
a delirious vegetation. I ask after the monkeys. Alas! they do not
leave their retreats before two o'clock in the afternoon. They only
arrive for five o'clock tea! But for no inducement would they leave
their dressing-rooms until the sun has gone down to the horizon. When
you have once seen the heart of the forest wilderness, where the same
luxuriant life in manifold manifestations is to be seen at your feet
and in the high tree and hilltops, where profusely flowering creepers
wind themselves around every twig and bough, placing these forest kings
in tender bondage, you will not blame the monkeys for being content to
remain in their sumptuous domain. I was shown fruit half eaten, the
refuse of a monkeys' restaurant. I can well believe it. A wood-cutter
told me he was attacked yesterday by a dozen, who were so pertinacious
that he had to defend himself with his stick. Thus, though I never saw
a monkey, I did see a man who had seen one.
At last we reached a waterfall which was, it appears, the limit of our
excursion. On our way back we came to a difficult crossing, and as my
horse was even more exhausted than myself by the rough treatment he had
given me, he was taken out of the shafts, and a swarm of some eleven
negroes pulled and pushed me along, with bursts of laughter at their
performance. But for their chuckles, I might have fancied myself some
Roman victor arriving in triumph. It lasted only ten minutes, but I
should have been covered with confusion had some chance cinematograph
been on the spot to reproduce the scene. This misfortune was spared
me. Thanks to the fact, I take the pleasure of holding myself up to
ridicule.
The ceremony of inaugurating the Montmartre coffee-plant took place
half-way. The operation is less difficult than might be thought. I
climbed up a slope from whose top I could see rows of holes, with heaps
of coffee-plants, their roots carefully wrapped up, and each in a small
basket by itself, lying at intervals over the prepared ground. One of
these baskets with its young green stem was offered to me, I stuck it
in the first hole that came handy, and thus the glory of Montmartre,
like that of Brazil, reached its apogee.
I do not know what will become of _my_ coffee enterprise at Santa Alda.
It is more certain that Señor Soarès has begun to manure his land
instead of merely scattering the shells of the berries over it. It
is possible that the Brazilian _fazenderos_ will be a little worried
by this example, seeing in it only a way of increasing expenses. But
the established fact that Señor Soarès's coffees are in great demand
seems a curious coincidence, for no one can suppose he amuses himself
in this way for the fun of losing his money. When I left Santa Alda,
I carried with me a pretty collection of canes made from the finest
woods produced on the _fazenda_, and on board the _Principe Umberto_,
which brought me back to Europe, I discovered a chest of coffee, which
enabled me to give my kind hosts the authentic testimony of a consumer.
The _Principe Umberto_ is in every way like the _Regina Elena_, as
indeed she ought to be considering her origin. There are the same
comfortable arrangements, the same excellent service, the same Latin
courtesy from the officers. We had two adventures on the voyage. A
madman threw himself into the sea one night. The siren shrieked the
alarm. A boat put off but returned after a fruitless search. I was
told that this was a typical "return" case. On the way out Hope holds
us by the hand. To make one's way back, after disappointments, is for
human weakness perhaps a sore trial. We do not all get to Corinth.
Let us pity those who make this an excuse for never setting out. The
commissary told me the story of one third-class passenger, all in rags,
who deposited with him when he came on board the sum of 150,000 francs.
There are evidently compensations.
The second adventure was more general in interest. It took the form of
a strike among the coal-heavers of St. Vincent. The harbour, with its
border of bare rock, lay still and deserted. A few saucy niggers dived
for our edification after coins flung from the ship. But that was all,
neither white nor black man appeared, for the order had been given that
no one should come off to meet us and we on our side were forbidden
to land. We need not be astonished if the first lesson learnt by the
blacks from their white "superiors" is that of violence preached by
grandiloquent politicians, trembling inwardly with fear, but, none the
less, tenacious in their inglorious arguments. The negroes have the
excuse of having reached our civilisation late in the day. Are we too
exigent when we implore the whites to preach by example?
We coal at Las Palmas, the capital of the Grand Canary. As other
boats are there ahead of us, we are obliged to spend an entire day in
harbour. We land, therefore. The "Happy Isles" have inherited from the
ancients such a reputation that some disappointment is inevitable. Seen
from the sea, the Canaries show only a cluster of arid rocks devoid
of vegetation. Las Palmas is a picturesque town whose palms can but
inspire an amiable benevolence in people who have seen Brazil. The
country is purely African in character. Square white houses without
windows, banana-groves down in the valleys, hills of calcined stones.
After an hour or two along a road that is thick with dust, you reach
a pretty restaurant standing in a garden whose exotic vegetation would
be charming if one had never seen the Riviera. The canary of the
islands that is said to abound revealed itself to me in the guise of a
vulgar chattering sparrow. Yet the boatmen who boarded our ship offered
authentic canaries in cages hung from a long rod, but I was told they
had been procured from Holland. These birds have a particularly sweet
song, and they sing to order, oddly enough. It is enough to shout to
the seller, "Your canary does not sing," for the birds to burst into
a flood of trills and turns. It is the triumph of a songster with the
imitative faculty. Buyer and seller both are taken in and the greatest
_serin_ (canary, also used to mean "duffer") is not the one you might
think.
Before I take my leave of the reader, I want to say a word for the
creation of a line of fast ships making the journey between France
and South America. So little space remains to me that I cannot treat
the subject as I should like. The case is simple; formerly the French
line was very popular, but it has allowed itself to be entirely
outdistanced by other companies who have built more rapid boats while
we continue to send our old vessels over the sea. The contract held by
the Messageries Maritimes expires in 1912. By some culpable negligence
no steps have been taken to improve the service or even to continue it.
The matter cannot rest there. If we are to enlarge our dealings with
South America, it is of capital importance to France to have a service
of rapid boats fitted up on the most comfortable of modern lines.
I shall venture to make a brief extract here from a report that I got
my friend Edmond Théry to make out for me, since his authority in
matters economic is universally known.
For the last twenty years there has been a prodigious increase of
production and public wealth in the two Americas. This fact accounts
for the enormously increased proportion of travellers to Europe drawn
from North America, Mexico, Brazil, the Argentine, etc. The proof is
that the luxurious hotels springing up anew almost daily in Paris and
on the Riviera to cater for this class of customer are always crowded.
Brazil and the Argentine Republic have more especially profited by
the rise in value of their land. In the course of the last ten years,
from 1900 to 1909, their working railways have gone up from 14,027
kilometres to 19,080 in Brazil, and from 16,563 to 25,508 kilometres in
the Argentine Republic.
These 13,998 kilometres of new lines (46 per cent. increase since 1900)
have opened the door to agriculture, cattle-breeding, forestry, in
immense and hitherto desert regions, and the results of this may be
traced in the increase of their foreign trade:
FOREIGN TRADE OF BRAZIL AND THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC IN TEN YEARS.
------------------+----------+----------+-----------------------
| 1900 | 1909 |Total increase in 1909.
| Millions | Millions | Millions |
|of Francs.|of Francs.|of Francs.| Per Cent.
|----------+----------+----------+------------
Brazil | | | |
Imports | 634 | 935 | 301 | 47
Exports | 836 | 1,606 | 770 | 92
|----------+----------+----------+------------
Total | 1,470 | 2,541 | 1,071 | 73
|----------+----------+----------+------------
Argentine Republic| | | |
Imports | 567 | 1,514 | 947 | 167
Exports | 773 | 1,987 | 1,214 | 157
|----------+----------+----------+------------
Total | 1,340 | 3,501 | 2,161 | 161
------------------+----------+----------+----------+------------
Thus during a short period of ten years the exports--_i. e._, the
surplus of home-grown articles after supplying the needs of the
country--have increased in value by 770 millions of francs, 90 per
cent., for Brazil, and 1214 millions, or 157 per cent., for the
Argentine Republic. As for the total value of the foreign trade of the
two countries, it has risen 1071 millions of francs for the former
and 2161 millions for the latter: in other words, an average of 107
millions of francs per annum for Brazil and 216 millions for the
Argentine.
These startling figures show clearly enough the importance of the
economic advance the two countries are making, and we may say that
French capital has built up this prosperity.
We ought now to seek to retain the advantages to be drawn from our
financial intervention in the new Brazilian and Argentine undertakings,
and one of the best ways to attain this end is to make sure of rapid
means of communication between France and the two great South American
Republics, which shall be up-to-date in every way and luxurious enough
to induce Brazilians and Argentinos to come to Europe and return to
their own country in French boats rather than in English, German, or
Italian vessels.
Such means of communication are already in existence between France and
the United States, but are wholly lacking in the direction of Brazil
and the Argentine Republic.
The French boats which call at these stations have been a long time
in use, and their fittings are in no sense in conformity with modern
ideas of luxury such as the class of travellers to which I have already
alluded invariably expects. As for their average speed, it certainly
never goes beyond fourteen knots, for they make the journey from
Bordeaux to Rio de Janeiro, with the different scheduled stops by the
way, in a minimum of seventeen days, and if they go on as far as Buenos
Ayres, in twenty-two days.
The distance between Bordeaux and these two ports being 4901 and 5991
nautical miles respectively, it is only necessary to have boats capable
of doing twenty knots as an average, or twenty-three miles an hour,
for the journey to Rio de Janeiro to be performed in ten days and five
hours, and that to Buenos Ayres in twelve days fifteen hours.
There is nothing to add to this clear statement of the case.
* * * * *
And now, how can I resist the temptation to draw some sort of
conclusion from these rambling notes, made with the sole desire to make
use of the knowledge acquired for the benefit of French extension,
and this in the interest of humanity at large? In every calling there
is but one road to success--work. When Candide returned from Buenos
Ayres, he brought back from his travels the lesson that we must work in
our gardens. Since his days our gardens have grown considerably, and
since we are ourselves the first elemental instrument for all work, the
first condition of improvement must be the improvement of the material.
Therefore let us work.
FOOTNOTES:
[54] "Brazil," by Pierre Denis. Translated by Bernard Miall. London: T.
Fisher Unwin.
[55] The reader who desires further information will find it in the
article written by my travelling companion, Dr. Segard, on the Butantan
Institute.
INDEX
A
Aborigines of Patagonia, _n._ 52-54
Agricultural Society of Buenos Ayres, the shows of, 78-79
Agriculture:
Waste entailed by system in vogue in the Pampas, 364
Wasteful Brazilian methods, 364-66, 376-78
_See_ Cattle, Cereals, Coffee, Horses, Pampas, _etc._
Alcorta, Señor Figueroa, President of the Argentine Republic, 180
Algeciras Conference, 67
Alienism, _see_ Open Door, The
America, South:
Impressions of, iii
Cities of, vii, viii
Architecture, vii
Races of, viii
Early culture, ix
People of, unjustly ridiculed, 62-63
Produce of, 73-75
America, United States of, 64
Americans, South, characteristics of, 11-12
Anarchists, 85
Russian, 86
Oppressive measures against, 88-89
Argentine Exposition, 69-70
Argentine Republic, The, 18-20
Arrival in, 27-28
Maté, trade of, 45-46
Agricultural produce, 75-76
Foreigners in, 81
Patriotism, 91-93
Powers of assimilation, 94-97
Officials, 113-14
Types and manners, 142-74
Women of, 151-56
Exaggerated conventionality of society, 155-56
Girls of, 158-59
Fathers, 160
Gambling, 161-62
Land speculation in, 162
Cookery, 173-74
Politics, 175-203
Parliament, 184-86
The Executive, 188-89
The Press, 191-92
Society, 201-3
The Pampas, 204-32
Argo, Alpha of, 16
Aristocracy of Brazil, 355-56
Armadillo, The (_tatou_), 114
Army, The Brazilian, 342
Arrowheads, Primitive, _n._ 53-56
Arts, The, in the Argentine, 58-62
Asylums:
Excellence of, in the
Argentine, 114
For aged, 123
For widows, 124
For lunatics, 124-35
Avenida Central, Rio, 325
B
Bacteriological research, 345-47
Ball, Official, at Rio, 359
Band, Oriental, 18
_See_ Uruguay.
Bangu, Factories at, 364-65
Battleships, Extensive purchases of, 291
Belgrano, General, _n._ 59
Betting in the Argentine, 166-67
Black Pot, The, 14
Bon Vista, 368
Botanical Gardens:
Of Buenos Ayres, 38-40, 44
Of Rio, 368
Bouvard, M., 57
Brazil, 144, (226-425)
Recent troubles in, 178
Domestic architecture, _n._ 318, 321
French culture in, 331
Products of, 333
Politics, 337
Federal Government, 342
Saint Paul, 341-42
Society, 352-63
Planters, 356
Women of, 358
Agricultural methods, 364-66
_See_ Coffee, Rio de Janeiro, Saint Paul
Brazil, Dr., his antitoxins for snake-bites, 403-4
Buckle, his prophecy relating to Brazil, 143-44
Buenos Ayres, 26-141
Elevators of, 26-27
City, 28
Architecture, 29
Docks, 32-33
Slaughter-houses, 34-35, 74-79
Excessive population, 85
Schools, 115-16
Asylums and prisons, 98-140
Buenos Ayres, Fair of, 79
Butantan (Sero-therapeutical Institute), 403
C
Cabred, Dr., alienist, 128-29
Calval, 321
Campo, The Argentine:
Men of, 207-9
Drought in, 213-14
Fauna of, 220-21
Morals of, 225
Canaries, The, 420
Cape Verde Islands, 5
Cattle:
Exaggerated sums paid for, 74, 163
Herds of the Argentine Pampas, 206-9
Decimated by drought, 213-15, 246, 264
Cedar, False, 76
Cereals, 74, 75, 260
Cerro, The, 24-25
Church, The, in Brazil, 374
Cinematograph, The, 198
Clover, Giant, 75
Coal, Absence of, in the Argentine, 31
Coaling at St. Vincent, 10
Cobras, Las (island), Mutiny on, 335, 342
Coffee (389-94)
The shrub, 389-90
Harvest, 390
Valorisation of, 393
Plantations, 394-99
Columbus, iii-v
Conscription as affecting the French in South America, 97-99
Cookery in the Argentine, 173-74
Corcovado, 369-72
Creole balls, 231
Creole beauty, A, 279-82
Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, Valuable medical services of, 343-48
D
Dances of the Pampas, 321
Dancing, 285
Democracy, M. Clémenceau's lectures on, 200
Divorce in Uruguay, 299
Dolphins, 13
E
Education:
In the Argentine, 114-18
In Uruguay, 312-14
Emigrants:
Italian, 2, 7
Yearly, 2
Syrians, 7
Emigration to Brazil prohibited on account of abuses, 366
England:
At International Exposition of Buenos Ayres, 69-70
Her industrial rôle in South America, 70
English:
In the Argentine, 100
In Patagonia, 105-6
As builders of railways, 183
Estancias:
Of the Argentine, 75
Of the Pampas, 224, 235-47
Estanciero, The, 237
His habit of enlarging his holdings, 237-38
His life, 238-44
F
Faction fights disappearing, 177
Family life in the Argentine, 150-51
Fauna of the Campo, 220-21
Fazenda, The Brazilian, 356, 408-17
Fazendero, The, 356
Ferri, Prof. Enrico, 107-8
Finger-print system, 89-90
Flax, 74
Flying-fish, 14
Fonseca, Marshal Hermès da, President of the Brazilian Republic, 328
Forest:
The South American, 276-78
The Brazilian, 366
Destruction of, 376-78, 414-15
Forestry, Need of competent, 77
France:
At the International Exposition of Buenos Ayres, 70
Failure of her capitalists to realise their opportunity in South
America, 70
Military law of, as affecting the French in South America, 96-99
French colony, The, in the Argentine, 93, 94-97
As engineers, 183
French school at Tucuman, 287
French theatre at Tucuman, 286
French Military Mission to Saint-Paul, 329, 386
G
Game on the Pampas, 247-52
Gaucho, The, 73, 207-9, 223-24, 228-30
Genoa, scenes in harbour, 1, 3
Germans in the Argentine, 100
Gramophones, 225
Groussac, P., 57
His adventures, 100-3
As a Spanish author, 102
Founds the public library, 102
Personality, 102-5
Groussac, de, 101-3
Guanaco, The, 221
Guiraldès, Señor, City Lieutenant of Buenos Ayres, 112
H
Half-breeds, Life of, 271-75, 334
Harbour works, 183
_See_ Rosario, Montevideo
Hares on the Pampas, 247
Harvesters, Italian, 84
Hilleret, M., sugar-planter, 270-71, 284
Horse-racing, 165-68
Horses:
At the Buenos Ayres Horse show, 74
Of the Pampas, 207-8, 217-18
Curious power of finding their way home after revolutions, 228-29
Methods of breaking, 241-43
Hospitals:
Excellence of, 114, 121
The "Open Door" for insane patients, 103, 124-32
Rivadavia Hospital, 122
Hotels, 170-71
House of Independence, The, 286
Huret, Jules, 257
I
Idealism, Latin, 63-65
Immigration, 84-85
Indian blood in the Argentine, 111, 145-47
Indians, South American, _n._ 53, _n._ 56
Individualism, characteristic of South American constitutions, 190
Insurrections, Danger of, in the Argentine, 179
International Exposition at Buenos Ayres, 69-70
Isabella, the Infanta, Visit of, 110-11
Italians in Brazil, 355, 396-97
J
Jacques, outlaw and educationalist, 101
Japanese in Brazil, 348-49
Jefferson, 64
_Jettatore_, Belief in, 181
Jockey Clubs of Buenos Ayres, 163-66
L
La Plata, 17, 25, 56-8
Lakaluf Indians, _n._ 55
Land:
Increase of value upon cultivation, 75
Speculation in, 161
Las Cobras, Island of, mutiny on, 335, 342
Larreta, E. R., novelist and Argentine Minister in Paris, 56
Law of Literary Property, 199-200
Law Schools, 120
Liguria, 4
Literature of the Argentine, _n._ 58
Llamas, 221
Locusts, 219
Lulès, 284
M
Manguinhos Institute (sero-therapeutical), 345-47
Mar del Plato, 37
Martinette, The, 248-52
Maté, 44-6
Secret of growth from seed, 45
Meat, frozen, 79
Medicine, 120-22
French culture of doctors, 123
Protective regulations, 123
Sero-therapeutical Institute, 345-47
Middle classes, Abstention of, from politics, 188
Military service, French and Argentine, 96-98
_Minas Geraes_, battleship, mutiny on, 335, 342
Miscegenation, 147-48, 334
Monroe Doctrine, 66-67
Montevideo, 18
Docks, 20
City, 21
Architecture, 21-22
Harbour, 292
Moreno, Moriano, _n._ 59, 102
Morra, 14-15
Motor-cars:
In the Campo, 245
Shooting from, 248-49
_Mussurana_, a cannibal snake, 404
O
Ombu-tree, The, 40-42, 219-20
Onas Indians, _n._ 55
Onelli, Señor, Director of Buenos Ayres Zoölogical Gardens, 48-53
"Open Door," The, asylum for insane, 124-35
Ornevo (cardinal bird), 221
Ostrich, The, 51, 221
Owl, The prairie, 223, 255
P
Palermo (racecourse), 38, 53-54
Pampas, The:
Life on, 204-32
Enormous herds of, 210-12
_Pampero_, The, 17, 73
Pan-American Congress, 65-67
Parana, the, 26, 260
Partridges, 248-51
Patagonians, Account of, by Señor Onelli, _n._ 52-56
Peçanha, President, 332
Pellegrini, President, an _insoumis_, 99
Peña, President, 107, 182
Penguins, 50
Petropolis, 373-74
Photographers in the home, 198-99
Police, Argentine, 89
Politics, 176-77, 189
In Uruguay, 300-1
In Brazil, 336-39
Polyvalent serum for snake-bite, 403
Prado _fazenda_, The, 394-95
Press, Power of the, 191-92, 193-98, 304
Prisons, 137-41
Protectionism in the medical world, 123
Q
Québracho, 32, 40
Quintana, the late President, 181
R
_Rabat_, a method of hunting hares, 248
Race-course, Palermo, 38
Railways, 183, 422
_Rastaquouère_, The, 62
Reds of Uruguay, The, 178
Garibaldi's shirt borrowed from, _n._ 300
Refrigerator industry, The, 79, 216
Revolution, The French, x.
Revolutions:
South American, things of the past, 179
Method of raising men, 227, 266
In Uruguay, 300
Rio Bay, 321-27
Rio Branco, Baron de, 328
Rio de Janeiro, 322-51
Aspect of city, 325-29
From Corcovado, 371
Roca, President, 102
Rosario:
Cattle show at, 79, 259
Docks, 262
Deficiency of schools, 263
Rosas, dictator, _n._ 59
S
St. Lazare, prison, 113
St. Paul (_Saõ Paolo_), 379-81
Government of, 382
City, 384
_St. Paul_ (_Saõ Paolo_), battleship, mutiny on, 335, 342
St Vincent, coaling station, 8, 9, 418
St. Vincent, Brazil, 320
San Martin, 59
Santos, Shipments of coffee at, 319, 398-407
Santos Bay, 407
Santos River, 317
Sarmiento, _n._ 59, 101
Schools:
In the Argentine, 115-18
Secondary, 119
Training College of St. Paul, 385-87
Sculpture, Abundance of mediocre, in Buenos Ayres, 58-60
Sera:
Preparation of, 345-46
Snake antitoxins, 402-3
Sheep, in Patagonia, 106
Shipping, lines to South America, 421, 423-24
Siesta unknown to Brazil, 320
Slavery:
In Brazil, Abolition of, 353-54
Evils and advantages of, 358
Snakes, of Brazil, 401-4
Soarès, Señor, his model _fazenda_, 408-9
Southern Cross, The, 16
Spain, influence of her traditions, 109-11
Sport in the Pampas, 248-55
Stone Age, The, _n._ 53-54
Sugar-cane, Fields of, 273
T
Tchuleches Indians, 53
Telegraphy, Wireless, 9
Thays, M.:
Director of Parks, etc., at Buenos Ayres, 38-39
His proposal for national park, 39, 44-55
Theatre at Rio, 361
Theresopolis, 375
Tierra del Fuego, Natives of, _n._ 55
Timber:
Lack of, in Argentina, 32, 76
Improvident destruction of, 76
Trade of Argentina and Brazil, 422-23
Training College, St. Paul, 385-87
Tucuman, 268, 286-87
The French at, 286-88
U
Uruguay, 18, (289-315)
Revolutions in, 19
President of, 20, 23-24
Morals of, 22
Whites and Reds of, 178
Curious domestic architecture, 295
Laws (reformed), 298-99
Revolutions, 300
Whites and Reds, 300
Insecurity of life during political disputes, 301
The Press, 304
Idealism, 308-9
Uruguay Club, The, 303
Uruguay River, The, 26
V
Valorisation of coffee, 393
Viana, Island of, 348-50
Voltaire, played 900 miles from the coast in 1780, ix., 333
Voyage, Impressions of the, 5-10
W
White, Mr. Henry, 57
Whites, The, of Uruguay, 178, 300
Williman, Señor, President of Uruguay, 23-24, 297
Y
Yellow fever, at Santos, and extirpation of, 319
The work of Dr. Cruz at Rio, 343-45
_Yerba-maté_, 44-46
Z
Zoölogical Gardens, Buenos Ayres, 48-49
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By Susan Hale. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. Half leather, gilt
top, $1.75.
"One of the most fascinating of the series.... It is not too much to
say that nowhere else within the same compass will be found so clear,
accurate, vivid, and at the same time, so thoroughly comprehensive
a narrative of Mexico's past, combined with a description of her
future."--_Boston Traveller._
The above titles are taken from the "Story of the Nations Series,"
comprising 74 titles.
Descriptive circular may be had on application.
_In France, England, and the United States, this work is recognized
as the most important of all the contributions to modern history. It
places M. Hanotaux in the front rank of French historians with Guizot,
De Tocqueville, and Thiers._
CONTEMPORARY FRANCE
By
GABRIEL HANOTAUX
Formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs
Translated by
JOHN CHARLES TARVER and
E. SPARVEL-BAYLY
_Four volumes. Octavo. Each complete in itself and covering a definite
period. Illustrated with portraits in photogravure. Sold separately,
each, net, $3.75._
Vol. I. FRANCE IN 1870-1873.
Vol. II. FRANCE IN 1873-1875.
Vol. III. FRANCE IN 1874-1877.
Vol. IV. FRANCE IN 1877-1882.
"It is with satisfaction on taking up one of the most important
contributions to history, to find the work so sympathetically and
exactly translated as is M. Hanotaux's 'Contemporary France.' Such a
translation fits the American reader to appreciate the work in all
of its excellence.... The first of the four volumes challenges our
attention from start to finish, because in it we recognize not only the
work of a careful, trained scholar, but also that of the first-hand
observer.... M. Hanotaux guides us with a very personal hand; on every
page he gives recollections of the great men whom he himself has
known.... The readers of this volume will await with keen interest the
publication of the others. Together the four should form a monument of
contemporary history indispensable to the library of the student either
of recent history or present politics."--_The Outlook._
New York G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS London
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Some presumed printer's errors were corrected. In particular, several
inconsistencies in spelling were found between the Index and the text to
which it referred. In these cases, Index entries were changed to match
the main text. Other inconsistencies, particularly in the advertisements
at the end, were retained as printed.
The oe-ligature has been replaced in this version by the letters oe.
The following is a list of changes made from the original. The first
line shows the original text; the second line is the corrected text as
it appears in this e-book.
According to Homeric song. it was from p. 12-13
According to Homeric song, it was from
the nets of the fishermen. p. 13
the nets of the fishermen."
'I will Footnote 13 p. 131
'I will'
loc cit. Footnote 14 p. 134
loc. cit.
vimdas p. 268
viudas
Children moving about an all fours p. 272
Children moving about on all fours
concidence p. 317
coincidence
similiar p. 345
similar
Arrow-heads Index
Arrowheads
Fazendeiro Index
Fazendero
Fonsica Index
Fonseca
Larretta Index
Larreta
Minas Geraès Index
Minas Geraes
Moreno, Moriana Index
Moreno, Moriano
Quebracho Index
Québracho
Quintano Index
Quintana
race-course Index
racecourse
Rastaquoère Index
Rastaquouère
Therezopolis Index
Theresopolis
In addition, a doubled line: "this centre), or the idle gossip that
constitutes" on p. 372 was removed.