PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: SIMON MAGUS
Adherence of Jews to Mosaic Law—Inconvenience of this to rich, and
necessity for compromise between Judaism and Hellenism—System of Philo
Judaeus and formation of secret sects among Jews—Simon Magus in
the New Testament—Position of Samaritans _temp._ Christ
intermediate between Jews and heathen—Account of Simon in
Clementines untrustworthy—Hippolytus’ quotations from the _Great
Announcement_—Simon’s First Cause and Six Roots—His system of
correspondences or paradigms—His bisexual Deity—Parallels between
systems of Simon and of Orphics—Simon’s account of creation
of man—Simon’s views on origin of evil and redemption not
clear—Contradiction among Fathers as to Simon’s doctrines—Simon’s
redemption through union of sexes and Platonic affinity—Simon’s view of
end of world—Later history of Simon’s sect; their indifference in
external matters and changes—Fathers’ ascription of all subsequent
heresy to borrowing from Simon examined and partly confirmed . . .
172-202
TABLE OF DATES
N.B. The dates which follow are only approximate, no attempt having here
been made to harmonize the system of chronology lately adopted by the
professors of the Berlin school with those formerly in use. For the
dates of the reigns of the Egyptian and Asiatic Successors of Alexander,
I have mainly relied upon the excellent work of M. Bouché-Leclercq as
given in his French version of Droysen’s _Hellenismus_, his _Histoire
des Lagides_ and (especially) his _Histoire des Séleucides_, the second
volume of which, containing the chronological tables, maps, and indexes,
has appeared at the close of this year (1914). The dates of the Parthian
and Bactrian kings are given with all reserve and are in effect
conjectures based on the slipshod statements of compilers like Justin,
Quintus Curtius, and Trogus Pompeius. For the Parthian dates I have
followed, though without any confidence in its accuracy, the chronology
of Prof. Eduard Meyer, and for the Bactrian, those given in Mr. H. C.
Rawlinson’s _Bactria_.
The dates in Vol. II, which deals with the centuries after Christ, are
for the most part fairly well ascertained, and those given in Prof.
Bury’s edition of Gibbon have been used wherever possible. For matters
not mentioned in Gibbon, such as the lives of the obscurer Christian
Fathers and leaders of sects, recourse has generally been had to Smith
and Wace’s _Dictionary of Christian Biography_ and other books of the
kind. The only serious discrepancy here noticeable arises from the habit
still prevalent among certain Continental writers of beginning the
Christian Era four years earlier than others, so as to increase all
subsequent dates by 4. Thus M. Cumont, in his _Mystères de Mithra_ and
elsewhere, invariably gives the date of the Carnuntum inscription
proclaiming Mithras the Protector of the Roman Empire, as 307 A.D.,
although he asserts that the _Iovii et Herculi religiosissimi Augusti_
responsible for the inscription are Diocletian and Galerius. Diocletian,
however, resigned the purple, and retired into private life in the year
305 A.D., by the reckoning of Prof. Bury and others, and it is plain
therefore that M. Cumont puts the date too far forward according to our
ideas. To bring it into line, I have therefore ventured to alter the
date of the inscription quoted by him to 304 A.D., which would moreover
coincide with the persecution of the Christians, which he thinks may
have owed some of its severity to the rivalry of the Mithraic faith. The
same procedure has been followed in one or two other cases.
336. Accession of Alexander.
340 to 260. Zeno of Citium (founder of Stoic school) flourished.
340 to 288. Pyrrho of Elis flourished.
334 to 322. Aristotle and first Peripatetic School flourished.
331. Foundation of Alexandria.
Alexander transports many Jews to Alexandria and gives them equal
rights with Macedonians.
330. Death of Darius.
326. Alexander conquers Punjab.
324. Alexander at Susa celebrates marriage of Europe and Asia.
323. Death of Alexander and first division of Empire.
Ptolemy, son of Lagos, made satrap of Egypt.
321. Second division of Alexander’s Empire at Triparadisus.
320. Ptolemy captures Jerusalem and transports many Jews to Alexandria.
_Circa_ 316. Euhemerus of Messene flourished.
312. Ptolemy and Seleucus defeat Demetrius Poliorcetes at Gaza.
Ptolemy seizes Syria, but evacuates it when defeated by Demetrius
near Myontes.
Many Jews voluntarily emigrate to Egypt.
312. Seleucus conquers Media and Persia, and enters Babylon in triumph.
Beginning of Seleucid Era.
310. Antigonus Monopthalmos by treaty abandons Eastern Provinces to
Seleucus.
307. Demetrius Poliorcetes at Athens.
Demetrius of Phalerum leaves Athens for Alexandria.
Probable foundation of Museum.
306 to 270. Epicurus flourished.
306. Ptolemy I Soter proclaims himself King of Egypt.
302. Coalition against Antigonus. Ptolemy invades Syria, and Lysimachus
Asia Minor.
301. Battle of Ipsus, and further division of Empire between Seleucus,
Lysimachus, and Cassander.
300 to 220. Cleanthus of Assos (Stoic philosopher) flourished.
298. Cession of Valley of Indus by Seleucus to Chandragupta.
297. Destruction of Samaria by Demetrius Poliorcetes.
294. Seleucus transports many Jews from Babylon to Antioch and other
Syrian cities.
293. Many Jewish colonies founded in Cyrene and Libya.
292. Seleucus gives his wife Stratonice and the Eastern Provinces to his
son Antiochus.
288. Coalition against Demetrius Poliorcetes.
Accession of Bindusara (Amitrochates) to Chandragupta’s Indian
Kingdom.
283. Accession of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
283. Demetrius Poliorcetes dies a prisoner in the hands of Seleucus.
282. Seleucus conquers Asia Minor from Lysimachus.
281. Lysimachus defeated and slain at Corupedion.
Accession of Antiochus I Soter on assassination of Seleucus.
280.? Establishment of Greek worship of Serapis, Isis, and Horus at
Alexandria.
280 to 207. Chrysippus of Soli (Stoic philosopher) flourished.
280. Pyrrhus invades Italy.
Invasion of Thrace by Celtic tribes.
278. Pyrrhus’ campaign in Italy.
277. Settlement of Celtic tribes (Galatae) in Asia.
276. Translation of Pentateuch into Greek by order of Ptolemy
Philadelphus.
274. First Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Soter and
Magas of Cyrene.
273. Ptolemy Philadelphus sends embassy to Rome to conclude alliance.
265. Accession of Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta.
264. Asoka’s missions to Greek Kings.
First Punic War.
261. Accession of Antiochus II Theos.
258. Second Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Theos.
252. Diodotus revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Kingdom of
Bactria.
250. Association of Greek Sarapiasts at Athens.
249. Arsaces revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Arsacid Kingdom
of Parthia.
248. Accession of Tiridates on death of his brother, Arsaces of Parthia.
247. Accession of Seleucus II Callinicus on death of his father,
Antiochus Theos.
246. Accession of Ptolemy III Euergetes.
Third Syrian War. Ptolemy Euergetes against Seleucus Callinicus.
245.? Accession of Diodotus II on death of his father, Diodotus of
Bactria.
244. Ptolemy Euergetes overruns Upper Asia as far as Susa.
241. War between Seleucus Callinicus and his brother Antiochus Hierax.
Accession of Attalus as dynast of Pergamum.
238. Ptolemy Euergetes and his wife Berenice II deified. Decree of
Canopus.
Attalus defeats Galatae and proclaims himself King of Pergamum.
230. Euthydemus of Magnesia seizes throne of Bactria on death of
Diodotus II.
229. Rome first intervenes in affairs of Greece on behalf of
Acarnanians.
226. Accession of Seleucus III Soter on death of his father, Seleucus
Callinicus.
225. Attalus of Pergamum, “Friend of Rome,” defeats Seleucus Soter and
seizes Syrian Asia Minor.
222. Accession of Antiochus III the Great, on assassination of his
father, Seleucus Soter.
221. Accession of Ptolemy IV Philopator on death of his father, Ptolemy
Euergetes.
219. Antiochus the Great reconquers Asia Minor.
Antiochus the Great captures Jerusalem from Ptolemy Philopator.
217. Antiochus the Great transports 2,000 Jewish families from Babylon
to Phrygia and Lydia.
Ptolemy Philopator defeats Antiochus the Great at Raphia and
recaptures Jerusalem and Samaria.
Second Punic War.
216. Worship of Greek Sarapis and Isis established in Boeotia.
211. Accession of Artabanus I to throne of Parthia on death of his
father Tiridates.
210. Artabanus of Parthia attacked by Antiochus the Great, who besieges
his capital, but finally makes alliance with him.
First Macedonian War. Romans and Aetolians against Philip.
205. Accession of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.
Antiochus the Great seizes Palestine.
204. Statue of Great Mother brought from Pessinus to Rome.
Scopas reconquers Palestine for Ptolemy Epiphanes and Jews revolt
to latter.
200. Second Macedonian War.
198. Antiochus the Great defeats Scopas at Panion and reoccupies
Jerusalem and Samaria.
197. Accession of Eumenes II on death of his father, Attalus of
Pergamum.
Philip defeated by Romans at Cynoscephalae.
196. Coronation of Ptolemy Epiphanes at Memphis. Rosetta Stone set up.
191. Ptolemy Epiphanes sends embassy to Rome to offer alliance.
190. Romans defeat Antiochus the Great at Magnesia.
Accession of Demetrius on death of Euthydemus of Bactria.
Accession of Priapatius on death of Artabanus of Parthia.
187. Accession of Seleucus IV Philopator on death of his father,
Antiochus the Great.
182. Accession of Ptolemy VI Eupator.
181. Accession of Ptolemy VII Philometor.
180. Serapeum at Delos in existence.
175. Demetrius of Bactria annexes Cabul and Punjab.
Accession of Antiochus IV Epiphanes on death of his brother,
Seleucus Philopator.
175. Eucratides rebels against Demetrius of Bactria and seizes throne.
173. Antiochus Epiphanes seizes Judaea and Coele-Syria.
172. Third Macedonian War.
171. Antiochus Epiphanes invades Egypt and defeats Ptolemy Philometor at
Pelusium.
170. Antiochus Epiphanes plunders Temple of Jerusalem.
Ptolemy Philometor and Ptolemy Euergetes II made joint kings by
Romans.
Accession of Mithridates I to throne of Parthia.
168. Antiochus Epiphanes’ second invasion of Egypt stopped by Romans.
Circle of Popilius Laena.
166. Antiochus Epiphanes again pillages Temple and persecutes Jewish
religion.
Samaritans make peace with Antiochus Epiphanes and accept
Hellenization.
Revolt of Maccabees against Syria.
164. Accession of Antiochus V Eupator on death of his father, Antiochus
Epiphanes.
162. Judas Maccabaeus besieged in Jerusalem by Lysias for Antiochus
Eupator. Peace made on Philip’s attempt to seize regency.
Romans send embassy to Antiochus Eupator which compels him to burn
his ships and kill his elephants.
Demetrius escapes from Rome and invades Syria.
161. Romans recognize Demetrius as King of Syria with title of Demetrius
I Soter.
Judas Maccabaeus sends embassy to Rome, is attacked by Demetrius
Soter, and slain. Judaea, under his brother Jonathan, submits to
Syria.
Timarchos, Satrap of Media, and Ptolemy, dynast of Commagene,
proclaim themselves Kings, and are recognized by Romans.
160. Ptolemy Philometor expelled from Egypt by Euergetes II, but
restored by Romans.
Ptolemy, son of Glaucias, a recluse in Serapeum of Memphis.
159. Accession of Attalus II Philadelphus on death of his brother,
Eumenes of Pergamum.
154. Ptolemy Euergetes II made King of Cyrene.
Foundation of Jewish Temple or Oneion at Leontopolis in Egypt.
152. Alexander Bala, pretender to throne of Syria, recognized by Romans
as son of Antiochus Epiphanes.
151. Coalition of Egyptian and Asiatic Kings with Romans against
Demetrius Soter of Syria.
150. Demetrius Soter defeated and slain by coalition of Egyptian and
Asiatic kings. Alexander Bala succeeds to throne of Syria, and marries
Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy Philometor.
149. Third Punic War.
145. Ptolemy Philometor invades Syria and defeats Alexander Bala at
Oenoparas. Ptolemy killed in battle and Alexander by Nabathaeans.
Accession of Ptolemy IX (Euergetes II) Physcon as sole king of
Egypt.
Accession of Demetrius II Nicator to throne of Syria. Civil war
between Demetrius and Diodotus (Trypho) as regent for infant
Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysos.
144. Ptolemy Physcon expels philosophers from Museum.
142. Simon Maccabaeus succeeds as High Priest Jonathan slain by Trypho.
Simon Maccabaeus proclaims independence of Judaea.
141. Simon Maccabaeus sends embassy to Romans who receive Jews as
“Friends of Rome.”
140. Mithridates I of Parthia seizes part of Bactria, Media, Susiana,
and Persia.
139. Demetrius Nicator invades Parthia and is taken prisoner by
Mithridates.
Beginning of Era of Arsacides.
Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysos murdered by Trypho, who is made
King by army.
138. Accession of Attalus III Philometor on death of his father, Attalus
II of Pergamum.
Accession of Phraates II to throne of Parthia.
137. Antiochus VII Sidetes, brother of Demetrius Nicator, takes throne
of Syria.
135. Antiochus Sidetes defeats Trypho, who commits suicide, at Apamea.
John and Judas Maccabaeus, sons of Simon, defeat, at Modein, army
of Antiochus Sidetes.
Simon Maccabaeus assassinated by his son-in-law Ptolemy.
John Hyrcanus succeeds his father Simon as High Priest.
Hierocles, last Greek King of Bactria, after invasion of Sacae,
transfers his capital to Sialkôt.
Attalus of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to Romans.
134. Siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus Sidetes. Jews made tributaries to
Syria.
130. Antiochus Sidetes invades Parthia and reconquers Babylonia and
Media.
Menander (the Milinda of Buddhists) King of Cabul and Punjab.
129. John Hyrcanus sends embassy to Rome for help against Syria.
Medes rebel against Antiochus Sidetes, who is defeated by Phraates
II of Parthia and commits suicide.
Restoration of Demetrius Nicator to throne of Syria. Phraates II of
Parthia slain in battle against Scythians.
129. Accession of Artabanus II of Parthia.
126. Demetrius Nicator defeated and slain by pretender, Alexander
Zabina.
125. Destruction of Samaria by John Hyrcanus.
124. Accession of Mithridates II the Great on death of Artabanus II in
battle against Tocharians.
122. Accession of Antiochus VIII Grypus, son of Demetrius Nicator, who
with the help of Egypt defeats and slays Alexander Zabina.
120. Accession of Mithridates Eupator as King of Pontus.
117. Accession of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X Lathyrus.
Civil war in Syria between Antiochus Grypus and Antiochus IX
Cyzicenus, son of Antiochus Sidetes. Division of Syria between
them.
113. Antiochus Cyzicenus invades Judaea, and is ordered by Romans to
withdraw.
106. Accession of Ptolemy XI Alexander.
Aristobulus succeeds his father, John Hyrcanus, as High Priest, and
proclaims himself King.
105. Municipality of Puteoli builds Serapeum.
Aristobulus of Judaea annexes Iturea.
Alexander Jannaeus succeeds, as King, his brother Aristobulus.
98. Alexander Jannaeus, trying to annex Ptolemais and Gaza, is defeated
by Ptolemy Lathyrus, then King of Cyprus.
Alexander Jannaeus makes league with Cleopatra III, who compels
Ptolemy to withdraw.
96. Alexander Jannaeus captures Gaza and massacres inhabitants.
Accession of Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator on assassination of his
father, Antiochus Grypus.
95. Antiochus X Pius, son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, defeats and slays
Seleucus Epiphanes near Mopsuestia.
94. Division of Syria. Antiochus Pius reigns in Upper Syria, Philip I
and Demetrius III Eucaerus, sons of Antiochus Grypus, in Coele-Syria.
93. Antiochus Pius slain in battle against the Parthians in Commagene.
Ariobarzanes, King of Cappadocia, expelled by Mithridates Eupator of
Pontus, but reinstated by Romans under Sulla.
89. Alexander Jannaeus crucifies 800 Pharisees at Bethome and restores
peace in Judaea.
88. Demetrius Eucaerus invades Judaea and defeats Alexander Jannaeus at
Sichem, but is taken prisoner by Parthians and dies in captivity.
Interregnum in Parthia.
First Mithridatic War.
87. Antiochus XII Dionysos, son of Antiochus Grypus, crowned King of
Syria at Damascus.
84. Sulla makes peace with Mithridates.
Antiochus Dionysos defeated and slain at Motho by Aretas the
Philhellene, King of Nabathaeans.
83. Tigranes, King of Armenia, becomes King of Syria.
82. Sulla dictator.
81. Accession of Ptolemy XII Alexander II.
Accession of Ptolemy XIII Auletes.
_Circa_ 80. College of Pastophori of Greek Isis at Rome founded.
79. Death of Alexander Jannaeus, and accession of his widow, Salome
Alexandra.
78. Death of Sulla.
77. Tigranes builds Tigranocerta, and transports thither many peoples of
different race.
76. The Arsacid Sinatroces, captive among the Scyths, released by them
to become King of Parthia.
75. Second Mithridatic War.
74. Nicomedes of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Mithridates Eupator
of Pontus.
Third Mithridatic War.
72. Mithridates, defeated by Lucullus, takes refuge with his son-in-law
Tigranes.
70. Accession of Phraates III of Parthia.
69. Tigranes invades Palestine, but is bought off by Salome Alexandra.
Tigranes defeated and Tigranocerta taken by Lucullus.
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, son of Antiochus Pius, made King of Syria.
Death of Salome Alexandra, and accession of her son Aristobulus as
King, with John Hyrcanus II as High Priest.
67. Pompey suppresses the Cilician pirates. Reported introduction of
Mysteries of Mithras into Italy.
66. Phraates III of Parthia, Friend of Rome, invades Armenia.
Tigranes submits to Pompey, and is allowed to retain Great Armenia.
Civil war in Palestine between Aristobulus and John Hyrcanus II.
65. Siege of Jerusalem by Nabathaeans and Pharisees, raised by command
of Pompey’s lieutenant Scaurus.
64. Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, receives from Romans Lesser Armenia,
Gordyene, and Sophene.
Osrhoene and Edessa made into separate kingdom under Arab prince
Ariamne.
Syria becomes Roman province.
63. Death of Mithridates Eupator.
Death of Antiochus Asiaticus.
61. Pompey captures Jerusalem, and puts an end to Maccabaean Kingdom.
Aristobulus sent captive to Rome.
Samaria and all forcibly Judaized communities regain their autonomy.
58. Ptolemy Auletes, expelled from Egypt, flies to Rome.
Statues of Isis at Rome thrown down by order of Consul, A. Gabinius.
57. Alexander, son of Aristobulus of Judaea, rebels, and is defeated by
Gabinius, Proconsul of Syria.
56. Aristobulus escapes from Rome and heads new revolt in Judaea.
55. Accession of Orodes I to throne of Parthia.
Fresh revolt of Jews under Alexander suppressed by Gabinius, who
makes Antipater the Idumean ruler of Judaea.
Ptolemy Auletes restored to throne of Egypt by Gabinius.
53. Crassus and Roman army defeated by Parthians at Carrhae.
52. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Cassius.
51. Accession of Cleopatra VI and Ptolemy XIV.
50. Temple of Isis at Rome destroyed by Consul, L. Aemilius Paulus.
48. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra besieged in Alexandria by Egyptian
rebels. Death of Ptolemy XIV.
Temples of Isis near Capitol thrown down at bidding of augurs.
47. Cleopatra made queen jointly with Ptolemy XV.
Antipater and Jewish troops take part in raising of siege of
Alexandria.
Julius Caesar repeals Jewish tribute and liability to military
service, and gives Jews religious liberty and self-government.
John Hyrcanus II made hereditary ethnarch of Judaea.
46. Herod, son of Antipater, enters Roman army and is made military
governor of Coele-Syria.
45. Death of Ptolemy XV. Cleopatra makes her son Caesarion coregent with
her as Ptolemy XVI.
Hermaeus last Greek ruler in India.
44. Assassination of Julius Caesar.
Fresh revolt of Jews on Caesar’s death suppressed by Cassius, who
makes Herod Procurator of Coele-Syria.
43. Triumvirs Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus decree temple to Isis and
Serapis.
42. Battle of Philippi and division of Roman world between Mark Antony
and Octavian.
41. Death of Antipater of Judaea. Mark Antony makes Herod and his
brother Phasael joint tetrarchs under John Hyrcanus II.
40. Pacorus, prince of Parthia, invades Palestine, and takes John
Hyrcanus II and Phasael away captive.
39. Parthians driven out of Palestine by P. Ventidius Bassus.
Herod proclaimed King of Judaea by Romans.
38. Caius Sossius, Legate of Syria, captures Jerusalem, and puts Herod
on throne.
31. Battle of Actium. Herod deserts Mark Antony.
30. Herod makes submission to Octavian, and receives increase of
territory.
Death of Cleopatra and Caesarion. Egypt becomes Roman province.
Octavian becomes Emperor with title of Augustus.
28. Augustus orders all temples of Alexandrian gods outside _Pomoerium_.
21. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the consul, forbids celebration of Egyptian
rites within 1 mile of Rome.
20. Phraates IV of Parthia sends Augustus his four sons as hostages, and
returns Roman standards captured with Crassus.
Herod rebuilds Temple of Jerusalem.
4. Death of Herod. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Varus.
Augustus divides Herod’s Kingdom between the tetrarchs Archelaus,
Antipas, and Philip.
A.D.
2. Accession of Phraates V or Phraataces on murder of his father,
Phraates IV of Parthia.
5. Accession of Orodes II of Parthia.
6. Archelaus deposed and banished. Judaea becomes a Roman province.
8. Accession of Vonones I of Parthia.
14. Accession of Tiberius.
16. Vonones expelled from Parthia by Artabanus, King of Media.
Artabanus makes war on Rome, and is in turn expelled.
19. Expulsion of Jewish colony from Rome.
Tiberius destroys Temple of Isis and throws statues into the Tiber.
24. Death of Philip, Jewish tetrarch.
26. Pontius Pilate appointed Procurator of Judaea.
36.? John the Baptist put to death by Antipas.
Interregnum in Parthia. Struggle between pretenders, Tiridates II,
Cumianus, and Bardanes I.
37. Accession of Caligula.
Antipas defeated by Aretas, King of Nabathaeans.
Agrippa receives Philip’s tetrarchy with title of King.
39. Antipas deposed and banished. His tetrarchy added to Agrippa’s
kingdom.
41. Judaea added to Agrippa’s kingdom.
Accession of Claudius.
44. Death of Agrippa. Cuspius Fadus made Procurator of Judaea.
47. Tiberius Alexander (nephew of Philo) succeeds Cuspius as Procurator.
47. Gotarzes, son of Artabanus of Media, having been expelled from
Parthia by his brother Bardanes, retakes crown on Bardanes’ death.
48. Revolt of Jews. Tiberius Alexander replaced by Cumanus.
_Circa_ 50. Clement of Rome born: died about 95 A.D.
51. Accession of Vonones II to throne of Parthia followed immediately by
that of Vologeses I.
War between Rome and Parthia.
Temple of Isis at Rome rebuilt.
52. Ummidius Quadratus, Legate of Syria, deposes Cumanus, and appoints
Felix Procurator of Judaea.
54. Accession of Nero.
55. Nero makes worship of Greek Isis _religio licita_.
60. Porcius Festus succeeds Felix as Procurator of Judaea.
62. Death of Porcius. Albinus succeeds him.
Persecution of Christians by Ananus, the High Priest.
Martyrdom of James the Just.
63. Vologeses I of Parthia, defeated by Corbulo, signs treaty of peace.
64. Gessius Florus succeeds Albinus as Procurator of Judaea.
66. Tiridates invested King of Armenia by Nero.
Revolt of the Jews. Roman garrison of Jerusalem massacred after
surrender. Cestius Gallus, Legate of Syria, attacks Jerusalem, but
is beaten off.
67. First Jewish War. Vespasian replaces Cestius as Legate.
68. Accession of Galba.
69. Accession of Otho.
Otho appears in public in dress of priest of Isis.
Domitian escapes from Capitol in similar dress.
Accession of Vitellius.
Vespasian consults oracle, and works miraculous cures, in Temple of
Isis at Alexandria.
70. Accession of Vespasian.
Siege and sack of Jerusalem by Titus. Burning of Herod’s Temple.
70-107. St Ignatius flourished.
72. Vespasian deposes Antiochus IV of Commagene, last of Seleucides.
77. Accession of Vologeses II of Parthia. Many pretenders, some of whom
reign concurrently with him till his death.
79. Accession of Titus.
80. Domitian rebuilds Temple of Isis which had been burned.
Statius mentions Mithraic Tauroctony in his _Thebaid_.
81. Accession of Domitian.
_Circa_ 83. Earliest Mithraic Inscription known.
96. Accession of Nerva.
98. Accession of Trajan.
_Circa_ 100. Marcion born; died about 165.
Menander, Simon Magus’s successor, flourished.
102. Earliest dated Mithraic Inscription by T. Claudius Livianus,
Praetorian Prefect.
113-117. War between Rome and Parthia.
116. Revolt of Jews throughout East suppressed by Lucius Quietus.
117. Accession of Hadrian.
117-138. Basilides the Egyptian flourished.
_Circa_ 120. Hadrian places in his _lararium_ images of Greek Serapis
and Isis.
120-160. Tatian flourished.
121. Justin Martyr born: martyred about 151.
_Circa_ 125. Saturninus of Antioch flourished.
130. Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem and names it Aelia Capitolina.
_Circa_ 130. Apelles the Marcionite born: died about 180.
132. Revolt of Jews, under the Messiah Bar Cochba, and War of
Extermination.
138. Accession of Antoninus Pius.
138-160. Valentinus the Gnostic flourished.
_Circa_ 140. Cerdo the Syrian flourished.
147. Irenaeus of Lyons born: died about 202.
Vologeses III restores Parthian Kingdom, and collects books of
Avesta.
150. Tertullian born: died about 220 A.D.
_Circa_ 150. Marcus the magician flourished.
_Hermas Pastor_ appears.
155. Clement of Alexandria born: died about 211.
Bardesanes or Ibn Daisan born: died about 223.
162. War between Rome and Parthia. Parthian Kings substitute Aramaic for
Greek on their coins.
164. Destruction of Parthian capital, Seleucia on the Tigris, by Avidius
Cassius.
170. Heracleon the Valentinian born: died about 210.
_Circa_ 170. Lucian the Marcionite flourished.
Ptolemy the Valentinian flourished.
170-183. Theophilus of Antioch flourished.
179. Pantaenus founds Christian school at Alexandria.
180. Accession of Commodus.
185. Origen of Alexandria born: died about 253.
191. Accession of Vologeses IV to throne of Parthia.
193. Accession of Pertinax. Murder of Pertinax, and sale of Empire by
Praetorians to Didius Julianus.
Accession of Septimius Severus.
195. War between Rome and Parthia.
_Circa_ 200. Axionicus the Valentinian flourished.
209. Accession of Artabanus IV of Parthia.
211. Accession of Caracalla and Geta.
216. Birth of Manes: died 275.
War between Rome and Parthia.
217. Accession of Macrinus.
219. Accession of Heliogabalus.
221. Alexander Severus proclaimed Caesar.
222. Accession of Alexander Severus.
War between Rome and Parthia.
_Circa_ 222. Hippolytus of Porta Romana flourished.
226. Ardeshîr, son of Sassan, conquers Artabanus IV of Parthia, and
founds Sassanid dynasty of Persia.
230. War between Rome and Persia.
235. Accession of Maximin.
Persecution of Christians.
238. Accession and death of the two Gordians.
Maximus and Balbinus proclaimed Emperors with Gordian III as
Caesar, but are murdered by Praetorians.
Accession of Gordian III.
Manes begins to teach.
241. Accession of Sapor (Shapûr) I of Persia on death of his father
Ardeshîr.
242. War between Rome and Persia.
244. Accession of Philip the Arabian.
246. M. Julius Philippus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father,
Philip the Arabian.
249. Accession of Decius.
Persecution of Christians.
251. Accession of Gallus.
253. Accession of Valerian.
Gallienus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father Valerian.
254. First appearance of Franks, who attack Rhine and invade Spain and
Africa.
260. War between Rome and Persia.
Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, and dies in captivity.
260-268. Reign of Gallienus and the Thirty Tyrants.
Right of Church to hold property recognized.
268. Accession of Claudius.
270. Accession of Aurelian.
St Anthony introduces monachism into Church.
272. Accession of Hormisdas (Ormuz) I of Persia.
273. Aurelian captures Palmyra, and puts an end to Zenobia’s Kingdom.
Aurelian decides case of Paul of Samosata, and affirms primacy of
Roman Church.
273. Accession of Varanes (Bahram) I of Persia.
275. Manes put to death by Varanes I.
Accession of Tacitus.
276. Accession of Varanes II of Persia.
Accession of Probus.
282. Accession of Carus.
283. Carinus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father Carus.
284. Numerian proclaimed Augustus jointly with his brother Carinus on
death of Carus.
Accession of Diocletian.
286. Maximian proclaimed Augustus jointly with Diocletian.
287. Edict of Diocletian against Manichaeans. Teachers to be burned:
Hearers’ goods to be confiscated.
292. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius proclaimed Caesars under the two
Augusti.
293. Accession of Varanes III of Persia followed by that of Narses.
296. War between Rome and Persia.
_Circa_ 300. Alexander of Lycopolis flourished.
302. Accession of Hormisdas II of Persia.
303. Persecution of Christians. Era of Martyrs.
304. Mithras declared at Carnuntum Protector of Roman Empire.
305. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian.
Constantius Chlorus and Galerius become Augusti.
Maximin and Severus proclaimed Caesars.
306. Death of Constantius Chlorus. Constantine proclaimed Augustus by
army, but allowed title of Caesar only by Galerius.
Severus proclaimed Augustus in place of Constantius Chlorus.
Maximian and Maxentius, his son, rebel.
307. Severus, besieged in Ravenna by Maximian, surrenders and commits
suicide.
Maximian gives his daughter Fausta to Constantine, and proclaims
him Augustus jointly with himself.
War of Augusti, Maximian, Maxentius, and Constantine, against
Galerius, who proclaims Licinius and Maximin Augusti jointly with
himself.
308. Maximian plots against Constantine, who puts him to death.
Ephrem Syrus born: died 373.
310. Accession of Sapor II of Persia.
311. Death of Galerius; Licinius and Maximin divide Eastern provinces
between them.
312. War between Constantine and Maxentius, who is defeated at Turin,
Verona, and Saxa Rubra, and slain.
Edict of Toleration by Constantine and Licinius.
313. Maximin declares war against Licinius, but is defeated at Heraclea
and slain.
314. War between Constantine and Licinius, who is defeated and makes
peace.
315. Pachomius groups monks together in monasteries and institutes
common life.
316?. Death of Diocletian.
320. Epiphanius of Constantia born: died about 400 A.D.
323. War between Constantine and Licinius, who is defeated and put to
death.
Constantine becomes sole Emperor.
Constantine issues renewed edict of toleration.
324?. Constantine directs enquiry into Manichaean doctrines by
Musonianus (Strategius), Praetorian Prefect of the East.
325. Constantine summons Council of Nicaea.
327. Foundation of Constantinople and transfer of capital of Empire
thither.
337. Baptism and death of Constantine.
BOOKS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN TEXT OR NOTES
N.B.—The works of the better-known classical writers (e.g. Livy) and of
Fathers of the Church (e.g. St Augustine) have been omitted from the
following list. Authors included in the first category are quoted either
from the collection Müller-Didot or from Teubner’s series; those in the
second, from Migne’s _Patrologia_. The place of publication, when not
specially mentioned, is London, and the edition quoted is, subject to
the same reservation, the last published. In the body of the book, the
full title, date, and other particulars of the work referred to are
given the first time of mention only, abbreviations being used in
subsequent references.
ABANO, PETER DE. Heptameron, seu Elementa Magica. Paris, 1567.
ABEL, EUGENIUS. Orphica. Lipsiae, 1885.
ASU RAIHÂN, called AL BÎRÛNÎ. Chronology of Ancient Nations. Translated
from the Arabic by Dr C. Edward Sachau. 1879. See also AL-BÎRÛNÎ,
_infra_.
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Comptes-Rendus des Séances.
4e Série. Paris, 1873, etc. In progress.
_The Academy._ 1869, etc. In progress.
_Ägyptische Sprache, Zeitschrift für._ See _Zeitschrift, infra_.
AL-BÎRÛNÎ. Alberuni’s India. An English Edition with Notes and Indices
by Dr Edward C. Sachau. 2 vols. 1910.
ALLINE, M. See _Xenia_.
AMÉLINEAU, E. Essai sur le Gnosticisme Égyptien. Paris, 1887. (_Annales
du Musée Guimet_, t. XIV.)
—— Les Actes Coptes du martyre de St Polycarpe. 1888. See _Proceedings
of Society of Biblical Archaeology_, vol. X.
—— Notice sur le Papyrus Gnostique Bruce. Paris, 1891. (Notices et
Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres Bibliothèques,
t. XXIX, 1^{ère} p^{tie}.)
AMELUNG, W. Le Sarapis de Bryaxis. 1903. See _Revue Archéologique_, 4^o
série, t. II, p^{tie} ii.
Anon. Cerinthus and the Gnostics. 1886. See the _London Quarterly
Review_ for October, 1886.
Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James
Donaldson. 24 vols. and 1 additional volume. Edinburgh, 1868 to 1897.
Antiquaires de France, see Société Nationale des A. de F.
_Archaeologia_: Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. See Society
of Antiquaries of London.
ARCHELAUS, Bishop of Caschar. Acta (wrongly attributed to). See
HEGEMONIUS.
_Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des alten Testaments._ Halle,
1869-1872.
Asiatic Society. See Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, etc.
Association pour l’encouragement des Études grecques. See _Revue des
Études grecques_.
AVEZOU, CH., et PICARD, CH. Bas-relief Mithriaque. 1911. See _Revue de
l’Histoire des Religions_, t. LXIV.
AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS. Augustini librum de Haeresibus ad Quodvultdeum. See
Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.
BADHAM, F. B. The Word Monogenes. See _The Academy_, 5 Sept., 1896.
BARRETT, FRANCIS. The Magus or Celestial Intelligencer, being a Complete
System of Occult Philosophy, 1801.
BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN. Das Manichäische Religionssystem. Tübingen,
1831.
BEAUSOBRE, ISAAC DE. Histoire critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme.
Amsterdam, 1734-9. 2 vols.
BENN, ALFRED WILLIAM. The Philosophy of Greece. 1898.
BERGER, PHILIPPE, Membre de l’Institut. Études des Documents nouveaux
fournis sur les Ophites par les Philosophoumena. Nancy, 1873.
—— Les Stèles Puniques de la Bibliothèque Nationale. See _Gazette
Archéologique_, 11^e année (1876).
BERNARD, J. H., Bishop of Ossory. The Odes of Solomon. Translated from
the Syriac Text. Cambridge, 1912. (Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol.
III.)
Biblical Archaeology. See Society of Biblical Archaeology.
BISSING, Freiherr F. W. von. Cult of Isis in Pompeian Paintings. Oxford,
1908. See _Transactions of 3rd International Congress of Religions_.
BÖHMER, HEINRICH. Les Jésuites. Traduit de l’Allemand par Gabriel Monod.
Paris, 1910.
BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ, AUGUSTE. Histoire de la Divination. Paris, 1879-1882. 4
vols.
—— L’Astrologie grecque. Paris, 1899.
—— La Politique religieuse de Ptolémée Soter et le culte de Serapis. See
_Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, t. XLVI, 1902.
—— Les Reclus du Serapéum de Memphis. Paris, 1903. See PERROT, Mélanges.
—— Histoire des Lagides. Paris, 1903-1907. 4 vols.
—— L’Intolérance Religieux et Politique. Paris, 1912. (Bibliothèque de
Philosophie Scientifique.)
BOURIANT, U. L’Évangile de St Pierre (Fragments Grecs du livre d’Énoch).
See Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique Française du Caire, t. IX,
fasc. 1 (1892).
BOUSSET, WILHELM. Hauptprobleme des Gnosis. Göttingen, 1907.
(Forschungen zur Religion und Litteratur des Alten und Neuen Testaments.
Herausg. von Dr Bousset und Dr Hermann Gunkel.)
BRANDT, A. J. H. WILHELM. Die Mandäische Religion, ihre Entwickelung und
geschichtliche Bedeutung. Leipzig, 1889.
BREASTED, JAMES HENRY, Ph.D. Ancient Records. Chicago, 1906. 4 vols.
—— The History of Egypt. New York, 1909.
BRÉHIER, ÉMILE. La Cosmologie Stoicienne à la Fin du Paganisme. See
_Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, t. LXIV, 1911.
BROOKE, ALAN ENGLAND. Fragments of Heracleon. Cambridge, 1891.
(Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. I.)
BRUNET DE PRESLE, CHARLES MARIN WLADIMIR. Le Serapéum de Memphis. Paris,
1865. (Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions. Mémoires présentés par
divers savants. Série I, t. 2.)
—— Les Papyrus grecs du Musée du Louvre. Paris, 1865. (Notices et
Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque Nationale et des autres
Bibliothèques, publiés par l’Institut de France, t. XVIII, Pt. 2.)
BUDGE, ERNEST ALFRED THOMPSON WALLIS, Litt.D., etc. The Papyrus of
Nesi-Amsu. See _Archaeologia_, vol. LXII, Pt. 2 (1890).
—— The Book of the Dead. 1898. 3 vols.
—— The History of Egypt. 1902. 8 vols.
—— The Gods of the Egyptians. 1904. 2 vols.
—— Egyptian Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. 1910.
—— Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection. 1911. 2 vols.
BUDGE, E. A. T. WALLIS, KING, L. W., and THOMPSON, R. CAMPBELL. The
Sculptures and Inscriptions of Darius the Great at Behistun. 1907.
BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CARL JOSIAS (Baron). Hippolytus and his Age. 1852. 4
vols.
BURROWS, RONALD. Discoveries in Crete. 1907.
CALLISTHENES, Pseudo-. The History of Alexander the Great. Translated
from the Syriac by E. A. Wallis Budge. Cambridge, 1887.
CARNOY, A. Armaiti-Ârmatay. Louvain, 1912. See _Le Muséon_, n.s. t. XIII
(1912).
CASARTELLI, LOUIS CHARLES, Bishop of Salford. La Philosophie Religieuse
de Mazdéisme. Paris, 1884.
CHABAS, JEAN MARIE FRANÇOIS. Le Papyrus Magique Harris. Traduction et
commentaire d’un MS. Égyptien. Chalon-sur-Saône, 1860.
CHANOT, E. DE. Statues Iconiques de Chypre. Paris, 1878. See _Gazette
Archéologique_, 1878.
CHARLES, R. H., D.D., etc. Apocalyptical Literature. See Hastings,
Dictionary of the Bible, _s.h.v._
—— Apocalyptical Literature, 1899. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica,
_s.h.v._
—— The Book of Enoch. Translated from the Ethiopic. Oxford, 1893.
—— The Apocalypse of Baruch. Translated from the Syriac. 1896.
—— The Assumption of Moses. Translated from the Latin. 1897.
—— A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in
Judaism, and in Christianity. 1899. (The Jowett Lectures.)
—— The Ascension of Isaiah. Translated from the Ethiopic. 1900.
—— The Book of Jubilees. Translated from the Ethiopic. 1902.
—— The Testaments of the XII Patriarchs. Translated from the Greek.
1908.
—— The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Edited by R.
H. Charles. Oxford, 1913. 2 vols.
CHAVANNES, EDOURARD, et PELLIOT, PAUL. Un Traité Manichéen retrouvé en
Chine. Paris, 1913. (Extrait du _Journal Asiatique_, 1911-1913.
Pagination of Journal given in Extrait and used in notes _infra_.)
CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY, D.D., etc. Prophecies of Isaiah. A new
translation. 1889. 2 vols.
—— Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. New York, 1898. (American
Lectures on the History of Religions.)
CHEYNE, T. K., and BLACK, J. SUTHERLAND. See Encyclopaedia Biblica.
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. Clemens Alexandrinus. Edidit Otto Stählin,
Leipzig, 1905. (Die Griechischen Schriftsteller der ersten Drei
Jahrhunderte. Kirchenväter-Commission der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der
Wissenschaften.)
[CONINGTON, JOHN, Prof.] Origen’s Philosophoumena. 1851. See _Quarterly
Review_ for 1851.
_Contemporary Review, The_. 1886, etc. In progress.
CONYBEARE, FREDERICK CORNWALLIS. The Holy Spirit as a Dove, 1892. See
_The Academy_, 3 Dec., 1902 (Paper read at meeting of Society of
Historical Theology).
—— The Apology of Apollonius. 1894.
COOK, ARTHUR BERNARD. The Bee in Greek Mythology. 1895. See _Journal of
Hellenic Studies_, vol. XV. 1895.
COOK, STANLEY A. David. 1899. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica,
_s.h.v._
CORDIER, HENRI, Memb. de l’Institut, etc. Les Fouilles en Asie Centrale.
Paris, 1910. See _Journal des Savans_, 1910.
CORY, ISAAC PRESTON. Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Chaldaean,
Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, Indian, and Persian writers. First
edition. 1832.
COURDAVEAUX, V. Tertullien. See _Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, t.
XXIII (1891).
COURDAVEAUX, V. Clément d’Alexandrie. Paris, 1892. See _Revue de l’Hist.
des Religions_, t. XXII (1892).
COWLEY, A. E. Samaritans. 1903. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica,
_s.h.v._
CROOKE, W. The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India.
Westminster, 1896. 2 vols.
CRUM, W. E. Prayer of the Virgin in Bartos. 1897. See _Proceedings of
Society of Biblical Archaeology_, vol. XIX (1897).
—— Catalogue of the Coptic MSS. in the British Museum. 1905.
CUMONT, FRANZ. Textes et Monuments relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra.
Bruxelles, 1896, 1899. 2 vols.
—— Hypsistos. See _Revue de l’Instruction Publique en Belgique_, 1897.
—— Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum. Bruxelles, 1898, etc. In progress.
—— Les Religions Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain. Paris, 1906.
(_Annales du Musée Guimet._ Bibliothèque de Vulgarisation, t. XXIV.)
—— Recherches sur le Manichéisme. Bruxelles, 1908, etc. In progress.
—— L’Aigle funéraire des Syriens et l’apothéose des Empereurs. Paris,
1910. See _Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, t. LXII (1910).
—— Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. Translated from
the French by J. B. Baker. New York, 1912. (American Lectures on the
History of Religions.)
—— Les Mystères de Mithra. Bruxelles, 1913.
DAMASCIUS. De Primis principiis. See Cory’s Ancient Fragments.
DARESSY, GEORGES, Secrétaire du Musée du Caire. Un Décret de l’An XXIII
de Ptolémée Epiphane. See Recueil de Travaux, t. XXXIII (1911).
DAREMBERG, CHARLES VICTOR, et SAGLIO, EDMOND. Dictionnaire des
Antiquités grecques et romaines. Paris, 1873, etc. In progress.
DARMESTETER, JAMES. Ormuzd et Ahriman. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque de
l’École des Hautes Études, fasc. XXIX.)
—— The Zend Avesta. Oxford, 1880-1887. 3 parts. (Sacred Books of the
East.)
—— Essais Orientaux. Paris, 1883.
—— Le Zend Avesta. Paris, 1893. 3 vols. (_Annales du Musée Guimet_, tt.
XXI, XXII, XXIV.)
DAVIDS, T. W. RHYS, Buddhist India. 1903. (Story of the Nations Series.)
DECHARME, P. Cybele. See DAREMBERG et SAGLIO, Dictionnaire des
Antiquités, _s.h.v._
DEISSMANN, ADOLF, D.D. New Light on the New Testament from records of
the Graeco-Roman Period. Translated from the German by Lionel R. M.
Strachan. Edinburgh, 1907.
DELAGE, YVES, et GOLDSMITH, M. Les Théories de Évolution. Paris, 1909.
(Bibliothèque de Philosophie scientifique.)
DEUBNER, LUDWIG. De Incubatione capita quatuor. Lipsiae, 1900.
Deutsche Orient. Gesellschaft. _Mitteilungen._ Berlin, 1898, etc. In
progress.
DIETERICH, ALBRECHT, Prof. Abraxas: Studien zur Religionsgeschichte.
Leipzig, 1891. (Festschrift Usener.)
—— De Hymnis Orphicis. Marburg, 1891.
DILL, Sir SAMUEL. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western
Empire. 1899.
—— Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. 1904.
DÖLLINGER, JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ, D.D., etc. The Gentile and the Jew in
the Courts of Christ. Translated from the German by N. Darnell. 1902. 2
vols. (German title: Judenthum und Heidenthum.)
—— First Age of Christianity and the Church. Translated from the German
by H. N. Oxenham, 1906. (German title: Christentum und Kirche in der
Zeit der Grundlegung.)
DREXLER, A. Isis. See Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie, _s.h.v._
DROYSEN, JOHANN GUSTAV. Histoire de l’Hellénisme. Paris, 1883. 3 vols.
Traduite de l’Allemande sous la direction de A. Bouché-Leclercq. (German
titles: Geschichte des Alexanders des Grossen; Geschichte des
Hellenismus.)
DUCHESNE, Monsignor LOUIS, Membre de l’Institut, etc. Early History of
the Christian Church from its Foundation to the end of the third
century. Translated from the French. 1909, etc. In progress. (French
title: Histoire ancienne de l’Église.)
DUFOURCQ, ALBERT. De Manichaeismo apud Latinos. Paris. 1900.
DUSSAUD, RENÉ. Les Papyrus judéo-araméens d’Elephantine. See _Revue de
l’Histoire des Religions_, t. LXIV (1911).
DYER, LOUIS. The Gods in Greece. 1891. (Lowell Lectures.)
Egypt Exploration Fund. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. 1898, etc. In progress.
—— _The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, 1914, etc. In progress.
Encyclopédie, La Grande. Paris, 1887, etc. In progress.
Encyclopaedia Biblica. Edited by T. K. Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black.
1899, etc. 4 vols.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, Edinburgh, 1875-1889.
—— 11th edition, Cambridge, 1910-1911.
EPIPHANIUS OF CONSTANTIA (or Salamis). S. Epiphanii episcopi
Constantiensis Panaria eorumque Anacephalaeosis. See Oehler, Corpus
Haereseologicum, tt. 2, 3.
ERMAN, ADOLF, Ph.D., etc. Die Ägyptischen Beschwörungen. See _Ägyptische
Zeitschrift_, 1883.
—— Life in Ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by H. M. Tirard.
1894.
Handbook of the Egyptian Religion. Translated from the German. 1905.
(Handbücher des Kgl. Museums zu Berlin.)
Etymologicum Magnum. Oxon. 1848.
EVANS, Sir ARTHUR, P.S.A., etc. The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and
its Mediterranean Relations. 1901.
_The Expositor_, series 5. 1895, etc. In progress.
FAYE, EUGÈNE DE. Introduction à l’Étude du Gnosticisme au II^e et au
III^e Siècle. Paris, 1903. (Also in _Rev. de l’Histoire des Religions_,
tt. XLV and XLVI.)
—— Formation d’une Doctrine de Dieu au II^e Siècle. See _Revue de
l’Histoire des Religions_, t. LXIV (1911).
—— Gnostiques et Gnosticisme, Étude critique des documents du
Gnosticisme Chrétien aux II^e et III^e siècles. Paris, 1913.
(Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études: Sciences Religieuses, t.
XXVII.)
FFOULKES, EDMUND SALUSBURY. Chiliasts. See Smith’s Dictionary of
Christian Biography; _s.h.v._
FIVEL, LÉON. Le Dieu Glycon à Nicomédie. Paris, 1879. See _Gazette
Archéologique_, 1879.
FLEET, J. F., Ph.D., etc. The Day on which Buddha died. 1909. See
_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, 1909.
FLÜGEL, GUSTAV, Ph.D., etc. Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften.
Leipzig, 1862.
FOAKES-JACKSON, F. J., B.D., etc. Some Christian Difficulties in the
Second and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge, 1903. (Hulsean Lectures.)
FORSHALL, JOSIAH. Description of the Greek Papyri in the British Museum.
1839.
FOSSEY, CHARLES. Les Fouilles Allemandes à Boghaz-Keui. Paris, 1909. See
_Journal des Savans_, 1909.
FOUCART, GEORGE. Histoire des Religions et Méthode Comparative. Paris,
1912.
FOUCART, PAUL, Membre de l’Institut, etc. Les Associations Religieuses
chez les Grecs. Paris, 1873.
—— Recherches sur l’origine et la nature des Mystères d’Éleusis. Paris,
1895. (_Id._, t. XXXV.)
—— Les Grands Mystères d’Éleusis. Paris, 1900. (Extrait des Mémoires de
l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, t. XXXVII.)
—— Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique. Paris, 1904. (_Id._, t. XXXVII.)
FRANCK, ADOLPHE. La Kabbale. Paris, 1843.
—— Le Gnosticisme Égyptien. See _Journal des Savans_, Avril, 1888.
FRAZER, Sir J. G., D.C.L., etc. The Golden Bough. 1913-1915. 12 vols.
FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS, D.C.L., etc. Historical Essays. 1871-1892. 4
vols.
FRIEDLÄNDER, M. Der vorchristliche jüdische Gnosticismus. Göttingen,
1898.
FULLER, JOHN MEE. Ebionites. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian
Biography, _s.h.v._
FULLER, JOHN MEE. Tatianus. See _ibid._ _s.h.v._
GARDNER, PERCY, Litt.D., etc. The Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings
of Bactria and India in the British Museum. 1884.
GARRUCCI, RAFFAELE. Les Mystères du syncrétisme Phrygien dans les
catacombes Romaines de Prétextat. Paris, 1854.
GASTER, MOSES, Ph.D., etc. The Apocalypse of Abraham. 1893. See
_Transactions of Society of Biblical Archaeology_, vol. IX. pt 1 (1893).
—— The Oldest Version of Midrash Megillah. Berlin, 1897. See Kohut’s
Semitic Studies.
_Gazette Archéologique._ Paris. 1875-1887.
GIBBON, EDWARD. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edited by J.
B. Bury, Litt.D., etc. 1897-1900. 7 vols.
GIRAUD, FRANÇOIS, M.S.T., etc. Ophitae. Dissertatio historica theologica
de eorum origine, placitis, ac fatis. Paris, 1884.
GLEICHEN, ALFRED EDWARD WILFRID, Count. The Anglo-Egyptian Soudan. 1905.
GOBLET D’ALVIELLA, Le Comte. Ce que l’Inde doit à la Grèce. Paris, 1897.
GRAUX, CH. Mélanges: Recueil dedié à la mémoire de C. G. Paris. 1884.
GRIFFITH, F. LL., M.A., etc. Stories of the High Priests of Memphis.
Oxford, 1900.
—— The old Coptic Magical Texts of Paris. Leipzig, 1900. (Extract from
_Ägyptische Zeitschrift_, Bd XXXVIII. 1900.)
GRIFFITH, F. LL., and THOMPSON, Sir HERBERT, Bart. The Demotic Magical
Papyrus of London and Leiden. 1904.
GROTE, GEORGE. A History of Greece. 1888. 10 vols.
GRÜBER, JOHANN NEPOMUC. Die Ophiten. Würzburg, 1864. 2 vols.
GUIGNEBERT, CHARLES. L’Évolution des Dogmes. Paris, 1910. (Bibliothèque
de Philosophie Scientifique.)
GUIGNIAUT, JOSEPH DANIEL. Les Religions de l’Antiquité. Traduit de
l’Allemand par L. F. A. Maury et E. Vinet. Paris, 1825, etc. tt. 4.
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INTRODUCTION