LEWANIKA]; Labor Party or LP ; Liberal Progressive
Front or LPF ; Movement for Democratic
Process or MDP ; Movement for Multiparty Democracy
or MMD ; National Party or NP ;
United National Independence Party or UNIP ; United
Party for National Development or UPND ; Zambia
Alliance for Progress or ZAP ; Zambia Democratic Congress
or Zadeco
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO,
G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA
chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: (202) 265-9717 through 9719
FAX: (202) 332-0826
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David DUNN
embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone: (1) 250-955, 252-230
FAX: (1) 252-225
Flag description: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red
(hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the
outer edge of the flag
@Zambia:Economy
Economy - overview: Despite progress in privatization and budgetary
reform, Zambia's economy has a long way to go. The recent
privatization of the huge government-owned Zambia Consolidated Copper
Mines (ZCCM) should greatly improve Zambia's prospects for
international debt relief, as the government will no longer have to
cover the mammoth losses generated by that sector. Inflation and
unemployment rates remain high, however.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.5% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $880 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 20.6%
industry: 30.6%
services: 48.8% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: 86% (1993 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 31.3% (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27.4% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 3.4 million
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%
Unemployment rate: 25% (1998)
Budget:
revenues: $606 million
expenditures: $547 million, including capital expenditures of $61
million (1998 est.)
Industries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs,
beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer
Industrial production growth rate: -4% (1998)
Electricity - production: 8.16 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 0.49%
hydro: 99.51%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 6.419 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 1.2 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 30 million kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed,
tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, pigs,
poultry, beef, pork, poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee
Exports: $900 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Exports - commodities: copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco
Exports - partners: Japan, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, South
Africa, US, Malaysia (1997)
Imports: $1.15 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery, transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, fuels, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer
Imports - partners: South Africa 48%, Saudi Arabia, UK, Zimbabwe
(1997)
Debt - external: $6.7 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $1.99 billion (1995)
Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 2,661.82 (January
2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997), 1,207.90
(1996), 864.12 (1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Zambia:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 77,935 (in addition there are about
40,000 fixed telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 6,000 (1998)
Telephone system: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation;
Internet service is widely available; very small aperature terminal
(VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios: 1.03 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 9 (1997)
Televisions: 277,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 3 (1999)
@Zambia:Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,164 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,164 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track)
note: the total includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway
Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge
track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi where it connects to the
Zambia Railways system; TAZARA is not a part of Zambia Railways
Highways:
total: 66,781 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula rivers, Lake
Tanganyika
Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km
Ports and harbors: Mpulungu
Airports: 112 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 12
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 100
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 67
under 914 m: 30 (1999 est.)
@Zambia:Military
Military branches: Army, Air Force, National Service, police
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 2,179,563 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,157,479 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $76 million (FY97)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY97)
@Zambia:Transnational Issues
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for methaqualone, heroin, and
cocaine bound for Southern Africa and Europe; regional
money-laundering center
______________________________________________________________________
ZIMBABWE
@Zimbabwe:Introduction
Background: The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa
Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated to keep whites in
power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence,
but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded voting rights for
the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN
sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in
1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the
nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as
president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system
since independence.
@Zimbabwe:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Montana
Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
mountains in east
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m
Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper,
iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 13%
forests and woodland: 23%
other: 57% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,930 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land
degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once
the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been
significantly reduced by poaching
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: landlocked
@Zimbabwe:People
Population: 11,342,521
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population
and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 39.64% (male 2,274,128; female 2,222,277)
15-64 years: 56.82% (male 3,251,860; female 3,192,888)
65 years and over: 3.54% (male 204,028; female 197,340) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.26% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 22.43 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South
Africa in search of better paid employment
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 62.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 37.78 years
male: 39.18 years
female: 36.34 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.34 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean
Ethnic groups: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white
1%, mixed and Asian 1%
Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%,
Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%
Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the
Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 85%
male: 90%
female: 80% (1995 est.)
@Zimbabwe:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia
Data code: ZI
Government type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial
status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central,
Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North,
Matabeleland South, Midlands
Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
Constitution: 21 December 1979
Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House
of Assembly
elections: president nominated by the House of Assembly for a six-year
term (if more than one nomination, an electoral college consisting of
members of the House of Assembly elects the president); election last
held 16-17 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); co-vice
presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA
4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%
Legislative branch: unicameral parliament, called House of Assembly
(150 seats - 120 elected by popular vote for six-year terms, 12
nominated by the president, 10 occupied by traditional chiefs chosen
by their peers, and 8 occupied by provincial governors)
elections: last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held 24-25 June 2000)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
ZANU-PF 117, ZANU-NDONGA 2, independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party or DP [Emmanuel
MAGOCHE]; Forum Party of Zimbabwe ; Movement for
Democratic Change or MOC ; Popular Democratic
Front or PDF ; United Parties ;
Zimbabwe African National Union-NDONGA or ZANU-NDONGA [Ndabaningi
SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF
; Zimbabwe Unity Movement or ZUM
Political pressure groups and leaders: National Constitutional
Assembly or NCA
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO,
G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: (202) 332-7100
FAX: (202) 483-9326
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas McDONALD
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone: (4) 794521
FAX: (4) 796488
Flag description: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red,
black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is
superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
@Zimbabwe:Economy
Economy - overview: The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier
progress in developing a market-oriented economy. Its involvement in
the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, has
already drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.
Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in part because of
the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from an
annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999. The economy is being
steadily weakened by AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection
in the world. Per capita GDP, which is twice the average of the poorer
sub-Saharan nations, will increase little if any in the near-term, and
Zimbabwe will suffer continued frustrations in developing its
agricultural and mineral resources.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $26.5 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 0% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,400 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 28%
industry: 32%
services: 40% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: 60% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 46.9% (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 59% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 5 million (1997 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 66%, services 24%, industry
10% (1996 est.)
Unemployment rate: 50% (1999 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279
million (FY96/97 est.)
Industries: mining (coal, gold, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous
metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement,
chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: 6.97 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 78.19%
hydro: 21.81%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 8.403 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 1.921 billion kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee,
sugarcane, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
Exports: $2 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Exports - commodities: tobacco 23%, gold 14%, ferroalloys 7%, cotton
6% (1997 est.)
Exports - partners: South Africa 12%, UK 11%, Germany 8%, Japan 6%, US
6% (1997 est.)
Imports: $2 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 39%, other
manufactures 18%, chemicals 15%, fuels 10% (1997 est.)
Imports - partners: South Africa 37%, UK 7%, US 6%, Japan 6%, Germany
5% (1997 est.)
Debt - external: $5 billion (1998)
Economic aid - recipient: $437.6 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 38.1679 (January
2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996),
8.6580 (1995)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Zimbabwe:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 212,000 (in addition there are about
20,000 fixed telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 70,000 (1999)
Telephone system: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now
suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests
for connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused
main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and
for some of the smaller ones
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two
international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations),
shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: 1.14 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 16 (1997)
Televisions: 370,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10 (1999)
@Zimbabwe:Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,759 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km double
track) (1995 est.)
Highways:
total: 18,338 km
paved: 8,692 km
unpaved: 9,646 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: the Mazoe and Zambezi rivers are used for transporting
chrome ore from Harare to Mozambique
Pipelines: petroleum products 212 km
Ports and harbors: Binga, Kariba
Airports: 459 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 18
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 9 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 441
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 217
under 914 m: 220 (1999 est.)
@Zimbabwe:Military
Military branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe,
Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary
Police)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 2,924,630 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,814,168 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $127 million (FY99/00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 3.1% (FY99/00)
@Zimbabwe:Transnational Issues
Illicit drugs: significant transit point for African cannabis and
South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the
South African and European markets
______________________________________________________________________
@NOTES AND DEFINITIONS
In addition to the updating of information, the following changes have
been made in this edition of The World Factbook. There is a new
'country profile' on the Southern Ocean. The name Wake Atoll has been
officially changed back to Wake Island. There are new entries on
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Telephones - main lines in use, and
Telephones - mobile cellular. The Background entry, which was
introduced in the 1999 edition, has now been completed for over 200
countries. The terms and abbreviations used in the Environment-current
issues entry are now explained in the Notes and Definitions section of
the prefatory material.
Abbreviations: This information is included in [1]Appendix A:
Abbreviations, which includes all abbreviations and acronyms used in
the Factbook, with their expansions.
Administrative divisions: This entry generally gives the numbers,
designatory terms, and first-order administrative divisions as
approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have
been reported but not yet acted on by BGN are noted.
Age structure: This entry provides the distribution of the population
according to age. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14
years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over). The age structure of a
population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Countries with
young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more
in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage
ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. The age
structure can also be used to help predict potential political issues.
For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to
find employment can lead to unrest.
Agriculture - products: This entry is a rank ordering of major crops
and products starting with the most important.
Airports: This entry gives the total number of airports. The runway(s)
may be paved (concrete or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt,
sand, or gravel surfaces), but must be usable. Not all airports have
facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.
Airports - with paved runways: This entry gives the total number of
airports with paved runways (concrete or asphalt surfaces). For
airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is
included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m,
(2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and
(5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in
this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling,
maintenance, or air traffic control.
Airports - with unpaved runways: This entry gives the total number of
airports with unpaved runways (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces).
For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is
included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m,
(2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and
(5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in
this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling,
maintenance, or air traffic control.
Appendixes: This section includes Factbook-related material by topic.
Area: This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of
all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or
coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by
international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water
bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is the sum of all water
surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines,
including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).
Area - comparative: This entry provides an area comparison based on
total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US
or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised)
provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller entities are
compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in
Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).
Background: This entry usually highlights major historic events and
current issues and may include a statement about one or two key future
trends.
Birth rate: This entry gives the average annual number of births
during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also
known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant
factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on
both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.