Telephones - mobile cellular: 2.3 million (1998)
Telephone system: service to general public adequate, but investment
in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk of service to
government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave
radio relay network
domestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic
satellite system being developed
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999)
Radios: 13.96 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters)
(1997)
Televisions: 15.19 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 13 (1999)
@Thailand:Transportation
Railways:
total: 3,940 km
narrow gauge: 3,940 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track)
Highways:
total: 64,600 km
paved: 62,985 km
unpaved: 1,615 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways
navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip,
Si Racha, Songkhla
Merchant marine:
total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,834,809 GRT/2,949,558
DWT
ships by type: bulk 39, cargo 135, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk
1, container 13, liquified gas 19, multi-functional large load carrier
3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 63, refrigerated cargo 13,
roll-on/roll-off 2, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker 5 (1999
est.)
Airports: 106 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 56
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 4 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 50
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 33 (1999 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1999 est.)
@Thailand:Military
Military branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal
Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 17,621,080 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 10,603,857 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 580,014 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $2.075 billion (FY97/98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.3% (FY97/98)
@Thailand:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: parts of the border with Laos are
indefinite; maritime boundary with Vietnam resolved, August 1997;
parts of border with Cambodia are indefinite; maritime boundary with
Cambodia not clearly defined; sporadic conflict with Burma over
alignment of border
Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; major
illicit transit point for heroin en route to the international drug
market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area
of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing indigenous
abuse of methamphetamines and heroin
______________________________________________________________________
TOGO
@Togo:Introduction
Background: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Despite the facade of
multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government
continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its
power almost continuously since 1967.
@Togo:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin
and Ghana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 1 10 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 56,785 sq km
land: 54,385 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,647 km
border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 30 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Agou 986 m
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Land use:
arable land: 38%
permanent crops: 7%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 17%
other: 34% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in
north during winter; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: deforestation attributable to
slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent
droughts affecting agriculture
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
@Togo:People
Population: 5,018,502
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population
and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 1,161,610; female 1,153,877)
15-64 years: 51% (male 1,254,437; female 1,327,306)
65 years and over: 3% (male 53,101; female 68,171) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.7% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 38.02 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 11.18 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 71.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 54.69 years
male: 52.75 years
female: 56.7 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.5 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese
Ethnic groups: native African (37 tribes; largest and most important
are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than
1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and
Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes
spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the
north)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.7%
male: 67%
female: 37% (1995 est.)
@Togo:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togoland
Data code: TO
Government type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic
rule
Capital: Lome
Administrative divisions: 5 regions (regions, singular - region); De
La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Du Centre, Maritime
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council
of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September
1992
Legal system: French-based court system
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April
1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Eugene Koffi ADOBOLI (since NA May
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime
minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of
vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other
13.75%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 21 March 1999 (next due to be held NA 2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPT
77, independents 2, vacant 2
note: Togo's main opposition parties boycotted the election because of
EYADEMA's alleged manipulation of 1998 presidential polling; since
March of 1999, opposition parties have entered into negotiations with
the president over the establishment of an independent electoral
commission and a new round of legislative elections for sometime in
2000
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or
Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Action Committee for Renewal or CAR
; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph
KOFFIGOH]; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold
GNININVI]; Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR ;
Patriotic Pan-African Convergence or CPP ; Rally of the
Togolese People or RPT ; Union of
Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre
FABRE, general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or
ULI
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA,
was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was
legalized 12 April 1991
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU,
MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelov BODJONA
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: (202) 234-4212
FAX: (202) 232-3190
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Brenda Brown SCHOONOVER
embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
FAX: 21 79 52
Flag description: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and
bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on
a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Togo:Economy
Economy - overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily
dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which
provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and
cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is
self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with
occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector,
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it
has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased
foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade
center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World
Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage
foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has
stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes
throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the
tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994
devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to
renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the
end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress
depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in
government financial operations (to accommodate increased social
service outlays), and possible downsizing of the military, on which
the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with
depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with
growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political
atmosphere, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2000-01.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.6 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 4% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 42%
industry: 21%
services: 37% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 32% (1987-89 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services
30% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $232 million
expenditures: $252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1997 est.)
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement;
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: 90 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 93.33%
hydro: 6.67%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 434 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 350 million kWh (1998)
note: imports electricity from Ghana
Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava
(tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities: cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Exports - partners: Canada, Philippines, Ghana, France (1998)
Imports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Imports - partners: Ghana, France, Cote d'Ivoire, China (1998)
Debt - external: $1.3 billion (1997)
Economic aid - recipient: $201.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1
- 647.25 (January 2000), 615.70 (1999) 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995)
note: since 1 January 1999, the CFAF is pegged to the euro at a rate
of 655.957 CFA francs per euro
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Togo:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 22,000 (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: NA
Telephone system: fair system based on network of microwave radio
relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and cellular system
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional
system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
and 1 Symphonie
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios: 940,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 73,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (1999)
@Togo:Transportation
Railways:
total: 525 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 50 km Mono river
Ports and harbors: Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,332 GRT/97,443 DWT
ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 1 (1999 est.)
Airports: 9 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (1999 est.)
@Togo:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 1,131,451 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 593,589 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $27 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2% (FY96)
@Togo:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers
______________________________________________________________________
TOKELAU
@Tokelau:Introduction
Background: Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from
surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British
protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand
administration in 1925.
@Tokelau:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of three islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 100% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Environment - current issues: very limited natural resources and
overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand
@Tokelau:People
Population: 1,458 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -0.89% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic groups: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,
other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the
Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
@Tokelau:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau
Data code: TL
Dependency status: territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelauans are
drafting a constitution, developing institutions and patterns of
self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with
Wellington
Government type: NA
Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi
established British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as
amended in 1970
Legal system: British and local statutes
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK and
New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT (since NA
March 1993)
head of government: Aliki Faipule FALIMATEAO (since NA 1997)
cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected leaders,
one from each atoll; functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by
the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head of
government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a one-year
term
Legislative branch: unicameral General Fono (45 seats - 15 from each
of the three atolls; members chosen by each atoll's Council of Elders
or Taupulega to serve three-year terms); note - the Tokelau Amendment
Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono
Judicial branch: Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and
criminal jurisdiction
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag description: the flag of New Zealand is used
@Tokelau:Economy
Economy - overview: Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation,
and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and
confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on
aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being
substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come
from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts.
Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: NA%
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300
(1987 est.)
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work,
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: NA kWh
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
Electricity - exports: NA kWh
Electricity - imports: NA kWh
Agriculture - products: coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas;
pigs, poultry, goats
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
Exports - commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts
Exports - partners: NZ
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Imports - partners: NZ
Debt - external: $0
Economic aid - recipient: $3.8 million (1995)
Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9451 (January
2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996),
1.5235 (1995)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@Tokelau:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: NA
Telephones - mobile cellular: 0 (1999)
Telephone system:
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated
telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth stations,
established in 1997
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of unknown type that
broadcasts shipping and weather reports (1998)
Radios: 1,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: NA
Televisions: 0 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA
@Tokelau:Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: none (1999 est.)
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Samoa
@Tokelau:Military
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
@Tokelau:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: none
______________________________________________________________________
TONGA
@Tonga:Introduction