While Uncle George and Frank and Tom were having a game of cricket,
Dolly was amusing herself in another way. She had pulled a bunch of
daisies and was joining them up into a daisy chain.
[Illustration: Common Daisy.]
She finished her daisy chain just as her uncle and the boys finished
their game.
“We will take some daisies home,” said Uncle George. He stooped down and
dug out a whole daisy plant with his knife, while Dolly gathered a small
bunch of the flowers. When they got home Uncle George placed his daisy
plant in a saucer of water, and told the boys to bring out their
magnifiers and sketch-books.
“First of all,” he said, “I want you to look at the daisy plant. Notice
its leaves. Each leaf is broad at the end and narrow where it joins the
plant. Notice also that the leaves all form a round green mat on the
ground. Now, can you tell me what the leaf resembles in shape.”
[Illustration]
1. Daisy Leaf.
2. Primrose Leaf.
3. Cowslip Leaf.
“It is like a spoon,” said Tom. “It is,” said his uncle; “and can you
see any reason for it being so shaped?
“You cannot? Well, I must tell you. All plants whose leaves are all at
the ground have leaves shaped something like this. The primrose and
cowslip are good examples. We have seen that plants, like the pea, climb
up so that their leaves and green parts may get as much light and air as
possible. And if you look at any tree, such as the horse-chestnut, ash,
elm, or beech, you will notice that their leaves are spread out so as to
catch as much light as possible.”
Uncle George then drew a circle.
[Illustration]
1 and 2. Diagram to show Leaf arrangement of Daisy.
3. Head of Daisy split.
4. Outer Floret.
5. Inner Floret.
“Now, boys,” he said, “I want you to try to fill that circle with leaves
so shaped that they will fill it without covering one another. The best
way to do so is to make them broad at the end. If you make them broad at
the base and narrow at the end, they overlap and rob each other of light
and air. Now you can see why the leaves of the daisy are so shaped.
“Take up a daisy and split it down the centre with your knife. You will
notice that the daisy is _not_ a flower, but a collection of tiny
flowers, or florets, all packed closely together upon a pad or disc, and
surrounded outside by many little green things like small leaves. These
little leaf-like things are called _bracts_.”
[Illustration: London Pride, showing Leaf arrangement.]
“There are two distinct kinds of florets,” said Frank, looking at the
split daisy with his lens.
“Yes,” said Uncle George, “you will see them better if you remove one of
each with a pin, and examine them separately.”
“The outer florets are very large and white,” said Frank.
“They are very flat, while the inner ones are yellow and round. They are
very like small crocus flowers. What is that small two-headed thing that
comes out in the centre of each floret?”
“That is the part which leads to the seed-vessel. Can you see the
seed-vessel at the bottom of each floret?”
“Yes,” said Tom, “it is large and round. On the top of it and all round
the petal part of the floret there are long silky hairs.”
“In flowers of this kind, when the seeds are ripe they are carried away
by the wind,” said Uncle George. “The petal part withers, but the tuft
of hairs remain. They are to the seed what sails are to a ship. They are
much better seen in some other flowers related to the daisy, such as the
thistle.
“Now cut open the seed-vessel and see how many seeds it contains.”
“There is only one, I think,” said Frank.
“You think correctly,” said his uncle. “Each seed-vessel holds a single
seed.”
“The seed-vessel in the large white floret is small and flat,” said Tom.
“It is,” said Uncle George. “In fact, the outer florets seldom produce
seeds.”
“Then what is the use of them?” Tom asked.
“I’ll show you,” said Uncle George. As he spoke he took up a fresh daisy
flower.
“Look!” he said, “what a pretty flower it is, with its golden centre and
its bright white edge tipped with red. It is like a beautiful star.”
Then he pulled off all the large white florets.
“Look at it now,” he said. “It is a dingy, ugly little flower. Without
its white florets it would not be seen at all. Now perhaps you can tell
me what the large white florets are for.”
“To help us to see them at a distance,” said Frank.
“So that bees and other flying insects may be able to see them,” said
Uncle George.
“Insects visit flowers for honey, and, in doing so, carry the yellow
dust, or pollen, from flower to flower. This pollen, as I told you
before, has to do with the making of seeds: and stronger seeds are
produced if the pollen comes from another flower.
“Now compare a white floret with a yellow one, and you will notice still
another difference between them.
“Round the _stigma_—that is the forked tube which leads to the
seed-vessel—in the yellow florets, there is a yellow ring of _stamens_,
or pollen-boxes. It is shaped like a little barrel with its ends knocked
out, and the _stigma_ grows right up through it.
“In the white florets there are no pollen-boxes of any kind.
“Thus, we see that the inner florets are _perfect_ florets which produce
seeds.
“The outer florets have all run to petal. Their business is to show the
way to the plain little florets in the middle.
“There is another thing about the daisy that I should like you to
notice,” Uncle George continued. “If you go out on a dull day, or in the
evening, you will find all the daisy flowers closed up. They only open
out in bright sunshine, when all the insects are flying about.”
Exercises on Lesson VII.
1. Daises are called “composite” flowers. Can you tell why? Cut a
large “ox-eye daisy” or corn marigold through the centre and
examine the florets carefully.
2. Using a lens, draw separately, an inside and an outside floret.
Make your drawings large, and name the various parts of each
floret.
3. Take two ox-eye daisies. Pull off all the white florets of one of
them. Then compare them. Pin both flowers up on the wall. Go
back about thirty paces and note which flower is best seen.
4. The daisy leaves form a little rosette on the ground. Make a
collection of wild plants which have similar leaves. Draw a
single leaf of each, and compare with those of the daisy.
[Illustration: Nest of Chaffinch.]