Republicans, who met in national convention at Baltimore, on December
12, 1831, with 17 States, represented by 157 delegates. Henry Clay
was nominated for President and John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, for
Vice-President. No platform was adopted by this convention, but it
followed the anti-Masons by issuing an address to the people of the
country in which it was stated that “the political history of the Union
for the last three years exhibits a series of measures plainly dictated
in all their principal features by blind cupidity or vindictive party
spirit, marked throughout by a disregard of good policy, justice, and
every high and generous sentiment, and terminating in a dissolution of
the Cabinet under circumstances more discreditable than any of the kind
to be met with in the annals of the civilized world.”
The Democrats followed the anti-Masons and National Republicans by
calling a National Democratic convention, to meet in Baltimore in
May, 1832, to nominate a candidate for Vice-President. Jackson was so
universally accepted as the candidate of the Democrats for re-election
that the convention was not allowed to make a nomination for the first
office, but a resolution was passed declaring that the convention
“cordially concurred in the repeated nominations that General Jackson
had received in various parts of the country for re-election as
President.” The convention adopted the two-thirds rule that has
prevailed in every Democratic convention from that day until the
present time, requiring that “two-thirds of the whole number of the
votes in the convention shall be necessary to constitute a choice.”
Van Buren was nominated for Vice-President, receiving 208 votes to 26
for Richard M. Johnson and 49 for Philip P. Barbour. No platform of
principles was adopted, nor was an address issued by the convention to
the people, but a resolution was passed declaring that “in place of a
general address from this body” the delegations should address their
respective constituents on the political issues of the day.
Never were two candidates presented for the first office of the
nation who so widely differed in their chief qualities. Jackson was
a clear-headed man of rugged intellect, of inflexible purpose, a
relentless opponent and a devoted friend, while Clay was the most
magnetic of all the popular leaders this country has ever produced. No
one before or since Clay’s time has approached him in that peculiar
quality but James G. Blaine. The hero-worship of Jackson was earnest
and always aggressive when summoned to battle, but Clay was beloved and
idolized beyond that accorded to any leader of any party in the history
of the Republic. He was a most brilliant orator, imposing in presence
and gifted in every grace that attracted the multitude, and he was
imperious as Cæsar in his leadership. His friends battled for him with
matchless enthusiasm, but Jackson was so strongly entrenched in the
confidence of the masses that he won an easy victory over the Sage of
Ashland.
The contest was one of unusual violence and defamation, and it was
doubtless aggravated by the personal enmity that existed between
Jackson and Clay. The veto of the bill rechartering the Bank of the
United States had greatly disturbed financial circles, and it was
believed in the early part of the struggle that the financial and
business interests of the country would endanger Jackson’s success,
but the popular prejudice against banks in that day was so great
that Jackson largely profited by the open opposition of his former
supporters who were interested in maintaining a national financial
institution. The anti-Masonic electoral ticket was adopted by the
National Republicans in several of the States, and it is specially
shown in the popular vote of Vermont, where Clay appears to have
carried the State, and yet the electoral vote was given to William
Wirt, the anti-Masonic candidate. Had it been possible for the
electoral vote of that State to elect Clay President, it would have
been cast for him.
The number of electors had been enlarged by the new apportionment,
and Delaware had provided for the choice of electors by a popular
vote, leaving South Carolina as the only State to appoint electors by
the Legislature. That State continued the system of the legislative
choice of electors without interruption until the civil war of 1861.
Several of the States also abandoned the election of delegates by the
district system, Maryland alone adhering to it. In Alabama there was
no electoral ticket opposed to Jackson, and the popular vote is not
attainable. Georgia was also without an anti-Jackson electoral ticket,
while Missouri, that was friendly to Clay in 1824, seems to have made
no battle for him against Jackson. The following is the popular vote,
as nearly as it can be ascertained:
═══════════════╤══════════╤════════
STATES. │ Jackson. │ Clay.
───────────────┼──────────┼────────
Maine │ 33,291 │ 27,204
New Hampshire │ 25,486 │ 19,010
Vermont │ 7,870 │ 11,152
Massachusetts │ 14,545 │ 33,003
Rhode Island │ 2,126 │ 2,810
Connecticut │ 11,269 │ 17,755
New York │ 168,497 │ 154,896
New Jersey │ 23,856 │ 23,393
Pennsylvania │ 90,983 │ 56,716
Delaware │ 4,110 │ 4,276
Maryland │ 19,156 │ 19,160
Virginia │ 33,609 │ 11,451
North Carolina │ 24,862 │ 4,563
South Carolina │ ――――――― │ ―――――――
Georgia │ 20,750 │ ―――――――
Alabama │ ――――――― │ ―――――――
Mississippi │ 5,919 │ ―――――――
Louisiana │ 4,049 │ 2,528
Kentucky │ 36,247 │ 43,396
Tennessee │ 28,740 │ 1,436
Missouri │ 5,192 │ ―――――――
Ohio │ 81,246 │ 76,539
Indiana │ 31,552 │ 15,472
Illinois │ 14,147 │ 5,429
├──────────┼────────
Totals │ 687,502 │ 530,189
═══════════════╧══════════╧════════
There was some ragged voting for President and much more for
Vice-President. Jackson received 219 votes in the Electoral College to
49 for Clay, 11 for Floyd, and 7 for Wirt, given by Vermont, and which
would have gone to Clay had they been needed. South Carolina, under the
influence of Calhoun, refused to vote for either Jackson or Van Buren,
but cast the electoral vote for John Floyd, of Virginia, for President,
and for Henry Lee, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. Van Buren
was not acceptable to all the friends of Jackson, as the Pennsylvania
Democratic Convention positively instructed the electors to vote for
William Wilkins for Vice-President, which instructions were obeyed in
the Electoral College, and a convention of Jackson men had been held
in June, in Charlottesville, Va., and nominated P. P. Barbour, of that
State, for the Vice-Presidency, with Jackson for President. A like
convention was held, composed of delegates from a number of counties
in North Carolina, in which Jackson and Barbour were nominated, but
Barbour did not reach the dignity of support in the Electoral College.
There were no disputes as to the return of the electoral colleges, and
the vote was declared by Congress as follows:
═══════════════╤═════════════════════════════╦═════════════════════════════════════════════
│ PRESIDENT. ║ VICE-PRESIDENT.
├────────┬─────┬──────┬───────╫──────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────┬─────────
STATES. │ Andrew │Henry│John │William║ Martin │ John │William │Henry│ Amos
│Jackson,│Clay,│Floyd,│ Wirt, ║Van Buren,│Sergeant,│Wilkins,│Lee, │Ellmaker,
│ Tenn. │ Ky. │ Va. │ Md. ║ N. Y. │ Penn. │ Penn. │Mass.│ Penn.
───────────────┼────────┼─────┼──────┼───────╫──────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────┼─────────
Maine │ 10 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 10 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New Hampshire │ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Vermont │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 7 ║ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 7
Massachusetts │ ―― │ 14 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 14 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Rhode Island │ ―― │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Connecticut │ ―― │ 8 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New York │ 42 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 42 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New Jersey │ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Pennsylvania │ 30 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ 30 │ ―― │ ――
Delaware │ ―― │ 3 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Maryland │ 3 │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― ║ 3 │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Virginia │ 23 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 23 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
North Carolina │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
South Carolina │ ―― │ ―― │ 11 │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 11 │ ――
Georgia │ 11 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 11 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Alabama │ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Mississippi │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Louisiana │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Kentucky │ ―― │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Tennessee │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Ohio │ 21 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 21 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Indiana │ 9 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 9 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Illinois │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Missouri │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
├────────┼─────┼──────┼───────╫──────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────┼─────────
Totals │ 219 │ 49 │ 11 │ 7 ║ 189 │ 49 │ 30 │ 11 │ 7
═══════════════╧════════╧═════╧══════╧═══════╩══════════╧═════════╧════════╧═════╧═════════
Jackson’s second administration was even more tempestuous than the
first. His nullification proclamation that convulsed the country from
centre to circumference, and the first “pocket veto” in the history of
the country by which he had killed the Land bill, were among the later
acts of his first administration, and entered very largely into the
bitterness of political dispute that continued during his second term.
Both were denounced as violent usurpations, and it is doubtful whether
any but Andrew Jackson could have made the record he left on both of
those vital issues.
He had vetoed the recharter of the United States Bank during his first
term, and supplemented that hostility to the institution early in his
second term by the removal of the Government deposits from the bank.
His Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Duane, resolutely opposed the
removal of the deposits, but Jackson would not brook opposition, and
in order to carry out his new financial policy, he accepted Duane’s
resignation and appointed Roger B. Taney, who was in accord with the
President, and who was finally rewarded by his promotion to the Chief
Justiceship of the United States.
He had devoted followers in Congress; he was absolute master of
Congressional action during his second term, and he was heartily
supported by the great mass of the people, a very large portion of whom
regarded him as the model patriot and the infallible political oracle
of the nation. They loved his courage and his pugnacity, and as he
always was the winner, they had every inspiration to rejoice over the
triumphs of their devotedly worshipped leader.
Strange as it may seem, the first evidence of the weakness of Jackson’s
popular strength was exhibited in his own State of Tennessee, where
Hugh L. White, a Senator from that State, was nominated to succeed
Jackson as President by the Tennessee Legislature. Jackson was much
disturbed by it. When the question was before the Legislatures of
Alabama and Tennessee, copies of the Washington _Globe_, the organ of
the administration, containing severe assaults upon Senator White,
were franked to the members of those Legislatures by the President
himself; but notwithstanding all Jackson’s efforts to make Van Buren
his successor, Tennessee voted for Judge White by 10,000 majority.
Upon his retirement from the Presidency in 1837, he imitated Washington
by a farewell address to the American people, that was received by a
large majority as second in reverence only to the farewell address
of Washington. His health was feeble when his stormy eight years of
Presidential rule were ended, and after the inauguration of Van Buren
he retired to “The Hermitage,” his home, near Nashville, in Tennessee,
where he died on the 8th of June, 1845.
THE VAN BUREN-HARRISON CONTEST
1836
The national contest of 1836 that made Martin Van Buren President
gave birth to a new political organization known as the Whig party.
The opposition to Jackson agreed only in opposing Jackson, but it was
not possible to unite on any national policy. The strongest organized
element of the opposition was the anti-Masonic party, that was very
powerful in the North, but among the opponents of Jackson were many
who, like Mr. Clay, were Masons of high degree, and they could not
act with a political party that made anti-Masonry one of the cardinal
principles of its faith.
[Illustration: MARTIN VAN BUREN]
The National Republican party practically perished with the defeat of
Clay in 1832, and a very large majority of its members were not in
sympathy with the anti-Masons. These conditions led to the organization
of the Whig party in 1834, and it gradually absorbed all the old
National Republicans, Federalists, anti-Masons, and all the other
varied forms of opposition to Jackson. Its name and its declaration
of principles were declared by a number of leading men in 1834, and
it gradually developed in strength until it was the leading factor in
the support of Harrison in 1836, and won the election of Harrison by
an overwhelming majority of both the popular and electoral votes in
1840. The Whig party maintained itself as one of the ablest political
organizations the country has ever had, but it was much more noted for
its conservative restraints upon the Democrats than for the successful
establishment of its policy in the administration of the Government.
It elected two Presidents, Harrison and Taylor, but neither seriously
impressed the policy of the Whig party upon the nation. It practically
perished in 1852, when it made its last great battle for General Scott
for President, and carried but four States.
As the contest of 1836 was approached the various elements of
opposition to Jackson felt confident that they could poll a majority
of the popular vote, but there was no possibility of their uniting
upon any one candidate without suffering great loss in their popular
following. It was decided, therefore, that instead of attempting to
unite the opposition to Jackson on one candidate, they would support
several candidates who were particularly strong in their respective
localities, with the hope that a majority of the electors might thus
be chosen who would unite in the election of the strongest of the
opposition candidates.
The Democrats were very much disturbed, as signs of disintegration were
visible to all. Jackson was the most potent of any of our retiring
Presidents, with the exception of Washington, and he dictated Van Buren
for the succession. Without the omnipotent power of Jackson, Van Buren
could not have been nominated or elected. Jackson had the Democracy
thoroughly organized, and he wielded all the official power of his
administration relentlessly to carry out his political aims. There was
much hesitation about the Democrats accepting a national convention,
because of the opposition to Van Buren, but Jackson personally
importuned the leading Democrats to summon a convention at an early
period, and a convention was finally called, to be held in Baltimore on
the 20th of May, 1835, nearly a year and a half before the Presidential
election.
It was not a representative convention, as although over six hundred
delegates attended, a majority of them were from Maryland alone,
but each State was allowed to cast the vote corresponding with its
representation in Congress. Van Buren was nominated unanimously on the
1st ballot, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, was made the candidate
for Vice-President, receiving 178 votes, with 87 cast for William
C. Rives, of Virginia. The two-thirds rule was reaffirmed in the
convention, and even after Johnson had been nominated under the rule
Virginia refused to approve the action of the convention presenting him
as the candidate for Vice-President. No platform was adopted and no
address was issued by the body to the people of the country.
The prominent candidates presented in opposition to Van Buren were
General William H. Harrison and Judge John McLean, of Ohio; Daniel
Webster, of Massachusetts, and Judge Hugh L. White, of Tennessee.
Willie P. Mangum, who received the electoral vote of South Carolina
chosen by the Legislature, was not a candidate before the people, and
it is remarkable that South Carolina, at war with Jackson on the right
of nullification, cast her electoral vote for Mangum, who was one of
the leaders of the Whig party and afterward distinguished as a Whig
United States Senator.
No attempt was made to bring these opposing opposition elements
together. Harrison was first nominated at Harrisburg, Penn., by two
State conventions, both meeting ostensibly as anti-Masons, the one
being Democratic and the other inclining to the new Whig organization,
and he was also presented by Legislatures and mass-meetings in other
States. Webster was nominated by the Whig Legislature of Massachusetts,
and Judge White was nominated by the Legislatures of Tennessee and
Alabama, and by mass-meetings in different sections of the South.
He was then a United States Senator from Tennessee, but at war with
Jackson, and he was confessedly the strongest opponent of Jackson in
the entire South. The fact that he could command a nomination from the
Democratic Legislature of Tennessee while Jackson was President is the
best evidence of his exceptional popularity with the people, and it was
proved also by him carrying the electoral vote of the State over Van
Buren by a decided majority. Judge McLean gradually dropped out of the
fight, as he was from Harrison’s State, and Harrison soon developed as
much the strongest candidate of the entire opposition competitors.
The contest was one of intense bitterness. There were no conflicting
opposition tickets run against Van Buren. In States where White was
strongest the opposition united on White electoral tickets, where
Harrison was strongest they united on Harrison electoral tickets, and
where Webster was strongest they united on Webster electoral tickets.
The campaign was thus shrewdly managed by the opposition, and it gave
some promise of success, as if a majority of the electoral votes had
been chosen against Van Buren, they would doubtless have been united
upon one candidate before the time for meeting of the electoral
colleges. In Clay’s State the battle was made for Harrison with him in
the forefront of the fight, and Harrison carried the State by a safe
majority.
The defamation of the contest of 1836 was equal to any of the malignant
contests of the early days of the Republic. Van Buren, Harrison, White,
and Webster were most vindictively assailed, and their public and
private lives criticised far beyond the lines of decent disputation.
Van Buren was proclaimed the mere puppet of Jackson; Harrison was
denounced as a failure in field and forum, where he had been General,
Governor, and Senator; Webster was defamed as an old blue-light
Federalist, and White was assailed in the South as an ingrate who had
sacrificed his self-respect to ambition.
There were twenty-six States to participate in the election of 1836.
Arkansas had come into the Union on the 15th of June, and Michigan,
where electors were chosen before the admission of the State, was
formally admitted into the Union on the 26th of January, 1837, before
the electoral count took place in Congress, and the precedent in the
Missouri case in 1821 settled the right of Michigan to participate in
the election. In all of the States, with the single exception of South
Carolina, the electors were chosen by popular vote and by general
ticket. The following was the popular vote as returned for the several
candidates, taking the vote of the opposition electors chosen as an
indication of the choice of their respective States:
═══════════════════╤════════════╤═══════════╤═════════╤═════════
STATES. │ Van Buren. │ Harrison. │ White. │ Webster.
───────────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────
Maine │ 22,990 │ 15,239 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
New Hampshire │ 18,722 │ 6,228 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Vermont │ 14,039 │ 20,996 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Massachusetts │ 34,474 │ ―――――― │ ―――――― │ 42,247
Rhode Island │ 2,964 │ 2,710 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Connecticut │ 19,291 │ 18,749 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
New York │ 166,815 │ 138,543 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
New Jersey │ 25,592 │ 26,137 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Pennsylvania │ 91,475 │ 87,111 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Delaware │ 4,153 │ 4,733 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Maryland │ 22,168 │ 25,852 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Virginia │ 30,261 │ ―――――― │ 23,468 │ ――――――
North Carolina │ 26,910 │ ―――――― │ 23,626 │ ――――――
South Carolina[10] │ ―――――― │ ―――――― │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Georgia │ 22,104 │ ―――――― │ 24,876 │ ――――――
Alabama │ 20,506 │ ―――――― │ 15,612 │ ――――――
Mississippi │ 9,979 │ ―――――― │ 9,688 │ ――――――
Louisiana │ 3,653 │ ―――――― │ 3,383 │ ――――――
Arkansas │ 2,400 │ ―――――― │ 1,238 │ ――――――
Kentucky │ 33,025 │ 36,687 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Tennessee │ 26,129 │ ―――――― │ 36,168 │ ――――――
Missouri │ 10,995 │ ―――――― │ 7,337 │ ――――――
Ohio │ 96,948 │ 105,404 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Indiana │ 32,478 │ 41,281 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Illinois │ 17,275 │ 14,292 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
Michigan │ 7,332 │ 4,045 │ ―――――― │ ――――――
├────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────
Totals │ 762,678 │ 548,007 │ 145,396 │ 42,247
═══════════════════╧════════════╧═══════════╧═════════╧═════════
[10] Chosen by the Legislature.
As Van Buren was successful, not only by a small popular majority, but
by a clear majority of the electoral vote, no effort was necessary to
unite the opposition electoral colleges, and they divided their votes
between Harrison, White, and Webster, according to the preferences of
the respective States. Virginia refused to give her electoral vote to
Johnson for Vice-President, and that left him without an election, as
he had not a majority of the whole Electoral College. He was, however,
promptly elected by the Senate, receiving 33 votes to 16 for Francis
Granger. He was the only Vice-President in the history of the Republic
who was not elected by the Electoral College. When Adams, Jackson,
Crawford, and Clay ran in 1824, and there was no choice for President
in the Electoral College, John C. Calhoun received a decided majority
in the college and was elected without an appeal to the Senate. The
following is the vote as cast for President and Vice-President in the
electoral colleges:
══════════════╤════════════════════════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════════
│ PRESIDENT. ║ VICE-PRESIDENT.
├──────────┬──────────┬───────┬────────┬─────────╫──────────┬────────┬──────┬───────
STATES. │Martin │William H.│Hugh L.│Daniel │Willie P.║Richard M.│Francis │John │William
│Van Buren,│Harrison, │White, │Webster,│Mangum, ║Johnson, │Granger,│Tyler,│Smith,
│N. Y. │O. │Tenn. │Mass. │N. C. ║Ky. │N. Y. │Va. │Ala.
──────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────╫──────────┼────────┼──────┼───────
Maine │ 10 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 10 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New Hampshire │ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Vermont │ ―― │ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 7 │ ―― │ ――
Massachusetts │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 14 │ ―― ║ ―― │ 14 │ ―― │ ――
Rhode Island │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Connecticut │ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New York │ 42 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 42 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New Jersey │ ―― │ 8 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 8 │ ―― │ ――
Pennsylvania │ 30 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 30 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Delaware │ ―― │ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 3 │ ―― │ ――
Maryland │ ―― │ 10 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ 10 │ ――
Virginia │ 23 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 23
North Carolina│ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
South Carolina│ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ 11 ║ ―― │ ―― │ 11 │ ――
Georgia │ ―― │ ―― │ 11 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ 11 │ ――
Alabama │ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 7 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Mississippi │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Louisiana │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Arkansas │ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Kentucky │ ―― │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 15 │ ―― │ ――
Tennessee │ ―― │ ―― │ 15 │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ ―― │ 15 │ ――
Missouri │ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Ohio │ ―― │ 21 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 21 │ ―― │ ――
Indiana │ ―― │ 9 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ ―― │ 9 │ ―― │ ――
Illinois │ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 5 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Michigan │ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― ║ 3 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
├──────────┼──────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────╫──────────┼────────┼──────┼───────
Totals │ 170 │ 73 │ 26 │ 14 │ 11 ║ 147 │ 77 │ 47 │ 23
══════════════╧══════════╧══════════╧═══════╧════════╧═════════╩══════════╧════════╧══════╧═══════
THE HARRISON-VAN BUREN CONTEST
1840