PART 10_The Bontoc Igorot

Language

Introduction

The language of the Bontoc Igorot is sufficiently distinct from all

others to be classed as a separate dialect. However, it is originally

from a parent stock which to-day survives more or less noticeably

over probably a much larger part of the surface of the earth than

the tongue of any other primitive people.

The language of every group of primitive people in the

Philippine Archipelago, except the Negrito, is from that same old

tongue. Mr. Homer B. Hulbert[41] has recorded vocabularies of ten

groups of people in Formosa; and those vocabularies show that the

people belong to the same great linguistic family as the Bontoc

Igorot. Mr. Hulbert believes that the language of Korea is originally

of the same stock as that of Formosa. In concluding his article

he says:

We find therefore that out of a vocabulary of fifty words there are

fifteen in which a distinct similarity [between Korean and Formosan]

can be traced, and in not a few of the fifteen the similarity amounts

to practical identity.

The Malay language of Malay Peninsula, Java, and Sumatra is from the

same stock language. So are many, perhaps all, the languages of Borneo,

Celebes, and New Zealand. This same primitive tongue is spread across

the Pacific and shows unmistakably in Fiji, New Hebrides, Samoa,

and Hawaii. It is also found in Madagascar.

Alphabet

The Bontoc man has not begun even the simplest form of permanent

mechanical record in the line of a written language, and no vocabulary

of the language has before been published.

The following alphabet was used in writing Bontoc words in this study:

A as in FAR; Spanish RAMO

A is in LAW; as O in French OR

AY as in AI in AISLE; Spanish HAY

AO as OU in OUT; as AU in Spanish AUTO

B as in BAD; Spanish BAJAR

CH as in CHECK; Spanish CHICO

D as in DOG; Spanish DAR

E as in THEY; Spanish HALLE

E as in THEN; Spanish COMEN

F as in FIGHT; Spanish FIRMAR

G as in GO; Spanish GOZAR

H as in HE; Tagalog BAHAY

I as in PIQUE; Spanish HIJO

I as in PICK

K as in KEEN

L as in LAMB; Spanish LENTE

M as in MAN; Spanish MENOS

N as in NOW; Spanish JABON

NG as in FINGER; Spanish LENGUA

O as in NOTE; Spanish NOSOTROS

OI as in BOIL

P as in POOR; Spanish PERO

Q as CH in German ICH

S as in SAUCE; Spanish SORDO

SH as in SHALL; as CH in French CHARMER

T as in TOUCH; Spanish TOMAR

U as in RULE; Spanish UNO

U as in BUT

U as in German KUHL

V as in VALVE; in Spanish VOLVER

W as in WILL; nearly as OU in French OUI

Y as in YOU; Spanish YA

The sounds which I have represented by the unmarked vowels A, E, I, O,

and U, Swettenham and Clifford in their Malay Dictionary represent by

the vowels with a circumflex accent. The sound which I have indicated

by U they indicate by A. Other variations will be noted.

The sound represented by A, it must be noted, has not always the same

force or quantity, depending on an open or closed syllable and the

position of the vowel in the word.

So far as I know there is no R sound in the Bontoc Igorot language. The

word "Igorot" when used by the Bontoc man is pronounced Igolot. In

an article on "The Chamorro language of Guam"[42] it is noted that

in that language there was originally no R sound but that in modern

times many words formerly pronounced by an L sound now have that

letter replaced by R.

Linguistic inconsistencies

The language of the Bontoc area is not stable, but is greatly

shifting. In pueblos only a few hours apart there are not only

variations in pronunciation but in some cases entirely different

words are used, and in a single pueblo there is great inconsistency

in pronunciation.

It is often impossible to determine the exact sound of vowels, even

in going over common words a score of times with as many people. The

accent seems very shifting and it is often difficult to tell where

it belongs.

Several initial consonants of words and syllables are commonly

interchanged, even by the same speaker if he uses a word more than

once during a conversation. That this fickleness is a permanency

in the language rather than the result of the present building of

new words is proved by ato names, words in use for many years --

probably many hundred years.

One of the most frequent interchanges is that of B and F. This is shown

in the following ato names: Bu-yay'-yeng or Fu-yay'-yeng; Ba-tay'-yan

or Fa-tay'-yan; Bi'-lig or Fi'-lig; and Long-boi' or Long-foi'. It

is also shown in two other words where one would naturally expect to

find permanency -- the names of the men's public buildings in the ato,

namely, ba'-wi or fa'-wi, and pa-ba-bu'-nan or pa-ba-fu'-nan. Other

common illustrations are found in the words ba-to or fa-to (stone)

and ba-bay'-i or fa-fay'-i (woman).

Another constant interchange is that of CH and D. This also is shown

well in names of ato, as follows: Cha-kong' or Da-kong'; Pud-pud-chog'

or Pud-pud-dog'; and Si-gi-chan' or Si-gi-dan'. It is shown also in

chi'-la or di'-la (tongue).

The interchange of initial K and G is constant. These letters are

interchanged in the following names of ato: Am-ka'-wa or Am-ga'-wa;

Lu-wa'-kan or Lu-wa'-gan; and Ung-kan' or Ung-gan'. Other illustrations

are ku'-lid or gu'-lid (itch) and ye'-ka or ye'-ga (earthquake).

The following three words illustrate both the last two interchanges:

Cho'-ko or Do'-go (name of an ato); pag-pa-ga'-da or pag-pa-ka'-cha

(heel); and ka-cho' or ga-de'-o (fish).

Nouns

The nouns appear to undergo slight change to indicate gender, number,

or case. To indicate sex the noun is followed by the word for woman

or man -- as, a'-su fa-fay'-i (female dog), or a'-su la-la'-ki

(male dog). The same method is employed to indicate sex in the case

of the third personal pronoun Si'-a or Si-to-di'. Si'-a la-le'-ki

or Si-to-di' la-la'-ki is used to indicate the masculine gender,

and Si'-a fa-fay'-i or Si-to-di' fa-fay'-i the feminine.

The plural form of the noun is sometimes the same as the

singular. Plural number may also be expressed by use of the word

ang-san (many) or am-in' (all) in addition to the noun. It is sometimes

expressed by repetition of syllables, as la-la'-ki (man), la-la-la'-ki

(men); sometimes, also, by the prefix ka together with repetition of

syllables, as li-fo'-o (cloud), ka-li'-fo-li-fo'-o (clouds). There

seems to be no definite law in accordance with which these several

plural forms are made. When in need of plurals in this study the

singular form has always been used largely for simplicity.

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are:

Sak-in'

You

Sik-a'

He, she

Si'-a and Si-to-di'

Cha-ta'-ko and Cha-ka'-mi

You

Cha-kay'-yo

They

Cha-i-cha and Cha-to-di'

Examples of the possessive as indicated in the first person are

given below:

My father

A-mak'

My dog

A-suk'

My hand

Li-mak'

Our father

A-ma'-ta

Our dog

A-su'-ta

Our house

A-fong'-ta

Other examples of the possessive are not at hand, but these given

indicate that, as in most Malay dialects, a noun with a possessive

suffix is one form of the possessive.

Scheerer[43] gives the possessive suffixes of the Benguet Igorot

as follows:

K, after A, I, O, and U, otherwise 'KO

Thy

} M, after A, I, O, and U, otherwise

'MO

Your

His

} IO

Her

Our (inc.)

'TAYO

Our (exc.)

'ME

Your

'DIO

Their

'CHA or 'RA

These possessive suffixes in the Benguet Igorot language are the same,

according to Scheerer, as the suffixes used in verbal formation.

The verbal suffixes of the Bontoc Igorot are very similar to those

of the Benguet. It is therefore probable that the possessive suffixes

are also very similar.

It is interesting to note that in the Chamorro language of Guam the

possessive suffixes for the first person correspond to those of the

Igorot -- MY is KO and OUR is TA.

Verbs

Mention has been made of the verbal suffixes. Their use is shown in

the following paradigms:

I eat

Sak-in' mang-an-ak'

You eat

Sik-a' mang-an-ka'

He eats

Si-to-di' mang-an'

We eat

Cha-ka'-mi mang-an-ka-mi'

You eat

Cha-kay'-yo mang-an-kay'-o

They eat

Cha-to-di' mang-an-cha'

I go

Sak-in' u-mi-ak'

You go

Sik-a' u-mi-ka'

He goes

Si-to-di' u-mi'

We go

Cha-ka-mi' u-mi-ka-mi'

You go

Cha-kay'-yo u-mi-kay'-yo

They go

Cha-to-di' u-mi-cha'

The suffixes are given below, and the relation they bear to the

personal pronouns is also shown by heavy-faced type:

'ak

Sak-in'

You (sing)

'ka

Sik-a'

...

Si'-a or Si-to-di'

kami or tako

Cha-ka'-mi or Cha-ta'-ko

You

kayo

Cha-kay'-yo

They

cha

Cha-to-di' or cha-i'-cha

The Benguet suffixes as given by Scheerer are:

'ko or 'ak

You

'mo or 'ka

'to

We {

tayo

You

'kayo or 'dio

They

'ra or 'cha

The verbal suffixes seem to be commonly used by the Bontoc Igorot in

verbal formations. The tense of a verb standing alone seems always

indefinite; the context alone tells whether the present, past, or

future is indicated.

Comparative vocabularies

About eighty-five words have been selected expressing simple

ideas. These are given in the Bontoc Igorot language and as far as

possible in the Benguet Igorot; they are also given in the Malay and

the Sulu languages.

Of eighty-six words in both Malay and Bontoc 32 per cent are clearly

derived from the same root words, and of eighty-four words in the Sulu

and Bontoc 45 per cent are from the same root words. Of sixty-eight

words in both Malay and Benguet 34 per cent are from the same root

words, and 47 per cent of sixty-seven Benguet and Sulu words are

from the same root words. Of sixty-four words in Bontoc and Benguet

58 per cent are the same or nearly the same.

These facts suggest the movement of the Philippine people from the

birthplace of the parent tongue, and also the great family of existing

allied languages originating in the primitive Malayan language. They

also suggest that the Bontoc and the Benguet peoples came away quite

closely allied from the original nest, and that they had association

with the Sulu later than with the Malay.

[In the following compilation works have been consulted respectively

as follows: Malay -- Hugh Clifford and Frank Athelstane Swettenham,

A Dictionary of The Malay Language (Taiping, Perak; in parts, Part

I appearing 1894, Part III appearing 1904); Sulu -- Andson Cowie,

English-Sulu-Malay Vocabulary, with Useful Sentences, Tables,

etc. (London, 1893); Benguet Igorot -- Otto Scheerer, The Ibaloi

Igorot, MS. in MS. Coll., The Ethnological Survey for the Philippine

Islands.]

English

Malay

Sulu

Benguet Igorot

Bontoc Igorot

Ashes

Abu

De-pok

Cha-pu'

Bad

Jahat (wicked)

Mang-i, ngi

...

Ngag

Black

Hitam

Itam

An-to'-leng

In-ni'-tit

Blind

Buta

Sa-gei a ku'-rab[44]

Na-ki'-mit

Blood

Darah

Duguh

Cha'-la

Bone

Tulang

Bukog

Pu'-gil

Ung-et'

Burn, to

Bakar

Sunog

...

Fin-mi'-chan

Chicken

Anak ayam

Anak-manok

...

Mo-nok'

Child

Anak

Batah, anak

A-a'-nak

Ong-ong'-a

Come

Mari

...

A-li-ka'

Cut, to

Potong

Hoyah

Kom-pol'

Ku-ke'-chun

Day

Hari

Adlau

A-kou

A-qu'

Die, to

Mati

Matai

...

Ma-ti'

Dog

Anjing

Erok

A-su'

A'-su

Drink, to

Minum

Hinom, minom

...

U-mi-num'

Ear

Telinga

Tainga

Tang-i'-da

Ko-weng'

Earthquake

Gempa tanah

Linog

Yek-yek

Ye'-ga

Eat, to

Makan

Ka-aun

Kanin

Mang-an', Ka-kan'

Eight

Dilapan

Walu

Gua'-lo

Wa-lo'

Eye

Mata

Ma-ta

Ma-ta'

Father

Baba

Amah

A-ma

A'-ma

Finger nail

Kuku

Ko-go

Ko-ko'

Fire

Api

Kayu

A-pui

A-pu'-i

Five

Lima

Di'-ma

Li-ma'

Foot

Kaki

Siki

Cha-pan

Cha-pan'

Four

Ampat

Opat

Ap'-pat

I-pat'

Fruit

Buah

Bunga-kahol

Damos

Fi-kus'-na

Get up, to

Bangun

...

Fo-ma-ong'

Good

Baik

Maraiau

...

Cug-a-wis'

Grasshopper

Bi-lalang

Ampan

Chu'-ron

Cho'-chon

Ground (earth)

Tanah

Lopah

Bu'-dai

Lu'-ta

Hair of head

Rambut

Buhok

Bu-og

Fo-ok'

Hand

Tangan

Lima

Di-ma

Li-ma', Ad-pa'

Head

Kepala

Tok-tok

O'-lo

Hear, to

Dengar

Dungag

...

Chung-nen'

Here

Sini

Di, di-ha-inni

Chiai

Is'-na

Hog

Babi

Baboi

Ke-chil

Fu-tug'

Shaya

Aku

Sikak; Sidiak

Sak-in'

Kill, to

Bunoh

Bunu'-in

Na-fa'-kug

Knife

Pisau

Lading

Ta'-ad

Ki-pan'

Large

Besar

Dakolah

Abatek

Chuk-chuk'-i

Lightning

Kilat

Ba-gi'-dat

Yup-Yup

Louse

Kutu

Ku-to

Ko'-to

Man

Orang

Tau

Da'-gi

La-la'-ki

Monkey

Munyit, Kra

Amok

Ba-ges

Ka-ag'

Moon

Bulan

Bu'-lan

Fu-an'

Mortar (for rice)

Lesong

Lusong

...

Lu-song'

Mother

Mak, ibu

Inah

I-na

I'-na

Night

Malam

Dum

Kal-leian, A-da'-wi

Mas-chim, la-fi'

Nine

S'ambilan

Siam

Dsi'-am

Si-am'

Tidak

Waim di

...

A-di'

Nose

Hidong

Ilong

A-deng

I-ling'

One

Satu, suatu, sa

Isa

Sa-gei'

I-sa'

Rain

Hujan

Ulan

U'-ran

O-chan'

Red

Merah

Pula, lag

Am-ba'-alang-a

Lang-at'

Rice (threshed)

Padi

Pai

...

Pa-ku'

Rice (boiled)

Nasi

K'aun-an

I-na-pui

Mak-an'

River

Sungei

Sobah

Pa'-dok

Wang'-a

Run, to

Lari

Dag-an

...

In-tug'-tug

Salt

Garam

Asin

A-sin

Si'-mut

Seven

Tujoh

Peto

Pit'-to

Pi-to'

Sit, to

Dudok

Lingkud

...

Tu-muck'-chu

Six

Anam

Unom

An-nim

I-nim'

Sky

Langit

Dang-it

Chay'-ya

Sleep, to

Tidor

Ma-tog

...

Ma-si-yip'

Small

Kechil

Asivi

O-o'-tik

Fan-ig'

Smoke

Asap

Aso

A-sok

A-sok'

Steal, to

Men-churi

Takau

Magibat

Mang-a-qu'

Stone

Batu

Ba-to

Sun

Mata-Hari

Mata suga

A-kau, Si-kit

A-qu'

Talk, to

Ber-chakap

Nug-pamong

...

En-ka-li'

Ten

Sa'puloh

Hangpoh

Sam-pu'-lo

Sim-po'-o

There

Di-situ, Di-sana

Ha ietu, dun

Chitan, Chiman

Is'-chi

Three

Tiga

Tad'-do

To-lo'

To-morrow

Esok, Besok

Kin-shum

Ka-bua-san

A-swa'-kus

Tree

Poko'kayu

Kahoi

Po-on

Cha-pon', Kay'-o

Two

Dua

Rua, Dua

Chu'-a

Chu'-wa

Walk, to

Ber-jalan

Panau

...

Ma-na'-lun

Water

Ayer

Tubig

Cha-num

Che-num'

White

Puteh

Ma-putih

Am-pu-ti'

Im-po'-kan

Wind

Angin

Hangin

Cha-num

Che-num'

Woman

Prempuan

Babai

Bi-i, a-ko'-dau

Fa-fay'-i

Wood

Kayu

Kahol

Ki'-u

Kay'-o

Yellow

Kuning

...

Chu-yao[45]

Fa-king'-i

Yes

...

You (singular)

Ankau

Ekau

Sikam

Sik'-a

Bontoc vocabulary

The following vocabulary is presented in groups with the purpose

of throwing additional light on the grade of culture the Igorot

has attained.

No words follow which represent ideas borrowed of a modern culture;

for instance, I do not record what the Igorot calls shoes, pantaloons,

umbrellas, chairs, or books, no one of which objects he naturally

possesses.

Whereas it is not claimed that all the words spoken by the Igorot

follow under the various headings, yet it is believed that the man's

vocabulary is nearly exhausted under such headings as "Cosmology,"

"Clothing, dress, and adornment," and "Weapons, utensils, etc.:"

English, with Bontoc equivalent

Cosmology

Afternoon

Mug-a-qu'

Afternoon, middle of

Mak-sip'

Air

Si'-yak

Ashes

Cha-pu'

Blaze

Lang-lang

Cloud, rain

Li-fo'-o

Creek

Ki-nan'-wan

Dawn

Wi-wi-it'

Day

A-qu'

Day after to-morrow

Ka-sin' wa'-kus

Day before yesterday

Ka-sin' ug'-ka

Dust

Cha'-pog

Earthquake

Ye'-ga

East

Fa-la'-an si a-qu'

Evening

Ni-su'-yao

Fire

A-pu'-i

Ground (earth)

Lu'-ta

Hill

Chun'-tug

Horizon

Nang'-ab si chay'-ya

Island

Pa'-na

Lightning

Yup-yup

Midnight

Teng-ang si la-fi'

Milky way

Ang'-san nan tuk-fi'-fi[46]

Moon

Fu-an'

Moon, eclipse of

Ping-mang'-et nan fu-an'

Moon, full

Fit-fi-tay'-eg

Moon, waxing, one-quarter

Fis-ka'-na

Moon, waxing, two-quarters

Ma-no'-wa

Moon, waxing, three-quarters

Kat-no-wa'-na

Moon, waning, three-quarters

Ka-tol-pa-ka'-na

Moon, waning, two-quarters

Ki-sul-fi-ka'-na

Moon, waning, one-quarter

Sig-na'-a-na

Moon, period following

Li'-meng

Morning

Fib-i-kut'

Morning, mid

Ma-a-qu'

Mountain

Fi'-lig

Mud

Pi'-tek

Nadir

Ad-cha'-im

Night

La-fi' or mas-chim

Noon

Nen-ting'-a or teng-ang si a-qu'

Periods of time in a year

I-na-na', La'-tub, Cho'-ok, Li'-pas, Ba-li'-ling, Sa-gan-ma',

Pa-chog', Sa'-ma

Plain

Cha'-ta

Pond

Tab-lak'

Precipice

Ki-chay'

Rain

O-chan'

Rainbow

Fung-a'-kan

River

Wang'-a

River, down the river[47]

La'-god

River, mouth of

Sa-fang-ni'-na

River, up the river[48]

Ap'-lay

Sand

O-fod'

Sea

Po'-sang

Season, rice culture

Cha-kon'

Season, remainder of year

Ka-sip'

Sky

Chay'-ya

Smoke

A-sok'

Spring

Ib-ib

Spring, hot

Lu-ag'

Stars, large

Fat-ta-ka'-kan

Stars, small

Tuk-fi'-fi

Stone

Ba-to

Storm, heavy (rain and winds)

O-chan' ya cha-kim

Storm, heavy prolonged (baguio)

Lim-lim

Sun

A-qu'

Sun, eclipse of

Ping-mang'-et

Sunrise

Lap-lap-on'-a

Sunset

Le-nun-nek' nan a-qu'

Thunder

Ki-cho'

To-day

Ad-wa'-ni

To-morrow

A-swa'-kus

Valley, or canon

Cha-lu'-lug

Water

Che-num'

Waterfall

Pa-lup-o'

West

Lum-na-kan' si a-qu'

Whirlwind

Al-li-pos'-pos or fa-no'-on

Wind

Cha-kim

Year

Ta'-win

Year, past

Tin-mo-win

Yesterday

A-dug-ka'

Zenith

Ad-tong'-cho

Human Body

Ankle

Ung-et'

Ankle bone

King-king-i'

Arm

Li'-ma

Arm, left

I-kid'

Arm, right

A-wan'

Arm, upper

Pong'-o

Arm, upper, near shoulder

Tak-lay'

Armpit

Yek-yek'

Back

I-chug'

Beard, side of face

Sap-ki'

Belly

Fo'-to

Bladder

Fi-chung'

Blood

Cha'-la

Body

A'-wak

Bone

Ung-et' or tung-al'

Brain

U'-tek

Breast

So'-so

Breath

Ing-ga'-es

Cheek

Ta-mong' or i-ping'

Chest

Ta'-kib

Chin

Pang'-a

Ear

Ko-weng'

Elbow

Si'-ko

Excreta

Tay-i

Eye

Ma-ta'

Eyebrow

Ki-chi'

Eyelash

Ki-chi'

Eyelid

Ta-nib si ma'-ya

Finger

Li-cheng'

Finger, index or first

Mes-ned' si am-am'-a

Finger, little

Ik-ik-king'

Finger, second

Ka-wa'-an

Finger, third

Mes-ned si nan ka-wa'-an

Finger nail

Ko-ko'

Foot

Cha-pan'

Foot, instep of

O'-son si cha-pan'

Forehead

Ki'-tong

Gall

A-ku'

Groin

Lip-yak'

Hair in armpit

Ki-lem' si yek-yek'

Hair on crown of head

Tug-tug'-o

Hair on head

Fo-ok'

Hair, pubic, man's

Ki-lem' si o'-ti

Hand

Ad-pa' or li'-ma

Hand, inside of

Ta'-lad

Head

O'-lo

Heart

Po'-so

Heel

Pag-pa-ga'-da

Hip

Tip-ay

Intestine

Fu-ang'

Jaw

Pang'-a

Kidney

Fa-tin'

Knee

Gung-gung'-o

Leg

Si-ki'

Leg, calf of

Fit'-kin

Lip, lower

So'-fil ay nin-gub'

Lip, upper

So'-fil

Liver

A-tu'-i

Lung

Fa'-la

Mouth

To-puk'

Navel

Pu'-sig

Neck

Fuk-kang'

Neck, back of

Tung-ed'

Nipple

So'-so

Nose

I-ling'

Nostril

Pa-nang'-e-tan

Palate

A-lang-a-ang'

Penis

O'-ti

Rib

Tag-lang'

Rump

U-fit

Saliva

Tuv'-fa

Shoulder

Po-ke'

Shoulder blade

Gang-gang'-sa

Skin

Ko-chil'

Spinal cord

U'-tuk si ung-et'

Spine

Ka-ung-e-ung-et'

Spirit of living person

Leng-ag'

Spirit of dead person

A-ni'-to

Spirit of beheaded dead

Pin-teng'

Sternum

Los-los-it'

Stomach

Fa'-sag

Sweat (perspiration)

Ling-et

Testicle

Lug-lug'-ong

Thigh

U'-po

Throat

A-lo-go'-og

Thumb

Am-am'-a

Toe

Go-mot'

Toe, first

Mes-ned si am-am'-a si cha-pan'

Toe, fourth

Ik-ik-king' si cha-pan'

Toe, third

Mes-ned si nan ka-wa'-an si cha-pan'

Toe, great

Am-am'-a si cha-pan'

Toe nail

Ko-ko' si go-mot'

Toe, second

Ka-wa'-an si cha-pan'

Tongue

Chi'-la

Tooth

Fob-a'

Urine

Is-fo

Vagina

Ti'-li

Vein

Wath

Vertebrae

Ung-et' si i-chug'

Wrist

Pang-at si'-nang

Wrist joint

Ung-et'

Bodily Conditions

Ague

Wug-wug

Beri-beri

Fu-tut

Blindness, eyelids closed

Na-ki'-mit

Blindness, eyelids open

Fu-lug

Blood, passage of

In-is-fo cha'-la, or in-tay'-es cha'-la

Boil, a

Fu-yu-i'

Burn, a

Ma-la-fub-chong'

Childbirth

In-sa'-cha

Cholera

Pish-ti'

Circumcision

Sig-i-at'

Cold, a

Mo-tug'

Consumption

O'-kat

Corpse

A'-wak

Cut, a

Na-fa'-kag

Deafness

Tu'-wing

Diarrhea

O-gi'-ak

Dumbness

Gna-nak

Eyes, crossed

Li'-i

Eyes, sore

In-o'-ki

Feet, cracked from wading in rice paddies

Fung-as'

Fever

Im-po'-os nan a'-wak

Goiter

Fin-to'-kel or fi-kek'

Headache

Sa-kit' si o'-lo or pa-tug' si o'-lo

Health

Ka-wis' nan a'-wak

Itch or mange

Ku'-lid

Itch, first stage of small sores

Ka'-ti

Pain

In-sa-ki'

Pitted-face

Ga-la'-ga

Rheumatism

Fig-fig

Scar

Sap-luk

Sickness

Nay-yu' nan a'-wak

Smallpox

Ful-tang'

Swelling

Nay-am-an' or kin-may-yon'

Syphilis

Na-na

Toe, inturning

Fa'-wing

Toothache

Pa-tug' nan fob-a'

Ulcers and sores, disease of

Lang-ing'-i

Varicose vein

O'-pat

Consanguineal and Social Relationships

Aunt

A-ki-na

Babe, boy

Kil-lang'

Babe, girl

Gna-an'

Brother

U'-na

Child

Ong-ong'-a

Consanguineal group or family

Sim-pang' a-nak', Sim-pang' a-po',

Sim-pang' a'-fong

Father

A'-ma

Man

La-la'-ki

Man, old

Am-a'-ma

Man, poor

Pu'-chi

Man, rich

Ka-chan-a-yan'

Mother

I'-na

Orphan

Nang-o'-so

Orphan, father dead

Nan-a-ma'-na

Orphan, mother dead

Nan-i-na'-na

People

I-pu-kao'

People, of another pueblo

Mang-i'-li

People, of one's own pueblo

Kay-il-yan'

Person, one

Ta'-ku

Relative

I-ba'

Sister

A-no'-chi

Twins

Na-a-pik'

Wife

A-sa'-wa

Woman

Fa-fay'-i

Woman, old

In-i'-na

Clothing, Dress, and Adornment

Armlet, bejuco

Sung-ub'

Armlet, boar tusk

Ab-kil'

Bag, flint and steel

Pal-ma-ting'-un

Bag, tobacco, cloth

Cho'-kao

Bag, tobacco, bladder carabao or hog

Fi-chong'

Bag, tobacco, bladder deer

Ka'-tat

Beads, string of

A-pong'

Beads, dog tooth

Sa-ong

Beads, seed, black

Gu-sao'

Beads, seed, blue gray

At-lok-ku'-i

Beads, red agate

Si'-lung

Beads, white, large

Fo'-kus

Blanket

E-wis' or pi'-tay

Blanket, girl's

Kud-pas'

Blanket, black, white stripes

Fa-yi-ong'

Blanket, blue

Pi-nag-pa'-gan

Blanket, used to carry baby on back

I-fan'

Blanket, white, blue stripes

Fan-cha'-la

Blanket, white, wide blue stripes

Ti-na'-pi

Breechcloth

Wa'-nis

Breechcloth, bark, red

Ti-nan'-agt

Breechcloth, bark, white

So'-put

Breechcloth, bark, white, burial

Chi-nang-ta'

Breechcloth, blue

Fa'-a

Breechcloth, blue, small stripes

Bi-no-slun'

Breechcloth, woman's menstruation

Fa'-la

Ear plug or ear stretcher

Su-wip'

Earring, three varieties

Sing-sing, i-pit, sing-ut'

Girdle, man's, chain

Ka'-ching

Girdle, man's, bejuco rope

Ka'-kot

Girdle, man's, bejuco string

I-kit'

Girdle, man's, fiber

Song-kit-an'

Girdle, woman's

Wa'-kis

Girdle, woman's, bustle-like

A-ko'-san

Hair, false

Fo-bo-ok'

Hat, man's

Suk'-lang

Hat, man's fez-shaped, of Bontoc pueblo

Ti-no-od'

Hat, man's rain

Seg-fi'

Hat, sleeping

Kut'-lao

Headcloth, burial

To-chong'

Jacket, woman's

La-ma

Necklace, boar tusk

Fu-yay'-ya

Neck ring, brass

Bang-gu

Pipe

Fo-bang'-a

Pipe, clay

Ki-na-lo'-sab

Pipe, brass "anito"

Tin-ak-ta'-go

Pipe, smooth cast metal

Pin-e-po-yong'

Rain protector, woman's

Tug-wi'

Rain protector, camote leaf

Ang-el'

Shell, mother-of-pearl, worn at waist by men

Fi-kum'

Shirt, man's blue burial

Los-a'-dan

Shirt, man's blue burial, red and yellow threads

A-ni'-wis

Skirt, woman's burial

Kay-in'

Skirt, cotton

Lu-fid' i kad-pas

Skirt, cotton, Bognen

Qa'-bou

Skirt, fiber

Pi-tay'

Skirt, made of falatong

Lu-fid'

Skirt, twine of

Mi-no'-kan

Tattoo

Fa'-tek

Tattoo, arm

Pong'-o

Tattoo, breast

Chak-lag'

Foods and Beverages

Beverage, fermented rice

Ta-pu'-i

Beverage, fermented rice, ferment of

Fu-fud

Beverage, fermented sugar cane

Ba'-si

Beverage, fermented sugar cane, ferment of

Tub-fig'

Beverage, fermented vegetables and meats

Sa-fu-eng'

Food, beans and rice

Sib-fan'

Food, camotes and rice

Ke-le'-ke

Food, locusts and rice

Pi-na-lat'

Food, preserved meat

It-tag'

Salt

Si-mut

Salt, cake of

Luk'-sa

Weapons, Utensils, Etc.

Ax, battle

Pi'-tong

Ax, cutting edge of

To-pek'

Ax, handle of

Pa-lik'

Ax, handle, bejuco ferrule of

Tok'-no

Ax, handle, iron ferrule of

Ka-lo'-lot

Ax, handle, top point of blade of

Pow-wit'

Ax, working tool

Wa'-say

Ax, working tool, blade turned as adz

Sa'-ka

Ax, working tool, handle of

Pa-ka'-cha

Basket, baby's food bottle

Tuk-to'-pil

Basket, ceremonial, chicken

Fi-ki'

Basket, dinner

To'-pil

Basket, fish

Kot-ten'

Basket, fish, small

Fak-king'

Basket, gangsa

Fa'-i si gang'-sa

Basket, grasshopper

I-wus'

Basket, house, holding about a peck

Fa-lo'-ko

Basket, man's carrying

Ka-lu'-pit

Basket, man's dirt

Ko-chuk-kod'

Basket, man's dirt scoop

Tak-o-chug'

Basket, man's transportation

Ki-ma'-ta

Basket, man's transportation, handle of

Pa'-tang

Basket, man's traveling

Sang'-i

Basket, man's traveling, with rain-proof covering (so-called "head

basket")

Fang'-ao

Basket, salt

Fa-ni'-ta

Basket, side, small, for tobacco

A-ku'-pan

Basket, spoon

So'-long

Basket, threshed rice

Ko'-lug

Basket, tobacco, small

Ka-lu'-pit

Basket, woman's rum

Ag-ka-win'

Basket, woman's transportation

Lu'-wa

Basket, woman's transportation, large

Tay-ya-an'

Basket, woman's vegetable

A-fo-fang

Basket, woman's vegetable scoop

Sug-fi'

Bellows

Op-op'

Bellows, piston of

Dot-dot'

Bellows, tube of, to fire

To-bong'

Bird scarer, carabao horn

Kong-ok'

Box, small wooden, for hair grease

Tug-tug'-no

Chair, for corpse

Sung-a'-chil

Coffin

A-lo'-ang

Deadfall, for wild hogs

Il-tib'

Dish, small wooden

Chu'-yu

Dish, small wooden, bowl-shaped

Suk-ong'

Drumstick

Pat-tong'

Fire machine, bamboo

Co-li'-li

Fire machine, flint and steel

Pal-ting'

Fire machine, flint and steel, cotton used with as tinder

A-mek'

Gong, bronze

Gang'-sa

Gong, bronze (two varieties)

Ka'-los, Co-ong'-an

Gourd, large bejuco-bound, for meat

Fa'-lay

Head pad, woman's, for supporting load on head

Ki'-kan

Jews-harp, wooden

Ab-a'-fu

Jug, gourd, for basi

Tak-ing'

Knife, man's small

Ki-pan'

Ladle, common wooden, for rice

Fa'-nu

Ladle, gourd

Ki-ud

Ladle, narrow wooden

Fak-ong'

Loom

In-a-fu'-i

Mortar, double, for threshing rice

Lu-song'

Needle

Cha-kay'-yum

Net, grasshopper

Se-chok'

Olla, roughly spherical jar

Fang'-a

Olla, more paralleled-side jar

Fu-o-foy'

Olla, preserved meat

Tu-u'-nan

Paddle, olla-molding

Pip-i

Pail, wooden, for feeding pigs

Kak-wan'

Pestle, rice

Al'-o

Pit-fall, for hogs

Fi'-to

Plate, eating, of braided bamboo

Ki'-ug

Scarecrows

Pa-chek', ki'-lao

Scarecrows, water power, line of

Pi-chug'

Scarecrows, water power, wood in rapids

Pit-ug'

Sieve, rice

A-ka'-ug

Snare, wild chicken

Shi'-ay

Snare, spring, bird

Si-sim' and Ling-an'

Snare, spring, wild chicken and cat

Kok-o'-lang

Spear

Fal-feg'

Spear, blade of

Tu'-fay

Spear, blade, barbless

Fang'-kao

Spear, blade, many-barbed

Si-na-la-wi'-tan

Spear, blade, single-barbed

Fal-feg'

Spear, blade

Kay-yan'

Spoon, large wooden, for drinking

Tug-on'

Spoon, large wooden, for pig's feed

Ka-od'

Spoon, small wooden, for eating

I-chus'

Stick, soil-turning

Kay-kay

Stick, woman's camote

Su-wan'

Sweep runo, for catching birds

Ka-lib'

Tattooing instrument

Cha-kay'-yum

Torch

Si-lu'

Trap, fish, funnel, large

O-kat'

Trap, fish, funnel, small

Ob-o'-fu

Trap, fish, scoop

Ko-yug'

Trap, wild-cat

Fa-wang'

Tray, winnowing

Lig-o'

Trough, for salt at Mayinit

Ko-long'-ko

Tube, for basi

Fu-us

Whetstone

A-san'

Home and Field

Canal, irrigating

A'-lak

Council house for men

Fa'-wi

Council house, open court of

Chi-la'

Council house, open court of, posts in

Po-si'

Council house, roofed portion of

Tung-fub'

Council house, closed room of

A'-fo

Council house, closed room, doorway of

Pan-tu

Council house, closed room, fireplace of

A-ni-chu'-an

Council house, closed room, floor of

Chap-ay'

Council house, wall of

To-ping

Dam, in river

Lung-ud'

Dormitory, boys'

Pa-ba-fu'-nan

Dormitory, girls'

O'-lag

Dwelling

A'-fong

Dwelling, better class of

Fay'-u

Dwelling, better class, aisle in

Cha-la'-nan

Dwelling, better class, door of

Tang-ib

Dwelling, better class, first room on left of aisle

Chap-an'

Dwelling, better class, second room on left of aisle

Cha-le-ka-nan' si mo-o'-to

Dwelling, better class, sleeping room of

Ang-an'

Dwelling, better class, small recesses at ends of sleeping room

Kub-kub

Dwelling, better class, stationary shelf in

Chuk'-so

Dwelling, poorer class

Kat-yu'-fong

Fence, garden

A'-lad

Granary

A-lang'

Lands, public

Pag-pag'

Sementera, rice

Pay-yo'

Sementera, abandoned

Nud-yun a pay-yo'

Sementera, large, producing more than five cargoes

Pay-yo' chuk-chuk'-wag

Sementera, small, producing less than five cargoes

Pay-yo' ay fa-nig

Sementera, irrigated by hand

Pay-yo' a kao-u'-chan

Sementera, unirrigated mountain

Fo-ag'

Sementera, used as seed bed

Pad-cho-kan'

Stones, groups of in pueblo, said to be places to rest and talk

O-bub-fu'-nan

Troughs, irrigation

Ta-la'-kan

Troughs, irrigation, scaffolding of

To-kod'

Walls, sementera

Fa-ning'

Animals

Ant, large black

Ku'-sim

Ant, large red

A-lala-sang'

Ant, large red, pincers of

Ken'-ang

Ant, small red

Fu'-wis

Bedbug

Ki'-teb

Bee

Yu'-kan

Bee, wax of

A-tid'

Bird

Ay-ay'-am

Butterfly, large

Fi-no-lo-fo'-lo

Butterfly, small

Ak-a'-kop

Carabao

No-ang'

Carabao, backbone of

Tig-tig-i'

Carabao, body of

Po'-to

Carabao bull

Tot'-o

Carabao calf

I-na-nak' ay no-ang'

Carabao cow

Kam-bat'-yan

Carabao cow, udder of

So'-so

Carabao, dew claw of

Pa-king-i'

Carabao, foot of

Ko'-kod

Carabao, fore leg of

Kong-kong'-o ay pang-u-lo

Carabao, forequarters of

Pang-u-lo

Carabao, hair of

Tot-chut'

Carabao, hind leg of

Kong-kong'-o ay o-chi-chi'

Carabao, horn of

Sa-kod'

Carabao, white mark on neck of

La-fang'

Carabao, point of shoulder of

Mok-mok-ling pang-u-lo

Carabao, rear quarters of

O-chi-chi'

Carabao, rump of

Ba-long'-a

Carabao, tail of

I'-pus

Carabao, wild

Ay-ya-wan'

Caterpillar

Ge'-cheng

Chicken

Mo-nok'

Chicken, cock

Kao-wi'-tan

Chicken, cock, spur of

Pa-ging-i'

Chicken, cock, wild

Sa'-fug

Chicken, comb of

Ba-long-a-bing'

Chicken, crop of

Fi-chong'

Chicken, ear lobe of, white

Ko-weng'

Chicken, egg

Et-log'

Chicken, foot of

Go-mot'

Chicken, gall of

Ak-ko'

Chicken, gizzard of

Fit-li'

Chicken, heart of

Leng-ag'

Chicken, hen

Mang-a'-lak

Chicken, leg of

Pu-yong' or o-po'

Chicken, liver of

A'-ti

Chicken, mandible of

To-kay'

Chicken, pullet

Chi'-sak

Chicken, stomach of

Fu-ang'

Chicken, tail of

Ga-tod'

Chicken, toe of

Ga'-wa

Chicken, toe nail of

Ko-ko'

Chicken, wattles of

Ba-long-a-bing'

Chicken, wing of

Pay-yok'

Chicken, young

Im'-pas

Crab

Ag-ka'-ma

Crab (found in sementeras)

Song'-an

Cricket

Fil-fil'-ting

Crow

Gay-yang

Deer

Og'-sa

Dog

A'-su

Dog, male

La-la'-ki ay a'-su

Dog, female

Fa-fay'-i ay a'-su

Dog, puppy

O-ken'

Dragon fly

Lang-fay'-an

Fish, large, 3 to 5 feet long

Cha-lit'

Fish, 6 to 10 inches long

Li'-ling

Fish, small

Ka-cho'

Flea

Ti'-lang

Fly (house fly)

La'-lug

Hawk

La-fa'-an

Hog

Fu-tug'

Hog, barrow

Na-fit-li'-an

Hog, boar

Bu'-a

Hog, boar, tusk of

Tang-o'-fu

Hog, sow

O-go'

Hog, wild

La'-man or fang'-o

Hog, young

A-mug'

Horse

Ka-fay'-o

Horse, colt

I-na-nak' ay ka-fay'-o

Horse, mare

Fa-fay'-i ay ka-fay'-o

Horse, stallion

La-la'-ki ay ka-fay'-o

Lizard

Fa-ni'-as

Locust

Cho'-chon

Locust, young, without wings

O-non

Louse

Ko'-to

Louse, nit

I'-lit

Maggot

Fi'-kis

Monkey

Ka-ag'

Mosquito

Tip'-kan

Mouse

Cho-cho'

Owl

Ko-op'

Rat

O-tot'

Snail, in river

Ko'-ti

Snail, in sementera (three mollusks)

Kit-an', Fing'-a, Lis'-chug

Snake

O-wug'

Spider

Ka-wa'

Wasp

A-tin-fa-u'-kan

Wild-cat

In'-yao

Wild-cat (so called)

Si'-le, co'-lang

Worm

Ka-lang'

Vegetal Life

Bamboo

Ka-way'-gan

Bamboo, used for baskets

A'-nis

Bamboo, used to tie bunches of palay

Fi'-ka

Bamboo, used to tie bunches of palay, fiber of

Ping-el

Banana

Fa'-lat

Banana, green variety

Sa-ging

Banana, yellow variety

Mi-nay'-ang

Bark

Sip-sip

Bark, from which brown fiber is made

Lay-i'

Bark, inner, for spinning

Ko-pa'-nit

Bean, black and gray

I'-tab

Bean, black, small

Ba-la'-tong

Bean, pale green, small

Ka'-lap

Bejuco (rattan)

Wu-e

Bud

Fo'-a

Camote

To-ki'

Camote, blossom of

Tup-kao'

Camote, red, two varieties

Si'-sig, Pit-ti'-kan

Camote vine

Fi-na-li'-ling

Camote, white, six varieties

Li-no'-ko, Pa-to'-ki, Ki'-nub fa-fay'-i, Pi-i-nit', Ki-weng',

Tang-tang-lab'

Flower

Feng'-a

Forest

Pag-pag

Fruit

Fi-kus'-na

Leaf

To-fo'-na

Limb, tree

Pang'-a

Maize

Pi'-ki

Millet

Sa'-fug

Millet, dark grain, "black"

Pi-ting'-an

Millet, white, three varieties

Mo-di', Poy-ned', Si-nang'-a

Plant, cultivated for spinning fiber

Pu-ug'

Plant, wild, fiber gathered for spinning

A-pas

Plant, wild, fiber of above

Las-las'

Rice

Pa-ku'

Rice, beard of

Fo-ok'

Rice, boiled

Mak-an'

Rice, head of

Sin-lu'-wi

Rice, kernel of

I-ta'

Rice, red varieties, smooth

Chay-yet'-it, Gu-mik'-i

Rice, red variety, bearded

Fo-o'-kan

Rice, roots of

Tad-lang'

Rice, shelled grain

Fi-na-u'

Rice, stalk of

Pang-ti-i'

Rice, white, four varieties

Ti'-pa, Ga'-sang, Pu-i-a-pu'-i, Tu'-peng

Root, of plant

La-mot'

Runo

Lu'-lo

Squash

Ka-lib-as'

Tree

Kay'-o, cha-pon'

Tree, dead

Na-lu'-yao

Tree, knot on

Ping-i'

Tree, stump of

Tung-ed'

Vine, wild, from which fiber for spinning is gathered

Fa-ay'-i

Wood, from which pipes are made, three varieties

Ga-sa'-tan, La-no'-ti, Gi-gat'

Wood, fire

May-i-su'-wo

Wood, fire, pitch pine

Kay'-o

Wood, fire, from all other trees

Cha'-pung

Verbs

Burn, to

Fin-mi'-chan

Come (imperative)

A-li-ka'

Cut, to

Ku-ke'-chun

Die, to

Ma-ti'

Drink, to

U-mi-num'

Eat, to

Mang-an'; ka-kan'

Get heads, to

Na-ma'-kil

Get up, to

Fo-ma-ong'

Go, I

Um-i-ak'

Hear, to

Chung-nen'

Kill, to

Na-fa'-kug

Run, to

In-tug'-tug

Sit down, to

Tu-muck'-chu

Sleep, to

Ma-si-yip'

Steal, to

Mang-a-qu'

Talk, to

En-ka-li'

Wake, to

Ma-na'-lun

Adjectives

All

Am-in'

Bad

An-an-a-lut' or ngag

Black

In-ni'-tit

Good

Cug-a-wis'

Large

Chuk-chuk'-i

Lazy

Sang-a-an'

Long

An-cho'

Many

Ang-san

Red

Lang-at'

Small

Fan-ig'

White

Im-po'-kan

Yellow

Fa-king-i

Adverbs

Here

Is'-na

A-di'

There

Is'-chi

Yes

Cardinal Numerals

I-sa'

Chu'-wa

To-lo'

I-pat'

Li-ma'

I-nim'

Pi-to'

Wa-lo'

Si-am'

Sim po'-o

Sim po'-o ya i-sa'

Sim po'-o ya chu'-wa

Sim po'-o ya to-lo'

Sim po'-o ya i-pat'

Sim po'-o ya li-ma'

Sim po'-o ya i-nim

Sim po'-o ya pi-to'

Sim po'-o ya wa-lo'

Sim po'-o ya si-am'

Chu-wan po'-o

Chu-wan po'-o ya i-sa'

To-lon' po'-o

To-lon' po'-o ya i-sa'

I-pat' po'-o

I-pat' po'-o ya i-sa'

Li-man' po'-o

Li-man' po'-o ya i-sa'

I-nim' po'-o

I-nim' po'-o ya i-sa'

Pi-ton' po'-o

Pi-ton' po'-o ya i-sa'

Wa-lon' po'-o

Wa-lon' po'-o ya i-sa'

Si-am' ay po'-o

Si-am' ay po'-o ya i-sa'

100

La-sot' or Sin la-sot'

101

Sin la-sot' ya i-sa'

102

Sin la-sot' ya chu'-wa

200

Chu'-wan la-sot'

201

Chu'-wan la-sot' ya i-sa'

300

To-lon' la-sot'

301

To-lon' la-sot' ya i-sa'

400

I-pat' la-sot'

401

I-pat' la-sot' ya i-sa'

500

Li-man' la-sot'

501

Li-man' la-sot' ya i-sa'

600

I-nim' la-sot'

601

I-nim' la-sot' ya i-sa'

700

Pi-ton' la-sot'

701

Pi-ton' la-sot' ya i-sa'

800

Wa-lon' la-sot'

801

Wa-lon' la-sot' ya i-sa'

900

Si-am' ay la-sot'

901

Si-am' ay la-sot' ya i-sa'

1,000

Sin li'-fo

1,001

Sin li'-fo ya i-sa'

1,100

Sin li'-fo ya sin la-sot'

1,200

Sin li'-fo ya chu'-wan la-sot'

1,300

Sin li'-fo ya to-lon' la-sot'

1,400

Sin li'-fo ya i-pat' la-sot'

1,500

Sin li'-fo ya li-man' la-sot'

1,600

Sin li'-fo ya i-nim' la-sot'

1,700

Sin li'-fo ya pi-ton' la-sot'

1,800

Sin li'-fo ya wa-lon' la-sot'

1,900

Sin li'-fo ya si-am' la-sot'

2,000

Chu'-wa ay li'-fo

3,000

To-loy' li'-fo

4,000

I-pat' li'-fo

5,000

Li-may' li'-fo

6,000

I-nim' li'-fo

7,000

Pi-ton' li'-fo

8,000

Wa-lon' li'-fo

9,000

Si-am' ay li'-fo

10,000

Sin po'-oy li'-fo

11,000

Sin po'-o ya i-sang ay li'-fo

12,000

Sin po'-o ya nan chu'-wa li'-fo

[49]13,000

Sin po'-o ya nan to'-lo li'fo

Ordinal Numerals[50]

First

Ma-ming'-san

Second

Ma-mid-du'-a

Third

Ma-mit-lo'

Fourth

Mang-i-pat'

Fifth

Mang-a-li-ma'

Sixth

Mang-a-nim'

Seventh

Mang-a-pi-to'

Eighth

Mang-a-wa-lo'

Ninth

Mang-nin-si-am'

Tenth

Mang-a-po'-o

Eleventh

Mang-a-po'-o ya i-sa'

Twelfth

Mang-a-po'-o ya chu'-wa

Thirteenth

Mang-a-po'-o ya to'-lo

Twentieth

Ma-mid-du'-a' po'-o

Twenty-first

Ma-mid-du'-a' po'-o ya i-sa'

Thirtieth

Ma-mit-lo'-i po'-o

Thirty-first

Ma-mit-lo'-i po'-o ya i-sa'

Fortieth

Mang-i-pat' ay po'-o

Forty-first

Mang-i-pat' ay po'-o ya i-sa'

Fiftieth

Mang-a-li-ma' ay po'-o

Fifty-first

Mang-a-li-ma' ay po'-o ya i-sa'

Sixtieth

Mang-a-nim ay po'-o

Sixty-first

Mang-a-nim ay po'-o ya i-sa'

Seventieth

Mang-a-pi-to' ay po'-o

Seventy-first

Mang-a-pi-to' ay po'-o ya i-sa'

Eightieth

Mang-a-wa-lo' ay po'-o

Eighty-first

Mang-a-wa-lo' ay po'-o ya i-sa'

Ninetieth

Mang-a-si-am ay po'-o

Ninety-first

Mang-a-si-am ay po'-o ya i-sa'

One hundredth

Mang-a-po'-o ya po'-o

One hundred and first

Mang-a-po'-o ya po'-o ya i-sa'

Two hundredth

Ma-mid-dua' la-sot'

Two hundred and first

Ma-mid-dua' la-sot' ya i-sa'

Three hundredth

Ma-mit-lo'-i la-sot'

Three hundred and first

Ma-mit-lo'-i la-sot' ya i-sa'

Four hundredth

Mang-i-pat' ay la-sot'

Four hundred and first

Mang-a-pat' ay la-sot' ya i-sa'

Thousandth

Ka-la-so la-sot' or ka-li-fo-li'-fo

Last

A-nong-os'-na

Distributive Numerals

One to each

I-sas' nan i-sa'

Two to each

Chu-was' nan i-sa'

Three to each

To-los' nan i-sa'

Ten to each

Po-os' nan i-sa'

Eleven to each

Sim po'-o ya i-sas' nan i-sa'

Twelve to each

Sim po'-o ya chu'-wa is nan i-sa'

Twenty to each

Chu-wan' po-o' is nan i-sa'

NOTES

[1] -- The proof sheets of this paper came to me at the Philippine

Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., July, 1904. At that time Miss Maria del

Pilar Zamora, a Filipino teacher in charge of the model school at the

Exposition, told me the Igorot children are the brightest and most

intelligent of all the Filipino children in the model school. In

that school are children from several tribes or groups, including

Christians, Mohammedans, and pagans.

[2] -- There are many instances on record showing that people have been

planted on Pacific shores many hundred miles from their native land. It

seems that the primitive Pacific Islanders have sent people adrift from

their shores, thus adding a rational cause to those many fortuitous

causes for the interisland migration of small groups of individuals.

"In 1696, two canoes were driven from Ancarso to one of the

Philippine Islands, a distance of eight hundred miles. They had

run before the wind for seventy days together, sailing from east to

west. Thirty-five had embarked, but five had died from the effects of

privation and fatigue during the voyage, and one shortly after their

arrival. In 1720, two canoes were drifted from a remote distance

to one of the Marian Islands. Captain Cook found, in the island of

Wateo Atiu, inhabitants of Tahiti, who had been drifted by contrary

wind in a canoe, from some islands to the eastward, unknown to the

natives. Several parties have, within the last few years, (prior to

1834), reached the Tahitian shores from islands to the eastward, of

which the Society Islands had never before heard. In 1820, a canoe

arrived at Maurua, about thirty miles west of Borabora, which had

come from Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands. This vessel had been at

sea between a fortnight and three weeks; and, considering its route,

must have sailed seven or eight hundred miles. A more recent instance

occurred in 1824: a boat belonging to Mr. Williams of Raiatea left

that island with a westerly wind for Tahiti. The wind changed after the

boat was out of sight of land. They were driven to the island of Atiu,

a distance of nearly eight hundred miles in a south-westerly direction,

where they were discovered several months afterwards. Another boat,

belonging to Mr. Barff of Huahine, was passing between that island

and Tahiti about the same time, and has never since been heard of;

and subsequent instances of equally distant and perilous voyages in

canoes or open boats might be cited." -- (Ellis) Polynesian Researches,

vol. I, p. 125.

"In the year 1799, when Finow, a Friendly Island chief, acquired

the supreme power in that most interesting group of islands, after a

bloody and calamitous civil war, in which his enemies were completely

overpowered, the barbarian forced a number of the vanquished to embark

in their canoes and put to sea; and during the revolution that issued

in the subversion of paganism in Otaheite, the rebel chiefs threatened

to treat the English missionaries and their families in a similar

way. In short, the atrocious practice is, agreeably to the Scotch law

phrase, "use and wont," in the South Sea Islands." -- John Dunmore

Lang, View of the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian Nation,

London, 1834, pp. 62, 63.

[3] -- The Christianized dialect groups are: Bikol, of southern

Luzon and adjacent islands; Cagayan, of the Cagayan Valley of Luzon;

Ilokano, of the west coast of northern Luzon; Pampango and Pangasinan,

of the central plain of Luzon; Tagalog, of the central area South

of the two preceding; and the Visayan, of the central islands and

northern Mindanao.

[4] -- No pretense is now made for permanency either in the

classification of the many groups of primitive people in the

Philippines or for the nomenclature of these various groups; but the

groups of non-Christian people in the Archipelago, as they are to-day

styled in a more or less permanent way by The Ethnological Survey,

are as follows: Ata, north and west of Gulf of Davao in southeastern

Mindanao; Batak, of Paragua; Bilan, in the southern highlands west

of Gulf of Davao, Mindanao; Bagobo, of west coast of Gulf of Davao,

Mindanao; Bukidnon, of Negros; Ibilao or Ilongot, of eastern central

Luzon; Igorot, of northern Luzon; the Lanao Moro, occupying the

central territory of Mindanao between the Bays of Iligan and Illana,

including Lake Lanao; Maguindanao Moro, extending in a band southeast

from Cotabato, Mindanao, toward Sarangani Bay, including Lakes Liguasan

and Buluan; Mandaya, of southeastern Mindanao east of Gulf of Davao;

Mangiyan, of Mindoro: Manobo, probably the most numerous tribe in

Mindanao, occupying the valley of the Agusan River draining northward

into Butuan Bay and the extensive table-land west of that river,

besides in isolated territories extending to both the east and west

coasts of the large body of land between Gulf of Davao and Illana

Bay; Negrito, of several areas of wild mountains in Luzon, Negros,

Mindanao, and other smaller islands; the Sama, of the islands in

Gulf of Davao, Mindanao; Samal Moro, of scattered coastal areas in

southern Mindanao, besides the eastern and southern islands of the

Sulu or Jolo Archipelago; the Subano, probably the second largest

tribal group in Mindanao, occupying all the mountain territory west

of the narrow neck of land between Illana Bay and Pangul Bay; the Sulu

Moro, of Jolo Island; the Tagabili, on the southern coast of Mindanao

northwest of Sarangani Bay; the Tagakola, along the central part of

the west coast of Gulf of Davao, Mindanao; Tagbanua, of Paragua;

Tinguian, of western northern Luzon; Tiruray, south of Cotabato,

Mindanao; Yakan Moro, in the mountainous interior of Basilan Island,

off the Mindanao coast at Zamboanga. Under the names of these large

groups must be included many more smaller dialect groups whose precise

relationship may not now be confidently stated. For instance, the

large Igorot group is composed of many smaller groups of different

dialects besides that of the Bontoc Igorot of which this paper treats.

[5] -- IMPERATA ARUNDICEA.

[6] -- BUBALUS KERABAU FERUS (Nehring).

[7] -- Pages 72 -- 74 of the Report of the Director of the Philippine

Weather Bureau, 1901 -- 1902; Part First, The Climate of Baguio

(Benguet), by Rev. Fr. Jose Algue, S. J. (Manila, Observatory Printing

Office, 1902.)

[8] -- Map No. 7 in the Atlas of the Philippine Islands. (Washington,

Government Printing Office, 1900.)

[9] -- R. P. Fr. Angel Perez, Igorrotes, Estudio Geografico y

Etnografico, etc. (Manila, 1902), p. 7.

[10] -- Op. cit., p. 29.

[11] -- Major Godwin-Austen says of the Garo hill tribes, Bengal,

India:

"In every village is the 'bolbang,' or young men's house. ... In this

house all the unmarried males live, as soon as they attain the age

of puberty, and in this any travelers are put up." -- The Journal of

the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. II,

p. 393. See also op. cit., vol. XI, p. 199.

S. E. Peal says:

"Barracks for the unmarried young men are common in and around Assam

among non-Aryan races. The institution is here seen in various stages

of decline or transition. In the case of 'head-hunters' the young

men's barracks are invariably guardhouses, at the entrance to the

village, and those on guard at night keep tally of the men who leave

and return." -- Op. cit., vol. XXII, p. 248.

Gertrude M. Godden writes at length of the young men's house of the

Naga and other frontier tribes of northeast India: "Before leaving

the Naga social customs one prominent feature of their village

society must be noticed. This is the DEKHA CHANG, an institution in

some respects similar to the bachelors' hall of the Melanesians,

which again is compared with the BALAI and other public halls of

the Malay Archipelago. This building, also called a MORANG, was used

for the double purpose of a sleeping place for the young men and as

a guard or watch house for the village. The custom of the young men

sleeping together is one that is constantly noticed in accounts of

the Naga tribes, and a like custom prevailed in some, if not all,

cases for the girls. ... "The young men's hall is variously described

and named. An article in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago,

1848, says that among the Nagas the bachelors' hall of the Dayak

village is found under the name of 'Mooring.' In this all the boys

of the age of 9 or 10 upward reside apart. In a report of 1854 the

'morungs' are described as large buildings generally situated at the

principal entrances and varying in number according to the size of

the village; they are in fact the main guardhouse, and here all the

young unmarried men sleep. In front of the morung is a raised platform

as a lookout, commanding an extensive view of all approaches, where

a Naga is always kept on duty as a sentry. ... In the Morungs are

kept skulls carried off in battle; these are suspended by a string

along the wall in one or more rows over each other. In one of the

Morungs of the Changuae village, Captain Brodie counted one hundred

and thirty skulls. ... Besides these there was a large basket full of

broken pieces of skulls. Captain Holroyd, from whose memorandum the

above is quoted, speaks later of the Morung as the 'hall of justice'

in which the consultations of the clan council are held.

"The 'MORANGS' of another tribe, the 'Naked' Naga, have recently

been described as situated close to the village gate, and consist

of a central hall, and back and front verandahs. In the large front

verandah are collected all the trophies of war and the chase, from a

man's skull down to a monkey's. Along both sides of the central hall

are the sleeping berths of the young men. ...

"Speaking of the Mao and Muran tribes [continues Miss Godden],

Dr. Brown says, 'the young men never sleep at home, but at their clubs,

where they keep their arms always in a state of readiness.' ...

"With the Aos at the present day the custom seems to be becoming

obsolete; sleeping houses are provided for bachelors, but are seldom

used except by small boys. Unmarried girls sleep by twos and threes

in houses otherwise empty, or else tenanted by one old woman.

"The analogy between the DAKHA CHANG, or MORANG, of the Nagas and the

men's hall of the Melanesians is too close to be overlooked, and in

view of the significance of all evidence concerning the corporate life

of early communities a description of the latter is here quoted. I am

aware of no recorded instance of the women's house, other than these

Naga examples. 'In all the Melanesian groups it is the rule that there

is in every village a building of public character where the men eat

and spend their time, the young men sleep, strangers are entertained;

where as in the Solomon Islands the canoes are kept; where images are

seen, and from which women are generally excluded; ... and all these

no doubt correspond to the balai and other public halls of the Malay

Archipelago.' " -- Op. cit., vol. XXVI, pp. 179 -- 182.

Similar institutions appear to exist also in Sumatra.

In Borneo among the Land Dyaks "head houses," called "pangah," are

found in each village. Low says of them: "The Pangah is built by

the united efforts of the boys and unmarried men of the tribe, who,

after having attained the age of puberty, are obliged to leave the

houses of the village; and do not generally frequent them after they

have attained the age of 8 or 9 years." -- Sir Hugh Low, Sarawak,

its Inhabitants and Productions (London, 1848), p. 280.

Lieutenant F. Elton writes of the natives of Solomon Islands: "In

every village they have at least one so-called tamboo house of TOHE,

generally the largest building in the settlement. This is only for

the men, it being death for a female to enter there. It is used as a

public place and belongs to the community. Any stranger coming to the

village goes to the tamboo house and remains there until the person he

is in quest of meets him there." -- The Journal of the Anthropological

Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. XVII, p. 97.

Mr. H. O. Forbes writes of the tribes of Timor (islands between New

Guinea and Australia) that they have a building called "Uma-lulik." He

says: "The LULIK can be at once recognized, were it by nothing

else than by the buffalo crania with which it is decorated on the

outside." An officer who holds one of the highest and certainly the

most influential positions in the kingdom has charge of the building,

and presides over the sacred rites which are conducted in them. ... The

building is cared for by some old person, sometimes by a man and his

wife, but they must not both -- being of opposite sex -- stay all

night." -- Op. cit., XIII, pp. 411, 412.

[12] -- The o'-lag of Buyayyeng is known as La-ma'-kan; that of Amkawa,

in Buyayyeng, is Ma-fa'-lat; that of Polupo is Ma-lu-fan'. The

two of Fatayyan are Ka-lang'-kang and A-la'-ti. Ta-ting' is the

o'-lag in the Tang-e-ao' section of Fatayyan. Chung-ma' is the

one in Filig. Lang-i-a' and Ab-lo' are the two of Mageo, both in

Pudpudchog. The o'-lag of Chakong is called Kat'-sa, and that of

Lowingan is Si-mang'-an. The one of Pudpudchog is Yud-ka'. Sung-ub'

is the o'-lag of Sipaat, situated in Lowingan. Kay-pa', Tek-a-ling,

and Sak-a-ya' are, respectively, the o'-lag of Sigichan, Somowan,

and Pokisan. Ag-lay'-in is the o'-lag of Luwakan, and Tal-pug and

Say-ki'-pit are o'-lag of Choko and Longfoy, respectively.

[13] -- The Journal of The Anthropological Institute of Great Britain

and Ireland, vol. XXVI, pp. 179, 180.

[14] -- Op. cit., vol. XXII, p. 248.

[15] -- Sweet potato, IPOMOEA BATATAS. -- J.H.

[16] -- An anito, as is developed in a later chapter, is the name

given the spirit of a dead person. The anito dwell in and about the

pueblo, and, among other of their functions, they cause almost all

diseases and ailments of the people and practically all deaths.

[17] -- Earthenware pot. -- J.H.

[18] -- Gong. -- J.H.

[19] -- David J. Doherty, M.D., translator of The Philippines,

A Summary Account of their Ethnological, Historical, and Political

Conditions, by Ferdinand Blumentritt, etc. (Chicago, 1900), p. 16.

[20] -- A fermented drink.

[21] -- A fermented drink.

[22] -- The accompanying photo was an instantaneous exposure, taken

in the twilight. The people could not be induced to wait for a time

exposure.

[23] -- No true cats are known to be indigenous to the Philippines,

but the one shown in the plate was a wild mountain animal and was a

true cat, not a civet. Its ancestors may have been domestic.

[24] -- This estimate was obtained by a primitive surveying outfit

as follows:

A rifle, with a bottle attached used for a liquid level, was sighted

from a camera tripod. A measuring tape attached to the tripod showed

the distance of the rifle above the surface of the water. A surveyor's

tape measured the distance between the tripod and the leveling rod,

which also had an attached tape to show the distance of the point

sighted above the surface of the water.

I am indebted to Mr. W. F. Smith, American teacher in Bontoc, for

assisting me in obtaining these measurements.

The strength of the scaffolding supporting the troughs is suggested

by the statement that the troughs were brimming full of swift-running

water, while our "surveying" party of four adults, accompanied by

half a dozen juvenile Igorot sightseers, weighed about 900 pounds,

and was often distributed along in the troughs, which we waded,

within a space of 30 feet.

[25] -- MUNIA JAGORI (Martens).

[26] -- Mr. Elmer D. Merrill.

[27] -- Mr. F. A. Thanisch.

[28] -- Igorrotes, Estudio Geografico y Etnografico sobre algunos

Distritos del Norte de Luzon, by R. P. Fr. Angel Perez (Manila), 1902.

[29] -- This typical Malayan bellows is also found in Siam, and is

shown in a half tone from a photograph facing page 186 of Maxwell

Somerville's Siam on the Meinam from the Gulf to Aynthia (London,

Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1897).

There is also a crude woodcut of this bellows printed as fig. 2,

Pl. XIV, in The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great

Britain and Ireland, vol. XXII. With the illustration is the

information that the bellows is found in Assam, Salwin, Sumatra,

Java, Philippines, and Madagascar.

[30] -- It is believed to be either a PORCELAIN (PORCELANA) or a SPIDER

(MAIOIDEA) crab.

[31] -- Analysis made for this study by Bureau of Government

Laboratories, Manila, P.I., February 21, 1903.

[32] -- Charles A. Goessmann in Universal Cyclopaedia, vol. X (1900),

p. 274.

[33] -- The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (2 vols.,

London, 1896); pp. 140 -- 174, vol. II.

[34] -- A party, consisting of the Secretary of the Interior for

the Philippine Islands, Hon. Dean C. Worcester; the governor and

lieutenant-governor of Lepanto-Bontoc, William Dinwiddie and Truman

K. Hunt, respectively; Captain Chas. Nathorst of the Constabulary,

and the writer, was in Banawi in time to witness the procession and

burial but not the previous ceremonies at the dwelling.

[35] -- See also the story, "Who

took my father's head?" Chapter IX, p 225.

[36] -- The bird called "co-ling'" by the Bontoc Igorot is the

serpent eagle (SPILOMIS HOLOSPLILUS Vigors). It seems to be found in

no section of Bontoc Province except near Bontoc pueblo.

There were four of these large, tireless creatures near the pueblo,

but an American shot one in 1900. The other three may be seen day

in and day out, high above the mountain range west of the pueblo,

sailing like aimless pleasure boats. Now and then they utter their

penetrating cry of "qu-iu'-kok."

[37] -- MUNIA JAGORI (Martens).

[38] -- "A wife monkey."

[39] -- An iguana some two feet long.

[40] -- CORONE PHILIPPA (Bonap.).

[41] -- The Korean Review, July, 1903, pp. 289 -- 294.

[42] -- William Edwin Safford, American Anthropologist, April --

June, 1903, p. 293.

[43] -- Otto Scheerer (MS.), The Ibaloi Igorot, MS. Coll., Ethnological

Survey for the Philippine Islands.

[44] -- One blind.

[45] -- From Ilokano.

[46] -- Many small stars

[47] -- The country northward

[48] -- The country southward

[49] -- It is probable they seldom count as high as 13,000

[50] -- These people say they have no separate adverbs denoting

repetition of action -- as, once, twice, thrice, four times, ten times,

etc. They use the ordinal numerals for this purpose also.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Bontoc Igorot, by Albert Ernest Jenks