Desertion of Napoleon by Murat.
Invasion of France by the Allies;
Napoleon's unsuccessful campaign of defense;
surrender of Paris;
abdication of the fallen emperor;
treaty of Fontainebleau;
retirement of Napoleon to Elba;
return of the Bourbons to the throne of France,
in the person of Louis XVIII.
Treaty of Paris.
Battle of Toulouse, ending the Peninsular War.
Meeting of the Congress of Vienna.
Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome;
restoration of the Jesuits.
Union of Belgium and Holland in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Union of Norway and Sweden.
Abrogation in Spain of the Constitution of 1812
by Ferdinand;
abolition of the Cortès;
re-establishment of the Inquisition.
Restoration of Austrian despotism in Northern Italy.
Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, siege of Fort Erie,
British capture of Washington, and naval fight on Lake
Champlain, in the war between England and the United States;
Hartford Convention of Federalists opposed to the war;
treaty of peace negotiated at Ghent.
Temporary recovery of Chile by the Spaniards.
Dictatorship of Dr. Francia established in Paraguay.
Building of the first locomotive of George Stephenson.
Publication of Scott's "Waverley."
Birth of Motley (d. 1877).
Birth of Edwin M. Stanton (d. 1869).
1815.
Return of Napoleon from Elba;
flight of Louis XVIII;
the Hundred Days of restored Empire;
the Waterloo campaign and end of the Corsican's career;
his final abdication, surrender to the English,
and captivity at St. Helena.
Second Bourbon restoration and second Treaty of Paris.
Execution of Marshal Ney.
Formation of the Holy Alliance.
Reconstruction of Germany;
formation of the Germanic Confederation.
Fall and death of Murat.
Establishment of the protectorate of Great Britain over
the Ionian Islands.
Enactment of the British Corn Law, to maintain high prices
for bread-stuffs.
Repulse of the British at New Orleans by General Jackson.
War of the United States with the Dey of Algiers.
Birth of Bismarck.
1816.
Agitation for Parliamentary Reform;
multiplication of Hampden Clubs.
Admission of Indiana into the American Union.
Charter granted to the second Bank of the United States.
Election of James Monroe President of the United States.
Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth.
First Seminole War.
Publication of Bryant's "Thanatopsis."
{3850}
1817.
Rioting in England;
march of the Blanketeers from Manchester.
Inauguration of James Monroe,
President of the United states.
Admission of Mississippi to the American Union.
Formation of the Burschenschaft in Germany.
Birth of Theodor Mommsen.
1818.
Complete establishment of Chilean independence.
General Jackson's invasion of Florida.
Publication of Irving's "Sketch Book."
1819.
"Peterloo Massacre" at Manchester, England.
Assassination of Kotzebue by the student, Sand.
Admission of Alabama to the American Union as a state.
First voyage across the Atlantic by a vessel
(the "Savannah ") using steam.
Discovery of Electro-magnetism, by Oersted.
Complete attainment of independence in Venezuela and
New Granada, under the lead of Bolivar.
Publication of Schopenhauer's
"Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung."
Birth of Marian Evans (George Eliot) (d. 1880).
Birth of Charles Kingsley (d. 1875).
Birth of James Russell Lowell (d. 1891).
1820.
Death of George III. of England;
accession of George IV.;
trial of Queen Caroline.
Adoption in the United States of the Missouri Compromise,
excluding slavery from the territories
north of latitude 36° 30';
admission of Maine to the Union.
Re-election of Monroe to the American presidency.
Assassination of the duke of Berry in France.
Revolution in Spain, restoring the constitution of 1812.
Revolution in Portugal,
instituting a constitutional government.
Revolution in Naples and Sicily, extorting a constitution
from the king.
Congress of sovereigns of the Holy Alliance at Laybach.
Publication of Keats' "Lamia," "Isabella,"
"Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion."
Birth of General Sherman (d. 1891).
Birth of Professor Tyndall (d. 1893).
1821.
Revolution in Mexico, establishing independence.
Liberation of Peru by San Martin and the Chileans.
Return of King John VI. from Brazil to Portugal.
Union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador in the
Republic of Colombia.
Cession of Florida to the United States by Spain.
Admission of Missouri to the American Union.
Revolt in Greece against the rule of the Turks.
Suppression of the constitutional movement in the Two
Sicilies by Austrian arms acting for the Holy Alliance.
Constitutional rising in Piedmont;
abdication of Victor Emmanuel I. in favor of his
brother Charles Felix;
interference of Austria;
suppression of the revolution.
Publication of De Quincey's "Confessions of an Opium Eater,"
and Cooper's "The Spy."
Birth of Jenny Lind (d. 1887).
1822.
Meeting of the Congress of Verona.
Canning made foreign Secretary in the British Government.
Proclamation of the independence of Brazil;
Dom Pedro crowned emperor.
Pronunciamento in Mexico, making Iturbide emperor.
Turkish massacre of the Greeks of Chios.
Publication of Lamb's "Essays of Elia," Heine's "Gedichte,"
and Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ."
Birth of General Grant (d. 1885).
Birth of Matthew Arnold (d. 1888).
Birth of Pasteur.
Birth of Rosa Bonheur.
1823.
Enunciation of the "Monroe Doctrine," in the annual message
of the President of the United States.
Death of Marco Bozzaris, hero of the Greek insurrection.
Fall of Iturbide In Mexico;
establishment of a republic.
Intervention of France in Spain and overthrow
of the Constitution.
Birth of Renan (d. 1892).
1824-.
Presidential election in the United States,
resulting in no choice by the popular vote;
election of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives.
Visit of Lafayette to the United States.
Death of Louis XVIII., the restored king of France,
and accession of Charles X.
Death of Lord Byron in Greece.
The first Anglo-Burmese war.
Formation of the Catholic Association in Ireland.
Decisive battle of Ayacucho,
securing the independence of Brazil.
Founding of the Westminster Review.
Birth of Stonewall Jackson (d. 1863).
Birth of George W. Curtis (d. 1892).
1825.
Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in
England—the first undertaking for the conveyance of
passengers and goods by steam locomotion.
Opening of the Erie Canal, from Lake Erie to
the Hudson River.
Publication of De Vigny's "Cinq Mars," Cooper's "Last
of the Mohicans," and Heine's "Reisebilder."
Birth of Huxley.
1826.
Abduction of William Morgan and Anti-Masonic
excitement in New York.
Meeting of the Congress of Panama.
Creation of the republic of Bolivia in Upper Peru.
Insurrection and destruction of the Turkish Janissaries.
1827.
Canning's brief premiership in England and sudden death.
Intervention of Russia, England and France
in favor of the Greeks;
battle of Navarino and destruction of the Turkish fleet;
national independence of Greece established.
Extinction of slavery in the state of New r York.
Publication of Hallam's "Constitutional History of England,"
Keble's "Christian Year," and Alfred and Charles Tennyson's
"Poems by Two Brothers."
1828.
Formation of the Ministry of the duke of Wellington
in Great Britain.
Removal of political disabilities from Dissenters in England.
Election of General Andrew Jackson President of
the United States.
Beginning of the construction of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Russo-Turkish war;
siege and capture of Varna by the Russians.
Birth of Taine (d. 1893).
1829.
Inauguration of President Jackson;
introduction of the "Spoils System"
in American national politics.
Acknowledgment of Greek independence by the Porte.
Passage by the British Parliament of the
Catholic Emancipation Act for Ireland.
Abolition of slavery in Mexico.
Ending of the Russo-Turkish war by the Treaty of Hadrianople.
1830.
Death, in England, of George IV.;
accession of William IV.;
opening of the final agitation for Parliamentary Reform;
resignation of the Wellington Ministry, succeeded by that
of Earl Grey.
Debate between Webster and Hayne in the United States Senate.
French conquest of Algiers.
Revolution in Paris;
flight of Charles X.;
elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne.
Revolt in Poland.
Recognition of the autonomy of Servia by the Ottoman Porte.
Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, with Prince Otho
of Bavaria on the throne.
Belgian revolt and separation from Holland.
Publication of the "Book of Mormon" at Palmyra, N. Y.
Publication of the first part of Comte's
"Cours de Philosophie."
{3851}
1831.
Introduction in the British Parliament and defeat of the
first ministerial bill for Parliamentary Reform;
dissolution of Parliament and appeal to the people.
Assumption of the name Conservatives by the English Tories.
Nat Turner's slave-rising in Virginia.
First publication of William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery
paper, "The Liberator."
Forced abdication of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil;
accession of Dom Pedro II.
Founding of the system of National Schools in Ireland.
Revolt in the Papal States and in Modena and Parma
suppressed by Austrian troops;
exile of Mazzini from Italy.
Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium, Prince Leopold of
Saxe Coburg king.
Rebellion of Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, against the Porte.
Discovery of Magneto-electricity, by Faraday.
Publication of Poe's "The Raven."
Birth of General Sheridan (d. 1888).
1832.
Passage by the British Parliament of the bill to
Reform the Representation.
Passage of the Nullification Ordinance of South Carolina;
proclamation of President Jackson against the nullification
movement;
re-election of President Jackson.
The Indian war in America, called the Black Hawk War.
Resistance of Holland to the separation of Belgium;
bombardment of Antwerp by the French and English.
Merciless suppression of the Polish rebellion.
Civil war in Portugal.
Birth of Castelar.
1833.
Compensated emancipation of slaves in the
British West Indies.
Passage of the Compromise Tariff Bill in the United States;
removal of government deposits from the United States
Bank by President Jackson.
Beginning of the revolt of Abd-el-Kader against the French
in Algiers.
Election of Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico.
Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain;
regency of Maria Christina;
insurgent proclamation of Don Carlos;
beginning of the civil war between Carlists and Christinos.
First Prussian treaty which formed the German Zollverein.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia and Turkey.
Publication of Carlyle's "Sartus Resartus," and
Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity."
Birth of General Gordon (d. 1885).
1834.
Resignation of Earl Grey from the premiership in the
English Ministry, succeeded first by Lord Melbourne and
after a brief interval by Sir Robert Peel.
Abolition of slavery in the British colonies.
Organization of the Whig party in the United States.
End of civil war in Portugal.
Publication of Dickens' "Sketches by Boz," and
Balzac's "Père Goriot."
1835.
Recall of Lord Melbourne to the English Ministry, and
retirement of Peel.
Exclusion of anti-slavery literature from the
United States mails;
passage of the act against anti-slavery petitions called
the "Atherton Gag."
Beginning of the second Seminole War.
Death of the Emperor Francis of Austria and accession
of Ferdinand I.
Publication of Browning's" Paracelsus," Thirlwall's
"History of Greece," Strauss's" Das Leben Jesu," and
De Tocqueville's "La Democratie en Amerique."
1836.
Election of Martin Van Buren President of the United States.
Admission of Arkansas to the American Union.
Texan independence of Mexico declared and won at San Jacinto.
First futile attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to effect
a revolution in France.
Publication of Dickens' "Pickwick."
1837.
Death of William IV. of England, and
accession of Queen Victoria.
Great commercial collapse In the United States;
Introduction of the sub-treasury system.
Founding of Melbourne in Australia.
Outbreak of the rebellion in Canada called
"the Patriot War."
Publication of Carlyle's" French Revolution,"
and Thackeray's "Yellowplush Papers."
Birth of Grover Cleveland.
Birth of Swinburne.
1838.
Beginning of the Chartist agitation in England.
Interference of England in affairs of Afghanistan.
The burning of the "Caroline" in Niagara river;
suppression of the Canadian rebellion.
Beginning of practically successful steam navigation
on the ocean.
Beginning of Cobden's agitation for the repeal of the
English Corn Laws.
1839.
Resignation of Lord Melbourne from the Government in England;
wreck of Peel's Ministry on the "Bedchamber Question";
return of Melbourne to office.
Invasion of Afghanistan by British forces and
dethronement of Dost Mahomed.
Daguerre's discoveries in photography.
1840.
Marriage of Queen Victoria of England to
Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg.
Adoption of Penny Postage in England.
Election of General William Henry Harrison
President of the United States;
the "Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign."
Settlement of the Mormons at Nauvoo.
Second revolutionary attempt of
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in France;
his imprisonment at Ham.
Reunion of Upper and Lower Canada.
Opium War of England with China.
Quadruple alliance for the settlement
of the Egyptian question;
British bombardment of Alexandria;
hereditary possession of the pashalik of Egypt secured
to Mehemet Ali.
1841.
Fall of the Melbourne Ministry in England;
Peel made Prime Minister.
Death of President Harrison;
advancement of Vice President John Tyler to the
Presidency of the United States;
his breach with the Whig party.
Revolt in Afghanistan;
frightful retreat and destruction of the British.
Founding of the Brook Farm Association in Massachusetts.
Birth of the Prince of Wales.
1842.
Negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and
the United States, settling the northeastern boundary question.
Return of British forces to Cabul, Afghanistan.
End of the Opium War;
treaty of peace between England and China.
The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island.
1843.
Disruption of the Church of Scotland.
Publication of Ruskin's "Modern Painters."
1844.
Election of James K. Polk President of the United States.
Completion, between Washington and Baltimore, of the first
line of electric telegraph, under the direction of Prof.
Morse.
Passage of the English Bank Charter Act.
Murder of Joe Smith, the founder of Mormonism, by a mob.
Publication of Dumas' "Trois Mousquetaires."
{3852}
1845.
Annexation of Texas to the American Union;
splitting of the Democratic party of the United States into
Hunkers and Barnburners, or Hard-Shells and Soft-Shells.
Beginning of the war of the English with the Sikhs.
Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin from which he never
returned.
Publication of Carlyle's "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,"
and Hawthorne's "Mosses from an Old Manse."
1846.
Repeal of the British Corn Laws.
The Potato Famine in Ireland.
War of the United States with Mexico;
defeat in the United States Senate of the "Wilmot Proviso,"
to exclude slavery from territory about to be acquired
from Mexico;
American conquest of California;
migration of the Mormons from Nauvoo to Great Salt Lake.
Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute.
Adams' and Le Verrier's discovery of the planet Neptune
by mathematical calculation.
Patenting of the Sewing-machine by Elias Howe.
End of resistance to the French in Algiers;
surrender and imprisonment of Abd-el-Kader.
Publication of the first volume of Grote's
"History of Greece."
1847.
Successful campaign of General Scott in Mexico.
Civil war in Switzerland;
suppression of the Sonderbund.
Death of Daniel O'Connell.
Publication of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre," the first
part of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair,"
and Longfellow's "Evangeline."
Birth of Edison.
1848.
Revolution in France:
abdication and flight of the king;
creation of the National Workshops;
insurrection of the workmen, suppressed by General Cavaignac;
organization of the Second Republic,
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President.
Revolutionary movement in Germany:
rioting in Berlin;
meeting of National Assembly at Frankfort;
election of Archduke John of Austria to be
Administrator of Germany;
forcible dispersion of the Prussian National Assembly.
Revolutionary risings in Austria and Hungary:
bombardment of Prague and Vienna;
abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and accession of
Francis Joseph.
Revolutionary movements in Italy:
Neapolitan insurrection crushed by King Ferdinand II.;
expulsion of Austrians from Milan and Venice;
undertaking of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to support
and head the revolution, and his defeat by the Austrian
general Radetzky;
ineffectual concessions of Pope Pius IX. to the Romans;
his flight to Gaeta;
expulsion of the dukes of Modena and Parma and extortion
of a constitution from the grand-duke of Tuscany.
Suppression of the "Young Ireland" rebellion.
Schleswig-Holstein war in Denmark.
Revision of the constitution of the Swiss Confederation.
Last demonstration of the Chartists in England.
Organization of the Free Soil party of the United States
in convention at Buffalo;
election, by the Whigs, of General Zachary Taylor President
of the United States.
Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo between the United States and
Mexico;
purchase and cession of New Mexico and California to the
United States;
discovery of gold in California;
admission of Wisconsin to the American Union.
Publication of the first two volumes of Macaulay's
"History of England."
Birth of Arthur J. Balfour.
1849.
Framing of a constitution for a new Empire of Germany by
the National Assembly at Frankfort;
offer of the imperial crown to the king of Prussia and
its refusal;
failure of the work of the Assembly and end of the
revolutionary movement in Germany.
Declaration of Hungarian independence and formation of the
Hungarian Republic, with Louis Kossuth for its President;
interference of Russia to aid the Austrians in suppressing
the Magyar revolt;
surrender of Görgei;
escape of Kossuth and other leaders into Turkey.
Renewed attempt of Charles Albert of Sardinia against the
Austrians in Lombardy and his crushing defeat at Mortara
and Novara;
his resignation of the crown in favor of his son,
Victor Emmanuel II.;
siege and subjugation of Venice by Haynau.
End of the Schleswig-Holstein war.
Annexation of the Punjab to British India.
Repeal of the English Navigation Laws.
First explorations of Dr. Livingstone in Africa.
Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, by Joule.
Publication of the first part of Dickens'
"David Copperfield," Kingsley's "Alton Locke," and
Emerson's "Representative Men."
Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie du Lundi" begun
in the "Constitutionel."
1850.
Death of General Taylor, President of the United States,
and succession of the Vice President, Millard Fillmore;
slavery agitation on the question of the admission of
California;
Clay's Compromise measures;
Webster's Seventh of March Speech;
Seward's Higher Law Speech;
the Omnibus Bill;
passage of the Fugitive Slave Law.
Negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the
United States and Great Britain.
Restoration of the Roman episcopate in England.
Publication of Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese,"
and Tennyson's "In Memoriam."
1851.
The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French
Republic and making himself dictator.
Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet.
Discovery of gold in Australia;
separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales.
Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba.
Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act.
The first World's Fair, in London.
Visit of Kossuth to America.
Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."
1852.
Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry;
the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry:
the Aberdeen Ministry.
Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the
United States;
election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce
President of the United States.
Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator,
Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire.
Second Anglo-Burmese War;
annexation of Pegu to British India.
1853.
Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan.
Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.
1854.
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States,
by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill;
rise of the Republican Party.
Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United
States and Canada.
Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain,
opening the former country to trade.
Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate
Conception of the Virgin Mary.
Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey
against Russia in the Crimean War;
siege of Sebastopol;
battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman;
siege of Kars.
{3853}
1855.
Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England;
rise of Palmerston to the head of government.
Continued siege of Sebastopol.
Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters
and the opponents of Slavery in the United States.
Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards
known as King Theodore.
Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain.
Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua.
Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.
1856.
Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by
Preston Brooks of South Carolina;
continued struggle in Kansas;
election of James Buchanan President of the United States.
Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee.
Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow."
Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War.
Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."
1857.
Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the
question of war with China;
alliance with France in the war;
capture of Canton.
The Sepoy Mutiny in India:
siege and capture of Delhi;
massacre of English at Cawnpore;
siege and relief of Lucknow.
Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah.
Publication of the first volume of Buckle's
"History of Civilization."
1858.
Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill;
second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England.
Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as
candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois.
Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence
of the mental incapacity of the king.
Treaty of peace between England, France and China.
Discovery of gold in Colorado.
Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed.
Assumption of the government of India by the British crown.
Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland.
Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke.
Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life,"
Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of
the Breakfast Table."
1859.
War of Sardinia and France with Austria;
battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino;
defeat of Austria;
treaties of Villafranca and Zurich;
cession of Lombardy to Sardinia.
John Brown's invasion of Virginia and
seizure of Harper's Ferry;
his capture, trial and execution.
Admission of Oregon to the American Union.
Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species,"
and George Eliot's "Adam Bede."
Return of Palmerston to the English premiership.
Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales.
Renewed war of England and France with China.
Nationalization of Church property in Mexico;
suspension of payments on foreign debts.
1860.
Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
secession of South Carolina;
disunion message of President Buchanan;
the Crittenden Compromise and its failure;
treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of
Fort Sumter by Major Anderson.
Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of
the summer palace.
Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia
by popular vote;
cession of Savoy and Nice to France.
Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty
between England and France.
1861.
Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana,
Alabama and Texas from the American Union;
seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in
the seceded States;
abortive Peace Convention at Washington;
admission of Kansas to the Union;
adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States
of America," and organization of a Confederate government;
inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States;
outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces
on Fort Sumter;
rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms;
attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore;
Secession of Virginia and North Carolina;
blockade of Southern ports;
proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria;
declaration of General Butler that slaves are
Contraband of War;
fight at Big Bethel;
Secession of West Tennessee;
campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia;
Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run;
depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter;
struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville
and Wilson's Creek;
appointment of General McClellan to the chief command
of the Union forces;
creation of the Army of the Potomac;
expedition against Fort Hatteras;
Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President;
campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia;
General Grant's first battle at Belmont;
Union disaster at Ball's Bluff;
Port Royal expedition;
the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a
British steamer) and its settlement.
Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and
accession of his brother, William I.
Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi;
Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches;
proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy;
death of Cavour.
Polish insurrection at Warsaw.
1862.
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley,
battle of Kernstown;
capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant;
expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri,
battle of Pea Ridge;
expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern;
siege and capture of Fort Pulaski;
Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh;
proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln,
approved by Congress;
battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads;
capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10;
movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the
peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven
Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station,
Glendale and Malvern Hill;
forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans;
separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion;
abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia;
passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act;
arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the
Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac;
second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley;
first undertakings against Vicksburg;
capture of Memphis;
Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville:
confiscation of the slave property of rebels;
beginning of the destructive career of the
Confederate cruiser Alabama;
end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the
Army of the Potomac;
campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain,
Second Bull Run and Chantilly;
Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at
South Mountain and Antietam;
preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln;
successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth;
battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas;
removal of McClellan from command of the Army of
the Potomac and appointment of Burnside;
disastrous attack on Fredericksburg;
second Union attempt against Vicksburg;
victory of Rosecrans at Stone River.
Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges.
Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico;
creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria.
Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia.
Revolution in Greece;
deposition of King Otho;
election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne;
annexation of the Ionian Islands.
Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the
Italian government;
his defeat and capture at Aspromonte.
Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."
{3854}
1863.
President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation;
passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act;
Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville;
death of Stonewall Jackson;
naval attack on Charleston;
Grierson's raid;
Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg;
Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson;
Lee's second invasion of the North;
battle of Gettysburg;
Draft riots in the city of New York;
Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana;
assault on Fort Wagner;
battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station;
Burnside's advance into East Tennessee;
defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga;
siege and reduction of Fort Wagner;
Grant's victory at Chattanooga;
siege of Knoxville;
President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and
Proclamation of Amnesty.
Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and
accession of Christian IX.;
reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question;
coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark.
Appointment of General Gordon to command in China.
Confederation of the United States of Colombia.
Rebellion in Poland.
Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle.
Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature,"
and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."
1864.
Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's
plan and the Congressional plan;
Sherman's Meridian expedition;
Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond;
appointment of General Grant to
the chief command of the army;
Banks' Red River expedition;
Price's invasion of Missouri;
Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre
of colored soldiers;
Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor;
Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church,
Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek;
Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station;
Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station;
destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge;
Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions;
Early's invasion of Maryland;
Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay;
Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley,
battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek;
Sherman's clearing of Atlanta;
Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at
Franklin and Nashville;
re-election of President Lincoln;
St. Albans raid from Canada;
Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle;
Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah.
Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian
conquest of the duchies.
Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia
by King Theodore.
End of the Taiping Rebellion in China.
Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the
Syllabus of Pope Pius IX.
Organization at London of the International.
1865.
Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the
Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting
slavery forever;
creation of the Freedman's Bureau;
Hampton Roads Peace Conference;
evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates;
Sherman's northward march from Savannah;
battle of Bentonsville;
occupation of Wilmington by Schofield;
battle of Kinston;
second inauguration of President Lincoln;
battle of Five Forks;
evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates;
battle of Sailor's Creek;
surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House;
assassination of President Lincoln;
succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President,
to the Presidency;
surrender of General Johnston;
fall of Mobile;
capture of Jefferson Davis;
end of the Rebellion;
opening of the conflict between Congress and
President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction.
Death of Lord Palmerston in England;
premiership of Lord John Russell.
Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence.
Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica
by Governor Eyre.
Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.
1866.
Quarrel of Austria and Prussia over the administration
of Schleswig and Holstein;
alliance of Prussia with Italy;
outbreak of the Seven Weeks War;
decisive Prussian victory at Sadowa, or Königgrätz;
treaty of Prague;
exclusion of Austria from the Germanic political system;
formation of the North German Confederation;
incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of
Hesse, the duchies of Nassau, Schleswig and Holstein, and
the free city of Frankfort, by Prussia.
Success of Austria in the war with Italy, at Custozza on
the land and at Lissa on the sea;
success of Italy in the settlement of peace, receiving
Venetia, on the demand of Prussia.
Wreck of the Ministry of Lord John Russell on a reform bill;
third Derby-Disraeli administration.
Fenian invasion of Canada from the United States.
Laying of the first successful Atlantic Cable.
Beginning of the struggle of the Cretans for deliverance
from the Turkish yoke.
Reconstruction riot in New Orleans.
Organization of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States.
Passage of the first Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of
the United States over the President's veto;
Congressional adoption of the Fourteenth Constitutional
Amendment.
Formation of the Ku-Klux Klan in the Southern States.
1867.
Passage of the Disraeli Reform Bill by the British Parliament.
Purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia.
Federation of Austria and Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
Federation of the provinces of British America, forming
the Dominion of Canada.
Purchase of the title of Khedive from the Sultan by Ismail
Pasha of Egypt.
Fenian risings in Ireland.
Renewed attempt by Garibaldi to liberate Rome from the
Papal government;
his defeat by the French at Mentana.
Withdrawal of the French from Mexico;
fall of the empire;
execution of Maximilian.
Passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts by the
Congress of the United States;
extension of suffrage to blacks in the District of Columbia.
{3855}
1868.
Withdrawal of Lord Derby from the British Ministry;
advancement of Disraeli to the premiership;
passage of reform bills for Scotland and Ireland;
defeat of the ministry on the Irish Church question;
resignation of Disraeli;
first administration of Mr. Gladstone.
Revolution in Spain and flight of Queen Isabella to France.
British expedition for the rescue of captives in Abyssinia;
storming of Magdala;
suicide of King Theodore.
Negotiation of the Burlingame Treaty between China and
the United States.
Revolution in Japan;
abolition of the Shogunate;
restoration of the authority of the Mikado.
Occupation of Samarcand by the Russians
Impeachment, and trial of President Johnson in
the United States;
election of General Grant to the American Presidency.
Ratification by the States of the Fourteenth Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.
1869.
Disestablishment of the Irish Church.
Negotiation of the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty between the
United States and Great Britain, rejected by the
United States Senate.
Expiration of the charter of the Hudson Bay Company and
incorporation of its territory in the Dominion of Canada.
Creation of the United States Bureau of Education.
Opening of the Suez Canal.
"Black Friday" in New York.
Organization of the Knights of Labor.
Congressional adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States.
Adoption of a monarchical constitution in Spain;
regency of Marshal Serrano.
Adoption of Woman Suffrage at municipal elections in
England, and at all elections in Wyoming Territory.
Publication of Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewusstens."
1870.
Sudden occurrence of the Franco-German War:
invasion of France by the Germans;
victories at Wörth, Spichern, Gravelotte, and Sedan;
captivity of the French emperor;
revolution at Paris;
fall of the Empire;
investment and siege of Paris by the Germans;
surrender of Bazaine at Metz;
unsuccessful resistance in the provinces.
Completion of the new Germanic Confederation, embracing the
states of South Germany, with the North German Confederation,
and having the king of Prussia for its president.
Passage of Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Bill by
the British Parliament.
Passage of the Education Bill in England.
Occupation of Rome by the troops of the king of Italy;
plebiscite for annexation to the Italian kingdom;
end of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope.
Election of Amadeo, of Italy, to the Spanish throne.
Completed reconstruction of the American Union;
ratification of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amendment.
1871.
Capitulation of Paris;
peace preliminaries of Versailles and treaty of Frankfort;
French cession of Alsace and part of Lorraine, with five
milliards of francs indemnity;
election and meeting of a National Assembly at Bordeaux;
organization of the Third Republic with Thiers
as its President;
evacuation of Paris by the Germans, followed by the
insurrection of the Communists and their seizure of the city;
siege and reduction of Paris by the national government.
Assumption by King William of Prussia of the title
"German Emperor";
proclamation of the constitution of the new Empire.
Negotiation and ratification of the Treaty of Washington,
between the United States and Great Britain;
meeting of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, for the
settlement of the Alabama claims.
Gradual emancipation of slaves enacted in Brazil.
First attempts at Civil Service Reform in the United States,
made by President Grant.
Exposure of the Tweed Ring in New York.
The Great Fire in Chicago.
Transfer of the capital of Italy from Florence to Rome.
Abolition of feudalism in Japan.
Passage of the Force Bill by the Congress of the United States.
The finding of Dr. Livingstone in Africa by Henry M. Stanley.
Publication of Darwin's "Descent of Man," and
Swinburne's "Songs before Sunrise."
1872.
Award of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration in settlement
of the Alabama Claims.
Re-election of General Grant, President of the United States.
The Credit Mobilier Scandal in the United States Congress.
1873.
Resignation of President Thiers in France and
election of Marshall MacMahon.
Passage of the May Laws in the Prussian Diet, opening the
contest with the Catholic Church known as the Kulturkampf.
Appearance of the Home Rule movement in Irish politics.
Abdication of the throne of Spain by Amadeo;
unsuccessful attempt at republican government.
Financial panic in the United States.
1874.
Fall of the Gladstone Government in England;
return of Disraeli to power.
General Gordon's first appointment in the Sudan.
Restoration of monarchy in Spain, under Alphonso XII.,
son of Queen Isabella.
Publication of the first volume of Stubb's
"Constitutional History."
1875.
Adoption of a constitution in France.
Revolt against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Passage of the second Civil Rights Bill by the
Congress of the United States.
1876.
Founding of the International African Association by
King Leopold of Belgium.
Insurrection in Bulgaria, suppressed with atrocious
cruelty by the Turks.
Holding of the United States Centennial Exhibition
at Philadelphia.
First exhibition of the Telephone, by Professor Graham Bell.
Disputed Presidential Election in the United States.
1877.
War of Servia with the Turks;
defeat of the Servians.
Russo-Turkish War;
sieges of Plevna and Kars.
Assumption by Queen Victoria of the
title "Empress of India."
First election of Porfirio Diaz to the Presidency of
the Mexican republic.
Creation of the Electoral Commission in the United States;
award of the Presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes.
Return of Stanley from his expedition across Africa,
exploring the Congo.
1878.
Second war of the English in Afghanistan.
End of the Russo-Turkish war;
Treaty of San Stefano, superseded by the Congress and
Treaty of Berlin;
independence secured to Servia and Roumania;
transfer of Bosnia to Austria;
division of Bulgaria into two states.
Election of Pope Leo XIII.
Passage of the Bland Silver Bill in the United States.
1879.
Resignation of the Presidency of the French Republic
by Marshal MacMahon and election of M. Jules Grevy.
Massacre of English in Cabul;
occupation of the Afghan capital by British forces;
deposition of the Ameer.
Beginning of war between Chile and Peru.
Organization of the Land League in Ireland.
Zulu War in South Africa.
Formation of the International Congo Association.
{3856}
1880.
Resignation of Disraeli from the British Ministry and
return of Gladstone to power;
passage of Gladstone's Second Irish Land Act.
Renewed war against the English in Afghanistan.
Election of James A. Garfield
President of the United States.
1881.
Occupation of Tunis by the French.
Evacuation of Afghanistan by the British forces.
Submission of Peru to Chile.
Advent of the Mahdi in the Sudan.
Arabi's revolt in Egypt.
Suppression of the Irish Land League and arrest of
Mr. Parnell and others.
Institution of local assemblies in Japan.
Assassination of the Czar Alexander II.
Capture of Geok Tepe by Skobeleff, the Russian general.
War of Great Britain with the Boers.
Assassination of President Garfield;.
succession of Vice President Arthur to the
Presidency of the United States.
1882.
Death M. Gambetta, in France.
Elevation of Servia to the rank of a kingdom.
British bombardment of Alexandria.
Phœnix Park murders, of Lord Frederick Cavendish and
Mr. Burke, at Dublin.
Beginning of work on De Lesseps' Panama Canal.
1883.
Death of the Comte de Chambord (called Henry V. by his
supporters), claimant of the crown of France and last of
the elder line of the Bourbons.
Passage in England of the Act for Prevention of
Corrupt and Illegal Practices at Elections.
Destruction of Hicks Pasha and his army by the
Mahdists of the Sudan.
Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill in
the United States.
Suppression of Arabi's rebellion;
British occupation of Egypt.
1884.
War of the French in Tonquin and with China.
Passage in England of the Third Reform Bill.
Meeting of the Berlin Conference to settle questions of
acquisition in Africa.
Beleaguerment of General Gordon at Khartoum by the Mahdists;
British rescue expedition.
Occupation of Merv by the Russians and completed conquest
of the Turcomans.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
1885.
Overthrow of the Gladstone Government in Great Britain and
brief reign of Lord Salisbury.
Revolutionary reunion of the two Bulgarias.
Fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon.
Transformation of the Congo Association into the
Independent State of Congo.
1886.
Banishment of the Bourbon princes from France.
Recall of Gladstone to the head of
the Government in England;
his Home Rule Bill for Ireland and its defeat;
resignation of Gladstone and return of Salisbury;
division of the Liberal Party.
Anarchist crime in Chicago.
Undertaking of the "Plan of Campaign" in Ireland.
1887. Forced resignation of President Grevy, in France,
and election of M. Sadi Carnot.
Revision of the constitution of the
kingdom of the Netherlands.
Tariff Message of President Cleveland.
African expedition of Stanley to rescue Emin Pasha.
1888.
Threatening intrigues of General Boulanger in France;
his prosecution and flight.
Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company.
Death of the German Emperor William I.;
accession and death of Frederick III.,
and accession of William II.
Incorporation in the German Zollverein of Hamburg and
Bremen, the last of the Free Cities.
Final abolition of slavery in Brazil.
Inquiry into Irish matters by the Parnell Commission.
Defeat of the Mills Tariff Bill in the United States Senate.
Election of General Benjamin Harrison
President of the United States.
1889.
Abdication of King Milan of Servia in favor of his young son.
Revolution in Brazil;
expulsion of the Emperor and royal family from the country.
Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan.
Opening of Oklahoma to settlement.
Destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, by flood.
Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington, to the American Union.
Chartering of the British South Africa Company.
Publication of Bryce's "American Commonwealth."
1890.
Dismissal of Bismarck from office by the
German Emperor William II.
Commercial collapse and political revolution in the
Argentine Republic.
Organization of the Republic of the United States of Brazil.
Expulsion of Jews from Russia.
Passage of the McKinley Tariff Act in the United States.
Admission of Idaho and Wyoming to the American Union.
Passage of the Sherman Silver Act.
Anglo-German Convention defining boundaries in Africa.
1891.
Dictatorship proclaimed by President Fonseca of Brazil,
producing revolt;
resignation of the President;
installation of Floriano Peixoto.
Civil war in Chile;
defeat and suicide of President Balmaceda.
Establishment of free schools in England.
Death of Mr. Parnell.
1892.
The Panama Canal Scandal in France.
Election in Great Britain of a Parliament favorable to
Home Rule for Ireland;
resignation of the Salisbury Ministry;
reascendency of Gladstone;
passage of the Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Commons
and its defeat by the Lords.
Evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company.
Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the Congress
of the United States.
Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
Revolution in Venezuela.
Difficulty between the United States and Chile.
1893.
The World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Revolution in the Hawaian Islands.
Suspension of free coinage of silver in India.
Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act by the
Congress of the United States.
Revision of the Belgian Constitution.
War of the British South Africa Company with the Matabele.
Popular vote in Colorado for the extension of equal
suffrage to women.
1894.
Assassination of President Carnot, in France;
election of M. Casimir-Périer.
War between Japan and China.
The strike at Pullman, Illinois, and the "sympathy strike"
of the American Railway Union.
The "Coxey movement" in the United States.
Passage of the Wilson Tariff Act.
Turkish atrocities in Armenia.
Passage of enabling act for the admission of Utah
to the American Union.
Triumph of the Peixoto government over the insurgents in Brazil.
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Ship Canal.
Death of Alexander III., Czar of Russia;
accession of Nicholas II.
1895.
Resignation of M. Casimir-Périer,
President of the French Republic;
election of M. François Felix Faure to succeed him.
Armistice pending negotiations between China and Japan.
{3857}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE WEST SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND and
LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF NORMANDY TO THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.]
{3858}
{3859}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND
FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST.]
{3860}
[Image:THE GUELF LINE OF DESCENT OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.
{3861}
[Image: THE CAROLINGIANS.]
{3862}
{3863}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE KINGS OF GERMANY AND EMPERORS.]
HOUSE OF HAPSBURG.]
{3864}
{3865}
[Blank]
{3866}
{3867}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.]
{3868}
[Image: GENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY.]
{3869}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY.]
{3870}
{3871}
[Image: THIRD HOUSE OF ANJOU.]
{3872}
[Image: LATER HOUSE OF LORRAINE.]
{3873}
[Blank]
{3874}
{3875}
[Image: LINAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE AND ARAGON
TO THE UNION OF THE CROWNS.]
{3876}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE HAPSBURG AND
BOURBON SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN.]
{3877}
[Image: THE HOUSE OF SAVOY.]
{3878}
[Image: THE FAMILY OF THE MEDICI, IN FLORENCE.]
{3879}
[Image: THE HOUSE OF ORANGE-NASSAU.]
{3880}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF SWEDEN.]
{3881}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF DENMARK.]
{3882}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE ROMANOFF SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA.]
{3883}
[Image: THE SELJUK TURKISH SULTANS.]
[Image: THE OTTOMAN TURKISH SULTANS.]
{3884}
[Blank]
{3885}
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH OCCASIONAL NOTES.
ANCIENT HISTORY: ORIENTAL.
BLISS, FREDERICK J.
A mound of many cities, or Tell el Hesy excavated.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
BRUGSCH, HENRY.
History of Egypt under the Pharaohs,
derived entirely from the monuments.
London: J. Murray. 1879. 2 volumes.
History of Egypt under the Pharaohs,
derived entirely from the monuments.
A new edition, condensed and revised by Mr. Brodrick.
London: J. Murray. 1891.
Corrected in some particulars by later discoveries, the
work of Dr. Brugach is still the most comprehensive
summary of Egyptian history derived from the study of
the monuments.
BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS.
Babylonian life and history.
London: R. T. S. 1884.
Number IV. In the series entitled
"By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
The Mummy: chapters on Egyptian funeral archaeology.
Cambridge: University Press. 1893.
CHEYNE, T. K.
Jeremiah: his life and times.
London: J. Nisbet & Co. [1888.]
CHURCH, ALFRED J.
The story of the last days of Jerusalem.
London: Seeley & Co. 1881.
The narrative of Josephus translated in the
happy style for which Mr. Church Is famous.
CONDER, CLAUDE R.
Heth and Moab, explorations in Syria In 1881-82.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883.
Syrian stone-lore; or the monumental history of Palestine.
London: Bentley & Son. 1886.
Published for the Committee of the
Palestine Exploration Fund.
DARMESTETER, JAMES.
Les Prophètes d'Israel.
Paris: C. Lévy. 1892.
DUNCKER, MAX.
History of Antiquity;
translated by Evelyn Abbott.
London. 1877-82. 6 volumes.
EDWARDS, AMELIA B.
Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers.
New York: Harper & Bros. 1891.
A thousand miles up the Nile.
London: Longmans. 1877.
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
Memoirs.
London: Trübner & Co. 1885.
The Store-city of Pithom and the route of the Exodus;
by E. Naville.
Tanis;
by W. M. Flinders Petrie, parts 1 and 2.
Naukratis;
by W. M. F. Petrie, parts 1 and 2.
The Shrine of Saft el Henneh and the Land of Goshen;
by E. Naville;
The Mound of the Jew and the City of Onias;
by E. Naville;
Bubastis;
by E. Naville.
The festival Hall of Osorkon II.
in the great temple of Bubastis;
by E. Naville.
Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna);
by E. Naville.
ERMAN, ADOLF,
Life in ancient Egypt.
London and New York: Macmillan &Co.
EVETTS, BASIL T. A.
New light on the Bible and the Holy Land, being an
account of some recent discoveries in the East.
New York: Cassell Co. [1894.]
EWALD, HEINRICH.
History of Israel.
London: Longmans. 1869-86. 8 volumes.
GEIGER, W.
Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in ancient times;
with an introduction on the Avesta religion.
London: H. Frowde. 1885. 2 volumes.
GRAETZ, H.
History of the Jews, from the earliest times
to the present day.
London: D. Nutt. 1891. 5 volumes.
Sketches the ancient history of the Jews very slightly
but is full from the Roman Period down to 1870.
GRANT Sir ALEXANDER. Xenophon.
(Ancient Classics for English Readers.)
Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons.
Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1811.
HARPER, HENRY A.
The Bible and modern discoveries,
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.
HERODOTUS.
Stories of the East from Herodotus;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1881.
The story of the Persian War from Herodotus;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1882.
HERODOTUS.
History; a new English version;
edited with notes, etc.,
by George Rawlinson and G. Wilkinson.
London: J. Murray. 1858. 4 volumes.
A work of great value, in which Canon Rawlinson and Mr.
Wilkinson were assisted by Sir Henry Rawlinson, the
Assyriologist. It in not every reader who has leisure two
master such a book as Rawlinson's English 'Herodotus.' But;
something of this fountain of history all may know; Even
such pleasant boy's as Mr. Church's 'Stories from the East'
and 'Stories from Herodotus' we get some flavour of the
fine old Greek traveller. There are three great sections of
Herodotus which are of special interest:
1. the history of the foundation of Cyrus' kingdom;
2. the books on the history, antiquities and customs of Egypt;
3. the immortal story of Marathon, Thermopylæ and Salamis."
Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 90.
JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS.
Works; Whiston's translation,
revised by A. R. Shilleto.
London: Bell & Sons. 1889.
LACOUPERIE, TERRIEN DE.
Western origin of the early Chinese civilization.
London: Asher & Co. 1894.
A definite presentation of the view long urged by Dr.
Lacouperie, that the Akkadian or primitive Babylonian
culture was communicated at an early day to the Chinese.
LEWIN, THOMAS.
The siege of Jerusalem by Titus.
London: Longmans. 1863.
LOCKYER, J. N.
The dawn of Astronomy; a study of the temple-worship
and mythology of the ancient Egyptians.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co.
McCURDY, JAMES FREDERICK.
History, Prophecy and the Monuments.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
A work in which the latest researches and studies
in the East are made fruitful.
MARIETTE, AUGUSTE.
Outlines of ancient Egyptian history.
London: Gilbert & Rivington. 1890.
MASPERO, G.
The dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa;
edited by A. H. Sayee.
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894.
Egyptian archæology;
translated from the French by Amelia B. Edwards.
London: H. Grevel & Co.
Hlstoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient.
Paris: Hachette. 1886.
MILMAN, HENRY HART.
History of the Jews.
London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.
Bringing the modern account of the Jews throughout
the world down to about 1860.
MORRISON, W. D.
The Jews under Roman rule.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.
In the series of "The Story of the Nations."
MYERS, P. V. N.
Eastern nations and Greece.
(Ancient history for colleges and high schools.)
Boston: Ginn & Co. 1890.
NEWMAN, FRANCIS W.
History of the Hebrew Monarchy, from the administration of
Samuel to the Babylonish captivity.
2d edition London: J. Chapman. 1853.
PERROT, GEORGES, and CHARLES CHIPIEZ.
History of Art in ancient Egypt;
translated from the French.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1883. 2 volumes.
History of Art In Chaldea and Assyria.
London. 1884. 2 volumes.
History of Art In Phœnicia and its dependencies.
London. 1885. 2 volumes.
History of Art in primitive Greece.
London. 1894.
PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS.
History of Egypt from the earliest times to the XVIth dynasty.
London: Methuen & Co. 1894.
"This volume is but the first of a series which is intended
to embrace the whole history of Egypt down to modern times.
It is expected that three volumes will treat of the period
of the Pharaohs, one volume of the Ptolemies, one volume of
the Roman age, and one volume of Arabic Egypt. So far as
practicable, the same system will be maintained throughout,
though by different writers; and the aim of all will be to
provide a general history, with such fulness and precision
as shall suffice for the use of students."
From the Author's Preface.
{3886}
PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS.
Tell el Amarna;
with chapters by A. H. Sayce and others.
London: Methuen & Co. 1894.
Ten years' digging in Egypt, 1881-1891.
London: R. T. S. 1892.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART.
The cities of Egypt.
London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1882.
RAGOZIN, ZENAÏDE A.
The story of Chaldea, to the rise of Assyria.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1886.
Story of Assyria: to the fall of Nineveh.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1887.
The story of Media, Babylonia and Persia, to the Persian War.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin.
Three good popular histories in the series entitled
"The Story of the Nations."
RAMSAY, W. M.
Historical geography of Asia Minor.
London: J. Murray. 1890.
RAWLINSON, GEORGE.
The Five Great Monarchies of the ancient eastern world
[Chaldea, Assyria, Babylon, Media and Persia].
London: Murray. 1862.
The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy [Parthia].
London: Longmans. 1873.
The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy
[Sassanian or New Persian].
London: Longmans. 1876.
In the light of later discoveries, Rawlinson's history of
the five earlier oriental monarchies is very defective;
but the history of Parthia and of the revived Persian
monarchy retains its value.
RECORDS OF THE PAST;
being English translations of the
Assyrian and Egyptian monuments.
London: S. Bagster & Sons. 1873-81, 12 volumes.,
and 1889-1893. 6 volumes.
RENAN, ERNEST.
History of the People of Israel till
the time of King David.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1888. 3 volumes.
SAYCE, A. H.
The Ancient Empires of the East. Herodotus I-III.
With notes, introductions, and appendices.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.
Assyria, its princes, priests and people.
London: R. T. S. 1885.
Fresh light from the ancient monuments.
London: R. T. S. [1883.]
Numbers VII. and III. in the series entitled
"By-path of Bible Knowledge."
The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire.
London: R. T. S. 1888.
Introduction to the books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther.
London: R. T. S. 1885.
Life and times of Isaiah,
as illustrated by contemporary monuments.
London: R. T. S. 1889.
Number XIII. in the series of small monographs entitled
"By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
A primer of Assyriology.
New York: F. H. Revell Co. [1894.]
SCHÜRER, EMIL.
History of the Jewish people in the time of Christ.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1885.
5 volumes and index.
SHARPE, SAMUEL.
History of Egypt from the earliest times
till the conquest of the Arabs.
London: Moxon & Co. 1859. 2 volumes.
Important as covering the Ptolemaic and Roman
periods in Egyptian history more fully than any other
work in English.
SIMCOX, EDITH J.
Primitive civilizations; or outlines of
the history of ownership in archaic communities.
London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.
SMITH, GEORGE ADAMS.
Historical geography of the Holy Land.
London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1894.
SMITH, R. BOSWORTH.
Carthage and the Carthaginians.
London: Longmans. 1878.
SMITH, W. ROBERTSON.
The Prophets of Israel and their place in history,
to the close of the 8th century B. C.
Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 1882.
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHÆOLOGY.
Transactions, 1872-1894. 10 volumes.
Proceedings, 1878-1894. 16 volumes.
TIELE, C. P.
Babylonische-Assyrische Geschichte.
Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1886. 2 volumes.
Western Asia, according to the most recent discoveries.
Rectorial address, Leyden University, 1893.
London: Luzac & Co.
TOMKINS. H. G.
Life and times of Joseph, in the light of Egyptian lore.
London: R. T. S. 1891.
In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
Studies on the times of Abraham.
London: Bagster & Sons. [1879.]
TWENTY-ONE YEARS' WORK IN THE HOLY LAND
(a record and a summary); 1865-1886.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.
Published for the Committee of the
Palestine Exploration Fund.
WELLHAUSEN, J.
Sketch of the history of Israel and Judah.
3d edition. London: A. & C. Black. 1891.
A republication of the article "Israel" contributed to
the Encyclopædia. Britannica.
WENDEL, F. C. H.
History of Egypt.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1890.
An extremely condensed and not very readable sketch of the
history of ancient Egypt, but one which specialist have
commended for correctness of knowledge.
WILKINSON, Sir J. GARDNER.
Manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians.
New edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch.
London: J. Murray. 1878. 2 volumes.
WRIGHT, W. B.
Ancient cities; from the dawn to the daylight.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886.
ANCIENT HISTORY: GREECE AND ROME.
ABBOTT, EVELYN.
History of Greece.
London: Rivingtons. 1888. volumes 1-2.
The first volume carries the narrative to the Ionian
revolt, the second to the Thirty Years Peace. "When
completed, it will supply a want long felt, that of a good
history of Greece of a size intermediate between Thirlwall,
Grote, and Curtius, on the one hand, and the smaller text
books and manuals on the other."
_English Historical Review,
January, 1889._
Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. Papers:
Classical Series. Boston. 1882.
Including "Papers of the American School of Classical
Studies at Athens."
ARISTOTLE.
On the Constitution of Athens;
translated by E. Poste.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
A translation of the lately-found treaties believed to be
by Aristotle. "While putting us in possession of more facts
concerning the constitutional history of Athens than have
been known hitherto, this treatise presents very great
difficulties, both critical and historical. … We must
receive the new information with caution, and far from
looking on it as superseding our older authorities, we must
remember that much of it may not be the work of Aristotle
or of Aristotle's time."
E. Abbott, History of Greece, part 2, appendix 2.
Politics;
translated by B. Jowett: with essays, notes, etc.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1885. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, THOMAS.
History of Rome; new edition.
London: T. Fellowes. 1871. 3 volumes.
Dr. Arnold's History is founded on Niebuhr's. The fact is
frankly stated in his preface: " When Niebuhr died, and
there was now no hope of seeing his great work completed in
a manner worthy of its beginning, I was more desirous than
ever of executing my original plan, of presenting in a more
popular form what he had lived to finish, and of continuing
it afterwards with such advantages as I have derived from a
long study and an intense admiration of his example and
model." It was Dr. Arnold's hope to cover the whole stretch
of Roman history, to Charlemagne; but he had only reached
the narrative of the second Punic War when death arrested
his work.
BARTHÉLEMY, Abbé.
Travels of Anacharsis the younger in Greece, 4th century, B. C.
BLÜMNER, H.
The home life of the ancient Greeks;
translated from the German.
London: Cassell Co. 1890.
BURY, J. B.
History of the later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene.
(395 to 800 A. D.),
London: Macmillan & Co., 1889. 2 volumes.
A work written with more knowledge and carefulness
than literary art.
BUTCHER, S. H.
Some aspects of Greek genius.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS.
Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars,
with the supplementary books attributed to Hirtius;
literally translated, with notes [Bohn edition].
CICERO.
Life and letters;
the life by Dr. Conyers Middleton;
letters translated by W. Melmoth and Dr. Heberden.
Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo. 1892.
CURTIUS, ERNST.
History of Greece;
translated from the German by A. W. Ward.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1871-74. 5 volumes.
Professor Curtius ends his History at the attainment of
supremacy in Hellas by Philip of Macedonia. See note to
Thirlwall's "History of Greece," below.
DAVIDSON, THOMAS.
The education of the Greek people and
its influence on civilization.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.
{3887}
DODGE, THEODORE A.
Alexander: a history of the origin and growth of the art
of war, to the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301.
Boston: Houghton; Mifflin & Co. 1890.
Cæsar: a history of the art of war among the
Romans down to the end of the Roman Empire.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.
Hannibal: a history of the art of war among the Carthaginians
and Romans, down to the battle of Pydna, 168 B. C.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891.
DUNCKER, MAX.
History of Greece;
translated, from the German.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883-86. volumes 1-2.
An unfinished work.
DURUY, VICTOR.
History of Greece and of the Greek people,
to the Roman conquest;
translated from the French.
Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1892. 4 volumes.
History of Rome and the Roman people, to the
establishment of the Christian Empire;
translated from the French;
edited by J. P. Mahaffy.
Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1883.
Works both scholarly and popular, and made exceedingly
attractive by admirable illustrations.
DYER, THOMAS H.
Ancient Athens: its history, topography and remains.
London: Bell & Daldy. 1873.
EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY;
edited by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, Bart., and C. Sankey.
London: Longmans.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
The Greeks and the Persians;
by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.
The Athenian Empire, to the fall of Athens;
by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.
The Spartan and Theban Supremacies;
by Charles Sankey;
The rise of the Macedonian Empire;
by Arthur M. Curteis:
Rome to its capture by the Gauls;
by Wilhelm Ihne.
Rome and Carthage;
by R. Bosworth Smith.
The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla;
by A. H. Beesly.
The Roman Triumvirates;
by Charles Merivale.
The Early Roman Empire, from the assassination
of Cæsar to that of Domitian;
by W. W. Capes.
The Roman Empire of the second century,
or the age of the Antonines;
by W. W. Capes.
FALKE, JACOB VON.
Greece and Rome; their life and art;
translated from the German.
New York: H. Holt & Co. 1882.
FELTON, C. C.
Greece, ancient and modern.
Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1867. 2 volumes.
FINLAY, GEORGE.
Greece under the Romans.
Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons.
FOWLER, W. WARDE.
The city-state of the Greeks and Romans.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1893.
Julius Cæsar and the foundation
of the Roman imperial system.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
FREEMAN, EDWARD A.
History of Federal Government. volume 1.
General Introduction.
History of the Greek Federations.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1863.
"This noble work, in some respects the grandest of the
author's conceptions, was never completed. … The war of
1866 between Prussia and Austria marked the beginning of
organic changes in Germany which Mr. Freeman was anxious to
watch for awhile before finishing his book. He therefore
turned aside and took up the third of his three great
works[the History od Sicily being the second]—the only one
that he lived to complete—the History of the Norman
Conquest of England."
_J. Fiske. Edward Augustus Freeman
(Atlantic Monthly; January, 1893)._
History of Sicily.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1891. volumes 1-4.
Left unfinished at Professor Freeman's death. The fourth
volume, prepared by other hands, from the materials that he
had made ready, carries the history to the death of
Agathokles.
FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY.
Cæsar: a sketch.
London: Longmans. 1879.
A brilliant and fascinating piece of historical writing,
but tainted with Carlylean hero worship.
FUSTEL DE COULANGES, N. D.
The ancient city: a study of the religion, laws and
institutions of ancient Greece and Rome;
translated from the French.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1874.
GARDNER, PERCY.
New chapters in Greek history: historical results of
recent excavations in Greece and Asia Minor.
London: J. Murray. 1892.
GIBBON, EDWARD.
History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire;
with notes by Milman, Guizot, and Dr. William Smith.
"We may correct and improve in detail from the stores which
have been opened since Gibbon's time; we may write again
large parts of his story from other, and often truer and
more wholesome, points of view. But the work of Gibbon, as
a whole, as the encyclopædic history of thirteen hundred
years, as the grandest of historical designs carried out
alike with wonderful power and with wonderful accuracy,
must ever keep its place. Whatever else is read, Gibbon
must be read too."
_E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays, pages 307-308._
"It is no personal paradox but the judgment of all
competent men, that the 'Decline and Fall' of Gibbon is the
most perfect historical composition that exists in any
language: at once scrupulously faithful in its facts;
consummate in its literary art; and comprehensive in
analysis of the forces affecting society over a very long
and crowded epoch."
_Frederic Harrison,
The Meaning of History, page 101._
GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E.
Juventus Mundi; the gods and men of the heroic age.
London: Macmillan. 1869.
GROTE, GEORGE.
History of Greece, to the close of the generation
contemporary with Alexander the Great.
London: J. Murray. 12 volumes.
"A business man, foreign to university life and its
traditions, a skeptic in religion, a positivist in
philosophy and, above all, an advanced Radical in
politics," Grote. "was persuaded that the great social and
political results of Greek history were because of, and not
in spite of, the prevalence of democracy among its states.
He would not accept the verdict of all the old Greek
theorist who voted for the rule of the one or enlightened
few; and he wrote what may be called a great political
pamphlet in twelve volumes in vindication of democratic
principles. It was this idea which not only marshalled his
facts, but lent its fire to his argument; and when combined
with his Radicalism in religion and philosophy, produced a
book so remarkable, that, however much it may be corrected
and criticised, it will never be superseded. It is probably
the greatest history among the many great histories
produced in this century; and though very inferior in style
to Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall,' will rank next to it as a
monument of English historical genius."
_J. P. Mahaffy,
Problems in Greek History, chapter 1._
GUHL, E. and W. KONER.
The life of the Greeks and Romans;
translated from the German. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1875.
HODGKIN, THOMAS.
The dynasty of Theodosius;
or eighty years' struggle with the barbarians;
a series of lectures.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889.
HORTON, R. F.
History of the Romans.
London: Rivingtons. 1885.
A short history of republican Rome, containing more of the
tracing of influences, constitutional and institutional,
and more of the interpreted meaning of events, than are
found in any other work of its modest class.
IHNE, WILHELM.
History of Rome.
English edition.
London: Longmans. 1871-77. 5 volumes.
Closes with the death of Sulla., where Dean Merivale begins
his "History of the Romans under the Empire." "As the book
maintains in all its parts a strictly judicial attitude, it
is far less entertaining than the brilliant advocacy of
Mommsen; but for this very reason it is to be held as a
safer authority."
_C. K. Adams,
Manual of Historical Literature,
page 124,_
LANCIANI, RODOLFO.
Ancient Rome in the light of recent discoveries.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.
LEWIS, GEORGE CORNEWALL.
An inquiry into the credibility of early Roman history.
London: J. W. Parker & Sons. 1855. 2 volumes.
LIDDELL, HENRY G.
History of Rome, to the establishment of the Empire.
London: J. Murray. 1855. 2 volumes.
LIVIUS, TITUS.
History of Rome,
literally translated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds,
and others [Bohn edition].
London: G. Bell & Son.
Stories from Livy;
by A. J. Church.
London: Seeley & Co. 1883.
LONG, GEORGE.
Decline of the Roman Republic.
London: Bell & Daldy. 1864. 5 volumes.
MAHAFFY, J. P.
Greek life and thought from the age of Alexander
to the Roman conquest.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1887.
The Greek world under Roman sway, from Polybius to Plutarch.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1890.
History of classical Greek literature.
London: Longmans. 1880. 2 volumes.
Old Greek life. (History Primer.)
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1878.
Problems in Greek history.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1892.
Social life in Greece, from Homer to Menander.
3d edition revised and enlarged.
London: Macmillan & Co.
The story of Alexander's Empire.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London:. T. F. Unwin. 1887.
One of the very good books in the series of
"The Story of the Nations."
MERIVALE, CHARLES.
The fall of the Roman Republic;
a short history of the last century of the Commonwealth.
London: Longmans.
History of the Romans under the Empire.
London: Longmans. 8 volumes.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 7 volumes.
"His [Merivale's] history is a great work in itself, and it
must be a very great work indeed which can outdo it within
its own range. In days of licensed blundering like ours, it
is delightful indeed to come across the sound and finished
scholarship; the unwearied and unfailing accuracy, of Mr.
Merivale. … On some points we hold that Mr. Merivale's
views are open to dispute; but it is, always his views,
never his statements."
_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Essays; page. 309._
{3888}
MOMMSEN, THEODOR.
History of Rome;
translated by W. P. Dickson;
new edition revised throughout and embodying recent additions.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1894-95. 4 volumes.
The Provinces, from Cæsar to Diocletian.
London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.
"The Roman History of Mommsen is, beyond all doubt, to be
ranked among those really great historical works which do
so much honour to our own day. We can have little doubt as
to calling it the best complete Roman History that we have.
… We have now, for the first time, the whole history of the
Roman Republic really written in a way worth of the
greatness of the subject."
_E. A. Freeman,
Historical Essays,
pages. 239-240._
MÜLLER, C. O.
History and Antiquities of the Doric race;
translated from the German by H. Tufuell and G. C. Lewis.
2d edition revised.
London: J. Murray. 1839., 2 volumes.
NIEBUHR, B. G.
History of Rome;
translated by J. C. Hare and C. Thirlwall.
London: Walton. 1859. 3 volumes.
Lectures on the history of Rome,
to the fall of the Western Empire.
London: Walton. 3 volumes.
OMAN, C. W. C.
History of Greece, to the Macedonian conquest.
London: Rivingtons. 1890.
"This is the best school history of Greece which has
appeared for many a day. While the style is never heavy,
nothing of importance has been omitted."
_English Historical Review, October 1890._
PELHAM, H. F.
Outlines of Roman history.
London: Percival.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1893.
PLUTARCH.
Lives,
the translation called Dryden's corrected from the Greek
and revised by A. H. Clough.
London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1859. 5 volumes.
POLYBIOS.
Histories;
translated from the text of Hultsch by E. S. Shuckburgh.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1889. 2 volumes.
Polybios, "the historian of the Decline and Fall of Ancient
Greece," "is like a writer of our own times; with far less
of inborn genius, he possessed a mass of acquired knowledge
of which Thucydides could never have dreamed. He had, like
a modern historian, read many books and seen many lands. …
He had, himself personally a wider political experience than
fell to the lot of any historian before or after him. … He
could remember Achaia a powerful federation, Macedonia a
powerful monarchy, Carthage still free, Syria still
threatening; he lived to see them all subject provinces or
trembling allies of the great municipality Rome."
_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
page 226._
RAMSAY, WILLIAM.
Manual of Roman antiquities;
revised and partly rewritten by R. Lanciani.
London: C. Griffin.
SCHLIEMANN, Dr. H.
Ilios: the city and country of the Trojans.
London: J. Murray. 1880.
Troja: results of the latest researches and discoveries
on the site of Homer's Troy.
London: J. Murray. 1884.
Mycenæ: a narrative of researches and discoveries.
London.
Tiryns, the prehistoric palace of the King of Tiryns.
London: John Murray. 1885.
SCHÖMANN, G. F.
A dissertation on the assemblies of the Athenians;
translated from the Latin.
Cambridge: W. P. Grant. 1838.
The antiquities of Greece;
translated from the German.
London: Rivingtons, 1880.
Only the first volume, treating of "The State,"
has been published.
SCHUCHHARDT, C.
Schliemann's excavations;
an archæological and historical study;
translated from the German.
London: Macmillan & Co.
SUETONIUS, C. TRANQUILLUS.
Lives of the Twelve Cæsars [Bohn edition].
London: Bell & Sons.
TACITUS, C. CORNELIUS.
The Annals, The History, The Germany, The Agricola,
The Dialogue on Oratory;
translated by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb;
revised edition, with notes.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1877-82. 3 volumes.
The annals of Tacitus extend over most of the period from
the death of Augustus to Nero, with important parts lost.
The fragments preserved of the history gives us only four
and a half out of fourteen books which made up the original
work. These books contain the history of the years 69 and
70, not quite complete, and tell the story of the Vitellian
conflict.
THIRLWALL, CONNOP.
History of Greece.
London: Longmans. 1835. 8 volumes.
Bishop Thirlwall's History covers the whole national life
of the Greeks, down to the Roman conquest. “The strength of
Thirlwall as clearly lies in the history of Alexander and
his successors as the strength of Grote lies in the
political history of Athenian and Syracusan democracy, as
the strength of Curtius lies in the geography, in the
artistic side of things, in the general picture of that age
which was the glory of Athens, but which, as the disciples
of Finlay know, was an age of decline for Hellas in the
wider sense."
_E. A. Freeman,
The Methods of Historical Study,
page 287._
"The student of to-day who is really intimate with
Thirlwall's history may boast that he has a sound and
accurate view of all the main questions in the political
and social development of the Hellenic nation. But he will
never have been carried away with enthusiasm."
_J. P. Mahaffy,
Problems in Greek History,
chapter 1._
THUCYDIDES.
History;
translated into English, with introduction and notes,
by B. Jowett.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1881. 2 volumes.
"Thucydides is much more than a great historian; or,
rather, he was what every great historian ought to be—he
was a profound philosopher. His history of the
Peloponnesian War is like a portrait by Titian; the whole
mind and character, the inner spirit and ideals, the very
tricks and foibles, of the man or the age come before us in
living reality. No more memorable, truthful and profound
portrait exists than that wherein Thucydides has painted
the Athens of the age of Pericles."
_Frederic Harrison,
The Meaning of History,
page 92._
TORR, CECIL.
Rhodes in ancient times.
Cambridge: University Press. 1885.
TROLLOPE, ANTHONY.
Life of Cicero.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1880. 2 volumes.
Written in vindication of Cicero against the injustice done
to the great patriotic orator in Froude's Cæsar. Both books
are writings of advocacy rather than history.
WHIBLEY, L.
Political parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian War.
Cambridge, Warehouse. 1889.
XENOPHON.
Works;
translated by H. G. Dakyns.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1890. volumes 1-2.
Volume I. contains books 1 and 2 of the Hellenica, and the
Anabasis; volume 2 contains books 3 to 7, with Agesilaus,
The Politics, and Revenues. Two more volumes are yet to be
published.
MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN EUROPE.
ADAMS, CHARLES.
Great campaigns: a succinct account of the principal
military operations which have taken place in Europe
from 1796 to 1870.
Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1877.
Edited from lectures delivered by Major C. Adams at
the Royal Military and Staff Colleges, England.
ADAMS, GEORGE BURTON.
Civilization during the Middle Ages,
especially in relation to modern civilization.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1894.
ADDISON, C. G.
The Knights Templars. 3d edition.
London: Longman. 1854.
ALISON, Sir ARCHIBALD.
History of Europe, 1789 to 1815, and 1815 to 1852.
Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1853. 28 volumes.
"We are not unaware … of the surpassing greatness of the
external events of which his history is composed, nor do we
complain of the minute and laborious zeal with which he has
gathered every particular concerning them, ransacking
archives and measuring fields of slaughter; but we do
complain that he has allowed the tumult and dust of these
vast contests to stop his ears and blind his eyes to every
object but themselves."
_Parke Godwin,
Out of the Past;
page 207._
BALZANI, UGO.
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen.
London: Longmans.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Church History."
BEARD, CHARLES.
The Reformation of the 16th Century
in its relation to modern thought.
London: Williams and Norgate. 1883.
Hibbert Lectures for 1883.
BRADLEY, HENRY.
The story of the Goths, to the end of the
Gothic dominion in Spain.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1888.
One of the better books in the series of
"The Story of the Nations."
BRYCE, JAMES.
The Holy Roman Empire.
London: Macmillan & Co.
CAYLEY, EDWARD S.
The European revolutions of 1848.
London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1856. 2 volumes.
CHEETHAM, S.
History of the Christian Church
during the first six centuries.
London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
CHURCH, R. W.
The beginning of the Middle Ages.
London: Longmans.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1877.
An admirable brief survey of early mediæval history, in
the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
COMYN, Sir ROBERT.
History of the western empire,
from Charlemagne to Charles V. [800-1520].
London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1841. 2 volumes.
COX, GEORGE W.
The Crusades.
London: Longmans.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1874.
In the series entitled "Epochs of History."
CREIGHTON, MANDELL.
History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation.
London and New York: Longmans. 1882-94. volumes 1-5.
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CUTTS, EDWARD L.
Scenes and characters of the Middle Ages.
London: Virtue & Co. 1872.
DEMOMBYNES, G.
Constitutions Européennes.
Paris: L. Larose et Forcel. 1881. 2 volumes.
DILKE, Sir CHARLES W.
Position of European politics, 1887.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1887.
DÖLLINGER, JOHN IGNATIUS VON.
Addresses on historical and literary subjects;
translated by Margaret Warre.
London: J. Murray. 1894.
Containing as follows:
Universities past and present;
Founders of Religions;
the Empire of Charles the Great and his Successors;
Anagni;
the Suppression of the Knights Templars;
the History of Religious Freedom;
various estimates of the French Revolution;
the part taken by North America in Literature.
Studies in European history;
translated by Margaret Warre.
London: John Murray. 1890.
Academical addresses on the following subjects:
The significance of Dynasties in the history of the world;
the House of Wittelsbach and its place in German history;
the relation of the City of Rome to Germany in
the Middle Ages;
Dante as a Prophet;
the struggle of Germany with the Papacy under the
Emperor Ludwig of Bavaria;
Aventin an his Times;
on the Influence of Greek Literature and Culture upon
the Western World in the Middle Ages;
the origin of the Eastern Question;
the Jews in Europe;
upon the Political and Intellectual development of Spain;
the Policy of Louis XIV.;
the most influential Woman of French history
(Madame de Maintenon).
DUFF, MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT.
Studies in European politics.
Edinburg: Edmonston & Douglas. 1866.
These well-named "Studies" in the political history of the
Continent, by an English statesman, are mostly devoted to
the important but little understood period between 1815 and
1848, in Spain, Russia Austria, Prussia, Holland, and
Belgium. They are deficient in attention to the social
conditions of the time.
DURUY, VICTOR.
History of modern times, from the
fall of Constantinople to the French Revolution;
translated and revised, with notes, by E. A. Grosvenor.
New York: H. Holt & Co. 1894.
History of the middle ages;
translated by E. H. and M. D. Whitney,
with notes and revisions by G. B. Adams.
New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1891.
DYER, THOMAS HENRY.
History of modern Europe, 1453-1857.
London: John Murray. 4 volumes.
Geo. Bell & Sons. 4 volumes.
Dyer's History of Modern Europe "represented the labour of
years, and chronicled the period from the fall of
Constantinople to the end of the Crimean "War. It was a
clear and painstaking compilation, whose main object was to
expound the origin and nature of the European concert."
_G. Barnett Smith.
Biographical Sketch
(in the Dictionary of National-Biography)._
EGINHARD.
Life of Charlemagne;
translated by S. E. Turner.
New York: Harper & Bros.
EMERTON, EPHRAIM.
Introduction to the study of the Middle Ages (A. D. 375-814).
Boston: Ginn & Co. 1888.
Mediæval Europe, 814-1300.
Boston: Ginn & Co. 1894.
FISHER, GEORGE PARK.
History of the Christian Church.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1887.
The Reformation.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1883.
FLINT, ROBERT.
Philosophy of history in Europe.
volume 1, France and Germany.
Edinburg: Blackwood & Sons. 1874.
FREEMAN, EDWARD A.
The Chief Periods of European History;
six lectures, Oxford, 1885.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1886.
The "chief periods" treated of are "those which concern the
growth and the dying out" of the Roman power: "Europe
before the growth of Rome—Europe with Rome, in one shape or
another, as her centre—Europe since Rome has practically
ceased to be."
_Author's Preface._
Fifty years of European history: four Oxford lectures.
[Also] The Teutonic conquest of Gaul and Britain.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1888.
The fifty years of European history reviewed in the first
four of these lectures are those that had been spanned by
the reign of Queen Victoria when its jubilee was
celebrated, in 1887.
General sketch of European history.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1872.
Historical Essays.
London: Macmillan & Co. 1871-92. 4 volumes.
Volume 1.
The Mythical and Romantic Elements in early English History;
the continuity of English History;
Relations between the Crowns of England and Scotland;
Saint Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers;
the Reign of Edward III.;
the Holy Roman Empire;
the Franks and the Gauls;
the early Sieges of Paris;
Frederick I., King of Italy;
the Emperor Frederick II.;
Charles the Bold;
Presidential Government.
Volume 2.
Ancient Greece and Mediæval Italy;
Mr. Gladstone's "Homer and the Homeric Age";
the Historians of Athens;
the Athenian Democracy;
Alexander the Great;
Greece during the Macedonian Period;
Mommsen's History of Rome;
Sulla;
the Flavian Cæsars.
Volume 3.
First Impressions of Rome;
the Illyrian Emperors and their Land;
Augusta Treverorum;
the Goths at Ravenna;
Race and Language;
the Byzantine Empire;
First impressions or Athens;
Mediæval and Modern Greece;
the Southern Slaves;
Sicilian Cycles;
the Normans at Palermo.
Volume 4.
Carthage;
French and English Towns;
Aquæ Sextiæ;
Orange;
Augustodunum;
Perigueux and Cahors;
the Lords of Ardres;
Points in the History of Portugal and Brazil:
Alter Orbis;
Historical Cycles;
Augustan Ages;
English Civil Wars.
The historical geography of Europe.
London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1881.
1 volume text; 1 volume maps.
The object of this remarkably valuable work is to "trace
out the extent of territory which the different states and
nations of Europe and the neighbouring lands have held at
different times in the world's history, to mark the
different boundaries which the same country has had, and
the different meanings in which the same name has been
used.
_Author's Introduction._
FROISSART, SIR JOHN.
Chronicles [1326-1400];
translated by T. Johnes.
London: Wm. Smith. 2 volumes.
Same;
edited for boys, with an introduction, by Sidney Lanier.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1879.
FYFFE, C. A.
History of modern Europe.
London: Cassell. 1880-1889.
New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1881-90. 3 volumes.
Covers the period from the beginning of the war with
revolutionary France, in 1792, to the Berlin Congress and
Treaty, 1878; a well-constructed and well-written piece of
history.
GERARD, JAMES W.
The peace of Utrecht, 1713-14.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1885.
GRUBE, A. W.
Heroes of history and legend.
London: Griffith & Farran. 1880.
A translation of the second part of Grube's
"Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage."
GUIZOT, F. P.
History of civilization, to the French revolution;
translated from the French.
London: Geo. Bell & Sons. 3 volumes.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 2 volumes.
"The originality of M. Guizot's work consists in the truly
scientific spirit and character of his method. He was the
first to dissect a society, in the same comprehensive,
impartial, and thorough way in which an anatomist dissects
the body of an animal, and the first to study the functions
of the social organism in the same systematic and careful
manner in which the physiologist studies the functions of
the animal organism."
_R. Flint,
The Philosophy of History in France and Germany,
Page 240._
HALLAM, HENRY.
View of the state of Europe during the Middle Ages.
London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.
New York: W. J, Widdleton. 3 volumes.
"He [Hallam] never thoroughly took in either the Imperial
or the ecclesiastical element in history; if I say that he
did not thoroughly take in the Teutonic element either, it
might seem that I leave him no standing-ground at all. And
whither shall he seem to vanish, if I add that he never
shows that same kind of thorough knowledge of original
authorities, that mastery of them that delight in them,
which stands out in every line of Kemble and Palgrave?
Hallam had nothing of the spirit of the antiquary; he had
not, I should say very much of the spirit of the historian
proper. Yet Hallam was a memorable writer, whose name ought
to be deeply honoured, and a large part of whose writings
are as valuable now as when they were first written."
_E. A. Freeman.
Methods of Historical Study,
page 282_.
HÄUSSER, LUDWIG.
The period of the Reformation, 1517-1648,
edited by W. Oncken;
translated by Mrs. Sturge.
London: Strahan. 1873.
New York: Robert Carter & Bros.
Unquestionably the best comprehensive survey of the
Reformation and the Reformation period that has yet
been placed before English readers.
HEEREN. A. H. L.
A manual of the history of the political system of Europe
and its colonies; from the close of the 15th century to
the fall of Napoleon;
translated from the German.
London: H. G. Bohn. 1846.
HENDERSON, ERNEST F.,
Select historical documents of the middle ages;
translated and edited.
London: Geo. Bell & Sons. 1892.
New York: Macmillan & Co.
HODGKIN, THOMAS.
Italy and her Invaders.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1880-85. 4 volumes.
A very satisfactory work, narrating that part of the
barbaric avalanche of the fifth and sixth centuries which
crushed the Empire in its western seat. The first volume
deals with the Visigothic invasion, the second with the
Hunnish, Vandal and Herulian, the third with the
Ostrogothic, the fourth with Justinian's recovery of Italy.
Theodoric the Goth; the barbarian champion of civilization.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
JOHNSON, A. H.
The Normans in Europe.
London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1877.
New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons.
JOHNSTONE, C. F.
Historical abstracts.
London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. 1880.
Excellent outline sketches of the history of Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, the kingdom of the Netherlands, Belgium,
the Ottoman Empire, Greece, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, and
the Swiss Confederation.
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KEARY, C. F.
The Vikings in western Christendom, 789-888.
London: T. F. Unwin. 1891.
KINGTON, T. L.
History of Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans.
London: Macmillan & Co; 1862. 2 volumes.
LACROIX, PAUL.
The eighteenth century [1700-1789]: its institutions, &c.
London: Chapman & Hall. 1876.
LATHAM, ROBERT. G.
Ethnology of Europe.
London: J. Van Voorst. 1852.
The nationalities of Europe. volume 2.
London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1863. 2 volumes.
LAVISSE, ERNEST.
General view of the political history of Europe;
translated by Charles Gross.
London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1891.