CHAPTER XII_Inventing for Boys

PROFITABLE INFORMATION

~Design Patents.--~Should you invent, or devise a new and original

design for an object, be it a work of art, a fabric, a piece of jewelry

or even a machine, you can obtain a design patent if it has artistic

merit.

[Illustration: FIG. 126. ILLUSTRATION FOR A DESIGN PATENT, DRAWN ON A

SHEET OF CARD-BOARD SIZE 10 × 15 INCHES]

Design patents run for a term of 3½, or for 7, or for 14 years as you

wish and care to pay for. The patent attorney’s fees for writing the

specification, making the drawing and seeing the patent application

through the patent office is usually $20 regardless of the term it is

to run; the government fee is $10 for 3½ years, $15 for 7 years and $30

for 14 years, making the total cost of such patents $30, $35 and $50

respectively.

~Assignments.--~If you want to you may sell or assign a part or the

whole of your invention before you file an application for a patent,

or you may do the same thing while your application is pending in the

patent office.

Such an interest in your invention and patent rights may be disposed of

by a complete assignment, by granting territorial rights, by mortgage,

or by shop or other licenses. In whatever way the assignment, grant or

conveyance is made it must be recorded in the patent office or it will

not be valid.

~Caveats.--~A _Caveat_ can no longer be filed in the patent office,

the law relating to them having been repealed July 1, 1910. Before

this time an inventor who had not completed his invention could file

a _Caveat_ in the archives of the patent office where it was kept a

secret for one year, and the time could be renewed from year to year.

The purpose of a _Caveat_ was to give the inventor more time to work

out his invention and to be notified should any other inventor apply

for a patent on the same thing. He could then immediately file his own

patent application when an _interference_ would be declared between

them.

~Patent Office Fees.--~The following schedule of fees for patents and

prices for the various publications of the patent office are taken from

the _Rules of Practice_. These fees are required to be paid in advance.

All orders and moneys for the following fees should be sent to the

Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.; except for _The Official

Gazette_ which should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

RULES OF PRACTICE IN THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE

_Free on Request._

On filing each original application for a patent, except

in design cases $15.00

On issuing each original patent, except in design cases 20.00

In design cases:

For 3 years and 6 months 10.00

For 7 years 15.00

For 14 years 30.00

On every application for the reissue of a patent 30.00

On filing each disclaimer 10.00

On an appeal for the first time from the primary

examiner to the examiners in chief 10.00

On every appeal from the examiners in chief to the

Commissioner 20.00

For certified copies of patents if in print:

For specification and drawing, per copy .05

For the certificate .25

For the grant .50

For certifying to a duplicate of a model .50

For manuscript copies of records, for every 100 words

or fraction thereof .10

If certified, for the certificate additional .25

For 20-coupon orders, each coupon good for one copy

of a printed specification and drawing, and receivable

in payment for photographic prints 1.00

For 100 coupons in stub book 5.00

For uncertified copies of the specifications and accompanying

drawings of patents, if in print, each .05

For the drawings, if in print .05

For copies of drawings not in print, the reasonable

cost of making them.

For photo prints of drawings, for each sheet of drawings:

Size 10 by 15 inches, per copy .25

Size 8 by 12½ inches, per copy .15

For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney,

or other paper, of 300 words or under 1.00

Of over 300 and under 1,000 words 2.00

For each additional 1,000 words or fraction thereof 1.00

For abstracts of title to patents or inventions:

For the search, one hour or less, and certificate 1.00

Each additional hour or fraction thereof .50

For each brief from the digest of assignments, of 200

words or less .20

Each additional 100 words or fraction thereof .10

For searching titles or records, one hour or less .50

Each additional hour or fraction thereof .50

For assistance to attorneys in the examination of

publications in the Scientific Library, one hour or

less 1.00

Each additional hour or fraction thereof 1.00

For copies of matter in any foreign language, for

every 100 words or a fraction thereof .10

For translation, for every 100 words or fraction thereof .50

The Official Gazette:

Annual subscriptions 5.00

For postage upon foreign subscriptions, except

those from Canada and Mexico, $5 or

more as required. Moneys received from

foreign subscribers in excess of the subscription

price of $5 will be deposited to

the credit of the subscriber and applied to

postage upon the subscription as incurred.

~Trade Marks.--~A _trade mark_ is any kind of a mark, sign, name or

picture, or a combination of these, by which a manufacturer, or a

dealer can mark the goods he makes or sells so that a consumer can

always know that the brand he is buying is genuine.

A registered trade mark gives the owner the sole right to use it and

any one else who uses or imitates it can be restrained from its further

use by injunction and sued for damages. After you have decided on

the trade mark you want to use to show that the product is of your

manufacture you should file an application to register the trade mark

just as you would for a patent.

[Illustration: FIG. 127. A REGISTERED TRADE MARK]

There are some kinds of words which you cannot have registered as a

trade mark and you may have other words in mind which have already

been registered in the patent office; nor can you register a trade

mark unless you have sold your goods outside of your own State. Patent

attorneys do not as a rule charge for a search of the trade mark

records where an application for registration is filed through them.

The patent office fee for registering a trade mark is $10; a patent

attorney generally charges $15 for preparing the specification and $5

additional for making the drawing which makes a total cost of $30 for a

trade mark. A registered trade mark remains in force for 20 years and

it may be renewed for another 20 years.

~Copyrights.--~A copyright is the sole right granted by law to authors

and artists to publish and dispose of their works for a term of 28

years when it may be renewed for 14 years more making 42 years in all.

A copyright may be had on written articles, books, lectures or other

oral addresses, on dramatic and musical compositions, photographs,

paintings, drawings, sculpture, plastic work, moving picture

photo-plays, moving pictures other than photo-plays, maps, prints and

pictorial illustrations.

A copyright cannot be had on trade marks, the names of companies,

newspapers, manufactured articles or on prints or labels which are to

be used for any kind of manufactured articles. Trade marks and patents

are granted for the above classes of work.

The general procedure for obtaining a copyright on the first named

subjects is the same but the _application forms_ issued by the

should have the right one.

When you are ready to file an application for a copyright in the

United States send to the _Register of Copyrights_, Copyright Office,

Washington, D. C., for a copy of _Steps Necessary to Secure Copyright

Registration_ and also a copy of _Explanatory Circular_ No. 12,

entitled _Application Forms_, for which no charge is made. A reading of

these leaflets will tell you exactly how to obtain a copyright and also

the _application form_ to use.

When you have found from these the application form you need send

again to the Register of Copyrights for one or more of the application

forms, fill it in and send it and $1 by money order or bank-draft

made payable to the Register of Copyrights, together with a 10 cent

revenue stamp--for these are war times--and you will receive in turn a

certificate of copyright.

By copyrighting the thing yourself you will save just $9 for this is

the amount a patent attorney will charge you for filing it, and if this

isn’t driving screws with a hammer I’d like to know what it is.

The following is an application form for copyrighting a book:--

[Illustration: FIG. 128A. APPLICATION FOR COPYRIGHT OF A BOOK]

[Illustration: FIG. 128B. AFFIDAVIT ON BACK OF APPLICATION]

~Government Fees for Patents and Least Charges of Patent

Attorneys.--~The United States patent office fees for patents of

whatever nature and however simple or complicated, except for design

patents, are always the same, namely $15 for filing the application and

$20 which is payable when the patent is granted making a total cost

of $35. The patent attorneys’ fees may vary greatly but the following

table shows about what their least charges are:

UNITED STATES PATENTS

_Attorney’s _Patent _Total

Fees_ _Drawings_ Office Cost of

Fees_ Patent_

A simple mechanical } } }

patent $30 } } }

A simple electrical } $5 } }

patent $30 } } }

A simple chemical } } }

patent } } $35 } $70

A simple electro-chemical } } }

patent } $35 } }

A simple composition } } }

patent } } }

A simple process patent } } }

DESIGN PATENTS, ETC.

Design Patent

3½ year term } }

7 year term } $15 } $5 $15 $35

14 year term } } $30 $50

Trade Mark Registration $15 $5 $10 $30

Print and Label

Registration $14 $6 $20

Assignment of Patents

and Trade Marks $5

~Foreign Patents.--~After you have applied for a patent on your

invention in the United States you should take out patents in foreign

countries. Sometimes indeed you will find a more ready sale abroad for

your invention, or the product of your invention, than you will right

here at home. In many of these countries a yearly tax is also charged

by the government. The costs given below for each country include both

the government and the attorney’s fees.

_Dominion of Canada._--In Canada a preliminary protection may be

secured for one year. A patent is issued for 6 years and at the

expiration of that time the patent may be extended for 6 years more and

then for another 6 years, making 18 years in all.

Preliminary protection $ 5

Patent for 6-year term 45

_Great Britain._--A British patent includes England, Ireland, Scotland

and Wales. A _provisional patent_ which secures priority of invention

may be obtained for a term of 6 months. The complete British patent is

then issued for 14 years.

Provisional specification $30

Patent for 14 years 70

_France and Colonies._--The term of a French patent is 15 years. If the

invention it covers is not worked within 2 years after it is issued it

becomes public property.

Patent for 15 years $60

_Germany and Colonies._--A German patent includes Prussia, Saxony,

Bavaria and other kingdoms of the Empire. There are two classes of

patents issued and these are 1, the _technical patent_, which is issued

for 15 years, and 2, the _model patent_, which is issued for 6 years,

the first corresponding to the U. S. ordinary patent and the second to

the U. S. design patent.

Technical patent, for 15 years $60

Model patent, for 6 years 35

_Austria and Hungary._--

Patent in either country for 15 years. Fee is $70

_Belgium._--Patent for 20 years. Fee is $40.

_Spain._--Patent for 20 years. Fee is $65.

_Italy._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $65.

_Russia._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $90.

_Denmark._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $70.

_Norway and Sweden._--Patent for 15 years in each country. Fee is $70.

_Switzerland._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $60.

_Portugal and Turkey._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $100.

_Holland._--Has no patent laws.

_India._--Patent for 14 years. Fee is $80.

_Australian Commonwealth._--Includes Victoria, New South Wales,

Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and West Australia. One patent

covers them all.

Patent for 14 years $100

_Japan and China._--Fee is $100.

_Africa._--Egypt, Natal and Transvaal, each $100. Cape Colony, $125.

Congo Free State, $130.

_Central America._--Costa Rica, $150. Guatemala, Honduras and

Nicaragua, each $225.

_West Indies._--Cuba, $90. Barbados, $100. Jamaica, $125. Trinidad,

$140. Bahama Islands, $150.

_South America._--United States of Colombia, $120. Brazil, $125. Peru

and Panama, $200. Venezuela, $220; and Chili, $230.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

π = 3.14159 (π is a Greek letter pronounced Pi)

_d_ = _diameter_ of a circle

_r_ = _radius_ of a circle

_p_ = _periphery_, or circumference of a circle

The _area_ of a circle = πr²

The _circumference_ of a circle = πd

p p

The _diameter_ of a circle = --- = ----

π 3.14

p p

The _radius_ of a circle = ---- = ----

2π 6.28

The _surface_ of a sphere = 4πr² = πd²

4 1

The _volume_ of a sphere = --- πr³ = --- πd³

3 6

APPENDIX B

THE METRIC OR DECIMAL SYSTEM

The _metric system_ is a French system of weights and measures much

used in the arts and sciences in every civilized country and as each

unit is multiplied or divided by 10 to obtain ascending or descending

values it is much more convenient to use than the older English system

of arbitrary measures.

The metric system is based on the _meter_, which is one-ten millionth

of the distance from the Earth’s equator to the North Pole. There are

five units, the four latter being derived from the meter and these are:

1. The _meter_ which is the unit of length and is about 3.280 feet in

length.

2. The _are_ which is the unit of surface and is 100 square meters in

area.

3. The _liter_ which is the unit of capacity and is 1 cubic decimeter,

which is equal to 1.0567 United States quarts.

4. The _stere_ which is the unit of solidity and is equal to 1 cubic

meter.

5. The _gram_ is the unit of weight and is the weight of 1 cubic

centimeter of distilled water at its maxim density.

APPENDIX C

METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH AND VALUES IN INCHES

{ Millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m. = 0.03937 inch

Divisions { Centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m. = 0.3937 inch

{ Decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m. = 3.937 inches

Unit Meter (m) = 1. m. = 39.37 inches

{ Dekameter (Dm) = 10. m. = 393.7 inches

Multiples { Hektometer (Hm) = 100. m. = 328. feet and 1 inch

{ Kilometer (Km) = 1,000. m. = 0.62326 mile

{ Myriameter (Mm) = 10,000. m. = 6.2326 miles

APPENDIX D

METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT AND VALUES IN ENGLISH WEIGHT

{ Milligram (mg) = 0.001 g = 0.0154 grain avoirdupois

Divisions { Centigram (cg) = 0.01 g = 0.1543 grain “

{ Decigram (dg) = 0.1 g = 1.5432 grain “

Unit Gram (g) = 1 g = 15.432 grains “

{ Dekagram (Dg) = 10 g = 0.3527 ounce “

Multiples { Hektogram (Hg) = 100 g = 3.5274 ounces “

{ Kilogram (Kg) = 1,000 g = 2.2046 pounds “

{ Myriagram (Mg) = 10,000 g = 22.046 pounds “

APPENDIX E

TO CHANGE METRIC TO ENGLISH MEASURE AND VICE VERSA

_To Change_ _To_ _Multiply by_

Inches Centimeters 2.54

Feet Meters 0.3048

Miles Kilometers 1.6093

Square Inches Square Centimeters 6.4516

Square Feet Square Meters 0.0929

Square Yards Square Meters 0.8361

Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 16.3872

Cubic yards Cubic Meters 0.7646

Fluid ounces Cubic Centimeters 29.574

Quarts Liters 0.9464

Ounces (avoirdupois) Grams 28.3495

Grains Milligrams 64.789

Pounds (avoirdupois) Kilograms 0.4536

Meters Inches 39.37

Meters Feet 3.2808

Kilometers Miles 0.6213

Square Centimeters Square Inches 0.155

Square Meters Square Yards 1.196

Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches 0.0610

Cubic Meters Cubic Yards 1.308

Cubic Centimeters Fluid Ounces 0.0344

Liters Quarts 1.0567

Grams Grains 15.4324

Kilograms Pounds 2.204

APPENDIX F

SIZES OF TWIST DRILLS FOR TAPS OR SCREWS

_No. of Drill_ _No. of Tap _No. of Threads

or Screw_ to the Inch_

Use 38 for 4--36

“ 32 “ 6--32

“ 28 “ 8--32

“ 22 “ 10--24

“ 13 “ 12--24

APPENDIX G

SIZES OF TAPS AND DIES

_No. of Tap or Die_ _Threads to Inch_

4 36

6 32

8 32

10 24

12 24

APPENDIX H

SIZES OF MACHINE SCREWS AND NUTS

Machine screws and nuts are numbered the same as dies and taps.

APPENDIX I

REDUCING FRICTION

When two bodies are rubbed together the motion is opposed by a force

called _friction_. When two surfaces slide against each other the

friction between them is proportional to the force pressing them

together. The _amount_ of friction depends upon the pressure of the

bodies, the roughness of their surfaces and also slightly on their

_adhesion_. The friction is the same regardless of the speed with which

the surfaces slide over each other.

The _co-efficient of friction_ is the measure of friction and this is

found by dividing the _force of friction_ by the _force pressing the

surfaces together_. Here are a few co-efficients of sliding friction:

_Per cent._

Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel without lubricant 0.42

Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel rubbed with soap 0.16

Cast Iron on Oak 0.42

Cast Iron on Cast Iron, not lubricated 0.15

Cast Iron on Cast Iron, lubricated 0.10

Iron on Brass 0.16

Brass on Brass 0.20

Iron on Bronze, without lubricant 0.25

Iron on Bronze, thoroughly lubricated 0.06

Cast Iron Wheels on Rails (Rolling Friction) 0.004

Ball Bearings (Rolling Friction) 0.001

APPENDIX J

WEIGHT OF CASTINGS COMPARED WITH WOOD PATTERNS

The following table shows what the weight of a casting will be compared

with the weight of the wood pattern from which it was made, less the

weight of the _core point_, or piece projecting from the pattern to

support it.

===============+===============================================

A Wood Pattern |

Weighing | Will Make a Casting Weighing

One Pound |

---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

Pine | 14 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 13.5

Beech | 9.7 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 9.1

Oak | 9 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 12.9

Birch | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 10.2

Mahogany | 11.7 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 11.2

Brass | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.81

---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

APPENDIX K

GEARS AND GEARINGS

A _spur-gear_ is a gear with teeth cut on its _periphery_, that is an

ordinary cog-wheel. _Miter gears_ are two _bevel gears_ of the same

diameter which run together. A large miter gear will not mesh with a

small miter gear nor with another bevel gear in the proper manner.

Miter and bevel gears cannot be interchanged with other sets like spur

gears.

[Illustration: FIG. 129. CROSS SECTION OF GEAR]

All miter gears that you buy ready cut are made so that their shafts

run at right angles to each other as shown in Fig. 129, but you can

have them cut to order to run at any angle you want.

To find the _pitch_, _pitch diameter_, _circular pitch_, etc., of both

spur and bevel gears use these rules:

π = 3.14159

_p_ = pitch

_n_ = number of teeth

_pd_ = pitch diameter

_od_ = outside diameter

_cp_ = circular pitch

_To Find the Pitch_:

p = ----

_To Find the Number of Teeth_:

n = p × pd

_To Find the Pitch Diameter_:

pd = ---

_To Find the Outside Diameter of Spur Wheels_:

(2 + n)

od = -------

_To Find the Circular Pitch_:

cp = ----

_To Find the Distance Between the Centers of Two Spur Gears_:

(n¹ + n²)

---------

Where n¹ + n² = the sum of the teeth of both gears.

APPENDIX L

SOME USEFUL ALLOYS

Name of Alloy Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts

of of of of of

Copper Tin Zinc Lead Other

Metals

--------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------------

Gun Metal | 91 | 9 | | |

Bell Metal | 75 | 25 | | |

Bronze | 92½ | 7 | | | ½ phosphorus

Brass | 66⅔ | | 33⅓ | |

(soft) | 50 | 12½ | 37½ | |

Silver | 60 | | 20 | | 20 nickel

Solder | | 50 | | 50 |

Fine Solder | | 66⅔ | | 33⅓ |

Babbitt Metal | 3 | 89 | | | 8 antimony

Pewter | | 80 | | 20 |

--------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------------

Magnetic Alloy.--An alloy that has strong magnetic properties

is made of 25 parts of manganese, 14 parts of

aluminum and 61 parts of copper, yet none of

these metals are even slightly magnetic.

APPENDIX M

SOME HARD SOLDERS

Hard solders melt only at red heat and are used for soldering gold,

silver, brass and other metals where a good strong joint is needed.

-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------

-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------

Gold | 66.67 | | 22.22 | |11.11 copper

Silver | | 43.75 | 50 | 6.25 |

Brass | | 87.5 | | 12.5 |

-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------

APPENDIX N

HIGH SPEED STEEL

A special steel alloy which is largely used for turning tools in

_engine lathes_ and which will cut ordinary steel when the latter is

revolved at a high surface velocity is called _high speed steel_. A

tool made of high speed steel will not lose its _temper_ and will keep

its cutting edge hour after hour if they are kept cool by a stream

of water running on them. A good high speed steel for machine tools

is known by the trade name of _blue-chip_ and is manufactured by the

Firth-Sterling Steel Company of Pittsburg, Pa.

APPENDIX O

SOME ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, TERMS AND FORMULAS

Symbols Terms

E or EMF = Electromotive Force

I = Intensity of Current

R = Resistance

C = Capacity

Q = Quantity of Current

[F] = Magneto-Motive Force

[R] = Reluctance (magnetic resistance)

µ = Magnetic Permeability

W = Electric Energy

P = Electric Power

SOME DEFINITIONS

E or EMF, or _electromotive force_, is the force that moves a current

through a conductor.

I, or _intensity of current_, or _current_ as it is called for short,

is the flow of electricity through a conductor.

R, or _resistance_ is that property of a conductor which opposes the

flow of the current.

SOME ELECTRICAL UNITS

_Practical Units._ _Electrical Quantity_

Volt is the practical unit of EMF

Ampere is the practical unit of I

Ohm is the practical unit of R

Watt is the practical unit of P

OHM’S LAW

Since the intensity of an electric current varies _directly_ as the

electromotive force and _inversely_ as the resistance, if you know the

value of any two of the above units you can easily find the third.

Volts E

Amperes = -------, or I = ---

Ohms R

Current I

Electromotive Force = ------------, or E = ---

Resistance R

Electromotive Force E

Resistance = ---------------------, or R = ---

Current I

_To Find Power of an Electric Current in Terms of Horse Power_

One Watt = 1 volt × 1 ampere

746 Watts = 1 horse power.

To find the power of an electric current in terms of horse-power, find

the number of watts by multiplying the volts by the amperes and divide

the watts by 746 and the result will give you the horse-power of the

current.

APPENDIX P

NUMBER, DIAMETER, CAPACITY, WEIGHT,

AND RESISTANCE OF PURE COPPER WIRE

=========+==========+===========+==========+=======================

Gage, | Diameter | Sectional | Capacity | OHMS

B. & S. | in | Area in | in +-----------+-----------

No. | 1000ths. | Circular | Amperes | Per 1,000 | Per Mile

---------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------

0000 | .460 | 211600. | 312. | .0490 | .2590

000 | .40964 | 167805. | 262. | .0618 | .3266

00 | .3648 | 133079. | 220. | .0780 | .4118

0 | .32486 | 105534. | 185. | .0983 | .5190

1 | .2893 | 83694. | 156. | .1240 | .6549

2 | .25763 | 66373. | 131. | .1564 | .8258

3 | .22942 | 52634. | 110. | .1972 | 1.0414

4 | .20431 | 41473. | 92.3 | .2486 | 1.313

5 | .18194 | 33102. | 77.6 | .3136 | 1.655

6 | .16202 | 26251. | 65.2 | .3954 | 2.088

7 | .14428 | 20817. | 54.8 | .4987 | 2.633

8 | .12849 | 16510. | 46.1 | .6529 | 3.3

9 | .11443 | 13094. | 38.7 | .7892 | 4.1

10 | .10189 | 10382. | 32.5 | .8441 | 4.4

11 | .09074 | 8234. | 27.3 | 1.254 | 6.4

12 | .08080 | 6530. | 23. | 1.580 | 8.3

13 | .07196 | 5178. | 19.3 | 1.995 | 10.4

14 | .06408 | 4107. | 16.2 | 2.504 | 13.2

15 | .05706 | 3257. | 13.6 | 3.172 | 16.7

16 | .05082 | 2583. | 11.5 | 4.001 | 23.

17 | .04525 | 2048. | 9.6 | 5.04 | 26.

18 | .04030 | 1624. | 8.1 | 6.36 | 33.

19 | .03589 | 1288. | | 8.25 | 43.

20 | .03196 | 1021. | | 10.12 | 53.

21 | .02846 | 810. | | 12.76 | 68.

22 | .02534 | 642. | | 16.25 | 85.

23 | .02257 | 509. | | 20.30 | 108.

24 | .0201 | 404. | | 25.60 | 135.

25 | .0179 | 320. | | 32.2 | 170.

26 | .01594 | 254. | | 40.7 | 214.

27 | .01419 | 201. | | 51.3 | 270.

28 | .01264 | 159.8 | | 64.8 | 343.

29 | .01125 | 126.7 | | 81.6 | 432.

30 | .01002 | 100.5 | | 103. | 538.

31 | .00892 | 79.7 | | 130. | 685.

32 | .00795 | 63. | | 164. | 865.

33 | .00708 | 50.1 | | 206. | 1033.

34 | .00630 | 39.74 | | 260. | 1389.

35 | .00561 | 31.5 | | 328. | 1820.

36 | .005 | 25. | | 414. | 2200.

37 | .00445 | 19.8 | | 523. | 2765.

38 | .00396 | 15.72 | | 660. | 3486.

39 | .00353 | 12.47 | | 832. | 4395.

40 | .00314 | 9.88 | | 1049. | 5542.

---------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------

APPENDIX P, continued

NUMBER, DIAMETER, CAPACITY, WEIGHT,

AND RESISTANCE OF PURE COPPER WIRE

=======+============+=========================+=======================

Gage, | OHMS | FEET | POUNDS

B. & S.+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------

-------+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------

0000 | .00007 | 1.5612 | 20497.7 | 640.59 | 12987.

000 | .00012 | 1.9687 | 16255.27 | 507.85 | 8333.

00 | .00019 | 2.4824 | 12891.37 | 402.83 | 5263.

0 | .00031 | 3.1303 | 10223.08 | 319.45 | 3225.

1 | .00049 | 3.9471 | 8107.49 | 253.34 | 2041.

2 | .00078 | 4.9772 | 6429.58 | 200.91 | 1228.

3 | .00125 | 6.2765 | 5098.61 | 159.32 | 800.

4 | .00198 | 7.9141 | 4043.6 | 126.35 | 505.

5 | .00314 | 9.9798 | 3206.61 | 100.20 | 318.

6 | .00499 | 12.5847 | 2542.89 | 79.462 | 200.

7 | .00792 | 15.8696 | 2015.51 | 63.013 | 126.

8 | .0125 | 20.0097 | 1599.3 | 49.976 | 80.

9 | .0197 | 25.229 | 1268.44 | 39.636 | 50.

10 | .0270 | 31.8212 | 1055.66 | 31.426 | 37.

11 | .0501 | 40.1202 | 797.649 | 24.924 | 20.

12 | .079 | 50.5906 | 632.555 | 19.766 | 12.65

13 | .127 | 63.7948 | 501.63 | 15.674 | 7.87

14 | .200 | 80.4415 | 397.822 | 12.435 | 5.00

15 | .320 | 101.4365 | 315.482 | 9.859 | 3.12

16 | .512 | 127.12 | 250.184 | 7.819 | 1.95

17 | .811 | 161.29 | 198.409 | 6.199 | 1.23

18 | 1.29 | 203.374 | 157.35 | 4.916 | .775

19 | 2.11 | 256.468 | 124.777 | 3.899 | .473

20 | 3.27 | 323.399 | 98.9533 | 3.094 | .305

21 | 5.20 | 407.815 | 78.473 | 2.452 | .192

22 | 8.35 | 514.193 | 62.236 | 1.945 | .119

23 | 13.3 | 648.452 | 49.3504 | 1.542 | .075

24 | 20.9 | 817.688 | 39.1365 | 1.223 | .047

25 | 32.2 | 1031.038 | 31.0381 | .9699 | .030

26 | 52.9 | 1300.180 | 24.6131 | .7692 | .0187

27 | 84.2 | 1639.49 | 19.5191 | .6099 | .0118

28 | 134. | 2067.364 | 15.4793 | .4807 | .0074

29 | 213. | 2606.959 | 12.2854 | .3835 | .0047

30 | 338. | 3287.084 | 9.7355 | .3002 | .0029

31 | 539. | 4414.49 | 7.7214 | .2413 | .0018

32 | 856. | 5226.915 | 6.1224 | .1913 | .0011

33 | 1357. | 6590.41 | 4.8557 | .1517 | .00076

34 | 2166. | 8312.8 | 3.8496 | .1204 | .00046

35 | 3521. | 10481.77 | 3.0530 | .0956 | .00028

36 | 5469. | 13214.16 | 2.4217 | .0757 | .00018

37 | 8742. | 16659.97 | 1.9208 | .0600 | .00011

38 |13722. | 21013.25 | 1.5229 | .0475 | .00007

39 |21896. | 26496.237 | 1.2077 | .0375 | .00004

40 |34823. | 33420.63 | 0.9798 | .0299 | .00002

-------+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------

APPENDIX Q

NUMBER OF TURNS OF WIRE THAT CAN BE WOUND IN A GIVEN SPACE

======+===============================+===============================

| COTTON | SILK

+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------

| SINGLE | DOUBLE | SINGLE | DOUBLE

No. B +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

& S. | | | | | | | |

or | | | | | | | |

Ameri-| Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per

Gage | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu.

------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

20 | 676| 42 | 576 | 36 | 841| 52 | 676| 42

21 | 842| 53 | 625 | 39 | 961| 60 | 842| 53

22 | 1.024| 64 | 729 | 45 | 1.225| 76 | 1.024| 64

23 | 1.024| 81 | 900 | 56 | 1.521| 95 | 1.296| 81

24 | 1.600| 100 | 1.089 | 68 | 1.936| 121 | 1.600| 100

25 | 1.849| 115 | 1.296 | 81 | 2.304| 144 | 1.849| 115

26 | 2.209| 138 | 1.440 | 90 | 2.916| 182 | 2.209| 138

27 | 2.500| 156 | 1.600 | 100 | 3.249| 206 | 2.500| 156

28 | 3.025| 189 | 1.849 | 115 | 4.096| 254 | 3.025| 189

29 | 3.481| 218 | 2.025 | 126 | 4.761| 297 | 3.481| 218

30 | 4.356| 272 | 2.500 | 156 | 6.400| 400 | 4.356| 272

31 | 5.001| 315 | 2.704 | 169 | 7.769| 485 | 5.041| 315

32 | 5.929| 370 | 3.025 | 189 | 9.025| 564 | 5.929| 370

33 | 7.089| 443 | 3.481 | 218 | 11.025| 689 | 7.089| 443

34 | 7.769| 485 | 3.600 | 225 | 12.321| 770 | 7.769| 485

35 | 8.100| 506 | 3.844 | 240 | 13.689| 855 | 8.100| 506

36 | 10.000| 625 | 4.356 | 272 | 17.689| 1.105 | 10.000| 625

37 | 11.025| 689 | 4.761 | 297 | 20.164| 1.240 | 11.025| 689

38 | 12.321| 770 | 5.041 | 315 | 23.716| 1.482 | 12.321| 770

39 | 13.689| 855 | 5.476 | 342 | 27.556| 1.722 | 13.689| 855

40 | 15.625| 976 | 5.929 | 370 | 32.761| 2.047 | 15.625| 976

------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

(W. J. Clarke.)

APPENDIX R

PRICES OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE SILK AND COTTON COVERED MAGNET WIRE

PRICE PER POUND

--------+----------------+----------------

Size by | Single | Double

B. & S. | Covered. | Covered.

Gage +--------+-------+--------+-------

| Cotton | Silk | Cotton | Silk

--------+--------+-------+--------+-------

16 | | $0.80 | | $1.02

17 | | .82 | | 1.04

18 | | .84 | | 1.06

19 | | .86 | | 1.08

20 | $0.58 | .88 | $0.64 | 1.12

21 | .60 | .90 | .70 | 1.15

22 | .62 | .92 | .74 | 1.22

23 | .65 | .96 | .78 | 1.28

24 | .68 | 1.02 | .84 | 1.38

25 | .73 | 1.10 | .92 | 1.48

26 | .80 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.65

27 | .86 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.85

28 | .92 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 2.00

29 | .98 | 1.53 | 1.30 | 2.22

30 | 1.08 | 1.70 | 1.42 | 2.56

31 | 1.19 | 1.92 | 1.54 | 3.08

32 | 1.27 | 2.16 | 1.64 | 3.40

33 | 1.44 | 2.46 | 1.88 | 4.00

34 | 1.73 | 2.90 | 2.20 | 4.60

35 | 1.86 | 3.38 | 2.67 | 5.28

36 | 2.12 | 3.93 | 3.00 | 5.98

37 | 2.70 | 4.66 | 4.30 | 7.37

38 | 3.60 | 5.58 | 5.70 | 8.43

39 | 4.70 | 6.76 | 7.20 | 9.75

40 | 6.00 | 8.14 | 9.00 | 11.53

--------+--------+-------+--------+-------

There is a discount of about 50 per cent. on the above prices though

this is subject to change.

APPENDIX S

A LIST OF SOME CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

Element Symbol

Aluminum Al

Antimony Sb

Argon A

Arsenic As

Barium Bi

Boron B

Bromine Br

Cadmium Cd

Calcium Ca

Carbon C

Chlorine Cl

Chromium Cr

Cobalt Co

Copper Cu

Fluorine F

Gold Au

Helium He

Hydrogen H

Iodine I

Iron Fe

Lead Pb

Lithium Li

Magnesium Mg

Manganese Mn

Mercury Hg

Nickel Ni

Nitrogen N

Oxygen O

Phosphorus P

Potassium K

Platinum Pt

Silicon Si

Silver Ag

Sodium Na

Strontium Sr

Sulphur S

Tin Sn

Zinc Zn

APPENDIX T

THE COMMON NAMES OF SOME CHEMICALS

Common Name Chemical Name

Alum Sulphate of ammonium, or potassium, etc.

Aqua fortis Nitric acid

Aqua regia Concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid mixed.

Baking soda Sodium carbonate

Calomel Mercurious chloride

Carbolic acid Phenol

Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide

Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide

Chalk Calcium carbonate

Copperas Ferrous sulphate

Corrosive sublimate Mercuric chloride

Cream of tartar Potassium bitartrate

Epsom salts Magnesium sulphate

Fire damp Methane

Fool’s gold Iron pyrites

Glauber’s salt Sodium sulphate

Grape sugar Glucose; a carbohydrate

Hartshorn Aqueous solution of ammonia

Jeweler’s putty Tin oxide

Laughing gas Nitrous oxide

Lime Calcium oxide

Lunar caustic Silver nitrate

Mosaic gold Tin bisulphide

Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid

Monsel’s salts Basic ferric sulphate

Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate

Realgar Red arsenic sulphide

Red lead Lead oxide

Rochelle salt Sodium potassium tartrate

Royal water See Aqua regia

Sal ammoniac Ammonium chloride

Salt (common) Sodium chloride

Sal soda Sodium carbonate

Salt of tartar Potassium carbonate

Saltpeter Potassium nitrate

Salts of lemon Oxalic acid

Slacked lime Calcium hydrate

Soda Sodium carbonate

Spirits of salt Hydrochloric acid

Sugar of lead Lead acetate

Sugar of milk Lactose

Tartar emetic Potassium antimonious tartrate

Verdigris Copper acetate

Vermilion Mercuric sulphide

Vinegar Dilute acetic acid

Vitriol, blue Copper sulphate

Vitriol, green Ferrous sulphate

Vitriol, oil of Sulphuric acid

Vitriol, white Zinc sulphate

Volatile alkali Ammonia

Washing soda Sodium carbonate

White lead Lead carbonate

Zinc white Zinc sulfid

APPENDIX U

THE FOUR CHIEF THERMOMETRIC SCALES

[Illustration: FIG. 130. THE FOUR CHIEF THERMOMETRIC SCALES: RÉAUMUR,

ABSOLUTE, FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE]

There are four different thermometer scales used for measuring

temperature and these are (1) the _Fahrenheit_ scale which is widely

used for all ordinary purposes; (2) the _Centigrade_ which is the

standard scale used for scientific work since it is based on the

decimal system; (3) the _Réaumur_ scale which is largely used in

Germany, and (4) the _absolute_ scale which is reckoned from _absolute

zero_, that is the point at which there is absolutely no heat. It

is about 461 degrees Fahr., 274 degrees centigrade, and 219 degrees

Réaumur below the zero of these scales.

SOME WORDS AND TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK

_Accelerate._--To hurry or speed up the usual slow state of events.

_Actuate._--(1) To put into action. (2) Means by which anything is

started to move. (See Operate).

_Adhesion._--A force which makes certain bodies stick together.

_Aërial Wire._--An elevated wire used to send out and to receive

electric waves for wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony.

_Affidavit._--A sworn statement made before a notary public or other

legal authority.

_Agent._--(1) A canvasser. (2) One who acts as a salesman or in any

capacity for another.

_Amend._--To change or correct, as to _amend_ a claim in a patent.

_Analysis._--See Chemical decomposition.

_Arbor._--An axle, spindle, shaft or mandrel.

_Archives._--A place in which official papers are kept and held secret.

_Arlington wireless station._--A high powered wireless station at

Arlington, Va., across the river from Washington, D. C.

_Assignment._--To transfer to another a right or interest.

_Attest._--To witness or to sign an oath that a thing is true.

_Automatic._--A machine which performs certain operations of its own

accord.

_Aviation._--The art of flying.

_Axis._--An imaginary line on or around which a body turns. (Plural

Axes.)

_Basic principle._--The first source or cause of a thing.

_Biologist._--One who knows something about the science of life and

living things.

_Broker._--One who acts as an agent to negotiate purchases and make

sales on a commission, as a _stock-broker_, _coffee-broker_, etc.

_Capital._--Wealth that is used in or can be had for business.

_Capital Stock._--The shares of a company that are sold to furnish

funds with which to transact business.

_Capitalize._--To fix a value on the stock of a company.

_Case._--An application pending in the patent office.

_Cause._--A suit or action over patent rights which is conducted in a

court.

_Certified copy._--A paper or a copy of a paper that has been sworn to

before a notary to prove it to be the original or an exact copy of the

original.

_Chemical Combination._--(1) The atomic union of chemicals. (2) A

compound of chemical elements.

_Chemical Decomposition._--The separation of a compound with its

original elements.

_Circularize._--To send out circulars to a list of names.

_Cite._--To quote a reference to an authority.

_Citation._--An article or patent quoted by a patent examiner as a

basis for the rejection of a patent application or of a claim.

_Claim._--The last part of a patent specification in which the

inventor clearly and specifically sets forth what his invention

consists of and what he demands to have protected by a patent.

_Claim, Broad._--(1) A _broad claim_ is one in which the inventor

claims everything in sight and usually more than he is entitled to.

(2) It is easy to write a broad claim but hard to get it allowed.

_Claim, Narrow._--(1) A _narrow_, or _limited claim_ is one in which a

patent attorney puts in so many elements or parts that the combination

is bound to be patentable. (2) Such a claim has no value because it is

easy for another to change an element or a part when the combination

no longer infringes. (3) The hardest thing that an inventor has to

contend with is to get a claim written so that it will stand in court.

_Coincide._--Exactly corresponding to or meeting.

_Conceive._--To get an idea.

_Commission Merchant._--A man who stands between the manufacturer and

the wholesaler and who gets a percentage on the amount of goods that

change hands.

_Commissioner of Patents._--The head, front and center of the patent

office.

_Concentric Circles._--Circles drawn within circles and all of them

having the same center.

_Corporation._--(1) A company. (2) An imaginary person invented by law

and formed of one or more real persons banded together to transact

business.

_Correspondent._--(1) An associate. (2) A lawyer that carries on his

business with another lawyer at a distance.

_Consumer._--The last buyer and the user of an article or a device.

_Cross-section._--See Drawing, Cross-section.

_Counsel._--A patent attorney who is qualified to prosecute patent

cases in court.

_Data._--Information that is known or may be had.

_Deductive Proof._--That form of thought by which an idea used as a

starting point is brought to a conclusion by known principles and

facts. (See Inductive Discovery.) Inductive discovery is the raw idea

and does not lead up to certainty, whereas deductive proof does.

_Degree._--(1) One three hundred and sixtieth part of a circle. (2)

The unit of angular measurement.

_Detailed Drawing._--See Drawing, Detailed.

_Device._--(1) An apparatus or an instrument, or a machine or any part

of any of them. (2) Any scheme for producing a desired result.

_Die._--A steel tool having a sharp edge for cutting out special

designs in paper, metals, etc.

_Directors._--Members of a company chosen to direct its business.

_Disclose._--(1) To make known. (2) To give up the secret of your

invention.

_Display ad._--An advertisement in which larger type is used than for

the reading matter of the paper.

_Dividends._--Money resulting from profits and which are distributed

among the shareholders.

_Drawing, Free Hand._--Pictures drawn without measurements or the aid

of instruments.

_Drawing, Working._--A drawing of a part, device or machine made to

scale so that a mechanic can work from it.

_Drawing, Cross Section._--A drawing of an object as though it had

been cut in two in order to show its inside construction.

_Drawing, Detail._--A drawing of any part of a device or a machine

made large enough to show everything no matter how small.

_Drawing, Perspective._--A drawing of a solid object on a flat surface

so that it seems to stand out in space like the object itself.

_Drawing, Isometric perspective._--See Isometric Perspective.

_Du Ponts._--A firm at Wilmington, Delaware, who manufactures

gun-powder and other explosives.

_Efficient._--That which works the best with the greatest economy.

_Element._--(1) A _chemical element_ is a form of matter which cannot

be decomposed. (2) A _mechanical element_ is a single part of a device

or a machine.

_Electrolytic._--The decomposition of a chemical compound by an

electric current.

_Electroplating._--Depositing one metal on another metal by an

electric current.

_Electrotype._--A duplicate of type or cuts for printing, the body of

which is of type-metal and the face of copper which has been deposited

by an electric current.

_Electrolytic._--Decomposition of a substance, or a solution by means

of an electric current.

_Electrolysis._--About the same as _electrolytic_.

_Elementary._--Simple; primary.

_Electro-Chemistry._--Chemistry in which electricity is used.

_Engine lathe._--A large and accurate screw cutting lathe fitted with

all known attachments.

_Entering Edge._--The front edge of the main plane of an aeroplane.

_Ether._--A substance filling all space and in, by and through which

light, electricity and magnetism acts and travels.

_Evidence of conception._--A signed and sealed statement made at the

time or shortly after you get the big idea which will serve as proof

of the earliest time you thought of it.

_Excerpt._--A part, or an extract of an article.

_Expert._--One who is trained or is skilful, due to learning and

practice.

_Experiment._--(1) To find out an effect, or the cause of it by trials

and tests. (2) To work out a process for the purpose of developing an

idea. (3) To show the effect of some previous discovery or invention.

_Files._--Patents that are arranged systematically for easy reference.

_Fixture._--See Jig.

_Free-hand Drawing._--See Drawing, Free-hand.

_Full paid._--Stock that has been paid for either in cash or by a

patented invention.

_High Frequency Oscillations._--(1) Electric oscillations. (2)

Electric currents which alternate in direction 100,000 or more a

second.

_Idea, Raw._--The first idea that comes into the mind as a basis for

an invention.

_Improvement._--(1) Adding a new element or part to a composition,

device or a machine. (2) An improvement constitutes an invention and

can be patented.

_Impulse._--A turbine wheel turned by steam forced against its blades.

_Initiative._--The first step or action.

_Indicate._--To point out. To show how a thing is done.

_Inductive Discovery._--(1) The _raw_, or original idea that results

from the mind process. It precedes _deductive proof_.

_Inherent stability._--A natural tendency of a body to remain

balanced, or when upset to right itself.

_Isometric._--Of equal measure or scale.

_Isometric Perspective._--Three sets of lines of equal measure, that

is 120 degrees apart which represent the three dimensions of space.

_Isometric Cross-section paper._--Paper ruled with lines of equal

measure for making isometric perspective drawings.

_Jig._--A tool, or _fixture_ used as a guide for cutting tools where

duplicate parts are made by a machine.

_Jobber._--A man who buys in large quantities for the manufacturer and

sells them to wholesalers or retailers.

_Key._--A tapering wedge for fastening the collar of a wheel on a part

of a shaft.

_Litigation._--Law suits.

_Low Voltage Currents._--(1) Currents having a pressure up to 500

volts. (2) Ordinary battery and lighting currents are low voltage.

_Machine Design._--The scientific designing of machines.

_Math._--Abbreviation for mathematics.

_Maxims_, Hiram and Hudson.--Inventors of high explosives, machine

guns and other things that make for peace in times of war, and make

for war in times of peace.

_Mechanical Movement._--(1) The simplest form of a machine. (2) A

combination of two or more of the mechanical powers.

_Memorandum._--A written outline of an agreement, or a contract.

_Micawber._--A character in Dickens’ _David Copperfield_. He was never

able to get down to anything but was always waiting for something to

turn up.

_Model._--(1) An object or a device made to represent an apparatus or

a machine. (2) A device made to show how an apparatus or a machine

works. (3) Scale models are smaller than the machines they represent

and may be built either to show how the finished apparatus will

appear or they may be actual working models.

_Monopoly._--The sole right to make, use and sell an invention or the

product of an invention.

_Notary Public._--A commissioned official who holds a seal of his

office and who certifies papers, etc.

_Oath._--A sworn statement of the truth.

_Operate._--(1) To put into motion. (2) To do mechanical work. (See

Actuate.)

_Ozone._--A colorless gas formed by discharging electricity through

the air or oxygen.

_Paper patent._--A patent granted by the patent office for an idea

that has never been worked out in practice.

_Part._--A small portion of a device or a machine.

_Par value._--The full, or face value.

_Patent attorney._--A lawyer who makes patent law his business or

ought to.

_Patent Expert._--One who is specially trained in an art or a science

which enables him to give expert testimony in patent causes.

_Patent Office._--(1) The building in which the patent business of the

government is transacted. (2) The office conducted by the government

for handling of its patent business. (3) The patent office of the U.

S. is one of the bureaus of the Department of the Interior and it is

under the direction of a commissioner of patents.

_Patent Examiner._--One who examines and passes on patents in the

patent office.

_Patentee._--The one to whom a patent is granted.

_Periphery._--(1) The circumference of a circle. (2) The outer surface

of a wheel.

_Perspective Drawing._--See Drawing, Perspective.

_Perspective, Isometric._--See Isometric Perspective.

_Philosophy._--(1) The science of all natural laws. (2) The laws,

causes and principles on which facts can be explained. (See

Psychology.)

_Precision._--(1) The state of being very accurate. (2) Said of any

instrument or machine which works with exactness.

_Principle._--A truth or cause.

_Priority._--Being first.

_Protractor._--An instrument for laying off and measuring angles by

degrees.

_Prosecute._--To follow up until a conclusion is reached.

_Pro Rata._--In proportion.

_Psychological moment._--The exact time to impress the mind in the

best way.

_Psychology._--(1) A branch of philosophy. (2) The science of the mind

and its operations.

_Ramifications._--Subdivisions of a subject or branches of a thing.

_Reaction._--A turbine wheel turned by steam forced from it against

the air.

_Rectify._--(1) To make right whatever is wrong. (2) To make a direct

current of an alternating current.

_Rectangle._--A four sided plane with right angle corners.

_Reject._--To refuse to accept, as to reject a claim in a patent.

_Retainer._--The advance fee paid to an attorney.

_Retailer._--A man who buys in small quantities and sells piecemeal to

consumers.

_Royalty._--A share of the profits paid to the owner of a patented

article or a device by those whom he allows to make or use it.

_Scale._--A piece of wood, metal or other material with graduated

lines on it and used for measuring.

_Securities._--Property of any kind which has enough value to keep the

credit good.

_Semi-circle._--(1) Half of a circle. (2) A segment of a circle equal

to 180 degrees.

_Shares._--(1) The equal parts of the capital stock of a company. (2)

The shares are represented by _certificates_.

_Shareholder._--An owner of the shares of stock of a company.

_Shop-right license._--A legal permit given to the owner of a shop to

make and sell a patented article or device.

_Sketch._--A crude picture.

_Standardize._--To make a device or a machine to conform to a certain

type.

_Stockholder._--An owner of the shares of the stock in a company.

_Stock._--(1) The shares of a company which represent its capital.

(2) Goods traded in for a profit. (3) The raw materials used for

manufacturing purposes. (4) The manufactured goods that are held in

reserve.

_St. Elmo’s Fire._--An electric glow which is often seen at the end of

a spar of a ship at night.

_Synthesis._--To combine chemical elements to form a compound.

_Synthetic._--A chemically prepared substance which is exactly like

that found in nature, as _synthetic camphor_, _synthetic sapphires_,

etc.

_Technical Expert._--See Patent expert.

_Transfer of Energy._--Changing the energy of one body to another body.

_Transformation of Energy._--Changing the form of energy, as from

electricity to magnetism, or from heat to light.

_Transactions, or Proceedings._--The published reports of scientific

and other societies.

_Treasury stock._--The shares that belong to the company and which are

used to provide it with working capital.

_Trustees._--About the same thing as _directors_.

_Tungsten._--A steel gray metallic element.

_Tyro._--A beginner.

_Useful art._--Anything which requires ingenuity to fashion, and which

can be used for some good purpose.

_Valid._--(1) That which holds good. (2) A patent that is founded on

fact and in law.

_Who’s Who._--A red book of noted men and women living in the United

States.

_Wholesaler._--One who buys and sells in large quantities.

_Wing._--The main or supporting plane of an aeroplane.

_Working Drawing._--See Drawing, Working.

INDEX

Acetylene gas, 16, 89

Action of patent office, 125

Advertising for agents, 167

Advertising campaign, 173

How to start an, 179

Advertising, classified, 169

Displayed, 177

Stereotyped copy, 178

Advertising an inventor’s job, 178

Advertising patent attorneys, 48, 113

Advertising versus publicity, 175

Aeroplane, 43

Inventing, 215

State of the art of, 52

Agent, manufacturer’s, 170

Agents, advertising for, 167

Selling through sales, 171

Agreement, form of an invention, 133

Air brake, invention of the, 205

Alternating current generator, 77

Alloys, some useful, 240

Aluminum, 16, 89

Amending the specification and claims, 118, 125

Ammeter, 83

Appendices, 229

Applying for a patent, 117

Archives of patent office, 126

Arc lamps, 79

Assignment, patent, 134, 217

Atoms and molecules, 61

Attorneys, advertising patent, 48

Automobile, invention of the, 209

Ball bearings, 61

Band saw, 158

Battery, 76

Bell, Alexander, telephone inventor, 206

Bell telephone, 56, 206

Bentley and Knight, trolley line inventors, 211

Berliner, Emile, graphophone inventor, 207

Bessemer, Henry, inventor of cheap steel process, 204

Board of examiners-in-chief, 127

Book,

of account, 140

on electro-chemistry, 90

of mechanical movements, 69

Minute, 141

on modern views of electricity, 75

on Physics, 69

Stock certificate, 141

Stock ledger, 142

Stock transfer, 141

on Chemistry, 88

on Wireless, 82

Bourseul, Charles, telephone inventor, 205

Branca, steam turbine inventor, 209

Brokers who advertise, 136

Brush, dynamo inventor, 46

Buffing machine, 156

Bullock, printing press inventor, 203

Business ability in inventing, 131

Buying machine tools, 150

Calcium carbide, 16, 89

Carborundum, 16, 89

Carré, Ferdinand, ice machine inventor, 204

Capital, how to enlist, 135

Stock, 139

of a stock company, 138

Cardboard models, uses of, 42

Casting in brass and iron, 110

Castings compared with wood, 237

Caveats, 217

Certificate of incorporation, 139

Chemical apparatus, 87

Chemicals and their common names, 249

Chemical compounds, inventing, 14

Chemical elements and their symbols, 248

Chemical equipment for experimenting, 86

Chemical inventions, ideas for, 14

Chemistry, how to experiment, 84

First book on, 7

Inventions in, 59

Circularizing, 169

Claims, amending patent, 118, 125

Patent, 49, 117, 122

Coal tar colors, 89

Collins, A. Frederick, wireless telephone inventor, 215

Commissioner of Patents, 49, 116, 125, 127, 218

Company, see stock company, 138

Conferences of associates, 167

Contracts, about signing, 137

Copyrights, 221

Corporation, outfit needed by, 141

Corporate seal, 142

Corporation, see stock company, 138

Correspondent, 47

Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, 127

Cross-sectional drawings, 21

Current electricity, 74-76

Daft, Leo, trolley line inventor, 211

Davenport, Thomas, electric railway inventor, 211

Davy, safety lamp inventor, 5

Deductive proof, 6

De Laval, steam turbine inventor, 209

Depreciation of machinery, 164

Design patents, 216

Diagrams, how to make electrical, 39

Discoveries, accidental, 4

Discovery of vulcanized rubber, 4

Direct current, 76

Drawing a box, 22

Drawing, free hand, 19

Isometric ellipse, 32

Mechanical, 19

Drawing paper, isometric, 26

How to make isometric, 27

Drawing in perspective, simple way, 26

Drawing a steam engine, 22

Drawing tools needed, 29

Drawings, cross-sectional, 21

Detailed, 21

How to letter them, 36

How to make simple working, 20

How to shade them, 36

Isometric, 122

in perspective, isometric, 20, 25, 26

Rules for patent, 117

Scale, 19-21

Some aids to, 40

Tools for making simple, 19

Working, 19

Drill press, hand, 103

Pillar type, 153

Dynamo electric machine, 45

Dynamo and motor, invention of the, 205

Eastman, Charles, kodak inventor, 131, 208

Edison, 5, 46, 131, 180, 206, 207, 210, 213

Efficiency in manufacture, 147

Electric,

Alternating current, 77

Battery, 88

Bell, 13

Block signal system, 58

Condenser, 75

Current, 76

Direct current, 76

Furnace, 88

Induction, 75

Interrupted direct current, 76

Locomotive, invention of the, 212

Motors, individual, 157

Power, 148

Pulsating direct current, 76

Railway, invention of the, 211

Smelting, 89

Waves, 75

Electrical,

Diagrams, how to make, 39

Equipment for experimenting, 82

Invention ideas, for, 11

Symbols, how to make, 36

Symbols, terms and formulas, 242

Units, 242

Electricity, current, 74

Forms of, 74

How to experiment with, 74

Static, 74-75

Electro-chemical inventions, ideas for, 15

Electro-chemistry, how to experiment with, 88

Inventions in, 59, 89

Electrolysis, 89

Electromagnet, 13, 78

Plunger, 79

Waves, 79

Electro-mechanical devices, 80

Electro-mechanical inventions, ideas for, 13

Electroplating, 88

Electrotyping, 88

Electrolytic repairing of copper, 16, 89

Ellipse, drawing an, 32-34

Employee’s patent agreement, 99

Energy, 59

Energy,

Forms of, 61

of motion, 60

of position, 60

Ether, 75

Energy of, 62

Evidence of conception, 18, 113

Examiner of interferences, 126

Examiner, patent office, 50

Experiment, how to, 58

With machines, how to, 59

Working out ideas by, 7

With electro-chemistry, how to, 88

Experimenting, value of, 7

Experts, technical patent, 128

Faraday, dynamo inventor, 3, 45

Flying machine, helicopter, 94

Follow-up letters, 170

Foreign patents,

Dominion of Canada, Great Britain, 224

France and Colonies, Germany and Colonies, Austria and Hungary,

Belgium, Spain, Italy, Russia, Denmark, 225

Norway and Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal and Turkey, 226

Holland, India, Australian Commonwealth, Japan and China, Africa,

Central America, West Indies, South America, 226

Fulton, Robert, steamboat inventor, 202

Ford, Henry, greatest automobile manufacturer in the world, 210

Free-hand drawing, 19

Friction, reducing, 236

Work against, 61

Finishing your product, 162

Gas engine, invention of the, 204

Gas furnace, 150

Gears and gearing, 238

Genius versus college professors, 5

Government monopoly, 112, 127

Gramme, dynamo inventor, 205

Graphophone, invention of the, 207

Grinder, 151

Gyro-compass, 13, 18

Gyro-motor for aeroplane, 43

Hall of Fame, New York University, 203

Progress and civilization, 203

Heat, 61

Helicopter, flying machine, 94

Hero, steam turbine inventor, 208

High frequency, Alternators, 78

Currents, 12, 75

Machine, 162

Hiring and firing men, 161

Hoe Brothers, printing press inventors, 203

Howe, Elias, sewing machine inventor, 56, 203

Hydro-electric power, 149

Ice machine, invention of the, 204

Idea,

The big, 181

Factory, 180

First raw, 3, 6

Getting an, 1

How to get an, 1

of an inventive genius, 2

Protecting your, 97

What it is, 2

Where it originates, 3

Ideas,

For chemical inventions, 14

For electrical inventions, 11

For electro-chemical inventions, 15

For electro-mechanical inventions, 13

For inventions in general, 9

Kinds of, 3

For mechanical inventions, 9

Protecting raw ideas, 16

Thought out, 6

Working out on paper, 19

Incandescent light, invention of the, 210

Inclined plane, 63

Index of the patent office, 53

Individual electric motors, 157

Induction coil, 76

Inductive discovery, 3

Infra-red waves, 75, 79

Infringement suit, 18

Infringers of patents, 127

Initial funds, how to raise, 132

Interferences, 126

Interruptor, 76

Improvements needed, 181

Iron ore, reduction of, 90

Invent,

What to, 180

What not to, 197

Inventing,

Chemical compounds, 14

Secret of, 180

As a vocation, 131

Invention,

Agreement, form of an, 133

Guardian angel of, 7

Heroes of, 200

How to patent your, 112

Keeping an interest in, 133

Manufacturing an, 146

Pay, making your, 131

Protecting your, 97, 119

Record of your, 18

Of the sewing machine, 56

Of the wardrobe trunk, 4

What it consists of, 118

Inventions,

In chemistry, 59

In electro-chemistry, 59, 89

In general, ideas for, 9

Great, and what they paid, 203

That have paid big, little, 201

Ideas for chemical, 14

Ideas for electrical, 11

Ideas for electro-chemical, 15

Ideas for electro-mechanical, 13

Ideas for mechanical, 9

Some big, needed,

Safety first, automobiles, 187

Aviation, 188

Chemistry, 190

Electricity, 191

Electro-chemistry, 192

Building, mining and metallurgy, 193

Printing, moving pictures, 195

Other field of endeavor, 196

Needed,

For the farm, some little, 183

For fun, 185

For the house, 182

For the office, 184

For the person, 182

Protection against theft, 100

Real, and what they paid, 202

Selling small, 167

Simple, and what they paid, 202

What some have paid, 200

Inventive ability, 131

Inventive world, tour of, 200

Inventors, 5

Self-taught, 5

Inventor’s salary contract, 144

Isometric,

Drawing paper, 26

Ellipse, how to draw, 32

Paper, how to make, 27

Perspective drawings, 20, 26, 122

Jig saw, 157

Kinetograph, invention of the, 213

Kinetoscope, invention of the, 213

Kodak camera, invention of the, 208

Lathe, engine, 152

Foot power, screw cutting, 103

Plain, 151

Screw cutting, power, 152

Lawyer, retaining a, 144

Lever, 63

Bent, 64

Compound, 64-65

Leyden jar, 75

Light waves, 75

Light, 79

Linotype, invention of the, 212

Lists of consumers, where to buy, 169

Locomotive, invention of the, 202

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 181

Machine design, 58

Machine screws and nuts, sizes of, 235

Machine tools, buying, 150

Machines, commercial uses of, 62

Compound, 69

How to experiment with, 59

Principles of, 62

Magnet, electro-, 78

Permanent steel, 78

Magnetism, 74, 78

Magneto-electric machine, 76

Mail order business, 168

Marconi, William, wireless telegraph inventor, 6, 214

Manikin for drawing, 40

Marketing your product, 166

Mathematical formulas, some useful, 231

Manual of classification, patent office, 57

Manufacture, problem of, 146

Manufactured product, finished, 162

Manufacturer’s agent, 170

Manufactory, locating a, 149

Starting your own, 148

Manufacturing your invention, 146

Material, buying the raw, 159

Materials, automatic machine made, 107, 159

Buying, 108

Raw, 149

Mechanics, principles of, 58

Mechanical,

Drawings, 19

Inventions, ideas for, 9

Movements, 58, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73

Powers, 59, 63

Mergenthaler, Ottmar, 212

Micrometer, 103

How to read a, 105

Metric,

Changed to English measure, 234

or decimal system, 232

Measures of length, 233

Measures of weight, 233

Milling machine, universal, 156

Minute book, 140

Model,

of a British express locomotive, 95

Building a, 96

How to make, 91

Makers, 97

Ways to make, 97

Models,

How to make cardboard, 42

in Patent Office, 91

Rough, 91-92

Scale, 91-92, 95

Working, 91-92

Molecules and atoms, 61

Monopoly, Government, 112, 127

Morse, Samuel F. B., telegraph inventor, 203

Moving pictures, invention of the, 212

Muybridge, Eadweard, 213

Nitric acid of the air, 16, 89

Oath, patent, 120

Form of, 124

Official Gazette of the Patent Office, 53, 218

Ohm’s Law, 243

Organizing a shop force, 160

Oscillating current, 78

Otto, N. A., gas engine inventor, 204

Overhead charges, 164

How to figure, 165

Oxy-Hydrogen furnace, 85

Ozone of the air, 89

Page, C. T., electric railway inventor, 211

Parsons, steam turbine inventor, 209

Partner, how to secure, 135-136

Partnership, forming a, 135

Patent,

About an interest in a, 134

Agreement, Employee’s, 99

Amending claims, 125

Application, 116

Application, filing fee for, 114

Applying for a, 117

Applying for your own, 115

Assignment, 134

Causes, 128

Claims, 49, 117, 120, 122

Claims, Amending, 117

Claims, narrow, 113

Copy of a, 125

Counsel, 128

Design, 216

Drawings, 120, 122

Drawings, rules for, 117

Final Government fee for, 114

Getting a, 51

is granted, after your, 127

is granted, when your, 127

Interferences, 55, 126

that pended for seven years, 126

is pending, while your, 125

Petition, 120

Specifications, 49, 53, 117, 120, 122

Suits, 128

System bubbles, 115

What it consists of, 112, 120

What you may, 118

Patentee, 127

Patenting your invention, 112

Patent attorneys,

Catching your, 115

Flat-rate fee for, 114

Judgment of, 118

Retaining a, 47

Temptation of, 115

Patent attorneys, 54, 126, 127

Advertising, 48, 113

Choosing a, 112

High-grade, 114

Least charges of, 224

Watching, 117

Patent examiner, 50, 91, 114, 115

Versus inventors discontent, 126

and sewing machine needle, 56

Sub-cellar, 51

Methods, 125

Patent experts, technical, 128

Patent oath, 120, 124

Patent office,

Action, 125

Archives, 126

Citing references, 117

Citations, 125

Fees, 217

Index, 53

Manual of classification, 57

Official Gazette, 53

Red tape, 126

Rejection of claims, 117

Rules of practice of, 116

Patent office search, a desk, 48

a free, 48

a special, 48

Preliminary, 49

Patents,

Foreign, 224

See foreign patents

Paper, 130

Number granted each year, 118

Patterns, complicated, 110

Making, 108

Perpetual motion, 62, 77, 199

Perspective drawings, 25

Isometric, 20, 26

Perspective, simple way to draw in, 26

Petition, patent, 120

Philosophy, 3, 6

Phonograph, invention of the, 207

Physics, first book on, 7

Planer, 154

Planté, Gaston, storage battery inventor, 208

Power, 59, 65

Protractor, how to use it, 31

Protecting raw ideas, 16

Preliminary search, 47

Printing press, perfecting, invention of the, 203

Priority, 16

Profits, how to figure, 165

Promoter, ordinary, 137

Professional, 100

Real, 137

Tin-horn, 137

Where he comes in, 136

Pseudotriakis microdon, 113

Publicity, how to get it, 175

Pulley, 63

Radiation, 74, 79

Reading helps, 6

References, Patent Office citing, 117

Reis, Johanne Phillip, telephone inventor, 205

Resistance bridge, 83

Rights, selling invention, 135

Ro, a universal language, 50

Roosevelt, 115

Royalties on inventions, 135

Rubber, discovery of, 4

Rules of practice, 120, 135, 218

Saving the watchword, 194

Scale drawings, 19, 21

Screw, 63

Theory of the, 68

Seal, corporate, 142

Seal Press, 142

Search, a desk patent office, 48

Free patent, 48, 113

Preliminary Patent Office, 49

Special Patent Office, 49

Selden, George B., daddy of the automobile, 209

Selling direct to the consumer, 172

Selling goods, basic principles of, 166

Selling through sales agents, 171

Selling the stock issue of a company, 147

Selling through the trade, 174

Sewing machine, invention of the, 203

Sewing machine needle, 56

Shaper, 155

Shop force, organizing a, 160

Shop foreman, hiring a, 160

Shop rights, selling, 135

Shop, starting your own, 148

Shrinkage of castings, 111

Siemens, dynamo inventor, 204

Snap-shot camera, invention of the, 208

Solders, hard, 241

Solenoid, 13, 79

Spark-coil, 76

Specifications, patent, 53

Starr, J. W., incandescent lamp inventor, 210

Standardizing your product, 159

Static electricity, 74-75

Specification, amending the, 118

Patent, 49, 117

State of the art, 45

Having a patent attorney look it up, 47

How to learn the, 46

How to look it up, 47, 51

Use of the, 46

What it means, 45

Steam boat, invention of the, 202

Steam engine, drawing of a, 22

Invention of the, 202

Steam turbine, invention of the, 208

Steel, high speed, 244

Steel process, invention of the, 204

Stephenson, locomotive inventor, 202

Stock certificate, 141

Stock certificate book, 141

Stock company, fees for incorporating, 140

How it is operated, 142

How to organize a, 139

Stock ledger, 142

Stock full paid, 143

Stock room, 161

Stock of a company, selling the, 144

Stock transfer book, 11

Stock, treasury, 143

Stock company, what it is, 138

Storage battery, invention of the, 208

Supreme Court, U. S., 112

Symbols, how to make electrical, 36

Synthetic gems, 85

Taps and dies, sizes of, 235

Telautograph, 13, 17

Telegraph, invention of the, 203

Telegraph sounder, 13

Telephone, Bell, 56

Invention of the, 205

Telephone transmitter, 76

Territorial rights, 135

Tesla, dynamo inventor, 46

Thermometer scales, four chief, 251

Things are money, 201

Thompson, dynamo inventor, 46

Thoughts are things, 201

Thurber, Charles, typewriter inventor, 207

Time stamp, Thompson, 161

Tools, useful jewelers and machinists, 101

Tour of the inventive world, 200

Trade marks, 220

Transfer tax law, 141

Treasury stocks, 143

Trolley car and line invention of the, 211

Twining, ice machine inventor, 204

Twist drills, sizes of, 235

Typewriter, invention of the, 207

Ultra violet waves, 75, 79

United States patent, 127

United States Patent Office, 47, 135

United States Supreme Court, 112

Unit of work, 60

Universal milling machine, 156

Van Depoele, C. J., trolley line inventor, 211

Velocity, 60

Vernier, 103

Vernier, how to read a, 103

Violet ray machine, 162

Vibrator, 76

Voltmeter, 83

Watt, James, steam engine inventor, 202

Wedge, 63

What not to invent, 197

Wheatstone, Charles, telephone inventor, 206

Wheel and axle, 63

Weston, dynamo inventor, 46

Westinghouse, air brake inventor, 131, 205

Wilde, dynamo inventor, 204

Winding machine, 83

Wire

Gage, how to use a, 106

Number, length, weight and resistance of pure copper, 244, 245

Prices of insulated magnet, 247

Number of turns that can be wound in a given space, 246

Wiring diagrams, how to make, 39

Wireless telegraph, invention of the, 214

Wireless telephone, 12

Wireless telephone, invention of the, 215

Wireless waves, 75

Words and terms used in this book, 253

Work, 59

Energy and power, 60

Farming it out, 147

Unit of, 60

Working drawings, 19

Wright brothers, aeroplane inventors, 215

FOOTNOTES

[1] Ro is a universal language invented by the Rev. Edward P. Foster of

Marietta, Ohio. According to the _New York Times_ the frogs have talked

_ro_ from the first and any child ought to be able to learn it in less

than twice the lifetime of Old Parr.

[2] For a further explanation of these very interesting phenomena, read

_Modern Views of Electricity_, by Sir Oliver Lodge.

[3] The _pseudotriakis microdon_ is one of the rarest species of

sharks. It is a small toothed nurse shark and is known from only two

specimens, one of which turned up on the coast of Portugal and the

other on Long Island.

[4] “Fear God and take your own part,”--_Roosevelt._

[5] See Chapter XII on Design Patents.

[6] The italics are not mine.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s Notes:

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by ~tildes~.

“[F]” and “[R]” were used to represent blackletter in the table of

Appendix O.

The half-title page has been removed.

Variations in spelling, hyphenation, and accents remain as in the

original unless noted below.

Page 34, “AB” changed to “A B” (“as shown at A B”).

Page 140, “incoporation” changed to “incorporation” (“the subscribers

to the certificate of incorporation”).

Page 140, period changed to semicolon after “the amount of cash must

be stated.”

Page 144, comma added after “(a) by personal solicitation.”

Page 178, “sensative” changed to “sensitive” (“and impress the

sensitive area of his brain”).

Page 182, period added after “Fig” (“see Fig. 103”).

Page 203, “webb” changed to “web” (“The first web printing press”).

Page 233, “1000” changed to “1,000.”

Page 234, “1,6093” changed to “1.6093.”

Page 248, “Florine” changed to “Fluorine.”

Page 253, “operate” changed to “Operate” (“See Operate”).

Page 261, period changed to comma after “of mechanical movements.”

Page 263, “Ellipose” changed to “Ellipse.”

Page 264, “individual” changed to “Individual” (“Individual electric

motors”).

Page 266, comma added after “Metric.”

Page 266, comma added after “Model.”

Page 266, comma added after “Models.”

Page 267, comma added after “Partnership.”

Page 267, comma added after “Patent.”

Page 267, comma added after “Patents.”

Page 268, superfluous comma removed in “Pseudotriakis microdon.”

End of Project Gutenberg's Inventing for Boys, by A. Frederick Collins