HANDLING THE HAY CROP
REVOLVING HAYRAKE
About the first contrivance for raking hay by horse power consisted of a
stick eight or ten feet long with double-end teeth running through it,
and pointing in two directions. These rakes were improved from time to
time, until they reached perfection for this kind of tool. They have
since been superseded by spring-tooth horse rakes, except for certain
purposes. For pulling field peas, and some kinds of beans, the old style
revolving horse rake is still in use.
[Illustration: Figure 143.--Grass Hook, for working around borders where
the lawn-mower is too clumsy.]
[Illustration: Figure 144.--Revolving Hayrake. The center piece is 4" x
6" x 12' long. The teeth are double enders 1-3/8" square and 4' 6" long,
which allows 24" of rake tooth clear of the center timber. Every stick
in the rake is carefully selected. It is drawn by one horse. If the
center teeth stick into the ground either the horse must stop instantly,
or the rake must flop over, or there will be a repair job. This
invention has never been improved upon for pulling Canada peas.]
Improved revolving horse rakes have a center timber of hardwood about 4
x 6 inches in diameter. The corners are rounded to facilitate sliding
over the ground. A rake twelve feet long will have about eighteen
double-end teeth. The teeth project about two and one-half feet each way
from the center timber. Each tooth is rounded up, sled-runner fashion,
at each end so it will point forward and slide along over and close to
the ground without catching fast. There is an iron pull rod, or long
hook, attached to each end of the center bar by means of a bolt that
screws into the center of the end of the wooden center shaft, thus
forming a gudgeon pin so the shaft can revolve. Two handles are fastened
by band iron straps to rounded recesses or girdles cut around the center
bar. These girdles are just far enough apart for a man to walk between
and to operate the handles. Wooden, or iron lugs, reach down from the
handles with pins projecting from their sides to engage the rake teeth.
Two pins project from the left lug and three from the right. Sometimes
notches are made in the lugs instead of pins. Notches are better; they
may be rounded up to prevent catching when the rake revolves. As the
rake slides along, the driver holds the rake teeth in the proper
position by means of the handles. When sufficient load has been gathered
he engages the upper notch in the right hand lug, releases the left and
raises the other sufficient to point the teeth into the ground. The pull
of the horse turns the rake over and the man grasps the teeth again with
the handle lugs as before. Unless the driver is careful the teeth may
stick in the ground and turn over before he is ready for it. It requires
a little experience to use such a rake to advantage. No better or
cheaper way has ever been invented for harvesting Canada peas. The only
objections are that it shells some of the riper pods and it gathers up a
certain amount of earth with the vines which makes dusty threshing.
[Illustration: Figure 145.--Buck Rake. When hay is stacked in the field
a four-horse buck rake is the quickest way to bring the hay to the
stack. The buck rake shown is 16 feet wide and the 2 x 4 teeth are 11
feet long. Two horses are hitched to each end and two drivers stand on
the ends of the buck rake to operate it. The load is pushed under the
horse fork, the horses are swung outward and the buck rake is dragged
backward.]
HAY-TEDDER
The hay-tedder is an English invention, which has been adopted by
farmers in rainy sections of the United States. It is an energetic
kicker that scatters the hay swaths and drops the hay loosely to dry
between showers. Hay may be made quickly by starting the tedder an hour
behind the mowing machine.
It is quite possible to cut timothy hay in the morning and put it in the
mow in the afternoon, by shaking it up thoroughly once or twice with the
hay-tedder. When clover is mixed with the timothy, it is necessary to
leave it in the field until the next day, but the time between cutting
and mowing is shortened materially by the use of the tedder.
Grass cut for hay may be kicked apart in the field early during the
wilting process without shattering the leaves. If left too long, then
the hay-tedder is a damage because it kicks the leaves loose from the
stems and the most valuable feeding material is wasted. But it is a good
implement if rightly used. In catchy weather it often means the
difference between bright, valuable hay and black, musty stuff, that is
hardly fit to feed.
Hay-tedders are expensive. Where two farmers neighbor together the
expense may be shared, because the tedder does its work in two or three
hours' time. Careful farmers do not cut down much grass at one time. The
tedder scatters two mowing swaths at once. In fact the mowing machine,
hay-tedder and horserake should all fit together for team work so they
will follow each other without skips or unnecessary laps. The dividing
board of the mowing-machine marks a path for one of the horses to follow
and it is difficult to keep him out of it. But two horses pulling a
hay-tedder will straddle the open strip between the swaths when the
tedder is twice the width of the cut.
HAY SKIDS
[Illustration: Figure 146.--Hay Skid. This hay skid is 8 feet wide and
16 feet long. It is made of 7/8" lumber put together with 2" carriage
bolts--plenty of them. The round boltheads are countersunk into the
bottom of the skid and the nuts are drawn down tight on the cleats. It
makes a low-down, easy-pitching, hay-hauling device.]
[Illustration: Figure 147.--Hay Sling. It takes no longer to hoist 500
pounds of hay than 100 pounds if the rig is large and strong enough.
Four feet wide by ten feet in length is about right for handling hay
quickly. But the toggle must reach to the ends of the rack if used on a
wagon.]
[Illustration: Figure 148.--(1) Four-Tined Derrick Fork. (2) Pea Guard.
An extension guard to lift pea-vines high enough for the sickle is the
cleanest way to harvest Canada peas. The old-fashioned way of pulling
peas with a dull scythe has gone into oblivion. But the heavy bearing
varieties still persist in crawling on the ground. If the vines are
lifted and cut clean they can be raked into windrows with a spring tooth
hayrake. (3) Haystack Knife. This style of hay-cutting knife is used
almost universally on stacks and in hay-mows. There is less use for
hay-knives since farmers adopted power hayforks to lift hay out of a mow
as well as to put it in.]
Hay slips, or hay skids, are used on the old smooth fields in the
eastern states. They are usually made of seven-eighths-inch boards
dressed preferably on one side only. They are used smooth side to the
ground to slip along easily. Rough side is up to better hold the hay
from slipping. The long runner boards are held together by cross pieces
made of inch boards twelve inches wide and well nailed at each
intersection with nails well clinched. Small carriage bolts are better
than nails but the heads should be countersunk into the bottom with the
points up. They should be used without washers and the ends of the
bolts cut close to the sunken nuts. The front end of the skid is rounded
up slightly, sled runner fashion, as much as the boards will bear, to
avoid digging into the sod to destroy either the grass roots or crowns
of the plants. Hay usually is forked by hand from the windrows on to the
skids. Sometimes hay slings are placed on the skids and the hay is
forked on to the slings carefully in layers lapped over each other in
such a way as to hoist on to the stack without spilling out at the
sides. Four hundred to eight hundred pounds makes a good load for one
of these skids, according to horse power and unevenness of the ground.
They save labor, as compared to wagons, because there is no pitching up.
All hoisting is supposed to be done by horse power with the aid of a hay
derrick.
[Illustration: Figure 149.--Double Harpoon Hayfork. This is a large size
fork with extra long legs. For handling long hay that hangs together
well this fork is a great success. It may be handled as quickly as a
smaller fork and it carries a heavy load.]
[Illustration: Figure 150.--Six-Tined Grapple Hayfork. It is balanced to
hang as shown in the drawing when empty. It sinks into the hay easily
and dumps quickly when the clutch is released.]
WESTERN HAY DERRICKS
Two derricks for stacking hay, that are used extensively in the alfalfa
districts of Idaho, are shown in the illustration, Figure 151. The
derrick to the left is made with a square base of timbers which
supports an upright mast and a horizontal boom. The timber base is
sixteen feet square, made of five sticks of timber, each piece being 8 x
8 inches square by 16 feet in length. Two of the timbers rest flat on
the ground and are rounded up at the ends to facilitate moving the
derrick across the stubble ground or along the road to the next
hayfield. These sleigh runner timbers are notched on the upper side near
each end and at the middle to receive the three cross timbers. The cross
timbers also are notched or recessed about a half inch deep to make a
sort of double mortise. The timbers are bound together at the
intersections by iron U-clamps that pass around both timbers and fasten
through a flat iron plate on top of the upper timbers. These flat plates
or bars have holes near the ends and the threaded ends of the U-irons
pass through these holes and the nuts are screwed down tight. The
sleigh runner timbers are recessed diagonally across the bottom to fit
the round U-irons which are let into the bottoms of the timbers just
enough to prevent scraping the earth when the derrick is being moved.
These iron U-clamp fasteners are much stronger and better than bolts
through the timbers.
[Illustration: Figure 151.--Idaho Hay Derricks. Two styles of hay
derricks are used to stack alfalfa hay in Idaho. The drawing to the left
shows the one most in use because it is easier made and easier to move.
The derrick to the right usually is made larger and more powerful. Wire
cable is generally used with both derricks because rope wears out
quickly. They are similar in operation but different in construction.
The base of each is 16 feet square and the high ends of the booms reach
up nearly 40 feet. A single hayfork rope, or wire cable, is used; it is
about 65 feet long. The reach is sufficient to drop the hay in the
center of a stack 24 feet wide.]
[Illustration: Figure 152.--Hay Carrier Carriage. Powerful carriers are
part of the new barn. The track is double and the wheels run on both
tracks to stand a side pull and to start quickly and run steadily when
the clutch is released.]
[Illustration: Figure 153.--(1) Hayfork Hitch. A whiffletree pulley
doubles the speed of the fork. The knot in the rope gives double power
to start the load. (2) Rafter Grapple, for attaching an extra pulley to
any part of the barn roof.]
There are timber braces fitted across the corners which are bolted
through the outside timbers to brace the frame against a diamond
tendency when moving the derrick. There is considerable strain when
passing over uneven ground. It is better to make the frame so solid that
it cannot get out of square. The mast is a stick of timber 8 inches
square and 20 or 24 feet long. This mast is securely fastened solid to
the center of the frame by having the bottom end mortised into the
center cross timber at the middle and it is braced solid and held
perpendicular to the framework by 4" x 4" wooden braces at the corners.
These braces are notched at the top ends to fit the corners of the mast
and are beveled at the bottom ends to fit flat on top of the timbers.
They are held in place by bolts and by strap iron or band iron bands.
These bands are drilled with holes and are spiked through into the
timbers with four-inch or five-inch wire nails. Holes are drilled
through the band iron the right size and at the proper places for the
nails. The mast is made round at the top and is fitted with a heavy
welded iron ring or band to prevent splitting. The boom is usually about
30 feet long. Farmers prefer a round pole when they can get it. It is
attached to the top of the mast by an iron stirrup made by a blacksmith.
This stirrup is made to fit loosely half way around the boom one-third
of the way up from the big end, which makes the small end of the boom
project 20 feet out from the upper end of the mast. The iron stirrup is
made heavy and strong. It has a round iron gudgeon 1-1/2" in diameter
that reaches down into the top of the mast about 18 inches. The shoulder
of the stirrup is supported by a square, flat iron plate which rests on
and covers the top of the mast and has the corners turned down. It is
made large to shed water and protect the top of the mast. This plate has
a hole one and a half inches in diameter in the center through which the
stirrup gudgeon passes as it enters the top of the mast. A farm chain,
or logging chain, is fastened to the large end of the boom by passing
the chain around the boom and engaging the round hook. The grab hook end
of the chain is passed around the timber below and is hooked back to
give it the right length, which doubles the part of the chain within
reach of the man in charge. This double end of the chain is lengthened
or shortened to elevate the outer end of the boom to fit the stack. The
small outer end of the boom is thus raised as the stack goes up.
[Illustration: Figure 154.--Hay Rope Pulleys. The housing of the pulley
to the left prevents the rope from running off the sheaves.]
An ordinary horse fork and tackle is used to hoist the hay. Three single
pulleys are attached, one to the outer end of the boom, one near the top
of the mast, and the other at the bottom of the mast so that the rope
passes easily and freely through the three pulleys and at the same time
permits the boom to swing around as the fork goes up from the wagon rack
over the stack. This swinging movement is regulated by tilting the
derrick towards the stack so that the boom swings over the stack by its
own weight or by the weight of the hay on the horse fork. Usually a wire
truss is rigged over the boom to stiffen it. The wire is attached to the
boom at both ends and the middle of the wire is sprung up to rest on a
bridge placed over the stirrup.
[Illustration: Figure 155.--Gambrel Whiffletree, for use in hoisting hay
to prevent entanglements. It is also handy when cultivating around
fruit-trees.]
Farmers like this simple form of hay derrick because it is cheaply made
and it may be easily moved because it is not heavy. It is automatic and
it is about as cheap as any good derrick and it is the most satisfactory
for ordinary use. The base is large enough to make it solid and steady
when in use. Before moving the point of the boom is lowered to a level
position so that the derrick is not top-heavy. There is little danger
of upsetting upon ordinary farm lands. Also the width of 16 feet will
pass along country roads without meeting serious obstacles. Hay slings
usually are made too narrow and too short. The ordinary little hay sling
is prone to tip sideways and spill the hay. It is responsible for a
great deal of profanity. The hay derrick shown to the right is somewhat
different in construction, but is quite similar in action. The base is
the same but the mast turns on a gudgeon stepped into an iron socket
mortised into the center timber.
[Illustration: Figure 156.--Cable Hay Stacker. The wire cable is
supported by the two bipods and is secured at each end by snubbing
stakes. Two single-cable collars are clamped to the cable to prevent the
bipods from slipping in at the top. Two double-cable clamps hold the
ends of the cables to form stake loops.]
The wire hoisting cable is threaded differently, as shown in the
drawing. This style of derrick is made larger, sometimes the peak
reaches up 40' above the base. The extra large ones are awkward to move
but they build fine big stacks.
[Illustration: Figure 157.--California Hay Ricker, for putting either
wild hay or alfalfa quickly in ricks. It is used in connection with
home-made buck rakes. This ricker works against the end of the rick and
is backed away each time to start a new bench. The upright is made of
light poles or 2 x 4s braced as shown. It should be 28 or 30 feet high.
Iron stakes hold the bottom, while guy wires steady the top.]
CALIFORNIA HAY RICKER
In the West hay is often put up in long ricks instead of stacks. One of
my jobs in California was to put up 2,700 acres of wild hay in the
Sacramento Valley. I made four rickers and eight buck rakes similar to
the ones shown in the illustrations. Each ricker was operated by a crew
of eight men. Four men drove two buck rakes. There were two on the rick,
one at the fork and one to drive the hoisting rig. Ten mowing machines
did most of the cutting but I hired eight more machines towards the
last, as the latest grass was getting too ripe. The crop measured more
than 2,100 tons and it was all put in ricks, stacks and barns without a
drop of rain on it. I should add that rain seldom falls in the lower
Sacramento Valley during the haying season in the months of May and
June. This refers to wild hay, which is made up of burr clover, wild
oats and volunteer wheat and barley.
Alfalfa is cut from five to seven times in the hot interior valleys, so
that if a farmer is rash enough to plant alfalfa under irrigation his
haying thereafter will reach from one rainy season to the next.