SECTION III

CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE HANDS AND FEET

The congenital deformities of the hands and feet are very numerous.

They include excessive growth, a variety of other irregularities and

deficiencies of nutrition, numerical increase of parts and abnormal

union of digits. These defects are often hereditary, they may co-exist

in various combinations, and may be associated with faults of evolution

in other parts of the body. In most cases the _rôle_ of the surgeon is

limited to the removal of useless or unsightly parts, but occasionally a

higher function is open to him.

The most interesting of the congenital defects of the digits is the

curious and often complex condition known as makrodactyly.

[Illustration: FIG. 17.

Various congenital defects of the hands and feet (from Förster,

Missbildungen des Menschen).

1 to 4 and 15.—Numerical defects of fingers.

5 to 14.—Hands and feet with combination of hypertrophy and defective

development of fingers and toes, all from the same individual. 10 to 14

show the crab-like deformity described in the text (p. 147).

16, 17, 18, 19.—Syndactyly. In 16 and 19 the united fingers are larger

than their neighbours. In 17 and 18 the union involves all the fingers

except the first, and on one hand the number of digits is reduced to four.

20, 21.—Hand and foot with suppression of first four digits. In 20 there

is a rudiment of the index or middle finger.]

MAKRODACTYLY.

The earliest examples of “congenital hypertrophy” recorded in this

country were those of Dr. Reid, published in the _London and Edinburgh_

_Monthly Journal of Medical Science_ for March 1843, but before this date

a characteristic case of makrodactyly had been carefully described by

von Klein,[15] and other instances had been brought forward by Beck[16]

and Wagner.[17] Reid’s paper was followed by a valuable article by

Curling,[18] and contributions by Ideler,[19] Adams,[20] Devouges,[21]

Chassaignac,[22] Annandale,[23] and others, but the first attempt to

classify the cases was that of Busch,[24] in 1866. Since this time many

additions have been made to the literature of the subject, the most

important of which are those of Trelat and Monod,[25] Vogt,[26] von

Fischer,[27] Wittelshöfer,[28] and Humphry.[29]

The condition may be defined as a gigantic growth, congenital in

origin, of various segments of the body exclusive of the viscera. It

is generally unilateral, and limited to one extremity or portion of an

extremity; it tends to implicate especially the bones and joints, and the

adipose and vascular elements of the subcutaneous tissue. It does not,

as a rule, impair to any important extent the functional capacity of the

part.

The name “congenital hypertrophy” is open to criticism. There is little

doubt that the abnormality always has its origin in fœtal life, but

it has seldom been noticed immediately after the delivery of a child;

and, on the other hand, in one case recorded by Lannelongue,[30] a

“_macrodactylie elephantiasique_” in a child is said to have followed an

operation for the separation of two united fingers. It is, at any rate,

certain that if the enlargement be always present at birth, it is seldom

so disproportionate as to attract attention and never so great as to

interfere with parturition. Hence the colossal proportions subsequently

observed are the result of excessive growth in early infancy and

childhood, and occasionally in adult life.

The hyperplasia, moreover, is rarely hypertrophic in the higher sense

of the term, for, although in a few cases the increased growth has been

associated with apparent increase of functional utility, in the great

majority of instances it is relegated to a lower status by its unequal

distribution amongst the different tissues of the parts involved, its

frequent association with other congenital deformities, and especially by

the defective ratio of functional capacity to the amount of constructive

material. In other words, the process is wasteful and unserviceable.

The origin of the affection is very obscure. It is not hereditary,

although inheritance plays a notable part in many other congenital

deformities, and it cannot be attributed to any known influences arising

during intra-uterine life, but, as might be expected, the mother is often

able to conjure up some reminiscence of the period of gestation which to

her mind affords a perfectly satisfactory clue to the mystery. Von Klein

relates that in his case of makrodactyly the mother while pregnant was

bitten in the hand by a goose. A history of a fright was given in Adams’s

case, and in an instance reported by the author[31] a giant growth of the

lower extremity was attributed to the mother having been trodden upon

by a cow. Such mental impressions are probably mere coincidences, and

are often greatly exaggerated in narration, but until the possibility of

their connection with fœtal lesions is disproved it is advisable to place

them on record.

_Parts affected._—The abnormality is usually limited to one side of the

body. Comparatively few bilateral cases have been observed, and in most

of these the makroplasia was limited to the digits.[32]

The nævi with which the hypertrophy is often associated are nearly

always confined to the affected side, but in two cases of Chassaignac

and Friedberg they were found also upon the non-hypertrophied side, and

in a second case of Chassaignac’s were present only upon the unenlarged

parts of the body. The upper extremity is attacked nearly twice as often

as the lower, and the right side much more frequently than the left.

In bilateral cases the affection is seldom symmetrical; thus, on one

of Friedberg’s cases the predominant enlargement of the right lower

extremity was associated with a small degree of hypertrophy of the left

upper limb.

The extent of the parts involved ranges from a single digit to an

entire half of the body. When a whole limb is implicated the growth is

always proportionately greater at the distal extremity, but colossal

development of the hand or foot seldom includes the whole of the digits.

The localisation of the affection does not appear to be related to any

special vascular or nervous territories; thus, in makrodactyly, the

regions of distribution of the digital branches of both median and ulnar

nerves may be encroached upon, while parts supplied by either or both of

these may escape intact.

[Illustration: FIG. 18.

Congenital hypertrophy of lower extremity, with lymphangeiomata (from a

case of the author’s).]

Commonly, however, both in the hand and foot, the hypertrophy selects

two or three neighbouring digits, for example, the second and third; and

co-existent lipomata are almost invariably limited to that portion of the

palm or sole which corresponds to the enlarged fingers or toes. In the

hand the digit most commonly affected is the third, the fifth is that

most exempt.

Its _course_ is always in a certain sense progressive. Occasionally it

appears to keep pace throughout with the general growth of the body,

but nearly always the abnormal growth strides in advance, sooner or

later, so that the disproportion of the affected part to the rest of the

body becomes more and more pronounced. Its progress may be uniform and

continuous, or terms of slow increase or apparent arrest may alternate

with a new and rapid development.

In some instances the process does not extend beyond the primary limits,

while in others it may spread centripetally, and often at a very rapid

rate, as in v. Fischer’s case (_l.c._), in which amputation of an

hypertrophied finger was followed within a few months by hypertrophy

of the whole limb. In two cases reported by Mr. F. S. Eve[33] a growth

became disproportionally active at the ages of twenty-three and

thirty-seven respectively. Similar instances have been published by

Wittelshöfer, and the author (_l.c._).

The addition of new tissue goes on, as a rule, without pain,

inflammation, or interference with function; but in a case of von

Fischer’s, burning pain was associated with trophic ulceration;

and Friedberg’s patient,[34] who appeared to be the subject of an

associated elephantiasis Arabum, had symptoms that somewhat resembled the

inflammation crises of elephantiasis.

In the majority of cases the _functional power_ of the enlarged part

is not augmented, but true unilateral hypertrophy, _i.e._, increased

tissue hypertrophy with proportionally increased functional activity,

is sometimes found. The cases described long since in general terms by

Geoffroy St. Hilaire,[35] as marked by an unequal development of the

two sides of the body in one or more regions, were probably of this

nature, and those of Ollier, Finlayson, and Langlet, may also claim a

place in the same class. In Ollier’s case[36] the face, thorax, abdomen,

and both extremities of one side, were uniformly larger than the

corresponding parts of the opposite half of the body, the vascularity

of the hypertrophied side was increased, the temperature elevated, and

the limbs were more powerful. There were no nævoid growths, and it is

noteworthy that in association with an absence of evident abnormality of

thoracic, pelvic, and abdominal viscera, the mammary glands preserved

their symmetry. The cases of Devouges, Adams, and Finlayson, also

presented certain points of resemblance to true hypertrophy. In the

first the whole of one side was hypertrophied, except perhaps the

abdominal wall, where nothing unusual was noticed. The details are very

imperfect, but according to the patient’s statement, the strength of

the arm on the hypertrophied side was greatly in excess of that of its

fellow. In Adams’s case the giant growth of the right lower extremity was

apparently uniform, and the femoral and all other accessible arteries

were considerably enlarged, but nothing is said as to muscular power. In

this as in the last example nævi were present. In an unpublished case of

the author’s the hypertrophied hand was much stronger than its fellow;

but in the example[37] already quoted there was no evidence of increased

development of muscle. In two instances of unilateral hypertrophy of

the face described by Friedrich[38] and Passauer,[39] the increased

growth involved the whole of the parts of the affected side, even to the

teeth and tongue, and in Friedrich’s patient, and in a case brought by

Dr. Heumann before a Medical Congress in Darmstadt, the hair was more

developed, and the secretion of saliva was excessive on the affected

side, but the muscular power and arterial supply were not specially

referred to. In a case of Eve’s the facial hypertrophy extended to the

brain.

In the ordinary forms of congenital hypertrophy the size of the part is

augmented by an unequally distributed hyperplasia of the skeleton and

soft parts. Almost all the cases narrated in detail are of this kind.

In nearly all, the arterial supply is proportionate only to the normal

size of the part, and the functional capacity (power, sensibility, &c.),

although not seriously altered, is to some extent deteriorated. The cases

may be for practical purposes divided into two groups:

1. Without deformity, the enlarged segment preserving the normal contour

in other respects.

2. With deformity.

_a._ From predominant development of the adipose or vascular

tissues.

_b._ From secondary articular distortions.

_c._ From associated defects of development, as syndactyly, &c.

The condition of the different elements of the enlarged part is as

follows:

The _bones_ are always enlarged. Their general shape is commonly

preserved, but occasionally their extremities are deformed by outgrowths

at the line of junction with the articular cartilage. The hypertrophy

reaches its greatest proportionate extent in the digits, while increase

in size of the bones of the forearm, arm, leg, and thigh, is, as a rule,

only demonstrable during life by admeasurement of length. No histological

abnormality has been detected in the osseous tissue, but Eve (_l.c._)

found the cancellous tissue of the enlarged bone soft and the medulla

fatty.

The _articular surfaces_ may present no peculiar features, but in some

cases the cartilages show irregularities of surface. The ligaments

are usually greatly thickened. The synovial membrane commonly has the

ordinary characters, varied only by an excessive development of the plicæ

adiposæ.

The range of motion is sometimes normal; in other cases the voluntary

movements are more or less diminished in extent, while a fair amount of

passive mobility is preserved; and in others there is complete ankylosis.

Distortions, such as lateral deviation and hyper-extension, are frequent.

The former appears to depend upon malformation of bone.

The _tendons_ inserted into the enlarged bones have been found

proportionately over-developed. The _muscles_, however, are seldom

hypertrophied, and occasionally, as in Busch’s case, they may undergo an

atrophy secondary to the impaired mobility of the joint. In a case of

von Fischer’s, muscular hypertrophy was demonstrated, but no evidence of

increased power was present; and, judging by the comparative disuse of

the limb, it is probable that the strength was lessened. The muscular

power is, as a rule, so far augmented in response to functional necessity

that the enlarged part may be used without more sense of effort than

that which accompanies the same actions on the normal side, as in

Wagner’s case (_l.c._), in which the hand weighed about twelve pounds

and yet could be moved with perfect ease; there is seldom, however, any

such absolute increase of strength as would indicate a genuine muscular

hypertrophy.

The _arteries_ in all the instances of false hypertrophy, with the

exception of Reid’s[40] cases, were of ordinary size and apparently not

enlarged in proportion to the gigantic development of the part to be

nourished. This is a fact of considerable pathological significance.

The _veins_ and _capillaries_, unlike the arteries, appear especially

liable to change. Varicosities of the veins are very common, and in some

cases great thickening of the walls may be superadded (Busch, _l.c._). In

Dr. Finlayson’s case the cutaneous vessels over the enlarged parts and in

patches over the trunk became enlarged when the child cried, but subsided

during quiescence.

In Wagner’s case the fingers of the hypertrophied hand were said to

become as red as a “Blutschwamm” when the member hung down, the arteries

being nevertheless of normal size.

Angiectases and angiomata are frequently seen. Capillary nævi of enormous

extent sometimes co-exist (as in Adams’s case, in which the whole

lower extremity and buttock were involved), and are usually, but not

invariably, confined to the hypertrophied parts.

The _lymphatics_ are liable to dilatation, and may form diffuse swellings

or soft tumours of considerable extent. The glands, however, are never

affected.

The _nerves_ appear to be normal. The condition of the nerve centres has

not yet been investigated except in a case of Eve’s, in which the lateral

asymmetry of the head and face extended to the brain.

The _integuments_ nearly always participate in the changes, and are

necessarily augmented in extent where covering the enlarged bones. The

derm does not appear to be much altered in structure, but Eve found in

the skin over the hypertrophied sole a thinning of the rete with almost

complete obliteration of papillæ and enormous thickening of the fibrous

tissues and inter-fascicular lymph spaces; but these changes were

probably due to the abnormal pressure and friction to which the part

was exposed. The subcutaneous adipose layer commonly shows a diffuse

thickening, and in addition may undergo a circumscribed hypertrophy in

the form of large lipomatous pads, which are mostly found upon the flexor

aspect of the member affected, and correspond in situation and extent to

the bony enlargement (Fig. 18); but the papillary and epithelial layers

do not undergo any sensible changes, nor, as a rule, are the hairs or

sebaceous follicles more developed than on the opposite side. The nails

of hypertrophied digits generally undergo proportionate development. The

secretion of perspiration is seldom altered in amount or character, but

in a case of Wittelshöfer the patient complained of profuse sweating

from the affected limb. The cutaneous sensibility is variously described

as unaffected or diminished, never increased. A reduction of the

sensibility to heat and pain was found to accompany the tactile defect

in von Fischer’s case, and it is probable, as he suggests, that careful

examination would generally reveal an impairment of the faculties. Pain

is rarely complained of. Burning pain was present in association with

trophic ulceration in a case of von Fischer, and pains of a rheumatic

character appeared in the author’s case, but this symptom probably formed

no part of the original disease.

The _temperature_ of the part is generally normal. By exception, a rise

of 2°-2½° Fahr., of 2°-6° Fahr. (Reid), 2°-4° Fahr. (Finlayson), and of

½°-1° Cent. (Trelat and Monod) has been recorded.

_Pathological complications_ are rarely met with. Trophic ulceration

appeared in a case of von Fischer’s; and in Friedberg’s case an eruption

resembling pemphigus was noted, but probably was not directly connected

with the congenital hypertrophy. Inflammatory crises, corresponding to

those of elephantiasis Arabum, have been seen in only one instance, and

in this the condition appeared to be complicated by true elephantiasis.

_Associated defects of development_ are frequent in connection with

makrodactyly. They may consist of multiplication, dwarfing, absence,

or fusion of parts. The most common defect is syndactyly. Secondary

distortions of the spine are found, however, when the hypertrophy of

a single limb is very great. The general health does not appear to be

affected by the condition.

_Pathology._—The older views as to the pathological origin of congenital

hypertrophy leave us little advanced towards a solution. The condition

has been attributed to a congenital lesion of the vaso-motor centres;

to a primitive vice in the mesoblast; and to an inherent tendency of

the affected tissues to appropriate an excess of nutriment; but these

theories only lead to the same point—that for some reason which our

pathology is still inadequate to explain, there is a weakening of the

governing power that regulates the ratio between supply and demand in

the tissues; or, to quote from Professor Humphry (_l.c._), “The cases

obviously consist in an excess, an abnormally excessive growth of a

normal part of the body—an excess not depending upon any superabundance

of nutritive supply, or any modification of nerve influence, but upon an

excess, a want of due restraint, of that developmental force by which

the several organs and structures acquire and maintain their proper

dimensions and relations to one another, and by which their relative

growth at different periods of life and under different circumstances (as

of the genital organs at puberty). The nature and essence and habitat or

source of the force is a mystery, perhaps past finding out.”

This sums up the whole question. It is probably the same kind of

misgovernment of tissue that leads to certain other deformities occurring

both before and after birth, and to the development of some forms of new

growth. How it originates remains for the pathologists of the future to

decide.

_Treatment._—No means yet devised has any power of restraining the

tendency for the excessive and irregular growth in this condition. The

only resources of the surgeon are to correct associated deformities as

far as possible, and to remove parts that are sufficiently inconvenient

or disfiguring to warrant the use of the knife.

SUPERNUMERARY FINGERS AND TOES.

The occasional occurrence of supernumerary fingers and toes is well

known. As a rule the extra digit is a mere pediculated appendage bearing

a nail and a more or less perfect representative of the ungual phalanx;

in other cases, however, it is complete and well formed, and furnished

with a metacarpal or metatarsal bone of its own, or sharing the proximal

bone with a neighbouring finger or toe. In rare instances the digits may

undergo still further numeral increase even to a complete duplication of

the normal complement.

The condition is commonly bilateral, and may affect all four extremities.

It is liable to association with syndactyly and other congenital

deformities, and it is occasionally handed down by inheritance as a

family peculiarity. Sir William Lawrence refers to a condition of the

kind which was traced through four generations, and other examples are on

record.

SYNDACTYLY.

The absence of one or more of the normal clefts between the fingers

or toes is a common congenital deformity, and, like most of the other

inherited defects of the parts, is often transmitted by descent, and

associated with other malformations.

Syndactyly presents all varieties in extent and degree. Most frequently

two neighbouring digits are joined together by a web of integument

involving the whole or a portion of their length, but in some instances

the connecting material is much thicker, and in the most extreme cases

even the bones and joints are fused, leaving nothing but a furrow to

indicate the line of union. (Fig. 17, Nos. 16 to 19.)

Treatment is rarely necessary in the case of the foot, and in the hand is

practicable only when the band of union is cutaneous or cellulo-cutaneous.

If the web is composed only of a thin double fold of integument it is

sufficient to divide it, provided that a return of the condition is

prevented from taking place through union of the raw surfaces at the

root of the web. This was formerly effected in the slighter cases by a

preliminary perforation of the base of the fold, and the insertion of

a piece of gold wire until a cicatricial canal has been established—as

in piercing the lobule for the suspension of an ear-ring—and the same

end may be gained after the division by putting a small epidermic graft

upon the angle. Zeller’s flap method is, however, the best. A small

triangular flap is cut from the dorsum of the hand with its base opposite

the heads of the metacarpal bones, its apex at the level of the first

inter-phalangeal joint. This being dissected up and reversed, the whole

length of the web is divided. The apex of the flap is then brought

forwards between the separated digits into the proximal end of the cleft,

and fixed to the cut edge of the palmar integument.

When the membrane is very thick, and the bones are drawn close together,

a more complicated proceeding is required, and the ingenious method of

Didot may be employed. A longitudinal incision is carried through the

whole thickness of the integument along the middle of the dorsum of one

of the two united fingers, a second along the middle of the palmar aspect

of the other finger, and by dissection each digit is made to furnish

a rectangular flap to cover in the raw surface of its neighbour. The

division of the tissue left after raising the flaps must be made with

great care, in order to avoid injury to the digital nerves.

ECTRODACTYLY.

Simple congenital ectrodactyly, like the loss of a larger segment of an

extremity, may arise either by intra-uterine traumatism or defective

development. Amputation by an amniotic band or a coil of umbilical cord

probably explains the majority of the cases, as well as the congenital

constrictions sometimes found in the limbs or digits of the newborn

child, but the occasional appearance of fingers or toes at the end of

a congenital stump can only be accounted for on the hypothesis of a

temporary suspension of development in the proximal portion of the stump,

and we may assume the possibility of a like origin for the absence of

the most distal portions of a member. In some instances an ectrodactyly

is complicated with other developmental errors, and may be transmitted

through several generations. Attention has been especially drawn to

cases of this class in the last few years. Two were recorded in detail

in 1886 by Dr. Fotherby[41] and the author,[42] and a third was added

five years ago by Messrs. Parker and Robinson.[43] In all of these the

defect was traced through three or four generations, selecting in an

apparently indiscriminate way a large portion of the members of the

family, whilst leaving others exempt. In some individuals all four limbs

were attacked, in others the upper or lower only, but usually with a more

or less perfect bilateral symmetry. In most cases the ectrodactyly was

associated with deformities of the remaining digits, such as syndactyly,

hypertrophy, and joint distortions; and where, as frequently happened,

the middle digits were imperfectly developed and the others hypertrophied

and distorted, the member assumed the appearance of the pincers of a

lobster. (Fig. 17, Nos. 11 to 14.)

In Dr. Fotherby’s and Messrs. Parker and Robinson’s cases the defects

were traced through three generations, affecting sixteen out of

thirty-seven descendants in the one and sixteen out of thirty-three

in the other; in the author’s case the history extended to four

generations, attacking twenty-four out of thirty-six children, and the

divergence from the normal state tended to increase with the later scions.

As a rule, little or no treatment is called for in this condition,

because habit has given the member a good deal of functional utility that

surgical interference might injure or destroy; but sometimes, and more

particularly in the feet, it is permissible to operate for the purpose of

lessening the deformity, as in Messrs. Parker and Robinson’s case, where

a plastic operation was performed with much benefit to the patient.

BRACHYDACTYLY.

Undue shortness of the fingers or toes may occur either as a congenital

or as an acquired defect. The congenital form, due to imperfect formation

of any or all of the bony elements of a digit (including the metacarpal

bone), is insusceptible of treatment except by amputation, should that

step be justified by the inconvenience or deformity attached to the

defective member.

Acquired brachydactyly may arise in several ways. Occasionally it is to

be traced to an arrest of development either due to an injury during

childhood or adolescence, or without apparent explanation, but more

frequently it is a result of disease. In younger subjects the most

common cause is the destruction of bone in tuberculous disease, which

may practically eliminate a phalanx, leaving the rest healthy. In older

people it may be met with in cases of perforating ulcer, the proximal

phalanx of the great toe and sometimes other bones undergoing a slow and

painless disintegration, which is manifested chiefly by a progressive

shortening of the digit with few or none of the more obvious signs of

caries.

FOOTNOTES

[1] “Les doigts, et particulièrement les trois derniers, sont sujets

à une flexion permanent involontaire; à laquelle on a donné le nom de

‘contracture,’ et que quelques auteurs out appelée en latin ‘crispatura

tendinum.’” This name is usually attributed to Boyer himself. (“Maladies

Chirurgicales,” vol. ii. p. 55, first edition, 1826).

[2] See “The Hand as a Diagnostic Factor in Diseases of the Nervous

System” (Long-Fox: _Med. Annual_, 1891, p. 54).

[3] _Transactions of the College of Physicians_, 1895, p. 67.

[4] _Therapeutic Gazette_, February 15, 1892.

[5] _Ibid._ October 16, 1893.

[6] _Brit. Med. Journal_, 1888, vol. i. p. 961.

[7] See _Transactions of the Anatomical Society_ (1892), “On the Course

and Relations of the Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve,” by W. Anderson.

[8] “Orteil en Marteau” (Baillière, 1888).

[9] “Traité des Maladies Chirurgicales.”

[10] “The Human Foot,” 1889.

[11] It is unnecessary to enter minutely into the conformation of the

inter-phalangeal joints, but it must be understood that the proximal

attachment of the plantar fibres of the lateral ligaments lies at a point

below the centre of the dorsal half of the condylar curve, and hence

these fibres become more and more stretched as their distal attachment

is carried upwards in the direction of extension, until at last the

motion is checked by their tension. The point at which the arrest occurs

necessarily depends upon the relation existing between the length of the

fibres and that of the radii of the condylar curve. If the ligaments of

a joint be artificially elongated by acrobatic training in early life,

they may lose their power of fixing the range of movement, and extension

may then go on until it is stopped by contact of bones or by contraction

of opposing muscles. The latter factor, of course, is always an important

one, but it does not affect the present aspect of the question.

[12] It must be recollected that morphologically the metatarso-phalangeal

joint of the great toe corresponds to the first inter-phalangeal joint of

the smaller digits.

[13] _Lancet_, 1885, vol. i.

[14] _St. Thomas’s Hospital Reports_, vol. xxii. (1893).

[15] _Journal der Chirurg. und Augenheilk._, v. Graefe u. Walther, 1824.

[16] _Med. Annalen_, v. Puchelt, Chelius, u. Nägele, 1836.

[17] _Schmidt’s Jahrbucher_, 1842.

[18] _Medico-Chirurgical Transactions_, vol. xxviii.

[19] “Dissertation” (Berlin). Quoted by Busch.

[20] _Lancet_, August 1858.

[21] _Bulletin de la Soc. Anat._, 1856.

[22] _Bulletin de la Soc. de Chirurg._, first series, vol. xviii.;

_Gazette des Hôpitaux_, 1858.

[23] “Malformations, Diseases, and Injuries of Fingers and Toes,” 1865.

[24] “Beiträge z. Kentniss der angeb. Hypert. der Extrem.,” _Langenbeck’s

Arch._, 1867.

[25] “De l’Hypertrophie Unilaterale,” _Arch. Gén. de Médecine_, May and

June 1869.

[26] _Deutsche Chirurgie_, Lief. 64.

[27] “Der Riesenwuchs,” _Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie_, 1880, Bd.

12.

[28] _Archives für Klin. Chirurg._, Bd. xxiv. 1879.

[29] _Trans. Med. Chi. Society_, vol. lxxiv. 1891.

[30] _Bulletin de la Soc. de Chirurgie_, December 1880.

[31] _St. Thomas’s Hospital Reports_, vol. xi. 1881, p. 165.

[32] V. Fischer describes the case of Devouges as one in which parts

on both sides were affected, but a reference to the original and to

Chassaignac’s report upon the same patient shows that the hypertrophy was

unilateral.

[33] _Trans. Path. Society_, 1883, p. 298.

[34] _Virchow’s Archives_, 1867, vol. xl.

[35] “Histoire Général et Particulière des Anomalies de l’Organization

chez l’Homme.”

[36] _Gazette Médicale de Lyon_, July 1862 (Ollier); _Union Médicale et

Scientifique du Nord est_, 1882 (Langlet).

[37] _St. Thomas’s Hospital Reports_, vol. xi. 1881.

[38] _Archives für Path. Anat._, vol. xxviii. 1863.

[39] _Virchow’s Archives_, Bd. xxxvii. 1866.

[40] It is somewhat curious that in all three of Dr. Reid’s cases, which

in most respects were of the ordinary type, the arteries are said to have

presented the exceptional peculiarity of enlargement.

[41] _Brit. Med. Journ._, May 22, 1886.

[42] _Brit. Med. Journ._, June 12, 1886.

[43] _Clin. Soc. Trans._, vol. xx. p. 181.

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INDEX TO J. & A. CHURCHILL’S LIST.

Allen’s Chemistry of Urine, 11

— Commercial Organic Analysis, 13

Armatage’s Veterinary Pocket Remembrancer, 14

Auld’s Pathol. Researches, 2

Barnes (R.) on Obstetric Operations, 3

— on Diseases of Women, 3

Beale (L. S.) on Liver, 6

— Slight Ailments, 6

— Urinary and Renal Derangements, 12

Beale (P. T. B.) on Elementary Biology, 2

Beasley’s Book of Prescriptions, 5

— Druggists’ General Receipt Book, 5

— Pharmaceutical Formulary, 5

Bell on Sterility, 4

Bentley and Trimen’s Medicinal Plants, 5

Bentley’s Systematic Botany, 5

Berkart’s Bronchial Asthma, 6

Bernard on Stammering, 7

Berry’s (Jas.) Thyroid Gland, 9

— (R. J.) Regional Anatomy, 1

Bigg’s Short Manual of Orthopædy, 9

Birch’s Practical Physiology, 2

Bloxam’s Chemistry, 12

— Laboratory Teaching, 12

Bousfield’s Photo-Micrography, 14

Bowlby’s Injuries and Diseases of Nerves, 9

— Surgical Pathology and Morbid Anatomy, 9

Brockbank on Gallstones, 8

Brown’s (Haydn) Midwifery, 3

— Ringworm, 11

— (Campbell) Practical Chemistry, 13

Bryant’s Practice of Surgery, 8

Bulkley on Skin Diseases, 10

Burckhardt’s (E.) and Fenwick’s (E. H.) Atlas of Cystoscopy, 11

Burdett’s Hospitals and Asylums of the World, 2

Butler-Smythe’s Ovariotomies, 4

Butlin’s Operative Surgery of Malignant Disease, 11

— Malignant Disease of the Larynx, 11

— Sarcoma and Carcinoma, 11

Buzzard’s Diseases of the Nervous System, 7

— Peripheral Neuritis, 7

— Simulation of Hysteria, 7

Cameron’s Oils, Resins, and Varnishes, 14

— Soaps and Candles, 14

Carpenter and Dallinger on the Microscope, 14

Cautley’s Infant Feeding, 4

Charteris’ Practice of Medicine, 6

Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy, 14

Chevers’ Diseases of India, 5

Churchill’s Face and Foot Deformities, 9

Clarke’s Eyestrain, 10

Clouston’s Lectures on Mental Diseases, 3

Clowes and Coleman’s Quantitative Analysis, 13

— Elementary Practical Chemistry, 13

Clowes’ Practical Chemistry, 13

Coles on Blood, 6

Cooley’s Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts, 14

Cooper on Syphilis, 12

Cooper and Edwards’ Diseases of the Rectum, 12

Corbin and Stewart’s Physics and Chemistry, 12

Cripps’ (H.) Ovariotomy and Abdominal Surgery, 9

— Cancer of the Rectum, 12

— Diseases of the Rectum and Anus, 12

— Air and Fæces in Urethra, 12

Cripps’ (R. A.) Galenic Pharmacy, 4

Cuff’s Lectures to Nurses, 4

Cullingworth’s Short Manual for Monthly Nurses, 4

Dalby’s Diseases and Injuries of the Ear, 10

— Short Contributions, 10

Dana on Nervous Diseases, 7

Day on Headaches, 8

Domville’s Manual for Nurses, 4

Doran’s Gynæcological Operations, 3

Druitt’s Surgeon’s Vade-Mecum, 8

Duncan (A.), on Prevention of Disease in Tropics, 5

Dunglison’s Dictionary of Medical Science, 12

Edwards’ Chemistry, 14

Ellis’s (T. S.) Human Foot, 9

Encyclopædia Medica, 14

Fagge’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, 6

Fayrer’s Climate and Fevers of India, 5

Fenwick (E. H.), Electric Illumination of Bladder, 11

— Tumours of Urinary Bladder, 11

— Ulceration of Bladder, 11

Fenwick (E. H.), Symptoms of Urinary Diseases, 11

Fenwick’s (S.) Medical Diagnosis, 6

— Obscure Diseases of the Abdomen, 6

— Outlines of Medical Treatment, 6

— Ulcer of the Stomach and Duodenum, 6

— The Saliva as a Test, 6

Fink’s Operating for Cataract, 9

Fowler’s Dictionary of Practical Medicine, 6

Fox (G. H.) on Skin Diseases of Children, 10

Fox (Wilson), Atlas of Pathological Anatomy of Lungs, 6

— Treatise on Diseases of the Lungs, 6

Frankland and Japp’s Inorganic Chemistry, 13

Fraser’s Operations on the Brain, 8

Fresenius Qualitative Analysis, 13

— Quantitative Analysis, 13

Galabin’s Diseases of Women, 3

— Manual of Midwifery, 3

Gardner’s Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing, 14

— Brewing, Distilling, and Wine Manuf., 14

Glassington’s Dental Materia Medica, 10

Godlee’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, 1

Goodhart’s Diseases of Children, 4

Gorgas’ Dental Medicine, 10

Gowers’ Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain, 7

— Manual of Diseases of Nervous System, 7

— Clinical Lectures, 7

— Medical Ophthalmoscopy, 7

— Syphilis and the Nervous System, 7

Granville on Gout, 7

Gray’s Treatise on Physics, 14

Green’s Manual of Botany, 5

— Vegetable Physiology, 5

Greenish’s Materia Medica, 4

Groves’ and Thorp’s Chemical Technology, 14

Guy’s Hospital Reports, 7

Habershon’s Diseases of the Abdomen, 7

Haig’s Uric Acid, 6

— Diet and Food, 2

Harley on Diseases of the Liver, 7

Harris’s (V. D.) Diseases of Chest, 6

Harrison’s Urinary Organs, 11

Hartridge’s Refraction of the Eye, 9

— Ophthalmoscope, 9

Hawthorne’s Galenical Preparations of B.P., 5

Heath’s Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws, 8

— Minor Surgery and Bandaging, 8

— Operative Surgery, 8

— Practical Anatomy, 1

— Surgical Diagnosis, 8

Hedley’s Therapeutic Electricity, 5

Hellier’s Notes on Gynæcological Nursing, 4

Hewlett’s Bacteriology, 3

Hill on Cerebral Circulation, 2

Holden’s Human Osteology, 1

— Landmarks, 1

Holthouse on Strabismus, 9

Hooper’s Physicians’ Vade-Mecum, 5

Horton-Smith on Typhoid, 7

Hovell’s Diseases of the Ear, 10

Human Nature and Physiognomy, 14

Hyslop’s Mental Physiology, 3

Impey on Leprosy, 10

Ireland on Mental Affections of Children, 3

Jacobson’s Male Organs of Generation, 12

— Operations of Surgery, 8

Jellett’s Practice of Midwifery, 3

— Gynæcology, 3

Jessop’s Ophthalmic Surgery and Medicine, 9

Johnson’s (Sir G.) Asphyxia, 6

— Medical Lectures and Essays, 6

— (A. E.) Analyst’s Companion, 13

Journal of Mental Science, 3

Kellogg on Mental Diseases, 3

Kelynack’s Pathologist’s Handbook, 1

Keyes’ Genito-Urinary Organs and Syphilis, 12

Kohlrausch’s Physical Measurements, 14

Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological Anatomy, 2

Lane’s Rheumatic Diseases, 7

Langdon-Down’s Mental Affections of Childhood, 3

Lawrie on Chloroform, 4

Lazarus-Barlow’s General Pathology, 1

Lee’s Microtomist’s Vade-Mecum, 14

Lewis (Bevan) on the Human Brain, 2

Liebreich (O.) on Borax and Boracic Acid, 2

Liebreich’s (R.). Atlas of Ophthalmoscopy, 10

Lucas’s Practical Pharmacy, 4

MacMunn’s Clinical Chemistry of Urine, 11

Macnamara’s Diseases and Refraction of the Eye, 9

Macnamara’s Diseases of Bones and Joints, 8

McNeill’s Epidemics and Isolation Hospitals, 2

Malcolm’s Physiology of Death, 9

Marcet on Respiration, 1

Martin’s Ambulance Lectures, 8

Maxwell’s Terminologia Medica Polyglotta, 12

Maylard’s Surgery of Alimentary Canal, 9

Mayne’s Medical Vocabulary, 12

Microscopical Journal, 14

Mills and Rowan’s Fuel and its Applications, 14

Moore’s (N.) Pathological Anatomy of Diseases, 1

Moore’s (Sir W. J.) Family Medicine for India, 5

— Manual of the Diseases of India, 5

Morris’s Human Anatomy, 1

— Anatomy of Joints, 1

Moullin’s (Mansell) Surgery, 8

Nettleship’s Diseases of the Eye, 9

Notter’s Hygiene, 2

Ogle on Tympanites, 8

Oliver’s Abdominal Tumours, 3

— Diseases of Women, 3

Ophthalmic (Royal London) Hospital Reports, 9

Ophthalmological Society’s Transactions, 9

Ormerod’s Diseases of the Nervous System, 7

Parkes’ (E.A.) Practical Hygiene, 2

Parkes’ (L.C.) Elements of Health, 2

Pavy’s Carbohydrates, 6

Pereira’s Selecta è Prescriptis, 5

Phillips’ Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 4

Pitt-Lewis’s Insane and the Law, 3

Pollock’s Histology of the Eye and Eyelids, 9

Proctor’s Practical Pharmacy, 4

Pye-Smith’s Diseases of the Skin, 10

Ramsay’s Elementary Systematic Chemistry, 13

— Inorganic Chemistry, 13

Richardson’s Mechanical Dentistry, 10

Richmond’s Antiseptic Principles for Nurses, 4

Roberts’ (D. Lloyd) Practice of Midwifery, 3

Robinson’s (Tom) Eczema, 11

— Illustrations of Skin Diseases, 11

— Syphilis, 11

Ross’s Diseases of the Nervous System, 7

St. Thomas’s Hospital Reports, 7

Sansom’s Valvular Disease of the Heart, 7

Scott’s Atlas of Urinary Deposits, 11

Shaw’s Diseases of the Eye, 9

Shaw-Mackenzie on Maternal Syphilis, 12

Short Dictionary of Medical Terms, 12

Silk’s Manual of Nitrous Oxide, 10

Smith’s (Ernest A.) Dental Metallurgy, 10

Smith’s (Eustace) Clinical Studies, 4

— Disease in Children, 4

— Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children, 4

Smith’s (F. J.) Medical Jurisprudence, 2

Smith’s (J. Greig) Abdominal Surgery, 8

Smith’s (Priestley) Glaucoma, 10

Snow’s Cancer and the Cancer Process, 11

— Palliative Treatment of Cancer, 11

— Reappearance of Cancer, 11

Solly’s Medical Climatology, 8

Southall’s Materia Medica, 5

Squire’s (P.) Companion to the Pharmacopœia, 4

— London Hospitals Pharmacopœias, 4

— Methods and Formulæ, 14

Starling’s Elements of Human Physiology, 2

Sternberg’s Bacteriology, 6

Stevenson and Murphy’s Hygiene, 2

Sutton’s (J. B.), General Pathology, 1

Sutton’s (F.) Volumetric Analysis, 13

Swain’s Surgical Emergencies, 8

Swayne’s Obstetric Aphorisms, 3

Taylor’s (A. S.) Medical Jurisprudence, 2

Taylor’s (F.) Practice of Medicine, 6

Thin’s Cancerous Affections of the Skin, 10

— Pathology and Treatment of Ringworm, 10

— on Psilosis or “Sprue,” 5

Thompson’s (Sir H.) Calculous Disease, 11

— Diseases of the Urinary Organs, 11

— Lithotomy and Lithotrity, 11

— Stricture of the Urethra, 11

— Suprapubic Operation, 11

— Tumours of the Bladder, 11

Thorne’s Diseases of the Heart, 7

Thresh’s Water Analysis, 2

Tilden’s Manual of Chemistry, 12

Tirard’s Medical Treatment, 6

Tobin’s Surgery, 8

Tomes’ (C. S.) Dental Anatomy, 10

Tomes’ (J. and C. S.) Dental Surgery, 10

Tooth’s Spinal Cord, 7

Treves and Lang’s German-English Dictionary, 12

Tuke’s Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, 3

Tuson’s Veterinary Pharmacopœia, 14

Valentin and Hodgkinson’s Practical Chemistry, 13

Vintras on the Mineral Waters, &c., of France, 8

Wagner’s Chemical Technology, 14

Wallace on Dental Caries, 10

Walsham’s Surgery: its Theory and Practice, 8

Waring’s Indian Bazaar Medicines, 5

— Practical Therapeutics, 5

Watts’ Organic Chemistry, 12

West’s (S.) How to Examine the Chest, 6

Westminster Hospital Reports, 7

White’s (Hale) Materia Medica, Pharmacy, &c., 4

Winks’ Diseases of the Nervous System, 7

Wilson’s (Sir E.) Anatomists’ Vade-Mecum, 1

Wilson’s (G.) Handbook of Hygiene, 2

Wolfe’s Diseases and Injuries of the Eye, 9

Wynter and Wethered’s Practical Pathology, 1

Year-Book of Pharmacy, 5

Yeo’s (G. F.) Manual of Physiology, 2

_N.B.—J. & A. Churchill’s larger Catalogue of about 600 works on Anatomy

Physiology, Hygiene, Midwifery, Materia Medica, Medicine, Surgery,

Chemistry, Botany, &c. &c., with a complete Index to their Subjects, for

easy reference, will be forwarded post free on application._

AMERICA.—_J. & A. Churchill being in constant communication with various

publishing houses in America are able to conduct negotiations favourable

to English Authors._

_LONDON: 7, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET._

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