Nationality:
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups: Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%,
Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly
Roman Catholic)
Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 33.1%
male: 43%
female: 23.2% (1995 est.)
@Senegal:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form: Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal
Data code: SG
Government type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region);
Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,
Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence: 4 April 1960 from France; complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
(The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981
(constituted February 1982) that called for the creation of a loose
confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was
dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits
the government's accounting office; Senegal has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since NA 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Niasse MOUSTAPHA (since NA 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 27 February 2000 (next to be held 27 February
2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in
the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) NA%, Abdou DIOUF
(PS) NA%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (140 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 24 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003)
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 50%, PDS 19%, UDS-R
13%, And Jef 5%, LD-MPT 4%, CDP 2%, FSD 1%, PDS-R 1%, RND 1%, BGC 1%,
PIT 1%, other 2%; seats by party - PS 93, PDS 23, UDS-R 11, And Jef 4,
LD-MPT 3, CDP 1, FSD 1, PDS-R 1, RND 1, BGC 1, PIT 1
Judicial branch: under the terms of a reform of the judicial system
implemented in 1992, the principal organs of the judiciary are as
follows: Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final
Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals
Political parties and leaders: African Party for Democracy and
Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE,
secretary general]; African Party of Independence ;
Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi)
; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT
; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD
; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul
DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT ; National
Democratic Rally or RND ; Senegalese Democratic Party or
PDS ; Senegalese Democratic Party-Renewal or PDS-R
; Senegalese Democratic
Union-Renewal or UDS-R ; Socialist Party or PS
; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo
Leyti KA]; other small parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: labor; Muslim brotherhoods;
students; teachers
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ITU, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: (202) 234-0540
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Harriet L. ELAM-THOMAS
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: 823-4296, 823-7384
FAX: 822-2991
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Senegal:Economy
Economy - overview: In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and
ambitious economic reform program with the support of the
international donor community. This reform began with a 50%
devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which is linked at a
fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and
subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy
contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks
to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually
in 1995-99. Annual inflation has been pushed down to 2%, and the
fiscal deficit has been cut to less than 1.5% of GDP. Investment rose
steadily from 13.8% of GDP in 1993 to 16.5% in 1997. As a member of
the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), Senegal is
working toward greater regional integration with a unified external
tariff. Senegal also realized full Internet connectivity in 1996,
creating a miniboom in information technology-based services. Private
activity now accounts for 82% of GDP. On the negative side, Senegal
faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic unemployment, juvenile
delinquency, and drug addiction. Real GDP growth is expected to rise
above 6%, while inflation is likely to hold at 2% in 2000-2001.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.6 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,650 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 19%
industry: 20%
services: 61% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 42.8% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1999 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 60%
Unemployment rate: NA%; urban youth 40%
Budget:
revenues: $885 million
expenditures: $885 million, including capital expenditures of $125
million (1996 est.)
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (1998 est.)
Electricity - production: 1.2 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 1.116 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,
tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Exports: $925 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports - commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum
products, phosphates, cotton
Exports - partners: France 22%, Italy, India, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
(1998)
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports - commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital
goods, petroleum products
Imports - partners: France 36%, other EU countries, Nigeria, Cameroon,
Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, US, China, Japan (1998)
Debt - external: $3.4 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $647.5 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1
- 647.25 (January 2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995)
note: since 1 January 1999, the CFAF is pegged to the euro at a rate
of 655.957 CFA francs per euro
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Senegal:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 82,000 (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 122 (1995)
Telephone system:
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
international: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 14, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 1.24 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 361,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 4 (1999)
@Senegal:Transportation
Railways:
total: 906 km
narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track)
Highways:
total: 14,576 km
paved: 4,271 km
unpaved: 10,305 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km on
the Saloum river
Ports and harbors: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll,
Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Airports: 20 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (1999 est.)
@Senegal:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,
National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 2,218,920 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,158,893 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 109,381 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $68 million (FY97)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.4% (FY97)
@Senegal:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: short section of boundary with The Gambia is
indefinite
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of
cannabis
______________________________________________________________________
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
@Serbia and Montenegro:Introduction
Background: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a
joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally
recognized as a state by the US. The US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation. In 1999, massive
expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the autonomous
republic of Kosovo provoked an international response, including the
bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO and Russian peacekeepers
in Kosovo.
@Serbia and Montenegro:Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km)
land: 102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km)
water: 214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly
larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)
Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with
Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km
with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241
km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro), Hungary 151
km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km
(with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)
note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,
continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate
along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold
winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the
east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains
and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands
off the coast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,
nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydro power
Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
permanent pastures: NA%
forests and woodland: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air
pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution
from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the
Danube
Environment - international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: controls one of the major land routes from Western
Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the
Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro:People
Population: 10,662,087 (Serbia - 9,981,929; Montenegro - 680,158)
note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable
error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic
cleansing (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: Serbia - 19.95% (male 1,028,355; female 963,366);
Montenegro - 22.05% (male 77,582; female 72,395)
15-64 years: Serbia - 65.22% (male 3,187,746; female 3,322,425);
Montenegro - 66.16% (male 222,095; female 227,923)
65 years and over: Serbia - 14.83% (male 638,204; female 841,833);
Montenegro - 11.79% (male 32,400; female 47,763) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: Serbia - 0.739%; Montenegro - -12.22% (2000
est.)
Birth rate: Serbia - 12.20 births/1,000 population; Montenegro - 14.9
births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: Serbia - 11.08 deaths/1,000 population; Montenegro - 7.9
deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: Serbia - 6.26 migrants/1,000 population;
Montenegro - -29.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: Serbia - 1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 1.09
male(s)/female
under 15 years: Serbia - 1.07 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 1.07
male(s)/female
15-64 years: Serbia - 0.96 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.97
male(s)/female
65 years and over: Serbia - 0.76 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.68
male(s)/female
total population: Serbia - 0.95 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.95
male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: Serbia - 20.13 deaths/1,000 live births;
Montenegro - 10.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: Serbia - 72.39 years; Montenegro - 75.46 years
male: Serbia - 69.31 years; Montenegro - 71.45 years
female: Serbia - 75.72 years; Montenegro - 79.82 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: Serbia - 1.70 children born/woman; Montenegro -
1.96 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin
Ethnic groups: Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Yugoslav
3.4%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 9.2% (1991)
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%,
other 11%
Languages: Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%
@Serbia and Montenegro:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) but the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation
Data code: Serbia - SR; Montenegro - MW
Government type: republic
Capital: Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike, singular -
republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine,
singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia,
Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY
formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997);
note - Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December
1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Momir BULATOVIC (since 20 May
1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September
1995), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9 April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20
March 1997), Danilo VUKSANOVIC (since 20 May 1998), Tomislav NIKOLIC
(since 12 August 1999), Maja Gojkovic (since 12 August 1999)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year
term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of
legislative vote - Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina
consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats - 20
Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party
representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms)
and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats - 108 Serbian
with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional
representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24
proportionally; members serve four-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics - last held 24 December 1996 (next to
be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens - last held 3 November 1996
(next to be held NA 2000)
election results: Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional
basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics
of Montenegro and Serbia; note - since 1998 Serbia has effectively
barred Montenegro from its constitutional right to delegate deputies
to the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno coalition 22, DPS
20, SRS 16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note - Zajedno coalition included
SPO, DS, GSS
Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by
the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms; Constitutional Court, judges
are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms
Political parties and leaders: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM
; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Goran SVILANOVIC,
chairman]; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA,
president]; Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Croats or DSHV [Bela
TONKOVIC]; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians or DZVM
; Democratic League of Albanians ;
Democratic Party or DS ; Democratic Party of Serbia or
DSS ; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
or DPS ; League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or
LSV ; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro ;
New Democracy or ND ; Parliamentary Party of Kosovo
or PPK ; Party for the Democratic Progress of Kosovo or
PPDK ; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Dr. Sulejman
UGLJANIN]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS ;
Reformist Democratic Party of Vojvodina or RDSV ;
Serbian Radical Party or SRS ; Serbian Renewal
Movement or SPO ; Serbian Socialist Party or
SPS (former Communist Party) ; Social Democratic
Party of Montenegro or SDP ; Socialist People's Party
of Montenegro or SNP ; Yugoslav United Left or JUL
Political pressure groups and leaders: National Movement for the
Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK ; The People's Movement for
Kosovo or LPK
International organization participation: ICFTU, IHO, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UNHCR
Diplomatic representation in the US: the Embassy of the Former
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ceased operations 25 March
1999
Diplomatic representation from the US: at present, the US has no
diplomatic representation in Serbia and Montenegro; the US office in
Pristina, Kosovo, was opened in 1999; its members are not accredited
to a foreign government
@Serbia and Montenegro:Economy
Economy - overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in
1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the
destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important
interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped by
half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had
depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and
manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and
levels of technology among the republics accentuated this
interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much
industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of
many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants
lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in
the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the
republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia is
the continuation in office of a government that is primarily
interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform.
Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in
June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but
inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics continue
to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely rough. The
economic boom anticipated by the government after the suspension of UN
sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize. Government
mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the damage to
Serbia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing during the
war in Kosovo have added to problems. Also, sanctions continue to
isolate Belgrade from international financial institutions; an
investment ban and asset freeze imposed in 1998 and the oil embargo
imposed during the NATO bombing remain in place.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -20% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,800 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 20%
industry: 50%
services: 30% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 42% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 1.6 million (1999 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services
NA%
Unemployment rate: 30% (1999 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks
and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone);
consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances);
electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: -22% (1999 est.)